PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1ST SEM- MIDTERMS

TWO COMPONENTS OF THE BODY THAT Classification of Bones

CAUSE HUMAN BEINGS TO MOVE
The 206 bones that compose the adult
The skeletal system is the body system skeleton are divided into five categories
composed of bones and cartilage and based on their shapes. Their shapes and
performs the following critical functions for their functions are related such that each
the human body: categorical shape of bone has a distinct
function.
1. Protects
1. Long Bones
Our delicate organs need protection:
It is a long bone that is cylindrical in
• The skull protects the brain. shape, being longer than it is wide.
• The vertebral column protects the
spinal cord. • Long bones are found in the
• The rib cage protects the heart and arms (humerus, ulna, radius)
lungs. and legs (femur, tibia, fibula),
as well as in the fingers
2. Supports (metacarpals, phalanges) and
toes (metatarsals, phalanges).
Our body needs a framework:
• We use them in the main
• The skeleton gives shape to our movements of our body.
bodies. • Long bones work as levers;
• It holds our vital organs in place. they move when muscles
• It enables us to achieve a good contract.
posture.
3. Moves
Our muscles use our bones to cause
movement:

• The skeleton provides attachment

for the muscles.
• The skeleton is jointed, which allows
a wide range of movement.
• Different joints allow different types
of movement.
4. Produces blood
Red and white blood cells are produced in
the bone marrow of the ribs, humerus,
vertebrae and femur.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1ST SEM- MIDTERMS

2. Short Bones 5. Sesamoid Bones

• It is short bone that is cube- • A sesamoid bone is a small,
like in shape, being round bone that, as the name
approximately equal in suggests, is shaped like a
length, width, and thickness. sesame seed.
• The only short bones in the • These bones form in tendons
human skeleton are in the (the sheaths of tissue that
carpals of the wrists and the connect bones to muscles)
tarsals of the ankles. where a great deal of pressure
• We use them in fine is generated in a joint.
movements of our body. • These bones protect tendons
Short bones can provide by helping them overcome
stability and support as well compressive forces.
as some limited motion. • These vary in number and
3. Flat Bones placement from person to
• A flat bone is typically thin, it person but are typically found
is also often curved. in tendons associated with
• Examples include the cranial the feet, hands, and knees.
(skull) bones, the scapulae The patellae (singular =
(shoulder blades), the patella) are the only sesamoid
sternum (breastbone), and bones found in common with
the ribs. every person. Table functions,
• We use them to protect the and examples.
organs of our body. Flat
bones serve as points of
attachment for muscles and
often protect internal organs.
4. Irregular Bones
It is an irregular bone that does not
have any easily characterized shape
and therefore does not fit any other
classification.
• These bones tend to have
more complex shapes, like
the vertebrae that support
Major Bones and Bone Groups
the spinal cord and protect it
from compressive forces. ▪ Bone of the Head (Skull - 22)
• We use them to give our ▪ Vertebral Column (Vertebrae -26) 7
body protection and shape. cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar
Many facial bones, irregular sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae)
bones.
Pectoral Girdle
▪ Clavicle (2)- "collarbone"
▪ Scapula (2)-shoulder blade
▪ Humerus (2)- long bone of the
upper arm
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1ST SEM- MIDTERMS

