Butwal Multiple Campus

Tribhuvan University
Golpark-03, Rupandehi

Final Year Internship Report

On

“STUDY OF LTE NETWORKING”

At

Nepal Telecom Provincial Directorial Karnali Pradesh, Surkhet

(Course Code CSC-462)

In partial fulfillment of the Bachelor Degree in Computer Science and

Information Technology (B.Sc. CSIT)

Submitted by:

Sudip Neupane (25170/076)

Submitted to:

Butwal Multiple Campus

Department of Computer Science and Information Technology

Golpark-03, Butwal, Rupandehi

June, 2024
 MENTOR’S RECOMMENDATION
I hereby recommend this internship report on “LTE Networking” has been prepared under
my mentorship by Sudip Neupane in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Information Technology (B.Sc. CSIT).

Mr. Narayan Regmi

Senior Engineer

Nepal Telecom PD, Surkhet

i
 SUPERVISOR RECOMMENDATION

This is to certify that this internship entitle “LTE Networking” is prepared and submitted
by Sudip Neupane in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Bachelor of
Science (B.Sc.) in Computer Science and Information Technology awarded by Tribhuvan
University, has been completed under supervision. I recommend the same for acceptance
by Tribhuvan University.

Chiranjivi Regmi

Supervisor

Butwal Multiple Campus

Department of Computer Science and Information Technology

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In this report first of all deep gratitude goes towards Tribhuvan University. Deep gratitude
goes to Butwal Multiple Campus and respected Head of Department (HOD) of CSIT
faculty of Butwal Multiple Campus Mr. Sunil Kumar Yadav for giving suggestion
during internship. My sincere gratitude to Mr. Chiranjivi Regmi for his continuous
guidance, feedback and support.

I am also grateful to the entire faculty member of Department of Computer Science for
their help and guidance in this project.

The satisfaction and success of this internship report would be incomplete without
heartful thanks to people whose constant guidance, support and encouragement made this
work successful.

I am really fortunate that, I had the kind association as well as supervision of Mr.
Narayan Regmi for the successful completion of my internship work in Nepal Telecom
PD, Surkhet. His exemplary guidance, constant encouragement and careful monitoring
throughout the internship are so great that, even my most profound gratitude is not
enough.

I feel to acknowledge my indebtedness and deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Bidur

Sawhney, Mr. Ram Pujan Mahato, Mr. Sandip Shah, Mr. Bimal Pokharel and all the
staff of Nepal Telecom PD, Surkhet for their support cooperation and guidance.

I would like to thank and appreciate my family, friends and seniors for their inspiration
encouraging guidance and any direct or indirect support towards me while preparing my
internship report.

Sudip Neupane

(25170/076)

iii
 ABSTRACT
This document discusses about the work done during internship at Nepal Telecom
Provincial Directorial Karnali Pradesh, Surkhet, it is all about how tools and technology
are configured and connected for providing services to the end users. Here the author
discusses about the LTE Networking. This 21 st century, is the age of communication and
technology which is the result of continuous research in the field of communication,
which started with the invention of telephone by Graham Bell to the current avatar as we
seen in the form of Internet and mobile technologies have come to existence because man
continued its endeavor towards the objective. In the context of our country (Nepal). NTC
is a giant public sector under business in the telecommunication industry. Nepal Telecom,
a leading company in the business in the telecommunication sector working restlessly for
decades has been providing world class services in Nepal throughout the country covering
all the 75 districts. It has been providing best services regarding telephony and internet
access to the willing customers. The organization is working for the social services and
has been continuing the joint venture with the traffic police and working for the
awareness in the road accidents and helping the needy during the natural calamities. It is
providing services as telephony (LTE, GSM, PSTN, SIP, PPP) and internet as (ADSL,
EVDO, FTTH, GPRS) other entertaining services as CRBT. Being a service provider, it is
facing a lot of challenges. As a conclusion the services provided to the customers are
satisfactory till now but a lot of improvement and a regular cope-up is to be made to hold
the existing customers and to attract new customers from the competitive market as well.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents
MENTOR’S RECOMMENDATION.........................................................................................................i
SUPERVISOR RECOMMENDATION...................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.....................................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................viii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction to LTE................................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Statement................................................................................................................2
1.3 Objectives..............................................................................................................................2
1.4 Scope and Limitation.............................................................................................................3
1.4.1 Scope..............................................................................................................................3
1.4.2 Limitation........................................................................................................................3
1.5 Report Organization...............................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2: ORGANIZATON DETAILS AND LITERATURE REVIEW.....................................................4
2.1 Introduction to Nepal Telecom..............................................................................................4
2.2 Organization Hierarchy..........................................................................................................5
2.3 Working Domains of Organization.........................................................................................6
2.4 Description of Wireless Department.....................................................................................7
2.5 Literature Review..................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 3: INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES...............................................................................................8
3.1 Role and Responsibilities.................................................................................................8
3.2 Weekly Log............................................................................................................................8
3.3 Description of the Project involved during Internship...........................................................9
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND LEARNING OUTCOMES................................................................10
4.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................10
4.2 Learning Outcomes..............................................................................................................10
References.....................................................................................................................................11

