Lab safety rules

Pictographs

1.
Mandatory protective
equipment

Safety goggles
Lab Coat (No short-sleeve lab coat)
Gloves
Long pants (No short, no skirt, no baggy)
Closed-toe shoes (No barefoot; No open-toe shoes; No holed shoes; No flip flop; No pumps)
2. Ensure good health conditions

Not healthy/ Open wounds/ In pregnancy/ Prepare for pregnancy/ Doubt about pregnancy -> Stop the lab
course immediately!!!

3. Never eat, drink, smoke in lab

4. Never work alone
5. Always be well-prepared and careful
Read the manual and take notes before the lab
Understand what you are doing in the lab and the possible hazards
Carelessness → More accidents
No fooling around, no playing around
6. Always follow your instructor’s directions
7. Know location and operation of safety equipment
8. Working with chemicals
Check chemical labels 2 times before taking
Know all information about chemicals (MSDS) before using them (toxicity, flammability, volatility…)
Never mix chemical unless told to do so
Never transfer used chemicals back into the stock bottle
Never taste any chemical
Wash hands with soap after using chemicals
Ask your instructor to dispose of any chemical/sample
Store your product at a right place (ask your instructor)
Provide info for all samples (label with Group No., Class)
9. Working with electrical sources
Be sure your hands and the area are dry before using electrical equipment
Never put anything into electrical outlets
Unplug all electrical equipment after the lab
Keep chemicals away from electrical outlets
10. Working with heat sources
Keep flammables (liquid, solid, gas) away from flame
Use a water bath to heat flammable solvents
11. Working with glassware
Never use glasswares for food or drink
Do not change glassware temperature suddenly (heating, cooling)
Check glassware carefully before using them
Do not use glassware when working with HF, hot H3PO4, or strong hot alkalis
Do not use excessive force to tighten glassware to clamps.
Check all glassware for wetness, cracks and contamination before use.
Never heat sealed or stoppered glassware.
Never stopper or seal glasswares containing any hot volatile compound or any mixture
that will release gases
Use pressure-assistant glasswares for vacuum and high-pressure applications.
Never use a thermometer as a stirring rod
12. Security issues
Do not allow unauthorized persons to enter the lab
Look after property of all members (laptop, bag, wallet…) with the utmost care
Check in/out with your instructor’s permission
Close the door before leaving the lab if you are the last person

First Aid
-First aid kit
-Contact information
-Guidelines for first aid providers
-Specific first aid tips
-Skin chemical burn
1. Hold the affected skin under a stream of running water for at least 10 – 15 min.
2. Keep the wound open
3. Do not apply any ointment/ cream/iodine/object until expert medical help can be provided
4. Do not apply strong acids or bases to neutralize the corrosive liquid on the skin
• Strong acid burns: after washing with water, rinse with dilute ammonia (1–2%) or sodium
bicarbonate (2–3%) solution
• Strong base burns: after washing with water, use a 1% acetic acid solution

-Skin thermal burn

-Chemical eye injury

1. Immediately wash the eyes with water using an eye fountain or eye wash bottle
2. Also flush your eye under a running faucet, kitchen sink sprayer, or shower
3. Move your eye in all directions so that all areas of your eye are rinsed
4. Pull the lower and upper eyelid forward so that any liquid chemical is rinsed away
5. Keep flushing the eye for at least 30 minutes or longer
6. Do not bandage or put any pressure on the eye
7. Immediately transport the injured person to a closest hospital
8. Never apply any chemical to the injured eyes until expert medical help can be provided

-Poisons
-Cuts and wounds
-Electric shock
 Turn off the current - Remove wire with insulator/ rubber gloves- Inform instructor immediately.
-Chemical spills
Mercury spills
Never use a vacuum cleaner/mop/broom to clean up mercury. It will break the spills into
smaller droplets and spread them into the air and increase exposure.
Never pour mercury down a drain.
Never use a washer or dryer to clean clothing contaminated with mercury

Apparatus
lắp clam ở đâu
chọn condenser nào
thermometer để sâu tới đâu
nhớ vẽ water inlet& outlet, boiling chips, stir bar
How to collect and transfer liquid/ solid sample
đọc số từ lõm menscus bottom
để rod ở tâm khi transfer
gấp plastic weighing boat
Techniques
-Filtration
Purpose:
• To separate a solid product from a reaction mixture or recrystallization solution
• To remove solid impurities from a solution
• To separate a product solution from a drying agent after an aqueous extraction
Gravity:
• The filter size must not protrude above the edge of the conical funnel
• The metal ring is fixed to the corresponding support and the conical funnel is introduced.
• The height of the ring is regulated to the outlet pipe of the funnel and placed 1 or 2 centimeters below
the mouth of the collector.
• The fluted filter paper is prepared and placed in the conical funnel.
• The filter is wet with the same solvent mixture to be filtered.
• The liquid is poured into the filter without allowing it to overflow.
• The liquid is allowed to fall by gravity onto the collector.
• A small amount of solvent is added to wash the remaining solid in the filter.