Upper Extremities and Lower Functions of the Skeletal System

Extremities
A. Physiological functions
▪ Radius (2)-shorter and lateral bone
➢ Provide a site for blood formation
of the forearm
➢ Serves as storehouse for calcium
▪ Ulna (2)- Medial and longer bone of
which are essential for nerve
forearm
conduction, blood clotting and
▪ Carpals (16)- wrist bone
energy formation.
▪ Metacarpals (10)- long bone of the
➢ Play a role in our immune function
hand
▪ Patella (2) the knee cap B. Structural functions
▪ Tibia (2) medial and larger two
bones of the lower leg ➢ Give supports to the body.
▪ Tarsal (14) The bones in the ankle. ➢ It protects the delicate organs in the
▪ Metatarsals (10) long bones in the body.
foot that are concave on the plantar ➢ Bones are rigid lever of locomotion.
or lower surface. The skeleton is divided into two groups:
▪ Phalanges (28) bones of the toes and
fingers. Appendicular skeleton - which is
composed of the upper extremity
and lower extremity.
Axial skeleton - which is composed
of the skull, ribs, trunk, vertebral
column, and pelvic.
Factors Influencing Bone Health
1) Heredity - heredity is an important
determinant of bone mass density
(BMD)
❖ This is a limiting factor on the
amount of (BMD) an
individual can attain.
2) Nutritional status - nutrition is
important in maintaining bone
health.
❖ Calcium is important nutrient
for the bones.
3) Hormonal status - the hormone
estrogen plays an important role in
attaining bone mass.
❖ While the females can develop
a lower peak bone mass than
females with regular monthly
period. Acceleration on the
rate of bone loss is also likely
happen on menopausal
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1ST SEM- MIDTERMS

women due to loss of ➢ Example: drawing the leg back

estrogen. before kicking a ball
4) Activity Level- children and
Trapezius:
adolescents should participate in
high impact activities for the bone ➢ Helps to control the shoulder girdle
development. ➢ Example: a player holding his head
up in a rugby scrum
Muscular system
Latissimus dorsi:
consist of the different muscles all over the
body. All our movements happen as a ➢ Adducts and extends the arm at the
result of the shortening (contracting) and shoulder
lengthening (extending) of muscles. ➢ Example: swimming the butterfly
stroke
✓ Enable us to move our body parts.
✓ Give us our own individual shape Gluteals:
✓ Protect and keep in place our
abdominal organs. ➢ Abduct and extend the hip joint
✓ Enable us to maintain a good ➢ Example: stepping up during rock
posture. climbing
✓ Help in the circulation of blood. Biceps:
✓ Generate body heat when they in
contract. ➢ Flex the forearm at the elbow
➢ Example: drawing a bow in archery
Three Types of Muscles in the Body
Abdominals:
1. Skeletal muscles - Voluntary muscles,
attached to the bones of skeletons ➢ Rotate and raise the trunk
➢ Strengthen the abdominal wall
2. Smooth muscles - Involuntary muscles, ➢ Help with breathing
hollow organs like small intestines and ➢ Example: performing upward circles
blood vessels on the bar in gymnastics
3. Cardiac muscles - Involuntary muscle, Pectorals:
heart
➢ Adduct the arm and shoulder
Deltoid: ➢ Used for deep breathing
➢ Move the arm in all directions at the ➢ Example: playing a forehand drive-
shoulder. in tennis
➢ Example: bowling in cricket. Quadriceps:
Triceps: ➢ Flex the hip joints
➢ Extends the forearm at the elbow ➢ Extend the knee joint
➢ Extends the arm at the shoulder ➢ Example: taking off in high jump
➢ Example: a smash in badminton
Hamstrings:
➢ Extend the hip joint
➢ Flex the knee joint
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1ST SEM- MIDTERMS