v
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: 4G LTE Architecture

Figure 2: Logo of Nepal Telecom

Figure 3: Organizational Structure of Nepal Telecom

vi
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Mobile Network generations form 1G to 5G
Table 2: Weekly Log

vii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LTE Long Term Evolution

4G Fourth Generation

3G Third Generation

GSM Global System for Mobile Communication

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

ITU International Telecommunication Union

viii
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to LTE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a fourth-generation(4G) wireless standard that provides
increased network capacity and speed for cellphones and other cellular devices compared
with third-generation(3G) technology. LTE is a technology for wireless broadband
communication for mobile devices and it used by phone carriers to deliver wireless data
to a consumer’s phone. Over the pervious iteration of 3G, LTE provide high speed, higher
efficiency, peak data rates and flexibility in bandwidth and frequency. LTE offers higher
peak data transfer rates than 3G, up to 100 Mbps downstream and 30 Mbps upstream. It
provides reduced latency, scalable bandwidth capacity and backward compatibility with
the existing Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) and Universal Mobile
Telecommunications Service (UMTS) technology.

Figure 1: 4G LTE Architecture

An LTE network employs the multiuser variant of the orthogonal frequency-division

multiplexing (OFDM) modulation scheme, called orthogonal frequency-division multiple
access (OFDMA), for its downlink signal. The 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
developed LTE. The standard was described as the next step in the progression of mobile
telecommunications as well as progression from the 2G GSM and 3G UMTS
specifications. LTE is commonly marketed as 4G LTE. LTE did not originally qualify as
true 4G. The international Telecommunication Union (ITU) initially defined 4G as a

1
cellular standard

2
that would deliver data rates of 1 Gbps to a stationary user and 100 Mbps to a user on the
move.

Table 1: Mobile network generations: from 1G to 5G

1G (first generation) 1980’s 2 Kbps

2G (Second generation) 1990’s 384 Kbps
3G (Third generation) 2000’s 56 Mbps
4G (Fourth generation) 2010’s 1 Gbps
5G (Fifth generation) 2020’s 10 Gbps
Nepal Telcom has been at the forefront of delivering cutting-edge technology, particularly
4G/LTE services, since 2017 AD. Currently, the extensive reach of 4G/LTE services
spans across all 77 districts, encompassing 741 out of 753 local bodies. There are plans to
further extend 4G/LTE services to cover the remaining local bodies in the near future.

1.2 Problem Statement

The increasing reliance on telecommunication systems for communication and data
exchange has raised concerns about network security. Existing security measures in
telecommunication systems are often inadequate to protect against evolving threats such
as unauthorized access, data breaches, and network vulnerabilities. This poses a
significant challenge for ensuring the privacy, integrity, and availability of
communication networks. The problem at hand is the need for robust and comprehensive
security solutions that can effectively safeguard telecommunication systems from various
cyber threats.

The project aims to identify vulnerabilities in current telecommunication networks,

explore encryption techniques, access controls, authentication mechanisms, and intrusion
detection systems, and propose innovative approaches to enhance network security.

1.3 Objectives
The main objectives of a telecommunication project can vary depending on its specific
scope and purpose. However, some common objective include:

 To improve network coverage and connectivity.

 To improve efficiency and performance
 To implement technological upgrades and advancements in telecommunication
systems.

