Received: 7 February 2023 | Revised: 8 March 2023 | Accepted: 9 March 2023

DOI: 10.1002/ase.2270

V I E W P O I N T C O M M E N TA R Y

The rise of ChatGPT: Exploring its potential in medical

education

Hyunsu Lee

Department of Medical Informatics,

School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Abstract
#223, 1095, Dalgubeoldae-­ro, Dalseo-­gu,
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into medical education has the potential
Daegu, Republic of Korea
to revolutionize the way students learn about biomedical sciences. Large language
Correspondence
models, such as ChatGPT, can serve as virtual teaching assistants, providing students
Hyunsu Lee, Department of Medical
Informatics, School of Medicine, Keimyung with detailed and relevant information and perhaps eventually interactive simulations.
University, #223, 1095, Dalgubeoldae-­ro,
ChatGPT has the potential to increase student engagement and enhance student
Dalseo-­gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
Email: [email protected] learning, though research is needed to confirm this. The challenges and limitations
of ChatGPT must also be considered, including ethical issues and potentially harm-
ful effects. It is crucial for medical educators to keep pace with technology's rapidly
changing landscape and consider the implications for curriculum design, assessment
strategies, and teaching methods. Continued research and evaluation are necessary
to ensure the optimal integration of AI-­based learning tools into medical education.

KEYWORDS
artificial intelligence, ChatGPT, medical education, natural language processing, virtual
teaching assistant

I NTRO D U C TI O N the anatomical sciences, lays the foundational groundwork for

understanding clinically relevant structures and functions of the
The integration of technology into medical education has been an human body.10 Achieving this learning goal requires relevant and
ongoing process, with recent advancements in artificial intelligence detailed information, engaging educational resources, and op-
(AI) and machine learning (ML) presenting exciting new opportuni- portunities for interactive simulations. However, students often
ties for educational innovation. Among the most notable of these find it difficult to comprehend and memorize vast amounts of
AI-­
based tools is the Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) complex information.11,12 Thus, the use of ChatGPT in medical
1 1
language model developed by OpenAI, and its variant, ChatGPT. education has the potential to revolutionize how students learn
Recently, ChatGPT has received considerable attention due to its biomedical sciences. By serving as a virtual teaching assistant,
ability to generate human-­like text and engage users in interac- ChatGPT could be leveraged to provide students with real-­t ime
tive conversations, resulting in the acquisition of 1 million users in and personalized feedback.13 The integration of ChatGPT with
a short time (Figure 1). With its natural language processing capa- other technologies (e.g., the gaming industry) is being explored to
bilities and advanced algorithms, ChatGPT can efficiently automate generate highly interactive virtual laboratory simulations relevant
time-­intensive tasks, such as summarizing and evaluating research to medical practice.
and medical literature. Within medical education, ChatGPT has the This article provides an analysis of the advantages, limitations,
potential to provide students with detailed and relevant information and ethical considerations of ChatGPT in medical education, with
and could be paired with other technologies to develop interactive special emphasis on biomedical sciences education. In addition, this
simulations. commentary explores ChatGPT's implications for curriculum design
Medical education has the potential to greatly benefit from and discusses future research and development directions for maxi-
AI and ML advancements. 6–­9 Basic science education, including mizing this technology's potential.

Anat Sci Educ. 2023;00:1–6. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ase © 2023 American Association for Anatomy. | 1
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F I G U R E 1 The results of Google Trends and time to 1 million users show a high level of public interest in the ChatGPT. (A) The trend data
from Google Trends suggests that ChatGPT has received significantly higher levels of attention since its launch, compared to other related topics
like AI, robots, and GPT3.2 The Google Trends score provides a representation of how frequently a particular term is searched in comparison to
the peak popularity for that term over a specified region and time period. The score can range from 0 to 100, with 100 being the peak popularity
and 0 indicating that there was insufficient data. Note that the topic “Artificial Intelligence” encompasses a broad range of related technologies,
including ChatGPT. (B) The rapid adoption of ChatGPT, with a user base of 1 million being achieved in a mere 5 days, represents a notable
achievement in comparison to other online services.3–­5 This highlights the significant interest and appeal of ChatGPT among users.

