Project No.

: SSG-RA-G5-2024 Date : 10-Jun-2024

Doc No. : SSG-RA-P5-G5-2024 Prepared by : NFL
Equipment tag : T-101 Checked by : Vegapunk
Project Name :
Sizing of Venting for Liquid Atmospheric Storage Tank
Tittle :
According to API 2000
Revision No. 0

1. CALCULATION OBJECTIVE
The objective of this calculation is to determine venting requirement capacity for
inbreathing, venting requirement capacity for outbreathing, and vent nozzle size of
liquid storage tank. Calculation are done using API 2000 procedure.

2. GENERAL INFORMATION
Equipment name = RBDPS Storage Tank
Tag number = T-101
P&ID refference = SSG-RA-DF1-G5-2024
P&ID sheet = 6 of 9

3. PROCESS DATA
3.1 Tank Data
Tank nett capacity V_tk = 1,000 m3
Liquid filling rate V_pf = 125 m3/h
Liquid discharge rate V_pe = 125 m3/h
Capacity safety factor for empty space f = 10 %
Tank shell internal diameter ID = 10,000 mm
Tank shell height h_shell = 14,006 mm

Tank operating pressure P_op = 1.00 barg

Tank design pressure P_de = 1.30 barg

Tank top head type Conical

Shell to top head angle θ = 20 degrees
Tank top head height h_head = 1,820 mm

Applied insulation = Partial insulation

Insulation material = Mineral wool
Insulation thickness t_ins = 50 mm
Insulation thermal conductivity k_ins = 0.034 m3/h

3.2 Liquid Properties Data

Liquid name = RBD Palm Stearin
0
Liquid storage temperature Ts = 45 C
Liquid density at temperature ρ = 878 kg/m3
Liquid viscosity at temperature µ = 0.037 Pa s
Liquid specific heat at temperature cp = 1,931 J/kg 0C
Liquid thermal conductivity at temperature k = 0.171 W/m 0C
Liquid thermal expansion at temperature β = 0.0006 1/0C
Liquid vapor pressure P_vap = 10 kPa
Liquid latent heat of vaporization L = 140 J/kg
Liquid molar mass M = 140 kg/mol
Project No. : SSG-RA-G5-2024 Date : 10-Jun-2024
Doc No. : SSG-RA-P5-G5-2024 Prepared by : NFL
Equipment tag : T-101 Checked by : Vegapunk
Project Name :
Sizing of Venting for Liquid Atmospheric Storage Tank
Tittle :
According to API 2000
Revision No. 0

3.3 Miscellaneous Data

Include fire case for emergency venting = No
0
Lattitude of tank location =5
Y-factor ( See Table 1 ) Y = 0.32
C-factor ( See Table 2 ) C = 6.5
Specific gravity of air Sg =1
Density of air at storage temperature ρ = 1.11
0
Ambient temperature Ta = 30 C
Ambient pressure Pa =1 bar

3.4 Schematic Diagram

Q
Pamb

d
Pin
t

4. CALCULATION
4.1 Venting Capacity For Normal Breathing Calculation
Venting capacity calculation are based on the movement of liquid caused by filling and
emptying of the tank. The calculation shall be considered both for inbreathing and
outbreathing capacity. For normal outbreathing venting capacity with volatile and
nonvolatile liquid :
volatile outbreathing nonvolatile outbreathing
𝑉𝑜𝑝 = 𝑉𝑝𝑓 𝑉𝑜𝑝 = 2𝑉𝑝𝑓

And for inbreathing venting capacity to prevent vacuum pressure :

𝑉𝑖𝑝 = 𝑉𝑝𝑒
Liquid vapor pressure P_vap = 2.5 kPa
Is volatile liquid ? (P_vap > 5 kPa) No
Normal outbreathing venting capacity V_op = 125.0 m3/h
Normal inbreathing venting capacity V_ip = 125.0 m3/h
Project No. : SSG-RA-G5-2024 Date : 10-Jun-2024
Doc No. : SSG-RA-P5-G5-2024 Prepared by : NFL
Equipment tag : T-101 Checked by : Vegapunk
Project Name :
Sizing of Venting for Liquid Atmospheric Storage Tank
Tittle :
According to API 2000
Revision No. 0

4.2 Venting Capacity Due To Thermal Breathing

Consider thermal out-breathing and inbreathing due to atmospheric heating or cooling
of the external surfaces of the tank shell and roof. Calculation of the thermal
breathing is a function of tank vapor volume. For thermal outbreathing and thermal
inbreathing venting capacity :

thermal outbreathing thermal inbreathing

0.9 0.7
𝑉𝑂𝑇 = 𝑌. 𝑉𝑡𝑘 𝑅𝑖 𝑉𝐼𝑇 = 𝐶. 𝑉𝑡𝑘 𝑅𝑖

With Y is a factor for lattitude and C is a factor that depends on vapor pressure,
average storage temperature and latitude. See Table 1 and Table 2 of API-2000 for look
up the Y and C value. Ri is reduction factor regarding to tank insulation.