3
 To expand the range of services offered by the telecommunication provider.

4
1.4 Scope and Limitation
1.4.1 Scope
The scope of telecommunication encompasses a wide range of areas and activities that
revolve around communication and data exchange. Here are some key aspects within the
scope of telecommunication.

 Telecommunication encompasses the transmission and routing of data over

networks.
 It involves the planning, design, implementation, and maintenance of network
infrastructure.
 It includes the development of protocols and standards to support real-time voice
and video transmission.

1.4.2 Limitation
While telecommunication has revolutionized the way we communicate and share
information, it also has certain limitations. Here are some limitations of telecommunication.

 Telecommunication networks may face challenges in providing coverage in

remote or geographically challenging areas, such as mountainous regions or dense
forests.
 Telecommunication networks can still experience connectivity issues.
 Lack of standardization or incompatibility of telecommunication services.

1.5 Report Organization

The report is based on four chapters. Each chapter follows the constructive building of this
project.

Chapter 1: Introduction of the project along with project scope limitations and objectives.

Chapter 2: Background study related to the project along with the general description so
project functions and components.

Chapter 3: Role and Responsibilities, weekly logs, description of project and task and
activities performed.

Chapter 4: Conclusion from starting to finish the project, learning outcome from project

5
 CHAPTER 2: ORGANIZATON DETAILS AND
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction to Nepal Telecom
In Nepal, operating any form of telecommunication service dates back to 111 years in B.S
1970. But formally telecom service was provided mainly after the establishment of
Mohan Akaswani in B.S. 2005. Later as per the plan formulated in First National Five-
year plan (2012-2017); Telecommunication Department was established in B.S 2016. To
modernize the telecommunication services and to expand the services, during third five-
year plan (2023- 2028), Telecommunication Department was converted into
Telecommunications Development Board in 2026 B.S. After the enactment of
Communications Corporation Act 2028, it was formally established as fully owned
Government Corporation called Nepal Telecommunications Corporation in 2032 B.S. for
the purpose of providing telecommunications service to Nepalese People. After serving
the nation for 29 years with great pride and a sense of accomplishment, Nepal
Telecommunication Corporation was transformed into Nepal Doorsanchar Company
Limited from Baisakh 1, 2061. Nepal Doorsanchar Company Limited is a company
registered under the companies Act 2053. However, the company is known to the general
public by the Nepal Telecom as registered trademark.

Figure 2: Logo of Nepal Telecom

Nepal Telecom has always put its endeavors in providing its valued customers a quality
service since its inception. To achieve this goal, technologies best meeting the interest of
its customers has always been selected. The nationwide reach of organization, from urban
areas to the economically non- viable most remote locations, is the result of all these
efforts that makes this organization different from others. Definitely Nepal Telecom’s
widespread reach will assist in the socio-economic development of the urban as well as
rural areas, as telecommunications is one to the most important infrastructures required
for development
6
(History of Nepal Telecom, n.d). Nepal Telecom is the telecommunication service
provider it offers many of the services some of them are Lease Line Service, Basic
Telephony, ISDN, GSM Cellular Telephony, Internet Leased Line, 3G, 4G LTE, GPRS
Service, MMS, Digital Data Network (DDN), ADSL, Fiber to the Home.

2.2 Organization Hierarchy

The organization hierarchy of Nepal telecom typically follows a hierarchical structure
with various levels of management and departments. While the specific structure may be
subject to change over time, here is a general overview of the organization hierarchy of
Nepal Telecom:

Figure 1: Organizational Structure of Nepal Telecom

7
2.3 Working Domains of Organization
Nepal Telecom as the leading telecommunication service provider in Nepal, operates in
various domains to cater to the communication needs of individuals, businesses and
organizations across the country. The key working domains of Nepal Telecom include:

1. Fixed Line Telephony: Nepal Telecom provides fixed line telephone services to
residential and business customers. This domain involves the installation,
maintenance, and operation of landline telephone connections, allowing customers
to make voice calls over a wired network.
2. Mobile Telephony: Nepal Telecom offers mobile telephony services, allowing
customers to communicate using mobile phones. This domain includes the
operation of cellular networks, provisioning of mobile phone connections, and
delivery of voice and data services to mobile subscribers.
3. Internet Services: Nepal Telecom provides internet connectivity to customers
through various technologies, including Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Fiber to
the Home (FTTH), and Wireless Broadband. This domain involves the provision
of high-speed internet access, email services and other related services.
4. Data Services: Nepal Telecom offers data services, including mobile data,
broadband internet and dedicated data connectivity solutions for businesses. This
domain focuses on providing reliable and high-speed data transmission for
applications such as internet browsing, video streaming, online gaming and
enterprise data connectivity.
5. ICT solutions: Nepal Telecom provides information and Communication
Technology (ICT) solutions to businesses, organizations, and government entities.
This domain involves offering services such as Virtual Private Network (VPN),
leased lines, other enterprise-grade ICT solutions to support the communication
and information management needs of customers.
6. Value-Added Services: Nepal Telecom offers various value-added services to
enhance the customer experience and cater to specific needs. This domain
includes services like caller ring back tones, SMS services, multimedia
messaging, mobile banking, and other innovative services that add value to the
communication offerings.
7. International Services: Nepal Telecom provides international communication
services, facilitating connectivity between Nepal and other countries. This domain

8
 includes international voice calling, international roaming services for mobile
subscribers.
8. Digital TV Services: Nepal Telecom provides digital television services, delivering
a range of TV channels and content to customers. This domain involves the
operation of digital TV platform, offering a diverse selection of channels,
interactive features and value-added services like video-on-demand.

2.4 Description of Wireless Department

Wireless Department is responsible for the all the wireless network related works. It is
also responsible for installation of new towers and buying of new equipment through
tenders which are necessary for the establishment of wireless network. Wireless
Department is also responsible to sort out different problems which are seen in wireless
networks in day-to- day life. Wireless department is also responsible for the planning of
new sites and study the possible feasibility sites. Wireless department is also responsible
for the replacement of different equipment which are no longer in use. Wireless
department optimized the network according to need of public.

2.5 Literature Review

Next Generation Mobile Network Published in the IEEE Communications Surveys

& Tutorials journal in the third quarter of 2017, this paper by Nidal Nasser, Nazar
Zaki, and Atta ur Rehman Khan presents a comprehensive survey of next-
generation mobile networks. The authors provide an overview of various
technologies and architectures proposed for future mobile networks, including 5G.
They discuss the challenges and requirements for these networks, such as increased
capacity, improved energy efficiency, and support for diverse services. The paper
offers insights into the advancements and trends in mobile network research,
making it a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the field. [1]

Cross-Tier Interference Avoidance Technique for LTE-A Femtocell Networks

Using Fractional Frequency Reuse, this paper proposes an FFR scheme for LTE-A
femtocell networks to handle the downlink cross-tier interference, generated
between macro-cells and femtocells, in order to increase the Signal-to-Interference
and Noise Ratio (SINR) and improve the overall network performance. The
simulation results obtained by MATLAB reveal the superiority of the proposed-FFR
scheme over the non-FFR one; as both SINR and user throughput have been

9
enhanced. Outage

10
 probability results also prove that the proposed scheme can effectively support more
users. [2]

An In-depth Study of LTE: Effect of Network Protocol and Application Behavior

on Performance, this paper conducts an in-depth study of these interactions and
their impact on performance, using a combination of active and passive
measurements. LTE has significantly shorter state promotion delays and lower
RTTs than those of 3G networks. Various inefficiencies in TCP over LTE such as
undesired slow start. Many TCP connections significantly under-utilize the
available bandwidth. On average, the actually used bandwidth is less than 50% of
the available bandwidth. This causes data downloads to be longer, and incur
additional energy overhead. Under utilizations can be caused by both application
behavior and TCP parameter settings. [3]

CHAPTER 3: INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES

3.1 Role and Responsibilities
During my internship period under the supervision of wireless department I have
been provided with following responsibilities:
 Troubleshooting 4G network
 Creating complaints files
 Creating report of site visits
 Managing records of complaints

3.2 Weekly Log

Table 2: Weekly log
Date Task performed
14 March 2024 – 22 March 2024  Attended orientation session, received an
introduction to the company’s services
and projects.
 Meet with my supervisor to discuss
internship goals and expectations.
 Started familiarizing myself with the
company’s infrastructure and systems.