Vacumm

Hot gravity

-Extracting
S-L:
Smaller size of solid materials
Good solubility of the expected compound in solvents
Selectively dissolving the expected compound
L-L:
Based on relative solubilities of a compound in two different immiscible liquids, typically water
(polar) and an organic solvent (non-polar)
The solvent enriched with solute(s): the extract
The feed solution depleted of solute(s): the raffinate
The larger the distribution coefficient (Kd = CB/CA), the more efficient the extraction is
Multiple extraction is always more efficient than single extraction even with the same total
solvent volume
 Choose solvent

Determine which layer

-Washing
-Heating
Controlled boiling: Boiling stones (boiling chips)
Never add boiling stones to a liquid that is boiling or near its boiling
Never use boiling stones for non-boiling ones
Do not reuse boiling stones without activation
Might be reactive with concentrated solutions of acids or bases
Alternatively, boiling sticks (wood splints) and stirring bar (always used
with a magnetic stirrer) are used to control boiling
Immiscible solution (1 phase only)
No solid in the solution
-Cooling
-Drying a liquid/solid
-Distillation
A successful distillation depends on:
✓ Difference in the boiling points of the components in the mixture
✓ Difference in their vapor pressures
✓ Distillation rate
✓ Thermometer position
✓ Type of apparatus:
condeser xoắn coil hay condenser bầu ?
✓ Experimental skill
 Simple distillation: to separate the components boiling below 150 oC (at 1 atm)
from:
-Non-volatile impurities or solid impurities
-Another component with a boiling point that differs by at least 25
-In simple distillation, all components in the initial mixture must be miscible
and stable at the boiling points at 1 atm

Vacuum distillation at a reduced pressure is used to distill compounds that

have a very high boiling point, i.e. above 150 or might be decomposed or be
more reactive at their boiling point at 1 atm.,
-To perform a vacuum distillation, all components in the initial mixture must be
miscible and have a boiling point difference of at least 25 oC

Fractional Distillation: to separate miscible liquids with similar boiling points

(less than 25 °C)

Steam Distillation
Boiling point much higher 100
Insoluble or slightly soluble in water
Unreactive with water
Have a high vapor pressure at 100oC but sensitive to heat and 1 atm

-Recrystalization
Finding solvent:
- Unreactive with the substance.
- Have a boiling point at least 10-15 oC lower the melting point of the substance.
- Should be volatile, inexpensive and have a low toxicity.

Well dissolve the Boiling point Room temp

substance at the boiling
point of the solvent
Poorly dissolve or
cannot dissolve the
substance at lower
temperatures
Substance Soluble Insoluble
Impurities Insoluble: hot filtration
Soluble Soluble

Question 1: Why always Erlenmeyer flask for recrystallization?

Question 2: Why hot filtration?

Question 3: Why stemless or short-stem funnel for hot filtration?

Using a stemless funnel helps to prevent crystals forming on the paper. Because a
funnel's stem is very small, the solution will cool rapidly while moving through it,
potentially causing unwanted crystallization within the stem that could clog up the
filtration system.

Question 4: Why hot filtration on a hot plate?

Mixed-solvent system: solvent A&B(&C...) must:

be miscible
the solute is soluble in one of these solvents, but insoluble in another

increasing polarity: hexane < cyclohexane <

tetrachloromethane < toluene < benzene < diethyl
ether < dichloromethane < chloroform < ethyl
acetate < acetone (bp 56.2) < ethanol (bp 78.5) <
methanol (bp 64.6) < water (bp 100)
Phenylacetic acid (melting point: 76.5) polar -> Acetone (boiling point: 56)

Ethanol (polar, )
EthylAcetate(non polar)
BP RT
DBA (nonpolar, mp 110C) S IN
Impurities (Acetone, S S
Benzaldehyde (polar), NaOH)
Procedure Flowchart
 Dibenzalacetone
Tại sao cần bước phân tán sản phẩm re-dispere trong 150ml nước? Dùng ethanol
được không?
- Wash the excess NaOH, C2H5OH, Acetone
- No, since Ethanol is the among the impurities needed to be washed away

H2O và EtOH (trong hỗn hợp dung dịch NaOH/EtOH và nước) có công dụng gì?
Nếu thiếu 1 trong 2 thì sao?
Dùng etylacetat, propanol, nitrobenzen, pentanol thay thế etanol được không ?
- Nước và EtOH để làm dung môi hòa tan,
+ nước hòa tan NaOH;
+ EtOH hòa tan benzaldehyde and as the same time tạo dung dịch đồng nhất miscible với nước;
 obtain a homogeneous solution, without phase separation, the reaction occurs easily.
- Ethanol to dissolve benzaldehyde and make a homogeneous solution with water, so any solvent
that meets these two conditions can replace ethanol. So propanol is okay, ethylacetate and
pentanol are not very water soluble, nitrobenzene is similar and very toxic.

Why do we divide the mixture of Benzaldehyde/Acetone into 2 portions?

