: INTERPOLATION :

*What is ‘Interpolation’?
⇒ Suppose, the population data of a country are given for 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016. Then we may
require to estimate the population figure of the country for 2010 or for 2020.
The statistical technique of estimating the population figure for 2010 (using available data) is called
‘Interpolation’. While the method of estimating the population figure for 2020 is known as ‘Extrapolation’.
(The year 2010 is an intermediate value in the given series but the year 2020 lies outside the series.)
*Method of Interpolation :
There are broadly two methods of ‘interpolation’:
(i) Graphical Method and (ii) Algebraic Method. (Here, we shall discuss only the algebraic method.)
*Different formula or methods used in algebraic method :
1. Binomial Expansion Method.
2. Newton’s Forward Method.
3. Newton’s Backward Method.
4. Lagrange’s Method. (Normal & Inverse method)
5. Parabolic curve Method.

:Difference Table:
(Compute the following data in Difference Table)
1) [6]
X 1 2 3 4
Y = f(x) 0 5 22 57
2) [19]
X 1 2 3 4
Y 40 57 60 68
3) [13]
X 2 4 6 8
Y 43 67 78 89
4) [0]
X 4 6 8 10
Y 7 10 14 19
5) [− 10]
X 2 4 6 8
Y 15 28 56 89
6) [0]
X 3 5 7 9
Y 8 20 42 74
7) [− 85]
X 20 25 30 35 40
Y 20 45 115 210 225
8) [− 0.00003]
X 75.1 75.2 75.3 75.4 75.5
Y = f(x) 1.87564 1.87622 1.87679 1.87737 1.87795
9) [18]
X 20 25 30 35 40
Y 296 599 804 918 966
 10) [− 45.75]
X 10 15 20 25 30 35
Y 20.25 23 29.5 36.5 54.75 63.25
11) [− 0.5]
X 10 15 20 25 30 35
Y 35.4 32.2 29.1 26 23.1 20.4

:Newton Forward Interpolation:

1. From the following table, using suitable interpolation formula, find the value of Y when X = 2.5
X 2 3 4 5
Y 14.5 16.3 17.5 18
2. From the following table, using suitable interpolation formula, find the value of Y when X = 1.5
X 1 2 3 4 5
Y 6 8 11 18 22
3. Using Newton’s Forward interpolation formula find the value of √5.5
𝑿 5 6 7 8
√𝑿 2.236 2.449 2.646 2.828
4. Find by Newton’s forward interpolation formula the premium to be given for 22 years of age.
Age(Yrs.) 20 25 30 35 40
Pre.(₹) 23 26 30 35 42
5. Using Newton’s Forward interpolation formula estimate the number of persons who died at the age
of 35 from the given data:
Age(Yrs.) 30 40 50 60 70
Persons. 240 520 360 570 450
6. Using Newton’s Forward interpolation formula find the value of f(x) for X = 1.3 from the given data:
X 0 1 2 3 4
f(x) 1 1.5 2.2 3.1 4.3
7. From the following table, using suitable interpolation formula, find the value of Y when X = 14
X 10 15 20 25 30
Y 20.5 24.5 30 37.5 55.75
8. From the following table, using suitable interpolation formula, find the value of Y when X = 13.5
X 10 15 20 25 30 35
Y 20.25 23 29.5 36.5 54.75 63.25
9. From the following table, using suitable interpolation formula, find the value of Y when X = 11
X 8 10 12 14 16 18
Y 19 27 38 46 56 78
10. From the following table, using suitable interpolation formula, find the value of Y when X = 12.5
X 10 15 20 25 30
Y 20 38 79 135 198
11. The table noted below gives the expectation of life(Y) at age(X). Using Newton’s forward
interpolation formula obtained the expectation of life at age of 12 correct up to 2 decimal places.
X 10 15 20 25 30 35
Y 35.4 32.2 29.1 26 23.1 20.4
: Answers :
[1] 15.46875; [2] 7.453125; [3] 2.3445625; [4] 24.0384; [5] 544.609375; [6] 1.69093375; [7] 23.4508;
[8] 20.4771; [9] 32.828125; [10] 25.625; [11] 34.07
 :Newton Backward Interpolation:
1. Using Newton’s Backward interpolation formula, find the weight of a child of the age of 8 years the
following data:
Age(Yrs.) 1 3 5 7
Weight(Lbs.) 8 11 17 26
2. Using an appropriate interpolation formula find f(7) from the following data:
X 2 4 6 8
f(x) 5 18 36 59
3. Using Newton’s backward interpolation formula find the value of the function f(x) when X = 7 from
the following data:
X 2 4 6 8
f(x) 4 16 38 57
4. Using Newton’s Backward interpolation formula, find the weight of a child of the age of 8 years the
following data:
Age(Yrs.) 1 3 5 7
Weight(Lbs.) 3 5 8 12
5. Using an appropriate interpolation formula, calculate the value of Y when X = 8 in the given data:
X 1 3 5 7 9
Y 3 5 8 12 17
6. Using Newton’s backward interpolation formula find the value of the function f(x) when X = 7 from
the following data:
X 2 4 6 8
f(x) 15 28 56 89
7. Using Newton’s backward interpolation formula find the value of Sin 480 from the following table:
X0 30 35 40 45 50
0
Sin X 0.5000 0.5736 0.6428 0.7071 0.7660
8. Using an appropriate interpolation formula, calculate the value of Y when X = 25 in the given data:
X 7 11 15 19 23 27
Y 20256 20625 21296 22407 24098 26511
: Answers :
[1] 31.625Lb; [2] 46.875; [3] 48.6875; [4] 14.375Lb; [5] 14.375; [6] 72.5; [7] 0.7431; [8] 25205

