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Phy Theory Lec17

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Phy Theory Lec17

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PHYSICS

(COURSE-PHY0533101)
LECTURE-17
PARTICLE PROPERTIES OF WAVE

Fatema Elora
May 2024
TOPICS

• Electromagnetic wave
• Blackbody radiation
• Failure of Classical physics and plank’s explanation
• Photo electric effect
• Experiment
• Limitation of electromagnetic wave theory in explaining photoelectric effect
• Photoelectric effect according to quantum theory(Einstein’s Equation)

PHYSICS by Fatema Elora 2


Electromagnetic wave

A changing electric field has a magnetic field associated with it. The electric and magnetic fields in an
electromagnetic wave vary together. The fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of
propagation of the wave.

Electromagnetic (em) waves must occur in which constantly varying electric and magnetic fields are coupled together by
both electromagnetic induction and the converse mechanism he proposed. Maxwell was able to show that the speed c of
electromagnetic waves in free space is given by

where ϵ0is the electric permittivity of free space and μ0 is its magnetic permeability

PHYSICS by Fatema Elora 3


Blackbody radiation

The ability of a body to radiate is closely


related to its ability to absorb radiation. This
is to be expected, since a body at a constant
temperature is in thermal equilibrium with
its surroundings and must absorb energy
from them at the same rate as it emits
energy. It is convenient to consider as an
ideal body one that absorbs all radiation
incident upon it, regardless of frequency.
Such a body is called a blackbody.

PHYSICS by Fatema Elora 4


Failure of Classical physics and plank’s explanation

The prediction of classical physics for the spectral radiancy, for a given temperature T in kelvins, is

where k is the Boltzmann constant with the value


Although the theoretical and experimental results agree well at long they are not even close in
the short wavelength region. Indeed, the theoretical prediction does not even include a
maximum as seen in the measured results and instead “blows up” up to infinity.
Planck devised a formula for S(λ) that neatly fitted the experimental results for all wavelengths
and for all temperatures:

The key element in the equation lies in the argument of the exponential: hc/𝜆, which we can rewrite in a
more suggestive form as hf. Equation was the first use of the symbol h, and the appearance of hf suggests
that the energies of the atomic oscillators in the cavity wall are quantized. However, Planck, with his
training in classical physics, simply could not believe such a result in spite of the immediate success of his
equation in fitting all experimental data.

PHYSICS by Fatema Elora 5


Photo electric effect

When light of high enough frequency falls on a clean metal surface, electrons are emitted from
the surface by photon–electron interactions within the metal. The governing relation is

in which hf is the photon energy, Kmax is the kinetic energy of the most energetic emitted
electrons, and Ф is the work function of the target material—that is, the minimum energy an
electron must have if it is to emerge from the surface of the target. If hf is less than Ф,
electrons are not emitted.

PHYSICS by Fatema Elora 6


Experiment

During his experiments on em waves, Hertz noticed that


sparks occurred more readily in the air gap of his
transmitter when ultraviolet light was directed at one of
the metal balls. He did not follow up this observation, but
others did. They soon discovered that the cause was
electrons emitted when the frequency of the light was
sufficiently high. This phenomenon is known as the
photoelectric effect and the emitted electrons are called
photoelectrons

PHYSICS by Fatema Elora 7


Limitation of electromagnetic wave theory in explaining
photoelectric effect

A bright light yields more photoelectrons than a dim one of


the same frequency, but the electron energies remain the
same. The EM theory of light, on the contrary, predicts that
the more intense the light, the greater the energies of the
electrons.

The higher the frequency of the light, the more energy the
photoelectrons have .Blue light results in faster electrons than red
light. At frequencies below a certain critical frequency v0, which is
characteristic of each particular metal, no electrons are emitted.
Above v0 the photoelectrons range in energy from v0 to a maximum
value that increases linearly with increasing frequency. This
observation, also, cannot be explained by the EM theory of light
PHYSICS by Fatema Elora 8
Photoelectric effect according to quantum theory(Einstein’s
Equation)

Einstein realized that the photoelectric effect could be understood if the energy in light is not spread out over
wavefronts but is concentrated in small packets, or photons. Each photon of light of frequency 𝑣 has the
energy h𝑣, the same as Planck’s quantum energy. Planck had thought that, although energy from an electric
oscillator apparently had to be given to EM waves in separate quanta of h𝑣 each, the waves themselves
behaved exactly as in conventional wave theory. Einstein’s break with classical physics was more drastic:
Energy was not only given to EM waves in separate quanta but was also carried by the waves in separate
quanta.
The three experimental observations listed in previous slid follow directly from Einstein’s hypothesis.
(1) Because em wave energy is concentrated in photons and not spread out, there should be no delay in the
emission of photoelectrons.
(2) All photons of frequency 𝑣 have the same energy, so changing the intensity of a monochromatic light
beam will change the number of photoelectrons but not their energies.
(3) The higher the frequency 𝑣, the greater the photon energy hand so the more energy the photoelectrons
have.

PHYSICS by Fatema Elora 9


THANK YOU

PHYSICS by Fatema Elora 10

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