Radiation Measurements

Model 35080B
kVp Divider
Instruction Manual

Contains Operating and Maintenance Information

Model 35080B kVp Divider
Instruction Manual

Manual No. 37648IM Rev. F

© 1990, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999 Inovision Radiation Measurements, LLC.
All rights reserved.
No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of Inovision
Radiation Measurements.
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Inovision Radiation Measurements, LLC.
Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective owners.
 CONTENTS

CONTENTS

Section 1: SPECIFICATIONS ........................................ 1-1

Section 2: INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS....... 2-1
2.1 Manual Addenda .......................................................... 2-2
2.2 Safety Symbol and Terms ............................................ 2-2

Section 3: THEORY OF OPERATION ........................... 3-1

3.1 Introduction .................................................................. 3-1
3.2 Measurement Theory ................................................... 3-1
3.3 Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) ................................ 3-2
3.4 Output .......................................................................... 3-4
3.5 Intensity Cutoff ............................................................. 3-4
3.6 Internal Calibration ....................................................... 3-4

Section 4: OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS ..................... 4-1

4.1 Battery Check ............................................................... 4-1
4.2 Internal Calibration Check ............................................ 4-1
4.3 Filter Pack Selection ..................................................... 4-2
4.4 Oscilloscope Zero and Offsets ..................................... 4-2
4.5 Geometry of Setup ....................................................... 4-4
4.6 Filtration Effect Corrections .......................................... 4-6
4.7 Linearity Corrections .................................................... 4-7

Section 5: TEST FILTER PACK OPTION (32863C) ...... 5-1

5.1 Specifications ............................................................... 5-1
5.2 Introduction .................................................................. 5-1
5.3 Theory of Operation ..................................................... 5-1
5.4 Operating Instructions .................................................. 5-2

Model 35080B kVp Divider i

CONTENTS

Section 6: CADMIUM K-EDGE MAMMO FILTER

PACK OPTION (37355C) ............................. 6-1
6.1 Specifications ............................................................... 6-1
6.2 Introduction .................................................................. 6-2
6.3 Theory of Operation ..................................................... 6-2
6.4 Operating Instructions .................................................. 6-3

Section 7: LINEAR MAMMO FILTER PACK

OPTION (37351C) ........................................ 7-1
7.1 Specifications ............................................................... 7-1
7.2 Introduction .................................................................. 7-1
7.3 Theory of Operation ..................................................... 7-1
7.4 Corrections ................................................................... 7-2
7.5 Operating Instructions .................................................. 7-4

Section 8: CT FILTER PACK OPTION (33551C) .......... 8-1

8.1 Specifications ............................................................... 8-1
8.2 Introduction .................................................................. 8-1
8.3 Theory of Operation ..................................................... 8-2
8.4 Operating Instructions .................................................. 8-2
8.5 Correction of Readings ................................................. 8-3

Section 9: MOBILE FILTER PACK PLUS OPTION

(37946C) ....................................................... 9-1
9.1 Specifications ............................................................... 9-1
9.2 Introduction .................................................................. 9-1
9.3 Filtration Effect Corrections .......................................... 9-3
9.4 Linearity Corrections .................................................... 9-4

Section 10: LOW RANGE FILTER PACK OPTION

(38237C) ..................................................... 10-1
10.1 Specifications ............................................................ 10-1
10.2 Introduction ............................................................... 10-1
10.3 Theory of Operation .................................................. 10-2
10.4 Operating Instructions ............................................... 10-2
10.5 Filtration Effect Correction ......................................... 10-4
10.6 Linearity Correction ................................................... 10-5

ii Model 35080B kVp Divider

 CONTENTS

Section 11: MAINTENANCE .......................................... 11-1

11.1 Cleaning the Instrument ............................................ 11-1
11.2 Troubleshooting ........................................................ 11-1
11.3 Battery Replacement ................................................. 11-3
11.4 Calibration ................................................................. 11-5
11.5 Replaceable Parts Information .................................. 11-10
11.6 Recalibration & Repair Information /
Technical Assistance ................................................ 11-11
11.7 Warranty Information ................................................. 11-11

APPENDICES
Appendix A: MAMMOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS
WITH THE MODEL 35080B KVP DIVIDER A-1
A.1 K-edge Measurement ................................................. A-2
A.2 Linear Measurement ................................................... A-4

Appendix B: CORRECTING KVP MEASUREMENTS

FOR GAIN EFFECTS .................................. B-1
B.1 Introduction ................................................................. B-1
B.2 Oscilloscope Measurements ....................................... B-2
B.3 Voltmeter Measurements ........................................... B-3
B.4 The Model 35050A Dosimeter Measurements ............ B-4

Appendix C: PROCEDURE FOR MAKING KVP

MEASUREMENTS ON RHODIUM ANODE,
RHODIUM FILTRATION SELECTION OF GE
DMR MAMMOGRAPHY X-RAY SYSTEM .. C-1
C.1 Introduction ................................................................. C-1
C.2 Procedure ................................................................... C-2

Model 35080B kVp Divider iii

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES
3-1 Simplified functional block diagram of the
Model 35080B kVp Divider ............................................ 3-2
3-2 Output ratio plotted as a function of kV ............................ 3-3
3-3 Output of the Model 35080B kVp Divider
compared to voltage applied to x-ray tube ..................... 3-3
4-1ab Suggested oscilloscope settings for use with the
Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) ................................. 4-3
4-2 Geometry of setup for above-table x-ray tube .................. 4-5
4-3 Geometry of setup for below-table x-ray tube .................. 4-5
4-4 The Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) Filtration
Effect Correction Curve ................................................. 4-6
4-5 The Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) Linearity
Correction Curve ........................................................... 4-7
5-1 The Model 35080B kVp Divider single-phase and
three-phase output with the Test Filter Pack (32863C) .. 5-2
6-1 Response curve for the Cadmium K-edge
Mammo Filter Pack (37355C) ........................................ 6-1
6-2 The kVp correction curves for the Cadmium
K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C) ........................... 6-3
6-3 K-edge measurement setup ............................................ 6-4
6-4 DC mammographic generator input waveforms .............. 6-5
6-5 The Model 35080B kVp Divider output waveforms with
the Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C) .... 6-6
6-6 Single-phase mammographic generator input waveform . 6-7
6-7 The Model 35080B kVp Divider output waveform with
the Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C) .... 6-8
7-1 Correction curves for 12, 24, and 35 microns
molybdenum filtrations ................................................. 7-2
7-2 The correction curve that shows the effect of adding
0.25 mm Al (0.01 in. Al) to the 24 microns
molybdenum filter ......................................................... 7-3
7-3 Linear measurement setup .............................................. 7-4
8-1 CT Filter Pack (33551C) Filtration Effect Correction
Curve ........................................................................... 8-3
8-2 CT Filter Pack (33551C) Linearity Correction Curve ........ 8-4
9-1 Mobile Filter Pack Plus (37946C) Filtration Effect
Correction Curve .......................................................... 9-3
9-2 Mobile Filter Pack Plus (37946C) Linearity Correction
Curve ........................................................................... 9-4

iv Model 35080B kVp Divider

 CONTENTS

10-1 Low Range Filter Pack (38237C) Filtration Effect

Correction Curve ......................................................... 10-4
10-2 Low Range Filter Pack (38237C) Linearity Correction
Curve .......................................................................... 10-5
11-1 Battery replacement for the Model 35080B kVp Divider . 11-4
11-2 Location of RP101, RP102, and RP103 ......................... 11-8
11-3 Effects of RP103 adjustment .......................................... 11-9

A-1 The Model 35080B kVp Divider Mammographic

Worksheet (Example) .................................................. A-6
A-2 The Model 35080B kVp Divider Mammographic
Worksheet .................................................................... A-7

LIST OF TABLES
1-1 Permitted Tube Current Settings (less than ± 1 kV effect) 1-1
1-2 The Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) Specifications ..... 1-2
11-1 Replaceable Parts Information ..................................... 11-10

C-1 Look-up-table for Cadmium K-edge Pack measurements

made on Rh anode, Rh filtration selection of DMR
mammography system ................................................. C-3
C-2 Look-up-table for Linear Mammo Pack measurements
made on Rh anode, Rh filtration selection of DMR
mammography system ................................................. C-4

Model 35080B kVp Divider v

CONTENTS

vi Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 1
SPECIFICATIONS

Section 1
SPECIFICATIONS

Range: 50-150 kVp with the Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C)
Accuracy: ± 2% of reading, exclusive of linearity, filtration, and gain effects
Calibration: Internally-generated signal provides a calibration check.
Permitted Tube Current Range: 1 mA to 3000 mA, dependent on waveform
and distance
Response Time: 150 microseconds 10-90%
Environment: operating temperature 15° to 35°C; storage temperature
-35° to 50°C; relative humidity to 90%
Orientation: The long axis of the Model 35080B kVp Divider is oriented
perpendicular to the axis of the x-ray tube to eliminate heel effect.

Table 1-1. Permitted Tube Current Settings (less than ± 1 kV effect)

Single-phase Single-phase
Three-phase
half - wave full - wave

Minimum Tube
Current (12" Focal 1 mA 2 mA 4 mA
Spot to kVp divider)
Maximum Tube
Current (22" Focal 750 mA 1500 mA 3000 mA
Spot to kVp divider)
Factory calibration performed at 200 mA, 2.5 mm Al inherent filtration,
22 inches focal spot to kVp divider. Six-point calibration check.

Model 35080B kVp Divider 1-1

Section 1
SPECIFICATIONS

Batteries: One Eveready 9V alkaline type 522; life approximately 60 hours;

BATTERY CHECK function connects battery to output connector for
voltage measurement.

Dimensions and Weight: 60 mm high x 210 mm wide x 90 mm deep

(2-3/8 in x 8-1/4 in x 3-1/2 in); net weight 0.68 kg (1-1/2 lb)

Standard Filter Pack: One Wide Range Filter Pack* (37617C) is provided for
measurement from 50 to 150 kVp.

Table 1-2. The Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) Specifications

Range: 50 to 150 kVp

Sensitivity: 0.1 V / 10 kV
Cal: 0.400 V
Zero: 40 kV
Cal: 80 kV
Accuracy: ± 2% exclusive of linearity and filtration effects

Linearity and filtration effects can be corrected using curves

from Section 4 of this instruction manual.

Optional Filter Packs: A Test Filter Pack (32863C) that provides verification
of instrument accuracy, a K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C)* and a
Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C) used for precision measurements from
22 to 40 kVp, a CT Filter Pack (33551C) used for CT system kVp
measurements from 70 to 140 kVp, a Mobile Filter Pack Plus (37946C) used
for measurements on x-ray systems with kV waveforms above 1 kHz with
substantial ripple, and a Low Range Filter Pack (38237C) used for
measurements from 30 kVp to 90 kVp where the kVp range or sensitivity of
other filter packs is not adequate.

* Patent numbers 4,843,619 and 4,916,727.

1-2 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 2
INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS

Section 2
INTRODUCTION
AND APPLICATIONS

The Model 35080B kVp Divider is an alternative to high-voltage divider tanks.

It provides a safe, non-invasive, fast measurement of kVp without endangering
personnel and/or equipment. Its use is primarily intended for x-ray machine
service and calibration.

High-speed precision logarithmic circuitry allows for wide variations in mA

and distance without a sacrifice of accuracy or response speed. The Model
35080B kVp Divider provides an analog output voltage proportional to the
instantaneous voltage applied to the x-ray tube. When the kVp divider is
connected to a storage oscilloscope, the kV waveform may be viewed directly.
If a digital display of the kVp value is desired, then the Model 35080B kVp
Divider may be connected to the Inovision Model 35050A Dosimeter / kVp
Readout.

One Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) allows high-accuracy measurements

from 50 to 150kV. The kVp divider is placed on the x-ray table with the filter
pack in place. A storage oscilloscope is connected to the kVp divider. The
x-ray beam is collimated to the area of the filter pack. An exposure is made
and the kV waveform is displayed on the storage oscilloscope. At no time are
the high-voltage supply cables disturbed.

The Model 35080B kVp Divider is highly portable -- a contrast to bulky,

heavy high-voltage divider tanks. The instrument is accurate to ± 2%,
exclusive of linearity and filtration effects.

The user should note, however, that as with an invasive divider, the accuracy of
readings will depend on the accuracy of the oscilloscope or readout device
used in the measurements.

Model 35080B kVp Divider 2-1

Section 2
INTRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS

2.1 MANUAL ADDENDA

Any improvements or changes concerning the instrument or manual will
be explained in an addenda included with the manual. Be sure to note
these changes and incorporate them into the manual.

2.2 SAFETY SYMBOL AND TERMS

The following symbol and terms are found on the instrument or used in
this manual.

The symbol on the instrument indicates that the user should refer
to the operating instructions located in the manual.

The WARNING heading used in this manual explains dangers that

might result in personal injury or death. Always read the associated
information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure.

The CAUTION heading used in this manual explains hazards that

could damage the instrument. Such damage may invalidate the
warranty.

2-2 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 3
THEORY OF OPERATION

Section 3
THEORY OF
OPERATION

3.1 INTRODUCTION
When used with the Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) the Model
35080B kVp Divider produces an output voltage which closely follows
the voltage applied to the x-ray tube. It does this with a 10-90%
response time of 150 microseconds, so the waveform can be used not
only for determining kVp, but for making precise time determinations
and for diagnosing generator malfunctions.

3.2 MEASUREMENT THEORY

(Refer to Figures 3-1 and 3-2.) In this measurement scheme, two x-ray
detectors are used. The x-ray beam passes through a relatively heavy
filter prior to striking detector A, and through a lighter filter prior to
striking detector B. The ratio of the currents (I/I) is transformed to a
voltage by a custom-designed ratio module.

Typically, this ratio voltage increases as the voltage applied to the

x-ray tube increases. The ratio voltage is virtually independent of the
current applied to the x-ray tube and the distance to the x-ray tube.

Model 35080B kVp Divider 3-1

Section 3
THEORY OF OPERATION

3.3 WIDE RANGE FILTER PACK (37617C)

The Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) is a standard filter pack supplied
with the Model 35080B kVp Divider. This filter pack gives linear
performance over a wide 50-150 kVp range. Detailed characteristics of
the filter pack are given in Section 1, Specifications, and Section 4,
Operating Instructions, of this instruction manual.

Figure 3-1. Simplified functional block diagram

of the Model 35080B kVp Divider

3-2 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 3
THEORY OF OPERATION

3.3 WIDE RANGE FILTER PACK (37617C) (Cont'd)

1.1

0.9
Model 35080B Output in Volts

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150

kV

Figure 3-2. Output ratio plotted as a function of kV

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM MODEL 35080B

SINGLE-PHASE WAVEFORM SINGLE-PHASE

VOLTAGE WAVEFORM MODEL 35080B WAVEFORM

THREE-PHASE OUTPUT THREE-PHASE

Figure 3-3. Output of the Model 35080B kVp Divider compared to voltage
applied to x-ray tube

Model 35080B kVp Divider 3-3

Section 3
THEORY OF OPERATION

3.4 OUTPUT
In the Model 35080B kVp Divider, the intensity ratio is taken with a
high speed logarithmic ratio module. Thus, the output of the Model
35080B kVp Divider follows the kVp waveform applied to the x-ray
tube within the linear range of the filter pack. The waveform differs
from the waveform output of a resistive divider in that information
below the kV baseline of the filter is not displayed (see Figure 3-3).

3.5 INTENSITY CUTOFF

An examination of the Model 35080B kVp Divider waveforms in
Figure 3-3 shows that as the potential of the x-ray beam waveform
increases for the first time, the Model 35080B kVp Divider follows the
signal as soon as it comes into the linear range of the filter pack.
However, as the x-ray signal decays, the signal presented to the
oscilloscope will suddenly switch to the filter pack’s baseline. This
effect is caused by a special circuit that prevents the presentation of a
distorted signal to the oscilloscope. This circuit automatically resets
about 10 seconds after an exposure is made.

3.6 INTERNAL CALIBRATION

In order to assure that the ratio circuit in the Model 35080B kVp
Divider is stable, a “CAL” position is provided on the function switch.
When the Model 35080B kVp Divider is switched into the “CAL”
position, a signal ratio of 0.25 is electronically switched into the ratio
circuit. This produces an output of 0.75 volts with no filter pack
inserted. This value should be within ± 1% of 0.75 volts. When the
Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) is inserted, a CAL voltage of 0.40
volts ± 1% is produced at the Model 35080B kVp Divider output. The
CAL voltage is inscribed on each of the other filter packs. The value in
kV is also given and this may be used to check the oscilloscope
calibration.

NOTE

If the Model 35080B kVp Divider is

exposed to an x-ray beam while the
function switch is left in the “CAL” position,
the resulting scope presentation will be
badly distorted.

3-4 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 4
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

Section 4
OPERATING
INSTRUCTIONS

Prior to taking measurements with the Model 35080B kVp Divider, it is

suggested that the battery and internal calibration be checked.

4.1 BATTERY CHECK

Connect the output of the Model 35080B kVp Divider to a DVM
(digital voltmeter). Place the kVp divider function switch in the “BAT
CHK” position. The battery should be replaced if the voltage is less
than 7.0 volts as the remaining battery life is quite short. The battery
must be replaced if the voltage is less than 6.5 volts as the instrument
will not function properly when the voltage supply is below this
minimum level.

4.2 INTERNAL CALIBRATION CHECK

Connect the output of the Model 35080B kVp Divider to a DVM with
± 0.1% accuracy. Remove any filter pack that may be inserted in the
kVp Divider. Turn the function switch to the “CAL” position. After a
short delay, a voltage of 0.750 ± 1% will appear. This reading verifies
the stability of the kVp Divider ratio electronics. A 1% error in the kVp
Divider gain will cause a maximum kV reading error of 0.75% of
reading. Refer to Section 11.4 for detailed information on calibration.

Model 35080B kVp Divider 4-1

Section 4
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

4.3 FILTER PACK SELECTION

One Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) is provided as standard for the
Model 35080B kVp Divider. See Sections 5 through 10 of this manual
for use of optional filter packs available from Inovision Radiation
Measurements.

4.4 OSCILLOSCOPE ZERO AND OFFSETS

NOTE

It is assumed that the operator is familiar

with the use of a storage oscilloscope.
The following examples are for
oscilloscopes with 8 major divisions for
vertical scales and sensitivity selections
of 0.1 V / div and 0.2 V / div. The selection
of time scales or triggering are not
discussed in this manual.

Figures 4-1a & b show suggested oscilloscope settings for the

50-150 kV range using the Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C).

1. Insert the Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) into the Model 35080B
kVp Divider and connect the kVp divider to the oscilloscope.
2. Set the oscilloscope gain to 0.1 V / div, DC Coupled. This setting
corresponds to a 10 kV / div sensitivity.
3. If making kV measurements from 50 to 120 kV, set the FUNCTION
switch of the kVp divider to the OFF position and adjust the
oscilloscope vertical position control so that the oscilloscope trace
coincides with the bottom horizontal line on the screen, which
corresponds to 40 kV. Then set the FUNCTION switch of the kVp
Divider to the ‘‘CAL’’ position and verify that after a delay of
several seconds the trace on the oscilloscope coincides with middle
horizontal line on the screen, which corresponds to 80 kV. When
switching to the ‘‘RUN’’ position, a slight offset may be noted on the
oscilloscope. Do NOT readjust the oscilloscope trace to compensate
for this offset. Refer to Figure 4-1a.

4-2 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 4
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

4.4 OSCILLOSCOPE ZERO AND OFFSETS (Cont'd)

4. If making kV measurements from 120 to 150 kV, set the
FUNCTION switch of the kVp divider to the ‘‘CAL’’ position and
adjust the oscilloscope vertical position control so that the
oscilloscope trace coincides with the bottom line on the screen,
which corresponds to 80 kV. Refer to Figure 4-1b.

NOTE

If the accuracy of the Model 35080B kVp

Divider is in question, the output voltage
may be checked with a ± 0.1% DVM. The
proper CAL voltage is on the filter pack
label. The allowed tolerance is ± 1%. A
1% error will cause at most a 0.75% error
in the kV reading.

a) b)

120 kV ________ 160 kV ________

110 kV ________ 150 kV ________

100 kV ________ 140 kV ________

90 kV ________ 130 kV ________

80 kV ________ ______ CAL 120 kV ________

at 80
70 kV ________ 110 kV ________

60 kV ________ 100 kV ________

50 kV ________ 90 kV ________

40 kV ________ ______ ZERO 80 kV ________ ______ CAL

at 40 at 80

Sensitivity 10 kV / div Sensitivity 10 kV / div

Scope setting 0.1 V / div Scope setting 0.1 V / div

Figure 4-1a and b. Suggested oscilloscope settings for use with the Wide
Range Filter Pack (37617C)

Model 35080B kVp Divider 4-3

Section 4
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

4.4 OSCILLOSCOPE ZERO AND OFFSETS (Cont'd)

As an alternative to reading directly in kV, the output of the Model
35080B kVp Divider may be read directly in volts. The formula below
is used to calculate the kV:

kV = Model 35080B voltage x 100 + ZERO kV

Example: A peak voltage of 0.300 volts is read. The ZERO kV of the

Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) is 40 kV. Therefore:

kV = 0.300 x 100 + 40
= 30 + 40
= 70 kV

4.5 GEOMETRY OF SETUP

The filter pack is aligned on the beam center, with the long axis of the
Model 35080B kVp Divider perpendicular to the x-ray tube axis, and
the beam normal to the table top (see Figure 4-2). The x-ray beam must
be large enough to cover the active area of the filter pack. Distance is
not critical, but a 22-inch distance from focal spot to kVp divider is
suggested.

The kVp divider must be inverted for under-table x-ray head evaluation
(refer to Figure 4-3). Again, the filter pack should be on beam center,
perpendicular to the axis of the x-ray tube and the beam normal to the
table. The beam area must be large enough to cover the active area of
the filter pack.

In positioning the kVp divider, the long axis of the instrument should be
perpendicular to the x-ray tube axis to eliminate “heel effect.” The
beam must strike the filter pack side of the kVp divider, the unit is
designed to be turned over for under-table x-ray heads. In setting the
x-ray generator, 200 mA at 22 inches is recommended, but the limits of
operation allow higher or lower settings and distances. Refer to
Section 1, Specifications, for low current limits.

4-4 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 4
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

4.5 GEOMETRY OF SETUP (Cont'd)

After correctly positioning the kVp Divider, connect the oscilloscope,
place the kVp Divider in the “RUN” mode and make an exposure.

Figure 4-2. Geometry of setup for Figure 4-3. Geometry of setup for
above-table x-ray tube below-table x-ray tube

Model 35080B kVp Divider 4-5

Section 4
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

4.6 FILTRATION EFFECT CORRECTIONS

Corrections for filtration are made with the correction curves in
Figure 4-4. Factory calibration of the Model 35080B kVp Divider is
performed with 2.5 mm Al total filtration, so any other amount of
filtration in the beam which is greater than or less than 2.5 mm Al will
require some correction of the apparent reading.