P OTE NTI A L A PPLI C ATI O N S A N D B E N E FIT S may soon be able to facilitate an interactive learning experience
O F C H ATG P T I N M E D I C A L E D U C ATI O N beyond text-­based responses. The gaming industry, for example,
is exploring the use of ChatGPT for non-­player character conver-
ChatGPT can enhance medical education through the following po- sations. Likewise, medical students may be able to use ChatGPT in
tential applications: conjunction with a virtual histology slide program to facilitate their
ChatGPT could be deployed as a virtual teaching assistant. education. As students review each slide, they can prompt ChatGPT
With its ability to quickly return information on various medical to provide information about the observed cells and tissue com-
topics, ChatGPT could be a valuable point-­
of-­
need resource for ponents, enhancing their comprehension of the topic in real time.
students.14,15 ChatGPT provides instant feedback and 24/7 access Integrating such technologies into educational settings could offer
to information. 2 It can answer questions and provide explanations students an immersive learning experience.12 ChatGPT is already ca-
related to anatomy, histology, and other medical subjects in a way pable of generating self-­check quizzes (see Table 1, e.g., prompts and
that is easily accessible and understandable. It can even suggest responses) with answer explanations.
additional resources for further learning. Greater use of ChatGPT Overall, ChatGPT has the potential to augment the student
among students may inadvertently reduce teachers' workloads (e.g., learning experience and better equip learners for careers in the
having no students during office hours), allowing them to refocus medical and health-­care fields. While the efficacy of ChatGPT re-
their time and efforts on other curricular aspects, such as practical mains to be seen in practice, its usefulness in medical education is
skills and hands-­on training. Another benefit of using ChatGPT is the expected to yield various benefits, as outlined by Klutka et al. 21 and
16–­19
personalized education it has the potential to offer. Based on summarized in Table 2.
the context of a conversation, ChatGPT can respond to end-­users
at an appropriate level and may have the potential to track students'
progress and adjust its teaching style, though this feature is not yet U S I N G C H ATG P T FO R C U R R I C U LU M
developed. Struggling students may benefit by having difficult and DESIGN
complex concepts explained in a way that adapts to their level. 20 For
example, a student could initiate a conversation with the chatbot ChatGPT has the potential to significantly impact curriculum design,
using a prompt like, “Explain [something] at an elementary level.” assessment strategies, and teaching methods in the field. As tech-
The combined use of ChatGPT with interactive virtual labora- nology continues to play an increasingly prominent role in medical
tory simulations is fertile ground for future investigations. ChatGPT education, educators must adapt to the changing landscape.
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TA B L E 1 Example prompts and ChatGPT responses for writing practice questions for students who want to assess their knowledge.

Prompts ChatGPT's responses

Write five practice questions that assesses the student's What is the name of the digestive organ that produces hydrochloric acid and
knowledge of the anatomy of the digestive system, enzymes to break down food?
including the names and functions of each organ Which digestive organ is responsible for absorbing most of the nutrients from
involved in the process of digestion food?
What is the function of the small intestine in the process of digestion?
What is the name of the organ that stores bile and releases it into the small
intestine to help digest fats?
What is the role of the pancreas in the digestive system and what enzymes does it
produce to aid in digestion?
Write five practice questions that assesses the student's What are the three main components of the midbrain, and what are their
knowledge of the neuroanatomy of the midbrain functions?
What is the substantia nigra, and what is its role in the midbrain?
What is the red nucleus, and what functions does it control?
What is the reticular formation, and what role does it play in the midbrain?
What is the tectum, and what are its two main components?

TA B L E 2 Potential benefits and harmful effects of ChatGPT in medical education.