Skeletal muscle distribution with the body weight is balanced over the
corresponding contents feet.
Body Region, Muscle Area, Contents 3. Stabilize Joints
Upper Extremities Muscle actions also contribute
significantly to stability of the joints.
➢ Arm (Deltoid, Biceps, Triceps)
Muscles tensions are generated and
➢ Forearm (Brachioradialis, Pronator,
applied across the joints via the
Supinator)
tendons, providing stability where
➢ Fingers (Thana muscles,
they cross the joint. In the most
Hyposthenia muscles
joints, especially the shoulder and
Lower Extremities the knee, the muscles spanning the
joint via the tendons are among the
➢ Upper leg (Rectus Femora, primary stabilizers.
Quadriceps, hamstrings)
➢ Lower leg (gastrocnemius muscle, 4. Other Functions
tibias anterior)
Muscles support and protect the
➢ Upper back (trapezius, erectors
visceral the internal organs and
spine)
protect the internal tissues from
➢ Lower back (gluteal)
injuries.
Functions of Muscles Tension in the muscle’s tissues can
alter and control pressures within
Skeletal muscles perform a variety of the cavities.
different functions, all of which are Skeletal muscles contribute to the
important to efficient performance of the maintenance of body temperature by
human body. The three functions relating producing heat.
specifically to human movement are The muscles control the entrances
contributing to the production of skeletal and exits to the body through
movement, assisting in joint stability, and voluntary control over swallowing,
maintaining posture and body positioning. defecation, and urination.
1. Produce movement ➢ Muscle tissue is made up of cells
called fibers that have ability to
Skeletal movement is created as contract or shorten, in order to
muscle actions generate tensions produce a pulling force.
that are transferred to the bone. The ➢ Muscles are also extensible, and
resulting movements necessary for are elastic so that they can
locomotion and other segmental stretched and then recoil and
manipulations. resume their normal resting
length.
2. Maintain Postures and Positions
➢ Muscles are also electrically
Muscle action of a lesser magnitude excitable, so that they can be
is used to maintain postures. This stimulated to contract by nerve
muscle activity is continuous and impulse.
results in small adjustments as the
head is maintained in position and
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1ST SEM- MIDTERMS

Muscles Architecture
Two Fiber Arrangements of the Muscles
1. Parallel Fiber arrangement, the
fascicles are parallel to the long axis
of the muscles, this muscles
running in the same direction as the
whole muscles.
Five Different Shapes of Parallel Fiber
Arrangement:
Muscles Tissues Properties a. Fusiform-Biceps Brachii
Four Properties of Muscle Tissues b. Strap-Sartorius
c. Convergent- Pectoralis Major
I. Irritability-is the ability to respond d. Circular-Orbicularis Oris
to stimulus. e. Flat-External Oblique
II. Contractility- is the ability of the
muscles to generate tension and Two Kinds of Muscle Fiber
shorten when it receives sufficient 1. Slow-Twitch Fiber Types-
stimulation. - Slow-Twitch, or type I, fibers
III. Extensibility- is the muscles' ability are oxidative. The fibers are
to lengthen, or stretch beyond the red because of the high
resting length. content of myoglobin in the
IV. Elasticity - is the ability of the muscle. These fibers have
muscles fiber to return to its resting slow contraction times and
length after the stretch is removed. are well suited for prolonged,
Skeletal Muscle Structure low-intensity work.
Endurance athletes usually
Groups of Muscles have a high quantity of slow-
twitch fibers.
Group of muscles is contained within the
2. Intermediate and Fast
compartment that are defined by fascia, a
- Twitch Fiber Types Fast-
sheet fibrous tissue.
Twitch, or type II, fibers are
Three Compartments of the Thigh further broken down into type
Ila, oxidative- glycolytic, and
1. Anterior compartment (Quadriceps
type llb glycolytic. The type lla
femoris)
fiber is a red muscle fiber
2. Posterior Compartments
known as the intermediate
(Hamstrings)
fast-twitch fiber because Il
3. Medial (Adductors) can sustain activity for long
period or contract with a
burst of force and then
fatigue. The white type Ilb
fiber provides us with rapid
force production and then
fatigues quickly.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1ST SEM- MIDTERMS