Example: Suppose the kVp Divider reads 90 kV, using the Wide
Range Filter Pack (37617C). The x-ray machine has 5.0 mm Al total
filtration. The filtration effect curve for this filter pack indicates a
filtration effect of 0.5 kV per mm Al at 90 kVp. To determine the actual
reading, the filtration in the x-ray machine is subtracted from the
standard calibration filtration (2.5 mm Al) and the resulting number is
multiplied by the filtration effect: (2.5-5.0) x 0.5 = -1.25 kV. The
resulting number, -1.25 kV, is the correction which is added to the
apparent reading. Therefore, the actual reading is
90 kV + (-1.25 kV) = 88.75 kV.

Filtration Effect
kV Per mm AL
kVp Per mm AL

Model 35080B Reading kVp

Figure 4-4. The Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) Filtration Effect
Correction Curve

4-6 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 4
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

4.7 LINEARITY CORRECTIONS

Corrections for linearity in using the Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C)
are made by taking the apparent output of the Model 35080B and
adding (or subtracting) the value in kV shown on the following curve.
For the greatest accuracy possible, readings should first be corrected for
filtration before linearity corrections are made. For most applications,
however, linearity corrections alone may be adequate, especially if the
difference in total filtration from the calibration standard of 2.5 mm Al
is small. See Section 4.6 for information about filtration correction.

Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C)

Linearity Correction Curve
kVp Correction

Model 35080B Reading kVp

Figure 4-5. The Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) Linearity Correction
Curve. The kVp Correction Value read from the vertical scale
should be added to the Model 35080B kVp Divider reading to
produce the corrected kVp result.

Model 35080B kVp Divider 4-7

Section 4
OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

4-8 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 5
TEST FILTER PACK OPTION

Section 5
TEST FILTER PACK
OPTION (32863C)

5.1 SPECIFICATIONS
Output: 3.00 V ± 1%
Cal: 0.750 V ± 1%
X-ray Generator kV setting: 100 kV is recommended
X-ray Generator mA setting: 200 mA at 22 inches focal spot to kVp
divider is recommended

5.2 INTRODUCTION
The Test Filter Pack (32863C) provides a means for a complete system
check of the Model 35080B kVp Divider’s calibration. The CAL
position on the kVp divider provides a check of the electronics only.
The Test Filter Pack (32863C) verifies the calibration of the kVp
divider from radiation input through to the output signal under actual
operating conditions.

5.3 THEORY OF OPERATION

Section 3 describes the theory of operation of the Model 35080B kVp
divider. With the Test Filter Pack (32863C) installed, the output
voltage of the kVp divider is equal to 3 times the x-ray intensity striking
the heavily filtered detector divided by the x-ray intensity striking the
lightly filtered detector. The Test Filter Pack (32863C) has equal
thickness of copper filters for both detectors. When this filter pack is
inserted into the kVp Divider, the ratio seen by the instrument (for
adequately high intensities) is 1.0. The Model 35080B kVp Divider is
factory-calibrated to produce 3.0 volts for a ratio of 1.0. In theory, the

Model 35080B kVp Divider 5-1

Section 5
TEST FILTER PACK OPTION

5.3 THEORY OF OPERATION (Cont'd)

3-volt value is not a function of tube current, distance or kV; in order to
have a standardized test, however, the 3-volt check should be run at
22 inches focal spot to kVp divider, at 200 mA and 100 kVp. Typical
waveforms from single-phase and three-phase exposures using the Test
Filter Pack (32863C) are shown in Figure 5-1.

5.4 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

The operation of the Test Filter Pack (32863) is similar to the operation
of the Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) described in Section 4. Prior
to taking measurements, it is suggested that the battery and internal
calibration be checked as described in Sections 4.1 and 4.2. Position
the kVp Divider as described in Section 4.5, Geometry of Setup.
Set up the oscilloscope to read the 3.0 volts expected from the Model
35080B kVp divider using the Test Filter Pack (32863C), and make an
exposure. On a properly functioning unit, the observed waveform
amplitude will be 3.00 Volts ± 1%. Be aware that the oscilloscope
accuracy may not be adequate for this test. The calibration of the kVp
Divider can only be verified to within the accuracy of the oscilloscope
or other readout device used. If the unit appears to be out of calibration,
refer to Section 11.4, Calibration.

KV WAVEFORM MODEL 35080B WAVEFORM

SINGLE-PHASE OUTPUT SINGLE-PHASE

KV WAVEFORM MODEL 35080B WAVEFORM

THREE-PHASE OUTPUT THREE-PHASE

Figure 5-1. The Model 35080B kVp Divider single-phase and three-phase
output with the Test Filter Pack (32863C)

5-2 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 6
CADMIUM K-EDGE
MAMMO FILTER PACK OPTION

Section 6
CADMIUM K-EDGE MAMMO
FILTER PACK OPTION (37355C)

6.1 SPECIFICATIONS
Intended Use: beryllium window, molybdenum anode mammographic
generators
Range: 27.5 kVp to 29.5 kVp
Accuracy: ±0.5 kV
Sensitivity: 0.1 volt per kV
Zero: 27.0 kV
Cal: 0.75 V
Minimum Anode Current: 50 mA
Target to kVp Divider Distance: 12 in (30.5 cm)
Effect of Molybdenum Filtration: negligible, 12 to 35 microns
Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C)
Response Curve (24 microns Mo Filter)
Output Voltage

kVp

Figure 6-1. Response curve for the Cadmium K-edge Mammo

Filter Pack (37355C)
Model 35080B kVp Divider 6-1
Section 6
CADMIUM K-EDGE
MAMMO FILTER PACK OPTION

6.2 INTRODUCTION
The Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C) provides a non-
invasive way to make kVp measurements of mammographic x-ray
generators. This filter pack uses the inherent stability of the Cadmium
K-edge as an absolute reference for precision measurements between
27.5 and 29.5 kVp (for beryllium window, molybdenum anode
mammographic generators with molybdenum filtration). When used in
conjunction with the Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C), precision
calibrations of ± 1.0 kV accuracy can be performed from 22 to 40 kV.

6.3 THEORY OF OPERATION

The Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C) contains two
different filters side-by-side. One is constructed of cadmium, an
element whose x-ray attenuation increases in a step-fashion at its K-edge
(26.7 kV). The other filter is made of an element like aluminum which
has no K-edge in the mammographic region. These two filters are
selected to have identical attenuation characteristics for photon energies
less than 26.7 kV.

The Model 35080B kVp Divider takes the ratio of the x-ray signals
passing through the two filters. As long as the applied voltage to the
x-ray generator is less than 26.7 kV, the output of the kVp Divider is
constant (approximately 3 volts). When the applied voltage exceeds
26.7 kV, the ratio and thus the output voltage increases rapidly. The
filters are carefully manufactured so that the voltage increases at
0.1 V / kV above 27.0 kV. For molybdenum anode, beryllium window
generators, there is very little effect on the calibration for changes in
molybdenum filtration from 12 to 35 microns. As shown by Figure 6-2,
the addition of aluminum filtration does influence the sensitivity.
Adding 0.25 mm of aluminum can increase the kVp divider's reading by
up to 0.5 kVp.

6-2 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 6
CADMIUM K-EDGE
MAMMO FILTER PACK OPTION

6.3 THEORY OF OPERATION (Cont'd)

Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C)

kVp Correction Curve
kVp Correction

Indicated kVp

Figure 6-2. The kVp correction curves for the Cadmium K-edge Mammo
Filter Pack (37355C)

6.4 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

1. Measurement Setup - Place the Model 35080B kVp Divider in
the x-ray beam on the compression paddle or other suitable
support with the axis of the kVp Divider perpendicular to the axis
of the x-ray tube. Raise the kVp Divider (with the Cadmium
K-edge Mammo Filter Pack--37355C) as close as possible to the
x-ray tube. The x-ray beam should cover the entire filter pack.
(See Figure 6-3.)

Model 35080B kVp Divider 6-3

Section 6
CADMIUM K-EDGE
MAMMO FILTER PACK OPTION

6.4 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS (Cont'd)

Minimum

Model
35080B
kVp Divider

Figure 6-3. K-edge measurement setup

2. Oscilloscope Setup - Connect the kVp Divider to the scope using

a shielded cable and set the vertical sensitivity set to 0.5 volts per
division. With the scope input in the GROUND position, adjust
the vertical position control to place the trace on the bottom
graticule line. Next, set the scope in single trace, storage mode
and place the input selector switch in the DC position.

3. 25 kVp Measurement Procedure - Set the x-ray generator for

25 kVp and 100 mA. If not available, use at least 50 mA and a
minimum time of 50 msec or a mAs setting that provides these
tube currents. Select the Mo (molybdenum) filter and make an
exposure while adjusting the scope trigger level as necessary to get
a stable trace. After measuring the peak voltage, record the value.

4. 26 kVp Measurement Procedure - Set the generator for 26 kVp

and make an exposure. Record this value also. (The two voltage
values should be equal to within ± 0.020 V. If so, this will be your
BASE VOLTAGE; if not, then repeat steps 3 and 4 at 24 and 25
kVp respectively.)

6-4 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 6
CADMIUM K-EDGE
MAMMO FILTER PACK OPTION

6.4 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS (Cont'd)

5. 29 kVp Measurement Procedure - Set the generator for 29 kVp
and make an exposure. (If this voltage is greater than the BASE
VOLTAGE by 0.1 V to 0.25 V, record this new voltage value. If
this voltage is greater than the BASE VOLTAGE by higher than
0.25 V, repeat this step at one kVp lower; on the other hand, if this
voltage is not greater than the BASE VOLTAGE by 0.1 V, repeat
this step at one kVp higher).

6. Subtract the BASE VOLTAGE from the voltage measured in

step 5. Multiply this voltage by 10 and add 27.0 to determine the
true kVp for this station.

7. Proceed to Section 7.5 (Linear Mammo Filter Pack Operating

Instructions).

Example 1: DC Mammographic Generator

Figures 6-4 and 6-5 show the input and output waveform obtained from
exposures taken at 24, 26, and 28 kVp respectively. The baseline value
of 3.10 V can be seen from the lower pair of traces on Figure 6-5. The
level measured on the upper trace is 3.20 V. The kVp corresponding to
this trace is calculated as:
kVp = 27.0 + [10*(3.20-3.10)] = 28.0

Generator Input
DC Generator 24 kV, 26 kv, 28 kV
Input Kilovolts

Milliseconds

Figure 6-4. DC mammographic generator input waveforms

Model 35080B kVp Divider 6-5
Section 6
CADMIUM K-EDGE
MAMMO FILTER PACK OPTION

6.4 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS (Cont'd)

Example 1: DC Mammographic Generator (Cont'd)

Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C)

DC Generator 24 kV, 26 kV, 28 kV
Output Volts

Milliseconds

Figure 6-5. The Model 35080B kVp Divider output waveforms with the
Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C) (DC
mammographic generator)

6-6 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 6
CADMIUM K-EDGE
MAMMO FILTER PACK OPTION

6.4 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS (Cont'd)

Example 2: Single Phase Mammographic Generator
Figures 6-6 and 6-7 show the input and output waveform obtained from
exposures taken at 28 kVp. Since it can be seen from Figure 6-6 that the
kVp falls below the zero level of 27 kVp, the need to make several
exposures while varying the kVp as in steps 3 and 4 is negated. The
difference between the baseline and peak levels can be obtained from
the single trace in Figure 6-7. This difference is measured to be
0.100 V, and thus the kVp is calculated as follows:

kVp = 27.0 +[10*0.100)] = 28.0.