For uninsulated tank, Ri are considered 1. For fully and partial insulated, Ri are
calculated as follows :
full insulation partial insulation
1 𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑝 𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑝
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑝 = . 𝑅𝑖𝑛 + 1 −
ℎ. 𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝐴𝑇𝑇𝑆 𝐴𝑇𝑇𝑆
1+
𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑠

Which is Ainp and ATTS is insulated surface area of the tank and total tank surface area
( surface area of shell and roof).

API STD 2000 stated that internal heat transfer coefficient (h) are assumed to 4 W/m2 K
for any liquid condition. In this calculation, heat transfer coefficient are
calculated and assumed to natural convection. Calculation below is step to calculate
natural heat transfer coefficient.

Liquid kinematic viscosity at temperature ν = 0.00004243 m2/s

Liquid thermal diffusivity at temperature α = 0.00000010 m2/s
Liquid Prandtl number NPr_5 = 421.0
Liquid Rayleigh number NRa_5 = 1.98E+13

and for free convection (Churchill & Chu correlation) :

1ൗ 2
0.387𝑁𝑅𝑎 6
𝑁𝑁𝑢 = 0.6 + 8ൗ
9ൗ 27
0.559 16
1+
𝑁𝑃𝑟

𝑁𝑁𝑢𝑖 𝑘𝑖
ℎ𝑖 =
𝐼𝐷
Project No. : SSG-RA-G5-2024 Date : 10-Jun-2024
Doc No. : SSG-RA-P5-G5-2024 Prepared by : NFL
Equipment tag : T-101 Checked by : Vegapunk
Project Name :
Sizing of Venting for Liquid Atmospheric Storage Tank
Tittle :
According to API 2000
Revision No. 0

Free convection Nusselt number NNu_i = 4,068.3

Internal heat transfer coefficient h = 69.5 W/m2 0C

Now calculate tank total surface area and total insulation surface area. Since this
tank tank are partially insulated, insulation are applied on shell side only.

Shell side surface area A_shell = 440.0 m2

Top head side surface area A_head = 83.6 m2
Total tank surface area A_tts = 523.6 m2

Shell side insulation surface area A_ins = 444.4 m2

Top head side insulation surface area A_inh = 0.0 m2
Total insulation surface area A_inp = 444.4 m2

Full insulation reducing factor R_in = 0.0097

Partial insulation reducing factor R_inp = 0.1595

Thermal outbreathing venting capacity V_ot = 25.6 m3/h

Thermal inbreathing venting capacity V_it = 130.5 m3/h

4.3 Vent Diameter Size Calculation

Altough API STD-2000 gives clear explanation to determine venting capacity for all
possible cases, it did not provide further information to determine a proper vent
diameter size. Other standard code may used to determine vent diameter size. In this
calculation sheet, Crane Technical Paper gives satisfied size of vent diameter. Other
methods available is from NFPA 30 and GPSA handbook.

From Crane Technical Paper: Flow of Fluid-Through Valves, Fitting, and Pipe equation
for orifice subject to compressible fluid :
𝑆𝑔
𝐷 2 = 78.5 𝑉𝑐
𝐶𝑓 ∆𝑃 ρ

Which Vc is venting requirement capacity in m3/h. Cf flow coefficient usually is 0.5 to

0.65. Sg and ρ is specific gravity and density of air respectively.

Normal outbreathing venting diameter D_op = 176 mm

Normal inbreathing venting diameter D_ip = 176 mm
Thermal outbreathing venting diameter D_ot = 79 mm
Thermal inbreathing venting diameter D_it = 180 mm

As a best practice, larger vent diameter are selected for single-vent installation.
Some tanks are installed with more than one vent for different service.
Project No. : SSG-RA-G5-2024 Date : 10-Jun-2024
Doc No. : SSG-RA-P5-G5-2024 Prepared by : NFL
Equipment tag : T-101 Checked by : Vegapunk
Project Name :
Sizing of Venting for Liquid Atmospheric Storage Tank
Tittle :
According to API 2000
Revision No. 0

5. RESULT

Normal outbreathing venting capacity V_op = 125 m3/h

Normal inbreathing venting capacity V_ip = 125 m3/h
Thermal outbreathing venting capacity V_ot = 26 m3/h
Thermal inbreathing venting capacity V_it = 130 m3/h
Selected vent diameter D_v = 180 mm
Selected vent size V_NPS = 8"