Origin Versus Insertion FOUR Main Anatomical Positions

Origin-The attachment closest to the Supine Position - the body is lying flat
middle of the body, or more proximal and instead of standing upright, with the same
this attachment usually broader. positioning of the limbs.
Insertion-The attachment farther from the
midline, or more distal, this attachment
usually converges to a tendon.
Prone position- the body flat with the
Developing Torque
chest down and the back-up.
➢ A muscle controls or creates a
movement through the development
of torque.
➢ Torque is defined as the tendency of
a force to produce rotation about a Right lateral recumbent (RLR)- means
specific axis. that the person is lying on her right side.
➢ In the case of a muscle, a force is
generated in the muscle along the
line of action of the force and
applied to a bone, which causes a
Left lateral recumbent (LLR)- means that
rotation about the joint (axis).
the person is lying on her left side.
Agonist Versus Antagonists
Agonist- Muscles creating the same joint
movement
Body Regions
Antagonist Muscles opposing or producing
the opposite joint movement. The Head and Neck region - head houses the
antagonist must relax to allow a movement brain and major sense organs; framework
to occur or contract con-currently with the of the face
agonists to control or slow a joint
Trunk (or torso) - the central part of the
movement.
body
➢ Thorax
➢ Abdomen
Upper Extremities
➢ Arm
➢ Forearm
➢ Hand
Lower Extremities
➢ Thigh
➢ Leg
➢ Foot
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1ST SEM- MIDTERMS

Orientations/Directions Wrist Joint

1. Superior- above or towards the A. Flexion
head B. Extension
2. Inferior-below or toward the lower C. Adduction
part of the body D. Abduction
3. Anterior-towards the front of the E. Circumduction
body F. Extension
4. Posterior-towards the back of the
Hip Joint
body
5. Medial-at or nearer to the center A. Flexion
plane; or in the inner side of the B. Extension
body C. Adduction
6. Lateral-away from the center plane D. Lateral Rotation
of the body E. Medial Rotation
7. Proximal -nearer to the center of F. Abduction
the body
8. Distal-farther the center of the body Knee Joint

RANGE OF MOVEMENTS (ROM) A. Flexion

B. Extension
1. Active Range of Motion-Limb is
actively moved; with muscle Ankle Joint
contraction A. Inversion
2. Passive range of Motion-Limb is B. Eversion
passively moved; No muscle C. Dorsi Flexion
contraction D. Plantar Flexion
Spinal column Range of Movements
A. Flexion 1. Flexion (bending) is movement of a
B. Extension segment of the body causing a decrease in
C. Lateral Flexion the angle at the point, such as bending the
D. Rotation arm at the elbow or the leg at the knee.
Shoulder Girdle The trunk and neck can flex forward.

A. Abduction 2. Dorsiflex (Dorsal Flex) is when the

B. Adduction ankle is flexed, causing the top of the foot
C. Depression to draw closer to the tibia.
D. Elevation 3. Plantar Flexion (actually extension) is
Elbow Joint the opposite movement at the ankle.

A. Pronation 4. Extension (Straightening) is movement

B. Supination in the opposite direction of flexion which
C. Flexion causes an increase in the angle at the
joint, such as straightening the elbow or
the knee.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 1ST SEM- MIDTERMS

5.Hyperextension is extension of a body 15. Depression is when lowering of the

segment to a position beyond its normal shoulder girdle.
extended position, such as arching the
back or extending the leg at the hip beyond
its vertical position. (Movement is limited
by the strong anterior cruciate ligament.)
6. Abduction is movement of a body
segment in the lateral plane away from the
midline of the body, such as raising the leg
or the arm sideways.
7. Adduction movement of a body
segment toward the midline, as moving the
arm from the outward horizontal position
downward to the vertical position.
8. Rotation is movement of a segment
around its own longitudinal axis. A body
segment may be rotated inward (medially)
or outward (laterally). The scapula may be
rotated upward or downward and the spine
may rotate to the right or the left.
9. Pronation is rotation of the hand and
forearm downward, resulting in a “palm-
down" position.
10. Supination is rotation of the hand
and forearm upward resulting in a "palm-
up" position.
11. Inversion is rotating of the foot
turning the sole inward.
12. Eversion is rotation of the foot
turning the sole outward.
13. Circumduction is a circular or cone-
like movement of a body segment, such as
swinging the arm in a circular movement
about the shoulder joint. The kind of
movement is also the possible in the wrist,
trunk, neck, hip, shoulder girdle, and
ankle joints.
14. Elevation is when the shoulder is
lifted upward as in shrugging the
shoulders.