Generator Input
Filtered Single-Phase Generator
Input Kilovoltage

Seconds

Figure 6-6. Single-phase mammographic generator input waveform

Model 35080B kVp Divider 6-7

Section 6
CADMIUM K-EDGE
MAMMO FILTER PACK OPTION

6.4 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS (Cont'd)

Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C)

Filtered Single-Phase Generator
Output Volts

Seconds

Figure 6-7. The Model 35080B kVp Divider output waveform with the
Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C) (single-phase
mammographic generator)

NOTE

When proceeding to Linear

Measurement, Section 7.5, Operating
Instructions, do not change the generator
settings.

6-8 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 7
LINEAR MAMMO
FILTER PACK OPTION

Section 7
LINEAR MAMMO FILTER
PACK OPTION (37351C)

7.1 SPECIFICATIONS
Intended Use: beryllium window, molybdenum anode mammographic
generators
Range: 22.0 kVp to 40.0 kVp
Accuracy: ± 1.0 kV exclusive of filtration effects
Sensitivity: 0.01 volt per kV
Cal: 0.200 V (20.0 kV)
Minimum Anode Current: 50 mA
Target to kVp Divider Distance: 12 in to 24 in (30.5 to 61 cm)

7.2 INTRODUCTION
The Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C) provides a non-invasive way
to make kVp measurements of mammographic x-ray generators. This
filter pack features nearly perfect linearity for precision measurements
between 22 and 40 kVp (for beryllium window, molybdenum anode
mammographic generators with molybdenum filtration).

7.3 THEORY OF OPERATION

The Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C) is similar in construction to the
Wide Range linear diagnostic filter pack except that the filter elements are
much thinner. As expected in mammography, measurements are more
sensitive to variations in added filtration than in the diagnostic range.
Thus, the Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C) is normally used in
conjunction with the K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C). The K-edge
Mammo Filter Pack (37355C) is used first to find a point between 27.5 kV
and 29.5 kV very accurately. Then the Linear Mammo Filter Pack
(37351C) measurement is made at the same point to determine the
necessary correction to apply to the Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C)
readings.
Model 35080B kVp Divider 7-1
Section 7
LINEAR MAMMO
FILTER PACK OPTION

7.3 THEORY OF OPERATION (Cont'd)

The reading from the Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C) is compared
to that taken with the Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C)
and a kV correction value for the Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C)
is computed. This correction value is applied uniformly to all readings
taken with the Linear. The K-edge measurement should be performed
each time a generator is tested. Part of the correction factor for the
Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C) is due to variations in tube
filtration and part is due to positional dependence. Therefore when
using the Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C), if the Model 35080B
kVp Divider is moved, a new measurement at the K-edge comparison
kVp point must be made with the Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C)
and a new correction factor computed.

7.4 CORRECTIONS
If the amount of molybdenum filtration were known, the correction
could be made with the correction curves in Figures 7-1 and 7-2.
Figure 7-1 shows the correction required for total molybdenum filtration
of 12 microns, 24 microns, and 35 microns (no correction is required for
24 microns). Figure 7-2 shows the effect of adding 0.25 mm Al to the
24 microns of molybdenum.
Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C)
Correction for Molybdenum Filtration
kV Correction

Indicated kVp

Figure 7-1. Correction curves for 12, 24, and 35 microns

molybdenum filtrations
7-2 Model 35080B kVp Divider
 Section 7
LINEAR MAMMO
FILTER PACK OPTION

7.4 CORRECTIONS (Cont'd)

(Referring back to Figure 7-1,) a machine with 35 microns of
molybdenum and a reading of 29.0, add 1.0 kV; the corrected reading is
30.0 kVp. For 12 microns and a reading of 28.0 kVp, subtract 1.5 kV
for a corrected reading of 26.5 kV.

Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C)

Correction for Aluminum Filtration
kV Correction

Indicated kVp

Figure 7-2. The correction curve that shows the effect of adding
0.25mm Al (0.01in Al) to the 24 microns
molybdenum filter. The aluminum makes the Linear
Mammo Filter Pack (37351C) read high. To make
corrections, subtract the kV correction from the
indicated reading.

In most cases, amount of molybdenum filtration is unknown and the use

of the Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C) for precise
calibration of the generator at a kVp between 27.5 and 29.5 kV is
required.

NOTE

See Appendix A for more detailed

instructions on the use of the K-edge and
Linear Mammo Filter Packs (37355C and
37351C respectively).

Model 35080B kVp Divider 7-3

Section 7
LINEAR MAMMO
FILTER PACK OPTION

7.5 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

This procedure will normally follow that given in Section 6.4 where
measurement with the Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C)
ended.

1. Measurement Setup - Replace the Cadmium K-edge Mammo

Filter Pack (37355C) with the Linear Mammo Filter Pack
(37351C). Reposition the Model 35080B kVp Divider to
approximately 15 inches from the focal spot by lowering the
compression paddle or other support device (see Figure 7-3).

Model
35080B
kVp Divider

Figure 7-3. Linear measurement setup

2. Connect the kVp Divider output to either a storage oscilloscope or

a peak-read-and-hold DMM. Set the oscilloscope to 0.05 volts
division vertical gain and the input to DC Coupled, single trace
storage mode.

7-4 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 7
LINEAR MAMMO
FILTER PACK OPTION

7.5 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS (Cont'd)

NOTE

The Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C)

may be used with a peak-read-and-hold
DMM for the readout instead of or along
side of the storage oscilloscope. The
device is direct-reading in kVp. Merely
multiply the display reading by 100. For
example, a voltage of 0.375 is equivalent
to 37.5 kV.

3. With the Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C) installed on the

kVp Divider, move the switch to the ‘‘CAL’’ position. The
voltage output should be 0.200 volts ±.003 volts (1% + 1 digit).
Check CAL voltage with a digital voltmeter or an oscilloscope
with at least 0.1% accuracy. This value corresponds to a kV
reading of 20.0 kV and may be used to setup the oscilloscope.
The CAL function checks the gain of the kVp Divider. A 1%
error in gain will result in a 1% error in the kVp reading (0.3 kV at
30 kV).

4. With the same generator settings used for K-edge measurement at

29 kVp (see Section 6.4), turn the kVp Divider to ‘‘OFF’’ and
position the oscilloscope trace on the bottom line. Place the kVp
Divider in the ‘‘CAL’’ position, and the trace will move to the
middle line (20 kV). The oscilloscope with 8 major vertical
positions is now set to indicate a range of 0 to 40 kV. Make an
exposure and record this value separate from the K-edge reading
made in Section 6.4, step 6.

Model 35080B kVp Divider 7-5

Section 7
LINEAR MAMMO
FILTER PACK OPTION

7.5 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS (Cont'd)

NOTE

The CORRECTION VALUE may be

either negative or positive.

6. Measure other kVp values as desired. Record the LINEAR

VOLTAGE, multiply by 100 and this will be your uncorrected
LINEAR KVP. Lastly, add or subtract the CORRECTION
VALUE and record the results. This now has the true kVp value
for all kVp's measured.

NOTE

See Appendix A for step by step

instructions on using the Linear Mammo
Filter Pack (37351C) in conjunction with
the Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack
(37355C).

5. Subtract this kVp voltage from the true K-edge kVp value (see
Section 6.4). (This will be the CORRECTION VALUE applied to
all kVp measurements made with the Linear Mammo Filter Pack--
37351C.)

7-6 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 8
CT FILTER PACK OPTION

Section 8
CT FILTER PACK
OPTION (33551C)

8.1 SPECIFICATIONS
Range: 70 to 140 kV
Sensitivity: 0.1 V / 10 kV
Cal: 0.644 V
Zero: 60 kV
Cal: 124.4 kV
Linearity: less than 1 kV correction from 70 to 140 kV
Calibration Filtration: 2.5 mm Al
Filtration Effect: less than 1 kV per mm Al difference in filtration
(from the 2.5 mm Al calibration standard) over the 70 to 140 kV
range
Active Area: 40 mm x 6.5 mm
Minimum Anode Current: 25 mA at 25 inches

8.2 INTRODUCTION
The CT Filter Pack (33551C) provides a non-invasive way to make
independent tests of the internal voltage divider of a CT system -- and a
convenient and safe way to check tube voltage.

The actual kV waveform of the CT machine can be displayed on a

storage oscilloscope. If the CT machine is a DC (continuous scan) unit,
the proportional voltage can be read on a DMM.

These applications are made possible with the Inovision CT Filter Pack
(33551C) in conjunction with the Model 35080B kVp Divider.

Model 35080B kVp Divider 8-1

Section 8
CT FILTER PACK OPTION

8.3 THEORY OF OPERATION

The Model 35080B kVp Divider contains a pair of solid-state detectors
which when exposed to x-rays, send signals to a ratio module. The
resulting ratio depends on the kV of the CT beam and the difference in
thickness of filters placed between the detectors and the beam source.

The filters are carefully selected to give the best response curve possible
over the kV range of CT interest (see Specifications).

The narrow dimensions of the CT Filter Pack's (33551C) detector area

are suited to the beam area restrictions of CT applications.

8.4 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

1. Select 2.5 mm Al filtration and remove beam-restricting devices
from the CT beam path on the CT machine. Open the beam width
to 10 mm to cover the sensor area on the CT Filter Pack (33551C).
Use the patient positioning laser to align the Model 35080B kVp
Divider within the beam.
2. Connect the kVp Divider output to a storage oscilloscope.
3. Set the oscilloscope sensitivity to 0.1 V / div, DC Coupled.
4. Put the kVp Divider into the ‘‘CAL’’ mode and verify its output is
0.644 volt ± 1%.
5. Turn the kVp Divider OFF and position the oscilloscope trace to
read 60 kV (the reference baseline on the oscilloscope which is
added to the measured value).
6. Again, put the kVp Divider into the ‘‘CAL’’ mode and verify that
the oscilloscope trace corresponds to 124.4 kV (± 1 kV).
7. Place the tube head in its top position.
8. Switch the kVp Divider into the ‘‘RUN’’ mode and make the
exposure.

8-2 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 8
CT FILTER PACK OPTION

8.5 CORRECTION OF READINGS

Filtration: (Refer to Figure 8-1.) No correction is needed for
2.5 mm Al. For a given kV reading: if the effective filtration of the CT
beam is greater than 2.5 mm Al, subtract the difference (in mm) times
the correction factor from the apparent reading; if the effective filtration
is less than 2.5 mm Al, add the difference times the correction factor to
the apparent reading.
Example 1: The kV reading is 100, and the total filtration of the beam
is 3.5 mm Al. The difference between the effective and calibration
filtration is 1 mm. This difference times the correction factor for
100 kV is 1 x 0.35 = 0.35 kV. Therefore the corrected kVp is
calculated as 100kV - 0.35 kV = 99.65 kV.
Example 2: The kV reading is 80, and the total filtration is 2.0 mm Al.
The difference between the effective and calibration filtration is 0.5 mm.
The difference times the correction factor for
80 kV is 0.5 x 0.2 = 0.10 kV. Therefore, 80 kV is 0.5 x 0.2 = 0.10 kV.
Therefore, 80 kV + 0.10 kV = 80.1 kV.