:Lagrange’s Interpolation:
1. Find the value of 𝒇(𝒙) at 𝒙 = 5 from the following data:
𝒙 3 4 6 8
𝒇(𝒙) 4 13 43 56
Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula.
2. The values of a function 𝒇(𝒙) are given below for some specified values of 𝒙 :
𝒙 3 4 5 9
𝒚 6 5 −2 30
Using an appropriate interpolation formula find the value of 𝒇(𝟕) [Hints: Using Lagrange’s formula]
3. Using Lagrange’s inverse interpolation formula estimate the value of 𝒙 when 𝒚 = 40, from the data:
𝒙 10 12 16
𝒚 25 32 50
 4. Using inverse interpolation formula, find the value of 𝒙 when 𝒇(𝒙) = 40 from the following table :
𝒙 10 12 15 20
𝒇(𝒙) 25 32 35 45
5. Use Lagrange’s interpolation formula to find 𝒇(𝒙) when 𝒙 = 0 , given the following table :
𝒙 −1 −2 2 4
𝒇(𝒙) −1 −9 11 69

: Answers :
[1] 27.65; [2] −10; [3] 13.982; [4] 19.57; [5] 1

: Simple concept of Binomial Expansion method and function of a ‘Polynomial’ method :

[Difference Table]
Argument Entry 1st Difference 2nd Difference 3rd Difference 4th Difference
𝒙 𝒚 𝜟𝒚 𝜟𝟐 𝒚 𝜟𝟑 𝒚 𝜟𝟒 𝒚
𝑥0 𝑦0
𝑦1 − 𝑦0 = 𝛥𝑦0
𝑥1 𝑦1 (𝐸𝑦0 ) 𝛥𝑦1 − 𝛥𝑦0 = 𝛥2 𝑦0
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = 𝛥𝑦1 𝛥2 𝑦1 − 𝛥2 𝑦0 = 𝛥3 𝑦0
2
𝑥2 𝑦2 (𝐸𝑦𝟏) 𝛥𝑦2 − 𝛥𝑦1 = 𝛥 𝑦1 𝛥3 𝑦1 − 𝛥3 𝑦0 = 𝛥4 𝑦0
𝑦3 − 𝑦2 = 𝛥𝑦2 2 2 3
𝛥 𝑦2 − 𝛥 𝑦1 = 𝛥 𝑦1
𝑥3 2
𝑦3 (𝐸𝑦𝟐) 𝛥𝑦3 − 𝛥𝑦2 = 𝛥 𝑦2
𝑦4 − 𝑦3 = 𝛥𝑦3
𝑥4 𝑦4 (𝐸𝑦𝟑)