Potential benefits Potential harmful effects

Improved accuracy Overreliance on AI models or potential for academic dishonesty

Increased efficiency Inaccurate information
Increased student engagement Job loss for medical educators
Improved outcomes Ethical questions about accountability in the event of a mistake

It is crucial to ensure that students are equipped with the neces- may no longer be as effective for delivering information or facili-
sary digital literacy and competencies to effectively utilize and inte- tating student learning. Hence, medical educators must be diligent
grate advanced technologies into their future practices. To achieve and proactive in exploring and implementing teaching methods best
this goal, medical educators may need to modify their teaching suited for technology-­enhanced learning. 23
approaches to incorporate technology-­based teaching and learn-
ing methods into their curricula. ChatGPT may be ideally suited for
helping students to acquire the skills and competencies required for C H ATG P T ' S LI M ITATI O N S A N D CO N C E R N S
future medical practice. 22 In the future of health care, digital tools
such as online platforms, apps, and electronic health records will be Despite ChatGPT's existing benefits and future potential, the
ubiquitous, and the outputs of large language models for medical greatest primary challenge is ensuring the accuracy and reliability
uses (e.g., radiology reports) could become increasingly relied upon. of the information provided by the AI system. Medical education
As such, it would behoove students to acquire the competencies requires a high degree of precision and accuracy, as even small
necessary to effectively use these technologies, as they may 1 day errors can have significant consequences for patient safety. The
need to interpret and apply language model outputs when commu- risks of students receiving incorrect or misleading information
nicating with colleagues and patients. are real. Although ChatGPT is trained on large amounts of data,
The integration of AI tools, like ChatGPT, might also provoke a there is always the possibility of errors or oversights in its training
rethinking and redesign of assessment strategies. Traditional meth- process, and the training data itself may contain inaccurate infor-
ods, such as written exams, may not be well equipped to assess dig- mation. It is difficult for students with limited background knowl-
ital and technology literacy skills. Moreover, the use of ChatGPT for edge to identify such errors. For instance, when asked about the
academic misconduct calls into question the validity of traditional human heart, ChatGPT responds as if the human heart only has
assessment methods, like report or essay writing. If AI transforms two chambers (Table 3). Despite providing the correct response
learning processes and clinical practice, new and different assess- to the subsequent verification question, these results can be con-
ment strategies may be needed to meet the evolving demands of the fusing for learners. ChatGPT is not a knowledge base, but rather
technology-­driven health-­care industry. a language model that operates on input strings to predict prob-
ChatGPT might also impact educational planning and teaching able responses. While the data used to train ChatGPT is presumed
methods. In its current state, ChatGPT can help educators draft and to be authentic, it is vital to acknowledge that this does not in-
brainstorm lesson plans.19 With the advent of AI technology and evitably signify that ChatGPT's generated responses are consist-
its cursory ability to teach, traditional lectures and demonstrations ently reliable or premised on encoded knowledge. The accuracy of
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4 LEE

TA B L E 3 Example of inaccurate response from ChatGPT.

Prompts ChatGPT's responses

Provide following arguments with an example It can be challenging for students with limited prior knowledge in anatomy to identify errors
in anatomical knowledge: It is difficult for in information presented by ChatGPT. This is because the technology uses plausible
students with limited background knowledge language, which can make incorrect information appear credible. For example, if a student
to identify errors. This is due to the fact that were to ask ChatGPT about the structure of the heart, the technology could present an
ChatGPT presents results using plausible incorrect description, such as “The heart has four chambers.” While this statement may appear
language, even when they contain inaccurate plausible due to the language used, it is not accurate, as the human heart only has two main
information chambers. In such a scenario, students with limited background knowledge in anatomy may
struggle to recognize that the information provided by ChatGPT is incorrect, leading to
misunderstandings and potential harm
How many chambers in human heart? The human heart has four chambers: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and
the left ventricle

Note: Emphasis in italics is by the author.