Effect of Filtration on kV
Correction

kV

Figure 8-1. CT Filter Pack (33551C) Filtration Effect Correction Curve

Model 35080B kVp Divider 8-3

Section 8
CT FILTER PACK OPTION

8.5 CORRECTION OF READINGS (Cont'd)

Linearity: (Refer to Figure 8-2.) If a kV correction value (from the
Y-axis) has a negative sign, then its magnitude is subtracted from the
apparent reading shown on the X-axis. If a kV correction value is
positive, then its magnitude is added to the apparent kV reading on the
X-axis.

Example 1: If the apparent reading is 70 kV, the correction value is -1.

Since the correction value has a negative sign, it is subtracted from the
apparent reading. Therefore, 70 kV - 1 kV = 69 kV.

Example 2: If the apparent reading is 80 kV, the correction value is

0.9. Since the correction value has a positive sign, it is added to the
apparent reading. Therefore, 80 kV + 0.9 kV = 80.9 kV.

Linearity Correction Curve

Correction Value (kV)

kV

Figure 8-2. CT Filter Pack (33551C) Linearity Correction Curve

8-4 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 9
MOBILE FILTER PACK PLUS OPTION

Section 9
MOBILE FILTER PACK
PLUS OPTION (37946C)

9.1 SPECIFICATIONS
Range: 50 to 135 kV
Sensitivity: 0.1 V / 10 kV
Cal: 0.600 V
Zero: 40 kV
Cal: 100 kV
Calibration Filtration: 2.5 mm Al

9.2 INTRODUCTION
The Mobile Filter Pack Plus (37946C) is a specialized filter pack
designed primarily for use on mid- to high-frequency generators
(≥ 1 kHz) with substantial kV ripple (≥ 10%). For single-phase and
3-phase generators, or other low-frequency generators (< 1 kHz), use of
the Mobile Filter Pack Plus (37946C) is not recommended. The Wide
Range Filter Pack (37617C) should be used for these applications.
Measurements below the 50kV operating range of either the Mobile
Filter Pack Plus (37946C) or the Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C)
should be made with the Low Range Filter Pack (38237C).

When an invasive kV divider is connected to high-frequency, high-

ripple generators for calibration, the kV waveform is often substantially
changed due to the capacitance of the added high voltage cables. When
the invasive divider is subsequently removed for normal operation of the
x-ray system, the kVp at any given generator setting may be
significantly higher than was measured with an invasive divider. The
Model 35080B kVp Divider with the Mobile Filter Pack Plus (37946C)
provides an easy and accurate non-invasive method for measuring the
kVp of these systems.
Model 35080B kVp Divider 9-1
Section 9
MOBILE FILTER PACK PLUS OPTION

9.2 INTRODUCTION (Cont'd)

The operating instructions for the Mobile Filter Pack Plus (37946C) are
the same as given in Section 4 for the Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C)
with minor exceptions as detailed below. The recommended focal spot
to kVp divider distance is 12 inches, rather than the 22 inches suggested
for the Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C). The long axis of the Model
35080B kVp Divider should still be perpendicular to the x-ray tube axis
to avoid “heel effect”, as shown in Figures 4-2 and 4-3.

The formula used to calculate the kV is the same as for the Wide Range
pack:

kV = Model 35080B voltage x 100 + ZERO kV

where the ZERO kV is 40 for both the Mobile and Wide Range Filter
Packs (37946C and 37167C). However, when the kVp divider is placed
in the “CAL” mode with a Mobile Filter Pack Plus (37946C) inserted,
an output voltage of 0.600 V ± 1% should be obtained, corresponding
to a CAL kV of 100.

The kVp Divider has a special circuit intended to prevent the

presentation of a distorted waveform at low intensities. Section 3.5,
Intensity Cutoff, discusses the effect of this circuit for single phase
waveforms. For generators with substantial kV ripple, for which the
Mobile Filter Pack Plus (37946C) is intended, this same effect may be
noticed. As the kV waveform decreases, the output suddenly switches
to the filter pack’s baseline, which corresponds to 40 kVp with the
Mobile Filter Pack Plus (37946C). During the rising portion of the next
kV cycle, the output will switch back to and follow the actual waveform,
as shown in Figure 3-3 for the single phase example. This is normal
operation of the Model 35080B kVp Divider for large ripple signals.

The filtration and linearity correction curves for the Mobile Filter Pack
Plus (37946C) are given in the next two sections. Two linearity curves
are shown. The solid line on the linearity graph is the standard linearity
curve for an x-ray generator with a 2 kHz waveform with 20% observed
ripple. The dashed line is normally not used, but shows the linearity
curve for generators with DC to 720 Hz ripple components.

9-2 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 9
MOBILE FILTER PACK PLUS OPTION

9.3 FILTRATION EFFECT CORRECTIONS

Corrections for filtration are made using the correction curve shown in
Figure 9-1. The Mobile Filter Pack Plus (37946C) is calibrated at
2.5 mm Al total filtration, so measurements made at other filtration
values require correction of the measured reading. Corrections are
made by subtracting the total filtration of the x-ray machine being
measured from 2.5 mm Al, multiplying the result by the value read off
the chart for the measured kVp, and adding this result to the measured
kVp.

Example: The Model 35080B kVp Divider with a Mobile Filter Pack
Plus (37946C) inserted reads 80kVp. The x-ray system has 3.3 mm Al
total filtration. The filtration effect curve of Figure 9-1 indicates a
filtration effect of 1.05 kVp per mm Al at 80 kVp. The difference in
filtration, 2.5 - 3.3 = -0.8 mm Al, is multiplied by the correction value to
yield -0.8 x 1.05 = -0.84 kVp. This number is then added to the
apparent reading to obtain the actual kVp, which is
80 kVp + (-0.84 kVp) = 79.16 kVp.

Filtration Effect
kVp Per mm Al
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
kVp Per mm Al

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

Model 35080B Reading kVp

Figure 9-1. Mobile Filter Pack Plus (37946C) Filtration Effect Correction
Curve

Model 35080B kVp Divider 9-3

Section 9
MOBILE FILTER PACK PLUS OPTION

9.4 LINEARITY CORRECTIONS

Corrections for linearity of the Mobile Filter Pack Plus (37946C) can be
made by taking the measured output of the Model 35080B kVp Divider
and adding the value in kVp shown on the curve in Figure 9-2. The
curve shown by the solid line in Figure 9-2 is normally used for x-ray
generators with an observed ripple amplitude and frequency of
approximately 20% at 2 kHz. For best accuracy, filtration corrections
should be made prior to the linearity corrections. However, if the
difference in total filtration from the calibration standard of 2.5 mm Al
is small, linearity corrections alone may be sufficient. See Section 9.3
for information regarding filtration corrections.

Example: The Model 35080B kVp Divider with a Mobile Filter Pack
Plus (37946C) has a reading of 83 kVp. From the chart, a kVp
Correction value of -0.9 kVp is obtained. Assuming filtration
corrections are not required for this x-ray system, the actual kVp is
83 + (-0.9) = 82.1 kVp.

Mobile Filter Pack Plus (37946C)

Linearity Correction Curves
1.5

0.5

0
kVp Correction

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5

-3

-3.5
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
Model 35080B kVp Reading

DC to 720 Hz Ripple 20% Ripple @ 2 kHz

Figure 9-2. Mobile Filter Pack Plus (37946C) Linearity Correction Curve.
The kVp Correction Value read from the vertical scale should be
added to the Model 35080B kVp Divider reading to obtain the
corrected kVp result.

9-4 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 10
LOW RANGE FILTER PACK OPTION

Section 10
LOW RANGE FILTER
PACK OPTION (38237C)

10.1 SPECIFICATIONS
Range: 30 kVp to 90 kVp
Sensitivity: 0.1 V / 10 kV
Cal: 0.150 V
Zero: 26 kV
Cal: 41 kV
Accuracy: ± 2%, exclusive of linearity and filtration effects
Minimum Anode Current for less than ± 1 kV effect: Typical at
22 inches with a 3 phase x-ray generator, 3 mA from 90 kVp down to
50 kVp, increasing to 10 mA @ 40 kVp and 30 mA @ 30 kVp.

10.2 INTRODUCTION
The Low Range Filter Pack (38237C) is optimized for measurements in
the 30 kVp to 90 kVp range. It can be used to make measurements
below the 50 kVp lower limit of the Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C)
and Mobile Filter Pack Plus (37946C) on x-ray generators with settings
below 50 kVp. The Low Range Filter Pack (38237C) will typically
operate at lower mA settings, making it useful in taking measurements
difficult to obtain with either the Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) or
Mobile Filter Pack Plus (38237C) at the lower end of their kVp
operating range.

Model 35080B kVp Divider 10-1

Section 10
LOW RANGE FILTER PACK OPTION

10.3 THEORY OF OPERATION

The Low Range Filter Pack (38237C) operates in a manner similar to
the operation of the Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) described in
Section 3. The thickness and composition of the filters have been
optimized for operation over the 30 kVp to 90 kVp range in the Low
Range Filter Pack (38237C). The filter differences cause the different
Cal and Zero voltages specified, and require different correction curves
shown later in this section.

10.4 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

The operation of the Low Range Filter Pack (38237C) is similar to the
operation of the Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) described in
Section 4. Prior to taking measurements, it is suggested that the battery
and internal calibration be checked as described in Section 4.1 and 4.2.

Oscilloscope Setup
Two possible methods for reading the output of the Model 35080B
kVp Divider on a storage oscilloscope are to read the kVp divider
output voltage and then convert the voltage into the equivalent kV
using the conversion formula, or to set up the oscilloscope to allow
direct readout of kV. Both methods are described and assume that the
operator is familiar with the use of his storage oscilloscope.

Converting voltage reading into kV

The following formula is used to convert a voltage reading obtained
from the Model 35080B kVp Divider into the equivalent kV:

kV = (kVp Divider Voltage) x 100 + ZERO kV

Example: The peak voltage located on the waveform captured by

the storage oscilloscope is 0.280 volts. The ZERO kV of the Low
Range Filter Pack (38237C) is 26 kV. This reading represents a
kVp of:
kV = 0.280 x 100 + 26
kV = 28 + 26
kV = 54 kV

10-2 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 10
LOW RANGE FILTER PACK OPTION

Setup for direct kV readout

1. Insert the Low Range Filter Pack (38237C) into the Model
35080B kVp Divider and connect the kVp divider output to the
oscilloscope input using a BNC to BNC coaxial cable.
2. Set the oscilloscope gain to 0.1 V / div, DC Coupled. This
corresponds to a 10 kV/div. sensitivity.
3. Set the FUNCTION switch of the kVp divider to the CAL
position. The kVp divider will provide a voltage which
represents 41 kV. Adjust the oscilloscope vertical position
control to place the trace 0.9 division below the center of the
screen.
4. Set the FUNCTION switch of the kVp divider to the RUN
position. The oscilloscope trace will move down to
approximately 2.4 divisions below the center of the screen. Do
not readjust the trace positioning any further.
5. The center line on the oscilloscope screen is now adjusted to
represent 50 kV. Each division represents a 10kV increment.
One division above the center line is 60 kV, two divisions above
is 70 kV, and so forth. Similarly, one division below the center
line is 40 kV, and two divisions below is 30 kV.

Geometry of Setup
The Model 35080B kVp Divider with the Low Range Filter Pack
(38237C) is set up for use in the same manner as described in
Section 4.5 for the Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C).