*Here ‘E’ is the another symbolic operator, like- 𝜟

So, 𝑦1 = 𝐸𝑦0 , 𝑦2 = 𝐸𝑦1 , 𝑦3 = 𝐸𝑦2 , 𝑦4 = 𝐸𝑦3
Now, 𝑦2 = 𝐸(𝑦1 ) = 𝐸(𝐸𝑦0 ) = 𝐸2 𝑦0
Again, 𝑦3 = 𝐸(𝑦2 ) = 𝐸(𝐸𝑦1 ) = 𝐸2 𝑦1 = 𝐸2 (𝑦1 ) = 𝐸2 (𝐸𝑦0 ) = 𝐸3 𝑦0
Again, 𝑦4 = 𝐸(𝑦3 ) = 𝐸(𝐸𝑦2 ) = 𝐸2 𝑦2 = 𝐸2 (𝑦2 ) = 𝐸2 (𝐸𝑦1 ) = 𝐸3 𝑦1 = 𝐸3 (𝑦1 ) = 𝐸3 (𝐸𝑦0 ) = 𝐸4 𝑦0
 𝒚𝟏 = 𝑬𝒚𝟎
 𝒚𝟐 = 𝑬𝒚𝟏 = 𝑬𝟐 𝒚𝟎
 𝒚𝟑 = 𝑬𝒚𝟐 = 𝑬𝟑 𝒚𝟎
 𝒚𝟒 = 𝑬𝒚𝟑 = 𝑬𝟒 𝒚𝟎
And, [ Binomial Expansion Method ]
 𝜟= 𝑬−𝟏 [So, 𝑬 = 𝟏 + 𝜟 ]
 𝜟𝟐 = (𝑬 − 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐 − 𝟐𝑬 + 𝟏 [ (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 + 𝒃𝟐 ]
 𝜟𝟑 = (𝑬 − 𝟏)𝟑 = 𝑬𝟑 − 𝟑𝑬𝟐 + 𝟑𝑬 − 𝟏 [ (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟑 = 𝒂𝟑 − 𝟑𝒂𝟐 𝒃 + 𝟑𝒂𝒃𝟐 − 𝒃𝟑 ]
 𝜟𝟒 = (𝑬 − 𝟏)𝟒 = 𝑬𝟒 − 𝟒𝑬𝟑 + 𝟔𝑬𝟐 − 𝟒𝑬 + 𝟏 [ (𝒂 − 𝒃)𝟒 = 𝒂𝟒 − 𝟒𝒂𝟑 𝒃 + 𝟔𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒃𝟑 + 𝒃𝟒 ]
 𝜟 𝒏 = ( 𝑬 − 𝟏)𝒏

: Function of a Polynomial :
 Formula – 1 : [For finding Polynomial function 𝒇(𝒙)] :
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑎 + 𝑏(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) + ⅆ(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 4) … ⅆ𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛ⅆ𝑠 𝑜𝑛 ⅆ𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 1 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
 Formula – 2 : [For finding missing value of a Polynomial function 𝒇(𝒙)] :
𝒇(𝒙) =𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + ⅆ𝑥 3 … ⅆ𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛ⅆ𝑠 𝑜𝑛 ⅆ𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 1 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
 : Binomial Expansion and Polynomial function related Questions :
1. The values of a function 𝒇(𝒙) are given for certain values of 𝒙 :
𝒙 4 5 6 7 8
𝒇(𝒙) 3.11 2.96 2.85 ? 2.70
Obtain the best approximately of 𝒇(𝟕) .
2. Find the missing term in the following table :
𝒙 0 1 2 3 4
𝒚 1 3 9 ? 81
3. Estimate the missing value from the following table :
𝒙 1 2 3 4 5
𝒇(𝒙) 7 ? 13 21 37
4. 𝛥2 𝑦1 can be expressed as-
(A) 𝑦2 + 2𝑦1 + 𝑦0 ; (B) 𝑦3 − 2𝑦2 + 𝑦1 ; (C) 𝑦2 − 2𝑦1 + 𝑦0 ; (D) 𝑦3 + 2𝑦2 + 𝑦1 [C.U B.Com-2018]
5. Given for a function 𝒇(𝒙) , 𝑓 (0) = 1 , 𝑓 (1) + 𝑓(2) = 10 , 𝑓 (3) + 𝑓 (4) + 𝑓(5) = 65 ; find 𝑓(4) .
6. If 𝑓 (0) = 1 , 𝑓 (1) + 𝑓(2) = 23 , 𝑓 (3) + 𝑓 (4) + 𝑓(5) = 177 ; find 𝑓(4) .
7. Find the Polynomial function 𝒇(𝒙) for which it is known that –
𝑓 (2) = 𝑓 (3) = 27 , 𝑓 (4) = 77 and 𝑓 (5) = 165 .
8. Find 𝒇(𝒙) , given that 𝑓 (0) = −3 , 𝑓 (1) = 6 , 𝑓 (2) = 8 , 𝑓 (3) = 12 , (state your assumption, if
any). Hence find 𝑓(6) .

: Answers :
[1] 𝑓 (7) = 2.7675 ; [2] 31 ; [3] 10 ; [4] 𝑦3 − 2𝑦2 + 𝑦1 ; [5] 𝑓 (4) = 21 ; [6] 𝑓 (4) = 57 ;
[7] 𝒇(𝒙) = 225 − 177𝑥 + 43𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 ;[8] 𝒇(𝒙) = −3 + 15.5𝑥 − 8𝑥 2 + 1.5𝑥 3 and 𝑓 (6) = 126

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