- To improve the reaction selectivity to the desired product as we know such basic conditions can
allow several side reaction to occur, namely self-condensation of acetone, Cannizarro reaction of
benzaldehyde and the formation of monobenzalacetone only.
- By dividing the mixture of benzaldehyde and acetone mixture into 2 portions, we encourage those
reactants to ‘meet’ each other better, as soon as the baase remove a proton of acetone to form
enolate anion, it will be surrounded by benzaldehyde -> the major reaction
Why do we maintain the temperature range from 20-25 Celcius degree?
- Cause this range of temperature is optimum for the reaction
+higher than this range, room temperature particularly, Cannizarro reaction of benzaldehyde will
occur
+below thhis temperature range, it will take more time for the reacion to occur and complete.
self-condensation of acetone:

Cannizarro reaction of benzaldehyde:

formation of monobenzalacetone only:

Tại sao khi hòa tan DBA thô lại đun cách thủy?
Why is raw DBA dissolved in a water bath?
Water baths are preferred heat sources for heating flammable chemicals, in this
case it’s Ethanol.
Why do we use spin bar?
Can boiling chips repace spin bar? Why/ Why not?
- We use spin bar to stir the solution since the Erlen is sealed with rubber stopper so using glass
rod is really hard.
- Boiling chips cant replace spin bar simply because of its different function ( boiling chips help
avoid bumping when we boil liquid)

Tại sao benzaldehyde và acetone phản ứng với nhau trước rồi mới cho vào hỗn hợp NaOH,
C2H5OH/H2O?
Why do benzaldehyde and acetone react first and then add NaOH, C2H5OH/H2O?
- If not Acetone will undergo self-condensation and Benzaldehyde will undergo Cannizarro
reaction, which lower the yield.

Nguyên tắc chọn dung môi kết tinh lại?

Tại sao dùng cồn nóng hòa tan DBA thô, thay thế bằng solvent khác (cồn lạnh, methanol, nước)
được không?
- The solvent:
+ well disolved the subtance needed to be purified at its boiling point and poorly dissolved/ cant
disolved at lower temperature
+ poorly dissolved/ cant disolved the impurities at its boiling point (hot fitration) or well dissolved
the impurities at both its boiling point and lower temperature
+has boiling point below the melting point of the substance needed to be purified about 10-15
celcius degree (to make sure the substance wont melt before the solvent boils)
+ unreactive with the subtance
+ is volatile, inexpensive and low toxicity
- DBA tan trong cồn nóng, không tan trong cồn lạnh, không phản ứng hóa học với cồn, nhiệt độ
nóng chảy của DBA cao hơn nhiệt độ sôi của cồn (chênh lệch hơn 15 độ C, khoảng 29 độ C).
Benzaldehyde tan trong cồn lạnh.
- Thay bằng ethyl acetate

Terpineol
Tại sao sử dụng sinh hàn bầu? Thay thế bằng sinh hàn khác đc ko?
- Ruột xoắn coil tăng diện tích tiếp xúc surface area tốt hơn ruột bầu, nhưng khó vệ sinh hơn và
hơi đi vào nhưng khi ngụng tụ không đi xuống hoàn toàn.

Tại sao sản phẩm sau khi đun lại có màu đục? Có cách nào làm hạn chế bị đục?
- Vì sản phẩm tạo nhũ emulsion với nước do còn 1 nhóm OH (đầu ưa nước hydrophilic/water
liking) nên phân tán được vào nước.
- Cách hạn chế: thêm 1 chất khác tan trong nước vào, làm tăng sức căng bề mặt => Tách lớp. VD:
thêm NaCl
The role of H2SO4 2.5%
- It acts as a catalyst, it puts an extra hydrogen atom on terpinhydrate, turn -OH into H2O, when
H2O leave, hydration occur.
Can H2SO4 98% or HCl 2.5% replace? Why? Why not?
Suggest an acid can replace H2SO4 2.5%.
- No
- Because H2SO4 is a concentrated acid, it strongly absorbs water, possibly separate completely
both -OH group of the terpinhydrate (requiring only 1 -OH)
- Because -Cl group will substitute -OH group of terpinhydrate
- H3PO4 (and oxalic acid HOOC-COOH?) can replace H2SO4 2.5%
Can we use spin bar instead of boiling chip for this reaction?

- Yes
- Spin bar gives good agitation and increased surface area, but remember to always use spin bar
with a magnetic strirrer.

The product will be presented in the lower or the upper face? Why?

- The product is upper layer, because terpineol is lighter than water.

Why we choose steam distillation?

- Boiling point much higher 100 oC but sensitive to heat

- Insoluble or slightly soluble in water
- Unreactive with water
- Have a high vapor pressure at 100 oC and 1 atm
- By adding water or steam, the boiling points of the resulting mixture are depressed allowing them
to evaporate at temperatures lower than 100 oC.

Dùng chưng cất thông thường được hay không?

- Vì bp point > decompose point nêu không dùng chưng cất thường được.