The normal setup described in Section 4.5 calls for 200 mA and
22 inches. Lower current settings may be used in many cases;
however, the detectors in the kVp divider require a minimum intensity
below which the output voltage of the kVp Divider develops noise
and errors. The minimum mA at a given distance varies from
generator to generator. The typical specification is given for guidance
only. If a particular test setup seems to be giving noisy or erroneous
readings, increase the mA setting of the generator, reduce the distance
from the source to the kVp divider, or both. When reducing the
distance from the focal spot to the kVp divider, make sure that the
x-ray beam is wide enough to cover the active area of the filter pack at
the distance used.

Model 35080B kVp Divider 10-3

Section 10
LOW RANGE FILTER PACK OPTION

10.5 FILTRATION EFFECT CORRECTION

The Low Range Filter Pack (38237C) is calibrated at 2.5 mm Al total
filtration. Measurements made at other filtration values require a
correction to the measured reading. Corrections for filtration are made
using the correction curve shown in Figure 10-1. Corrections are made
by subtracting the total filtration of the x-ray machine being measured
from 2.5 mm Al, multiplying the result by the value read off the chart
for the measured kVp, and adding this result to the measured kVp.

Example: A reading of 49 kVp is obtained from a Model 35080B kVp

Divider using a Low Range Filter Pack (38237C). The x-ray system has
3.3 mm Al total filtration. The filtration effect curve of Figure 10-1
indicates a filtration effect of 0.5 kVp per mm Al at 49 kVp. The
difference in filtration, 2.5 - 3.3 = -0.8 mm Al, is multiplied by the
correction value to yield -0.8 x 0.5 = -0.4 kVp. This number is then
added to the apparent reading to obtain the actual kVp, which is
49 kVp + (-0.4 kVp) = 48.6 kVp.

Low Range Filter Pack (38237C)

Filtration Effect
3

2.5

2
kVp Per mm Al

1.5

0.5

-0.5
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Model 35080B kVp Reading

Figure 10-1. Low Range Filter Pack (38237C) Filtration Effect Correction
Curve

10-4 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 10
LOW RANGE FILTER PACK OPTION

10.6 LINEARITY CORRECTION

Corrections for the linearity of the Low Range Filter Pack (38237C) can
be made by taking the measured output of the Model 35080B kVp
Divider and adding the value in kVp shown on the curve in Figure 10-2.
For best accuracy, a filtration correction should be made prior to the
linearity correction. If the difference in total filtration from the
calibration standard of 2.5 mm Al is small, however, linearity
corrections alone may be sufficient.

Example: The Model 35080B kVp Divider with a Low Range Filter
Pack (38237C) has a reading of 45 kVp. From the chart, a kVp
Correction value of -0.2 kVp is obtained. Assuming filtration
corrections are not required for this x-ray system, the actual kVp is
45 + (-0.2) = 44.8 kVp.

Low Range Filter Pack (38237C)

Linearity Correction Curve
2.0

1.5

1.0
kVp Correction

0.5

0.0

-0.5

-1.0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
-1.5
Model 35080B kVp Reading

Figure 10-2. Low Range Filter Pack (38237C) Linearity Correction Curve.
The kVp Correction Value read from the vertical scale should be
added to the Model 35080B Model 35080B kVp Divider reading
to obtain the corrected kVp result.

Model 35080B kVp Divider 10-5

Section 10
LOW RANGE FILTER PACK OPTION

10-6 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 11
MAINTENANCE

Section 11
MAINTENANCE

11.1 CLEANING THE INSTRUMENT

To clean the exterior of the instrument, follow these steps:

1. Turn off the instrument and disconnect the output connector.

2. Moisten a soft cleaning cloth with a solution of three parts water
and one part liquid dishwashing detergent.
Do not soak the cloth in the solution; you must not let the solution
drip inside the instrument.
3. Use the moistened cloth to wipe the instrument's exterior cover.
4. Let the instrument dry completely before using.

11.2 TROUBLESHOOTING
Difficulties experienced by the Model 35080B kVp Divider user may be
caused by problems from one or more of the three sources described
below: problems with the storage oscilloscope used to obtain the kV
reading; problems with the x-ray machine; and either improper
technique or an electronic fault with the kVp divider. Typically, the
existence of a problem would be signalled by one of the following:

1. No waveform on the oscilloscope trace;

2. A strange or unexpected waveform on the oscilloscope trace.
The information given below is provided to direct the user to the most
likely sources of minor problems; it is not meant to provide all solutions
to all possible problems.

Model 35080B kVp Divider 11-1

Section 11
MAINTENANCE

11.2 TROUBLESHOOTING (Cont'd)

Problems with the oscilloscope
1. If the oscilloscope settings for CAL and ZERO are not correct, a
waveform may not be displayed, or an unusual or unexpected
waveform may be observed (refer to Section 4.4).
2. The oscilloscope may be grounded or inoperative.
Check the operation of the oscilloscope.
3. The oscilloscope trigger may be set improperly.

Problems with the x-ray machine

1. The x-ray machine may be inoperative.
Verify with a dosimeter that the x-ray machine is functioning.
2. The x-ray machine may be arcing. Arcing is characterized by
erratic spikes superimposed on the kV waveform.
3. The x-ray machine may be badly adjusted.

Problems with the Model 35080B kVp Divider

1. The power battery may be weak or dead.
Check the battery and replace it if necessary (see Section 4.1,
Battery Check, and Secton 11.3, Battery Replacement).
2. The function switch on the Model 35080B kVp Divider may be in
the wrong position, such as “CAL”.
Verify that the function switch is in the “RUN” position.
3. Orientation of the kVp divider may not be correct for the location
of the x-ray source.
(Refer to Section 4.5, Geometry of Setup.) Turn the kVp divider
upside-down for under-table x-ray heads and right-side-up for
above-table x-ray heads.

11-2 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 11
MAINTENANCE

Problems with the Model 35080B kVp Divider (Cont'd)

4. There may be an electronic fault in the kVp divider.
Check the CAL operation of the kVp divider (refer to Section 4.2,
Internal Calibration Check).

11.3 BATTERY REPLACEMENT

The Model 35080B kVp Divider is powered by a single 9.0 V Eveready
type 522 alkaline battery. Battery life is approximately 60 hours. The
battery condition can be checked without opening the instrument case;
with the function switch in the “BAT CHK” position, a digital voltmeter
(DVM) can be connected to the output connector.

NOTE

Do not leave the function switch in the

“BAT CHK” position, as this will decrease
battery life.

If the battery voltage drops below 7.0 V, the battery should be replaced,
as the remaining life of the battery is quite limited. If the battery voltage
is already below 6.5 volts when checked, the battery must be replaced
for proper operation of the kVp divider.

To replace the battery, remove the screw from the cover on the bottom
of the kVp divider (refer to Figure 11-1). Lift the cover from the
instrument case. Place your hand over the battery compartment and roll
the instrument upright, letting the battery drop into your hand.

Model 35080B kVp Divider 11-3

Section 11
MAINTENANCE

11.3 BATTERY REPLACEMENT (Cont'd)

Carefully disconnect the battery terminal from the used battery and
replace it with a fresh 9 V alkaline battery (Eveready type 522). Slip the
battery back into the compartment and replace the cover. Note that the
leading edge of the cover must be inserted under the lip of the
instrument case before it is properly seated (refer to Figure 11-1). Align
the hole in the cover with the threaded hole in the case and reinsert the
screw.

Figure 11-1. Battery replacement for the Model 35080B

kVp Divider

11-4 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 11
MAINTENANCE

11.4 CALIBRATION

WARNING

The factory calibration of the Model

35080B kVp Divider is performed with a
precision high-voltage divider and a 12-
bit ± 0.1% digital oscilloscope. If
comparable equipment is not available,
do NOT attempt to make adjustments on
the kVp divider. Return the unit to the
factory for adjustment.

(Review Section 3, Theory of Operation.) Calibration of the Model

35080B kVp Divider depends primarily on the stability of the filter
pack. Since the filter pack primarily consists of metal sheets, the
absorption is not expected to change with time. There are only two
calibration adjustments in the kVp divider. One adjustment (RP103)
sets the gain of the ratio circuit. The other adjustment (RP101) sets the
ratio of the internal reference currents which are used as an internal
calibration check when the function switch is set to the “CAL” mode.

Internal Calibration Check

1. Set the function switch to the ‘‘CAL’’ position.
2. Insert the Test Pack (32863C).
3. The output voltage should read 0.750 volts ± 1%.

NOTE

Each 1% deviation of this value will result

in no more than a 0.75% of reading error.
This measurement must be made with
a ± 0.1% DVM.

Model 35080B kVp Divider 11-5

Section 11
MAINTENANCE

11.4 CALIBRATION (Cont'd)

External Calibration Check
1. Place the Model 35080B kVp Divider in the “RUN” mode. Insert
the Test Pack (32863C).
2. Place the kVp divider in the x-ray beam aligned as described in
Section 4.5, Geometry of Setup. Make the focal spot to kVp
divider distance 22 inches.
3. With a 100 kV, 200 mA exposure, the output should be
3 volts ± 1%.

NOTE

Most oscilloscopes are not accurate

enough (0.1%) to make this
measurement. Each 1% of
misadjustment will cause a maximum of
0.75% of reading error.

Calibration Adjustment

NOTE

Only facilities with precision calibration

equipment should adjust the calibration
of the Model 35080B kVp Divider.

1. Insert the Test Pack (32863C). Place the Model 35080B kVp
Divider on the x-ray table, such that the distance from the focal
spot to the kVp divider is 22 inches, and the instrument is normal
to the beam--with the long axis of the kVp divider perpendicular to
the axis of the x-ray tube; this configuration will avoid “heel
effect.” Settings on the generator for kVp should be 100 kV and
200 mA.

11-6 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 11
MAINTENANCE

11.4 CALIBRATION (Cont'd)

2. With the kVp divider in the “OFF” mode, zero the oscilloscope.
3. Turn the mode switch on the kVp divider to the “RUN” position.
4. Make an x-ray exposure (greater than 1 mS duration for three-
phase generating equipment--greater than 1 line cycle duration for
single-phase generating equipment).
5. Accurately measure the peak voltage (± 0.1%). Record this value
as “A”.
6. If “A” falls outside of the range 2.970 to 3.030 volts, adjust the
kVp divider, as follows.
7. Remove the kVp divider instrument case to access the adjustment
potentiometers. Place the kVp divider in the “CAL” mode and
measure the output voltage (± 0.1% accuracy). Record this value
as “B”.
8. With the kVp divider still in the “CAL” mode, adjust RP102 until
the output is
V = 3.000 x B / A volts.
9. With the instrument still in “CAL”, adjust RP101 until the output
= 0.750 volts.
10.Place the kVp divider back in its instrument case and turn the
function switch to the “RUN” mode. Repeat Step 5. The value
should be 3.00 volts ± 1%. If not, repeat the sequence.

NOTE

If the oscilloscope in use is not accurate

to ± 0.1%, do not attempt adjustment of
the Model 35080B kVp Divider.

Model 35080B kVp Divider 11-7

Section 11
MAINTENANCE

11.4 CALIBRATION (Cont'd)

Other Adjustments
The third adjustment potentiometer (RP103) adjusts the amount of the
waveform which is displayed by the oscilloscope. If annoying
artifacts are observed on the oscilloscope, turning the potentiometer
(RP103) counterclockwise will decrease the width of the waveform
displayed on the oscilloscope. Turning the same potentiometer
clockwise will conversely increase the width of waveform displayed.
Refer to Figure 11-3 for an illustration of the effects of this
adjustment.

Figure 11-2. Location of RP101, RP102, and RP103

11-8 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 11
MAINTENANCE

11.4 CALIBRATION (Cont'd)

LEGEND

kV WAVEFORM

MODEL 35080B WAVEFORM OUTPUT

BEFORE ADJUSTMENT OF RP103.