11
 26 March 2024 – 29 March  Study of 4G network in Surkhet IT
31 March 2024 – 5 April  Visited Dhulabit Site for Troubleshoot
 Create report file related to the visit
7 April – 12 April  Networking within the company for new
4G cards
14 April – 19 April  Visited Utterganga site for 3G second
sector RRU faulty
21 April – 26 April  Coordination with power department for
change of fiber cable and electricity
supply
which has been destroyed due to lightning.
28 April – 10 May  Complaint registration and filing
 Converted hard copy complaint files into
softcopy
12 May – 17 May  Installed new battery backup for
Bangeshimal site.
26 May – 31 May  Visited Ranimatha site for troubleshoot
 Created report on site visit
2 June – 7 June  Visited Gothigada Site which has not been
in operation since last four days
9 June – 14 June  Changed RRU in Bhairstan site.

3.3 Description of the Project involved during Internship

During my internship at Nepal Telecom, I actively focused in a project focused on
improving customer experience and expanding knowledge on networking. This project
aimed to streamline various processes such as Reporting, Optimizing and Record Keeping
and complaint registration.

a) Reporting: During my internship, I have visited my sites along with other senior
engineers for troubleshooting of networks, making changes in angel of antennas
and fixing mechanical tilt. At the end of each visit, I have to make report of the
visit and present it to the senior about the site visit and actions performed there.
b) Optimizing network: Due to high congestion, the network become slow and
problem of call drop became to seen and it needs to be solved and needs to

12
increased

13
 parameters. Some times electrical tilt is also necessary and it can be done my
providing some command. Other optimizing problems includes power
optimization which includes battery issue such as battery discharging, low battery
voltage etc. Increasing Up time and decreasing downtime of the battery.
c) Record Keeping: On regular basis, different gaupalikas and nagarpalikas send
letters for different kind of issue which include installing of new towers and
expanding services. I was provided with responsibility to keep such records of
incoming letters and reply send to the such official letters.
d) Complaint Registration: My people are facing problem related to network such
as call drop, fiber issue, leased line issue and many others. Not everyone writes
letters and file complaints to the website. Many they make a phone call to the
office. So, I was provided with the task to register such complaints into the
website and make excel sheet of different complaints.

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND LEARNING

OUTCOMES
4.1 Conclusion
In conclusion, my internship project at Nepal Telecom provided me with a
comprehensive understanding of the telecommunications industry and the intricacies
involved in delivering high quality services to customers. The project encompassed
various key aspects, including mechanical tilt, electrical tilt, azimuth, optimization and
complaint forwarding.

4.2 Learning Outcomes

Technical Skills: Through my involvement in the project, I developed practical skills
related to 4G network infrastructure, network optimizations and gained hands-on
experience with telecommunication tools and technologies, enhancing my technical
competency in the field.

Customer-Centric Approach: The project emphasized the significance of understanding

customer needs and preferences. By actively participating in complaint registration and
forwarding the complaint to concerned person, I learned the importance of prioritizing
customer satisfaction and tailoring services to meet their expectations.

Collaboration and Coordination: The project required close collaboration with various

14
teams within the organization, such as power department, Intergraded Maintenance Unit

15
(IMU) and NEA (Nepal Electricity Authority). This experience taught me the value of
effective communication, teamwork and coordination to achieve project objectives
successfully.

Problem-solving Skills: The project presented unique challenges, such as equipment

failure, link breakdown, line cutdown by NEA and other authority. By actively
participating in problem solving processes and proposing solutions, I enhanced my ability
to analyze complex situations, think critically, and make informed decisions.

Adaptability and Innovation: The telecommunications industry is constantly evolving.

This project exposed me to emerging technologies and trends, reinforcing the importance
of staying updated and embracing innovation. It fostered my adaptability and encouraged
me to explore creative solutions to meet evolving customer demands.

References
[1] N.Nasser, N.Zaki, and A.U.R Khan, “Next Generation Mobile Networks: A
Compreshenshive Survey,” in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Third Quarter
2017
[2] S. Jimaa, Kok Keong Chai, Yue Chen and Y. Alfadhl, "LTE-A an overview and future
research areas," 2011 IEEE 7th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile
Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), Shanghai, China, 2011.
[3] Junxian Huang, Feng Qian, Yihua Guo, Yuanyuan Zhou, Qiang Xu, Z. Morley Mao,
Subhabrata Sen, and Oliver Spatscheck. 2013. An in-depth study of LTE: effect of
network protocol and application behavior on performance. SIGCOMM Comput.
Commun.

16