ChatGPT's responses is, therefore, hypothetical, and not absolute. ChatGPT also raises some ethical and legal concerns related to
This could have serious consequences for students' understanding privacy and confidentiality. 26 Medical education often involves the
of the biomedical sciences. To ensure ChatGPT's accuracy within sharing of sensitive information, such as patient data, between stu-
medical education, clear guidelines and verification mechanisms dents, teachers, and medical professionals. It is important to con-
should be developed and extensively tested by responsible parties sider how the use of ChatGPT or other AI tools in medical education
(e.g., medical education institutions, technology companies, and could impact the privacy and security of sensitive information. While
regulatory bodies). appropriate measures may be in place to protect such data, it is still
Another concern among educators is that students may come to important to carefully evaluate the potential risks and ensure that
rely on the AI model as their primary source of information. This, in adequate safeguards are in place. Further research and analysis may
turn, could negatively impact the development of students' critical be needed to fully understand the implications of using AI tools in
thinking and problem-­solving skills. This is especially true if students medical education and how best to mitigate potential risks.
are not properly trained on how to use ChatGPT or how to evalu- Some are of the opinion that ChatGPT and other similar AI systems
ate the information it returns. The potential for students to rely on could eventually replace certain roles of human educators.27 While
ChatGPT without truly understanding the material could lead to a these models provide students with quick and relevant information,
reduction in their overall knowledge of biomedical sciences. they may also lead to a reduction in the quantity and quality of human
Student dependency on the language model may also propagate interactions and a decrease in the amount of personal attention and
academic dishonesty or “cheating.” For example, a student might use feedback students receive. This could harm students' learning and
ChatGPT to complete an essay or other written assignment with- their overall educational experience. Furthermore, unemployment
out fully understanding the material or putting in the required ef- resulting from a decreased demand for human teachers could have
fort. Educators can reduce the likelihood of this by providing clear economic consequences. As AI advances, steps may need to be taken
guidelines and expectations for assignments and communicating the to develop policies and initiatives to support health-­care educators,
consequences of academic dishonesty. They can also incorporate and proactively mitigate any adverse effects on the job market.
assessments that require critical thinking, creativity, and the syn- Finally, issues of accountability and transparency in the use of
thesis of information that cannot be easily completed with language AI in medical education are currently unresolved. Ethical questions
models. Newer plagiarism detection technologies (e.g., Originality.ai, about the responsibility of the technology and its creators are raised
GPTZero, and Plagibot) can also be used to counter this unintended in cases of AI system mistakes and errors (e.g., incorrect information
consequence of ChatGPT. that results in a negative outcome). 28 It is important to ensure AI
The use of artificial intelligence and machine learning models in models are transparent in their decision-­making processes and that
medical education raises several ethical concerns. One primary eth- there is a clear understanding of how they are making recommenda-
ical issues is the potential for these models to perpetuate biases and tions and providing information. 24
24
discrimination. This could occur if the data used to train the mod-
els are biased or if the algorithms themselves have been designed in
a way that are inherently biased. For example, studies have shown CO N C LU S I O N S
that language models can reproduce and amplify gender and racial
biases in their outputs. 25 In the context of medical education, this Give AI's rapid progress and advancements, it is expected that
could result in students receiving inaccurate or discriminatory infor- ChatGPT and other AI-­based learning tools will continue to evolve
mation, leading to a lack of representation of diverse perspectives and improve over time. As such, continued research and evaluation
and experiences. This could have serious consequences for their are needed to ensure optimal integration and evidence-­based uses
learning and patient care. of AI systems in medical education. Robust evaluations assessing the
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19359780, 0, Downloaded from https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ase.2270 by <Shibboleth>[email protected], Wiley Online Library on [03/03/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
6 LEE

AU T H O R B I O G R A P H Y
How to cite this article: Lee, H. (2023). The rise of ChatGPT:
Exploring its potential in medical education. Anatomical
Hyunsu Lee, M.D. Ph.D is currently working as an assistant pro-
Sciences Education, 00, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/
fessor in the Department of Medical Informatics at Keimyung
ase.2270
University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea. He
teaches anatomy and histology in medical school. His research
interests are medical and neuroscientific applications of artificial
intelligence.