INCREASED AMOUNT OF LEADING

AND TRAILING EDGE IN THE MODEL
35080B WAVEFORM AFTER ADJUSTMENT
OF RP103 (TURNED CLOCKWISE).

Figure 11-3. Effects of RP103 adjustment

Model 35080B kVp Divider 11-9

Section 11
MAINTENANCE

11.5 REPLACEABLE PARTS INFORMATION

Inovision Radiation Measurements maintains a complete inventory of all
normal replaceable parts (see Table 11-1). To place an order, or to
obtain information concerning replaceable parts, contact the Inovision
Radiation Measurements Repair Coordinator at 800-850-4606,
440-498-2564, or Fax: 440-542-3682.

Table 11-1. Replaceable parts list

Inovision Part
Description
Number

Power battery, 9.0 V, alkaline Eveready 522

Wide Range Filter Pack 37617C
Test Filter Pack (Optional) 32863C
Linear Mammo Filter Pack (Optional) 37351C
Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (Optional) 37355C
CT Filter Pack (Optional) 33551C
Mobile Filter Pack Plus (Optional) 37946C
Low Range Filter Pack (Optional) 38237C
Model 35080B kVp Divider Instruction Manual 37648IM
Carrying Case 37423B
Battery Cover 37842A
H0827S-26403
Rubber Feet
(Hudson Industrial)

11-10 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Section 11
MAINTENANCE

11.6 RECALIBRATION & REPAIR INFORMATION / TECHNICAL

ASSISTANCE
If your instrument needs recalibration or repair, we request that you
consult the Inovision Radiation Measurements Repair Coordinator at
800-850-4606, 440-498-2564, or Fax: 440-542-3682.

More information concerning the operation, application, or service of

your instrument may be obtained from the applications engineer at the
previously listed numbers.

11.7 WARRANTY INFORMATION

Warranty information is located on the inside front cover of this
instruction manual. Should your instrument require warranty service,
contact the Inovision Radiation Measurements Repair Coordinator at
800-850-4606, 440-498-2564, or Fax: 440-542-3682.

NOTE

This warranty does not cover battery

replacement or damage caused by
battery leakage.

Model 35080B kVp Divider 11-11

Section 11
MAINTENANCE

11-12 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Appendix A
MAMMOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS

Appendix A
MAMMOGRAPHIC
MEASUREMENTS WITH
THE MODEL 35080B

We recommend that the two mammographic filter packs, K-edge Mammo

Filter Pack (37355C) and Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C) be used
together. The K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C) is used first to find a
point between 27.5 kV and 29.5 kV very accurately. Then, the Linear Mammo
Filter Pack (37351C) measurement is made at the same point to determine the
necessary correction to apply to all readings taken with the Linear Mammo
Filter Pack (37351C). The K-edge measurement should be performed each
time a generator is tested.

Part of the correction factor for the Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C) is due
to variations in tube filtration and part is due to positional dependence.
Therefore, if the Model 35080B non-invasive kVp Divider is moved when
using the Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C), a new measurement at the
K-edge comparison kVp point must be made with the Linear Mammo Filter
Pack (37351C) to compute a new correction factor.

The following procedure enables the first-time user to achieve good results.
An experienced user can take many short cuts. The kVp divider with the
mammo kVp option is for use on molybdenum anode, beryllium window tubes
only.

Model 35080B kVp Divider A-1

Appendix A
MAMMOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS

A.1 K-EDGE MEASUREMENT

Measurement Setup
1. Remove the cone.
2. Remove the compression paddle, turn it upside down and reinstall
as shown in Figure 6-3.
3. Place the Model 35080B kVp Divider (with a K-edge Mammo
Filter Pack--37355C) on top of the compression paddle as close as
possible to the x-ray tube.
4. Level the kVp divider.

Oscilloscope Setup
1. Connect the Model 35080B kVp Divider to the scope using a
shielded cable.
2. Set the vertical sensitivity to 0.5 volts per division.
3. With the input in the ‘‘GROUND’’ position, adjust the vertical
position control to place the trace on the bottom graticule line.
4. Set the scope in single trace, storage mode.
5. Place the input selector switch in the ‘‘DC’’ position.

K-Edge Measurement Procedure

Part A
1. Set the x-ray generator for 25 kVp, 100 mA--or an mAs setting
that provides the maximum tube current--at least 50 mA.
2. Select the Mo (molybdenum) filter.
3. Make an exposure, adjusting the scope trigger level as necessary
to get a stable trace.
4. Measure the peak voltage and record in box A on the
accompanying data sheet. (Figure A-2.)

A-2 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Appendix A
MAMMOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS

K-Edge Measurement Procedure (Cont'd)

Part B
1. Set the generator for 26 kVp and make an exposure.
2. Record this voltage value in box B on the data sheet (Figure A-2).
(The voltage values, A and B, should be equal to within ± 0.020V;
if so, this will be your BASE VOLTAGE; if not, then repeat the
above steps, at one kVp lower.)

Part C
1. Set the generator for 29 kVp and make an exposure.
2. Measure the peak voltage. (If this voltage is greater than the
BASE VOLTAGE by 0.1V but not greater than 0.25 V above the
BASE VOLTAGE, record in box C (Figure A-2). If the voltage is
greater than 0.25 volts above the BASE VOLTAGE, repeat this
step at one kVp lower. If the voltage is not greater than the BASE
VOLTAGE by 0.1 volts, repeat this step at one kVp higher.)

Part D
Repeat the last measurement to verify that the generator is repeatable.
The voltage reading should repeat to within 0.020 V. If the reading is
not repeatable, the generator needs service.

Part E
1. Subtract the BASELINE voltage from the voltage measured in
Part C, step 2 (box C).
2. Multiply this voltage by 10, add to 27.0, and record in box D
(Figure A-2). This is the true kVp for this station.
3. Set the scope for single sweep, storage mode, and in the ‘‘DC’’
input mode.

PROCEED TO LINEAR MEASUREMENT -

DO NOT CHANGE THE GENERATOR SETTINGS

Model 35080B kVp Divider A-3

Appendix A
MAMMOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS

A.2 LINEAR MEASUREMENT

Measurement Setup
1. Replace the Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C) with
the Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C).
2. Reposition the Model 35080 kVp Divider to approximately
15 inches from the focal spot (see Figure 7-3).

Oscilloscope Setup
1. Set the vertical sensitivity to 0.05 volts per division.
2. With the input switch in the ‘‘GROUND’’ position use the vertical
position control to place the trace on the bottom graticule line.
3. Set scope for single sweep, storage mode, and in the ‘‘DC’’ input
mode.

Linear Measurement Procedure

Part A
1. With the generator settings used for K-edge measurement in
Part C, make an exposure.
2. Record the voltage in box E (Figure A-2), then multiply the
voltage in box E by 100 and record as kVp in box F.

Part B
1. Subtract the kVp in box F from the kVp in box D (Figure A-2).
(This will be the CORRECTION VALUE applied to all kVp
measurements made with the Linear Mammo Filter Pack--
37351C.)
2. Insert this value in all spaces in the column labeled
‘‘CORRECTION VALUE.’’

A-4 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Appendix A
MAMMOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS

Linear Measurement Procedure (Cont'd)

NOTE

This value may be either positive or

negative.

Part C
1. Measure other kVp values as desired.
2. Enter the voltage in the ‘‘LINEAR VOLTAGE’’ column on the
data sheet; multiply by 100.
3. Enter the value in the ‘‘LINEAR kVp’’ column.
4. Apply the CORRECTION VALUE to all kVp's by either adding to
or subtracting from the ‘‘LINEAR kVp’’ column, and record the
results in the ‘‘CORRECTED kVp’’ column. (This column now
has the true kVp value for all kVp's measured.)

Part D
If the position of the Model 35080B kVp Divider changes during the
Linear kVp measurement, you must repeat the measurement starting
with Part C: some of the correction value is positional dependent.

Model 35080B kVp Divider A-5

Appendix A
MAMMOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS

A.2 LINEAR MEASUREMENT (Cont'd)

Figure A-1. The Model 35080B Mammographic Worksheet (Example)

A-6 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Appendix B
CORRECTING kVp
MEASUREMENTS FOR GAIN EFFECTS

Appendix B
CORRECTING kVp
MEASUREMENTS
FOR GAIN EFFECTS

NOTE

Section 11.4, Calibration, of the Model

35080B kVp Divider user’s manual details
a method for performing gain corrections
by adjusting the internal potentiometers
of the instrument. This remains a
completely acceptable technique. The
purpose of this addendum is to provide
an alternative method for users with
sealed units, who cannot access the
adjustment potentiometers.

B.1 INTRODUCTION
The calibration mode feature of the Model 35080B kVp Divider
provides a method to monitor the gain of the internal circuitry. When
the kVp divider is placed in CAL mode, the specific voltage and kVp
stated on each individual filter pack should be obtained. If the output
voltage in CAL mode is not within ± 1% of the value stated on the pack,
kVp measurements should be corrected in one of the following ways,
depending on the device used for measuring the output of the kVp
divider. A deviation of less than ± 1% will result in a maximum kVp
error of 0.75% of reading.

Model 35080B kVp Divider B-1

Appendix B
CORRECTING kVp
MEASUREMENTS FOR GAIN EFFECTS

B.2 OSCILLOSCOPE MEASUREMENTS

The Model 35080B kVp Divider Instruction Manual describes the
technique that should be used to measure kVp when connected to an
oscilloscope (refer to Section 4.4). A slight modification of this
technique will allow for the correction of gain effects. Briefly, this
technique is as follows.

1. Insert the filter pack to be used into the kVp divider and connect to
the oscilloscope. Set the oscilloscope gain to an appropriate value
depending on the sensitivity of the filter pack.
2. With the function switch of the kVp divider set to OFF, adjust the
oscilloscope vertical position such that the trace coincides with the
bottom horizontal line on the screen. This line now corresponds to
the Zero offset kVp given on the pack.
3. Switch the kVp divider to the CAL position. The oscilloscope
trace should now be at a level corresponding to the CAL kVp
given on the filter pack. If this is not the case, the gain effects
should be corrected before making kVp measurements in the RUN
position.
4. The gain effects can be corrected by adjusting the fine tuning knob
on the Volts / div switch of the oscilloscope. While still in the
CAL position, adjust this knob until the trace on the screen
corresponds to the kVp value expected for the filter pack in use.
Measurements made in RUN mode will now be corrected for gain
effects.

B-2 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Appendix B
CORRECTING kVp
MEASUREMENTS FOR GAIN EFFECTS

B.3 VOLTMETER MEASUREMENTS

If the output of the Model 35080B kVp Divider is connected to a
voltmeter, a mathematical correction is required to compensate for gain
effects. The first step in this correction process is to determine the
expected and actual voltages when the kVp divider is placed in CAL
mode. With the filter pack in place, switch the kVp divider to the CAL
position and read the voltmeter to obtain the actual CAL voltage of the
unit. The expected CAL voltage is the value listed on the filter pack
itself. If these values do not agree to within ± 1%, perform the
following correction for all subsequent kVp measurements made using
this filter pack.

Voltages obtained in RUN mode will deviate from correct values by the
same ratio as the deviation in CAL voltages. That is,

Actual CAL Voltage Measured Voltage in RUN mode

=
Expected CAL Voltage Corrected Voltage

where Corrected Voltage is the true voltage that would be obtained if

the gain were accurate. Therefore, we can obtain a Corrected Voltage
for any exposure by rearranging the above equation.

 Expected Voltage in CAL mode 

Corrected Voltage = Measured Voltage 
 Actual Voltage in CAL mode 

The corrected kVp is then calculated as usual by multiplying the

Corrected Voltage by the sensitivity and adding the Zero offset kVp of
the particular filter pack in use.

Model 35080B kVp Divider B-3

Appendix B
CORRECTING kVp
MEASUREMENTS FOR GAIN EFFECTS

B.3 VOLTMETER MEASUREMENTS (Cont'd)

Example: A Model 35080B kVp Divider with a Wide Range Filter
Pack (37617C) (50-150 kVp) is connected to a voltmeter and switched
to CAL mode. A value of 0.412 V is observed, which is 3% higher than
the expected CAL voltage of 0.400 V for this pack. Therefore,
subsequent measurements made with this pack should be corrected.

The kVp divider is now switched to RUN mode. An x-ray exposure is

made, and a voltage of 0.515 V is measured. A Corrected Voltage is
calculated from the previous equation.

 0.400V 
Corrected Voltage = 0.515V = 0.500V
 0.412 

Using the sensitivity of 0.1 V / 10 kV and 40 kVp Zero offset given for
this filter pack, the Corrected kVp is 90. A kVp of 91.5 would have
been measured if the above gain correction had not been performed.

B.4 THE MODEL 35050A DOSIMETER MEASUREMENTS

The Model 35050A Dosimeter/kVp Readout automatically converts the
output voltage of the Model 35080B kVp Divider to a kVp value, using
the sensitivity and Zero kVp offset of the selected filter pack.
Therefore, the method for calculating a Corrected kVp value is slightly
different.

B-4 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Appendix B
CORRECTING kVp
MEASUREMENTS FOR GAIN EFFECTS

B.4 THE MODEL 35050A DOSIMETER MEASUREMENTS (Cont'd)

The first step again is to determine the actual and expected values with
the Model 35080B kVp Divider in CAL mode. In this case, since the
values are in kVp rather than raw voltages, the Zero offset value must be
included in the calculation. The ratio equation in terms of kVp values is

( Actual CAL kVp − Zero offset kVp) ( Measured kVp in RUN mode − Zero offset kVp)
=
( Expected CAL kVp − Zero offset kVp) ( Corrected kVp − Zero offset kVp)

where the Expected CAL kVp and Zero offset kVp correspond to the
values given on the actual filter pack. Note that the sensitivity need not
be considered since it cancels out of the above equation. The Corrected
kVp can be obtained directly from this equation by rearranging.

 Expected CAL kVp − Zero offset 

(
Corrected kVp = Measured kVp − Zero offset )  + Zero offset
 Actual CAL kVp − Zero offset 

Example: For the Wide Range Filter Pack (37617C) (50-150kVp), the
Expected CAL kVp is given as 80, and the Zero offset value is 40 kVp.
However, a Model 35080B kVp Divider in CAL mode with this filter
pack inserted is connected to a Model 35050A Dosimeter, and a kVp of
81.2 is measured. When placed in an x-ray beam in RUN mode, the
Model 35050A Dosimeter reads 91.5 kVp. The Corrected kVp for this
exposure is calculated from the previous equation.

 80 kVp - 40 kVp 
Corrected kVp = (91.5 kVp - 40 kVp )  + 40 kVp = 90 kVp
 81.2 kVp - 40 kVp 

Model 35080B kVp Divider B-5

Appendix B
CORRECTING kVp
MEASUREMENTS FOR GAIN EFFECTS

B-6 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Appendix C
kVp MEASUREMENTS
ON GE DMR MAMMO X-RAY SYSTEMS

Appendix C
PROCEDURE FOR MAKING kVp
MEASUREMENTS ON RHODIUM
ANODE, RHODIUM FILTRATION
SELECTION OF GE DMR
MAMMOGRAPHY X-RAY
SYSTEMS

C.1 INTRODUCTION
The GE DMR mammography x-ray system has both molybdenum and
rhodium anode selections. Measurements on the Mo anode track can be
made in the same manner as on any other Mo anode mammography
generator, provided Mo is also selected as the additional filter material.
This involves using the Model 35080B Dosimeter and its two associated
mammo filter packs, the Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack
(37355C) and the Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C), as instructed in
the Model 10100A TRIADTM Field Service Kit Instruction Manual
(37580IM) or the Model 35080B kVp Divider Instruction Manual
(37648IM). This addendum is intended to provide a method to measure
kVp on the rhodium anode track, with rhodium also selected as the
additional filter material.

Model 35080B kVp Divider C-1

Appendix C
kVp MEASUREMENTS
ON GE DMR MAMMO X-RAY SYSTEMS

C.2 PROCEDURE
NOTE

The automatic k-edge correction feature

of the 35050A (available in firmware
versions 11-Jan-95 and later) should not
be used when following this procedure.
When preparing to make measurements
with the Linear Mammo Filter Pack
(37351C), be sure to press the RESET/
MEASURE button twice, until the phrase
“kVp NOT Corrected” appears on the top
line of the Model 35050A display. All
subsequent measurements made with
the Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C)
should also have this phrase on the top
line of the display. If you have an older
version of the Model 35050A Dosimeter
which does not provide automatic k-edge
corrections, ignore this note.

Use the following procedure to measure kVp on the rhodium anode,

rhodium filtration selection of the DMR.

1. Acquire a Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C)

measurement using the normal method to determine a value of
kVp between 27.5 and 29.5 kVp. This value can be used without
correction resulting in a maximum error of about 1 kVp. For
maximum accuracy, use the look-up-table in Table C-1 to obtain a
corrected value of kVp. For example, if the measured value of
kVp was 27.8, the actual corrected value would be 28.2 kVp. This
correction is due to the slight difference in response of the
Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C) to the Rh anode,
Rh filtration spectrum as compared to a Mo anode, Mo filtration
spectrum.

C-2 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Appendix C
kVp MEASUREMENTS
ON GE DMR MAMMO X-RAY SYSTEMS

C.2 PROCEDURE (Cont'd)

Table C-1. Look-up-table for Cadmium K-edge Mammo Filter Pack
(37355C) measurements made on Rh anode, Rh filtration
selection of DMR mammography system. The equation
used for the correction is
Corrected kVp = (Uncorrected kVp - 27) x 1.5 + 27

Uncorrected Corrected Uncorrected Corrected

kVp kVp kVp kVp
27.3 27.5 28.2 28.8
27.4 27.6 28.3 29.0
27.5 27.8 28.4 29.1
27.6 27.9 28.5 29.3
27.7 28.1 28.6 29.4
27.8 28.2 28.7 29.6
27.9 28.4 28.8 29.7
28.0 28.5 28.9 29.9
28.1 28.7 29.0 30.0

2. Insert the Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C) into the Model
35080B kVp Divider and acquire a kVp measurement using the
same generator settings as used for the k-edge measurement in
step 1. Use the look-up-table in Table C-2 to determine the actual
kVp of the exposure. For example, if the measured value was
34.3 kVp, the actual kVp would be 28.7.
3. Determine the k-edge correction value as usual, by subtracting the
Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C) reading (28.2 in the
example) from the measurement obtained with the Cadmium
K-edge Mammo Filter Pack (37355C) in step 1 (28.7 in the
example). Note that the k-edge correction value can be positive or
negative (the value is (28.2 - 28.7) = -0.5 kVp in this example).

Model 35080B kVp Divider C-3

Appendix C
kVp MEASUREMENTS
ON GE DMR MAMMO X-RAY SYSTEMS

C.2 PROCEDURE (Cont'd)

Table C-2. Look-up-table for Linear Mammo Filter Pack (37351C)
measurements made on Rh anode, Rh filtration selection of DMR
mammography system. The equation used for the correction is
Corrected kVp = (Uncorrected kVp x 1.2) - 12.5

Uncorrected Corrected Uncorrected Corrected Uncorrected Corrected

kVp kVp kVp kVp kVp kVp
30.5 24.1 33.9 28.2 37.3 32.3
30.6 24.2 34.0 28.3 37.4 32.4
30.7 24.3 34.1 28.4 37.5 32.5
30.8 24.5 34.2 28.5 37.6 32.6
30.9 24.6 34.3 28.7 37.7 32.7
31.0 24.7 34.4 28.8 37.8 32.9
31.1 24.8 34.5 28.9 37.9 33.0
31.2 24.9 34.6 29.0 38.0 33.1
31.3 25.1 34.7 29.1 38.1 33.2
31.4 25.2 34.8 29.3 38.2 33.3
31.5 25.3 34.9 29.4 38.3 33.5
31.6 25.4 35.0 29.5 38.4 33.6
31.7 25.5 35.1 29.6 38.5 33.7
31.8 25.7 35.2 29.7 38.6 33.8
31.9 25.8 35.3 29.9 38.7 33.9
32.0 25.9 35.4 30.0 38.8 34.1
32.1 26.0 35.5 30.1 38.9 34.2
32.2 26.1 35.6 30.2 39.0 34.3
32.3 26.3 35.7 30.3 39.1 34.4
32.4 26.4 35.8 30.5 39.2 34.5
32.5 26.5 35.9 30.6 39.3 34.7
32.6 26.6 36.0 30.7 39.4 34.8
32.7 26.7 36.1 30.8 39.5 34.9
32.8 26.9 36.2 30.9 39.6 35.0
32.9 27.0 36.3 31.1 39.7 35.1
33.0 27.1 36.4 31.2 39.8 35.3
33.1 27.2 36.5 31.3 39.9 35.4
33.2 27.3 36.6 31.4 40.0 35.5
33.3 27.5 36.7 31.5 40.1 35.6
33.4 27.6 36.8 31.7 40.2 35.7
33.5 27.7 36.9 31.8 40.3 35.9
33.6 27.8 37.0 31.9 40.4 36.0
33.7 27.9 37.1 32.0
33.8 28.1 37.2 32.1

C-4 Model 35080B kVp Divider

 Appendix C
kVp MEASUREMENTS
ON GE DMR MAMMO X-RAY SYSTEMS

C.2 PROCEDURE (Cont'd)

4. For all subsequent measurements at other generator settings, use
the following procedure. First, obtain a reading using the Linear
Mammo Filter Pack (37351C). Next, determine the actual kVp
using the look-up-table at the end of this application note. Finally,
add the k-edge correction value calculated in step 3 to this value.
This procedure will allow kVp measurements over the range of
about 25 to 35 kVp. The example at the end of this addendum
show a sample measurement session with all of the appropriate
corrections applied.
5. When using an oscilloscope as the readout device for the kVp
divider, first convert all measured voltages to kVp using the
standard gain and offset for each filter pack. Then these measured
values can be converted to actual kVp values using Tables C-1 and
C-2.

Example: The chart below gives a set of sample kVp measurements

made following the procedure outlined previously.

K-edge Linear pack

K-edge Linear pack K-edge
reading reading Corrected kVp
reading reading correction
corrected corrected measurement
uncorrected uncorrected value
(Table C-1) (Table C-2)

27.8 28.2 34.3 28.7 -0.5 28.2

same as
32.2 26.1 25.5
above*
38.3 33.5 33.0

* Once the k-edge correction value is determined, all subsequent

measurements in the same session will use this same value. It is not
necessary to repeat the k-edge measurements in the same session
unless the Model 35080B kVp Divider is moved.

Model 35080B kVp Divider C-5

Appendix C
kVp MEASUREMENTS
ON GE DMR MAMMO X-RAY SYSTEMS

C-6 Model 35080B kVp Divider

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