CONTENT

Topic Page No.

Thevenin’s Theorem 1-2

Theory 1

Statement 1

Circuit diagram 2

Calculation 2

Norton’s Theorem 3-5

Theory 3

Statement 3

Circuit diagram 4

Calculation 4

Practical Circuit Diagram & Calculation 6-7

Thevenin’s Theorem 6

Norton’s Theorem 7

Project costing 8

Conclusion 9

Reference 10
Thevenin's theorem:

Theory:
Thevenin's theorem is a theorem in circuit theory that states that any linear circuit can be replaced with an
equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source in series with a single resistor. This equivalent circuit,
known as the Thevenin equivalent circuit, is electrically equivalent to the original circuit at a specified pair of
terminals.

Thevenin's theorem was first published in 1883 by Léon Charles Thevenin, a French electrical engineer. The
theorem is based on the principle of superposition, which states that the total response of a linear circuit to a set
of inputs is the sum of the individual responses to each input.

Statement: Thevenin's theorem as applied to DC circuit may be stated as:

Current fowling through a load resistance (R) connected across any two terminal A and B of a linear, bilateral
network is given,
𝑉𝑇𝐻
𝐼𝐿 =
𝑅𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿

where VTH is the open circuit voltage or Thevenin's equivalent

voltage (i.e.) voltage across terminal AB when R, is removed) and RTH is the by equivalent resistance of the
network as viewed from the open circuited load terminals (i.e.) from terminal AB deactivating all independent
source.

Mathematically current through the load resistance RL is given by the equation –

Where, I= Load Current

VTH= Open circuit voltage across the terminals AB.
RTH = Thevenin's Resistance
RL - Load Resistance

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Circuit diagram:

Calculation:

Supply Voltage = 9V
R1 = 99Ω
R 2 = 215Ω
R 3 = 3.8Ω
R 4 = 553
R L = 56Ω
To find Thevenin's voltage, VTH
Apply KVL Loop 1
9 – I99 – I553=0
- I652=-9
9
I =652
I = 0.0138
V553 =0.0138×553
= 7.6314V = VOC = VTH
To find Thevenin's Resistance, R TH
R= (99∥533) +215+3.8Ω
99×553
= +215+3.8
99+553
= 83.97+215+3.8
= 302.77
To find Thevenin's load current IL
9
IL =
302.77+56
= 0.025A

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Norton’s theorem:

Theory: In direct-current circuit theory, Norton's theorem, also called the Mayer–Norton theorem, is
a simplification that can be applied to networks made of linear time-invariant resistances, voltage
sources, and current sources. At a pair of terminals of the network, it can be replaced by a current source
and a single resistor in parallel.
For alternating current (AC) systems the theorem can be applied to reactive impedances as well as
resistances.
The Norton equivalent circuit is used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a
given frequency.

Norton's theorem and its dual, Thevenin's theorem, are widely used for circuit analysis simplification
and to study circuit's initial-condition and steady-state response.

Norton's theorem was independently derived in 1926 by Siemens & Halske researcher Hans Ferdinand
Mayer (1895–1980) and Bell Labs engineer Edward Lawry Norton (1898–1983)

Statement: Norton's Theorem as applied for DC circuit may be stated as:

Any two terminals linear, active, bilateral networks containing voltage source and resistance when
viewed from its output terminals is equivalent to a constant current source and a parallel connected
equivalent resistance. The constant current source (Norton's equivalent current source) is of magnitude
of the short circuit current at the terminals. The internal resistance is equivalent resistance of the
network looking back into the terminal with all the sources replaced by their internal resistance .

Mathematically, current through the load resistance RL is given by the equation

Where, IL = Load Current RN = Norton's Resistance

ISC = Short circuit current across the terminals. RL = Load Resistance

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Circuit diagram:

Calculation:

Supply Voltage = 9V
R1 = 99Ω
R 2 = 215Ω
R 3 = 3.8Ω
R 4 = 553
R L = 56Ω.

To find Norton's current, I𝑁

Apply KCL Node A
VA−9 VA VA
 + + =0
99 553 215+3.8

VA −9 VA VA
 + + =0
99 553 218.8

120996.4VA−1088967.6+21661.2VA+54747VA
 =0
11978643.6

197404.6VA−1088967.6
 =0
19978643.6

 197404.6VA = 1088967.6

1088967.6
 V𝐴 197404.6

 5.516V

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 A V 5.516
 IN = 215+3.8 =
218.8

 0.0252 A = 25.20mA

Find out Norton's resistance, R N

 R N = (9911553) + 215 + 3.8Ω

99×553
 RN = + 215 + 3.8Ω
99+553

 R N = 83.97 + 215+ 3.8

 R N = 302.77Ω
Find out load current, IL
RN
 IL = IN ×
RN +RL

302.77
= 0.0252 ×
302.77+56

= 0.0212 A

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Practical Circuit Diagram & Calculation:
Practical Circuit Diagram of Thevenin's theorem:

We find,
VTH=7.85v
R TH = 303Ω
IL =21.5mA

Error Calculation:

Theoretical Practical
SL NO Name of the parameter Error % Error
value value

1 Thevenin’s voltage, VTH 7.63v 7.85v 0.22v 2.88%

2 Thevenin’s Resistance, R TH 302.76Ω 303Ω -0.24 Ω 0.079%

3 Load Current, IL 21.26mA 21.5mA -0.24mA 1.12%

Error of Thevenin’s voltage= (7.63-7.85)= 0.22V

%Error of Thevenin’s voltage= (7.63-7.85)/7.63=2.88%

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 Practical Circuit Diagram of Norton’s theorem:

We find,
IN =24.01mA
R N =303Ω
IL =20.03
Error Calculation:

Theoretical Practical
SL NO Name of Parameter Error % Error
value value

1 Norton's current, IN 25.2mA 24.01mA 1.19mA 4.72%

2 Norton's Resistance, RN 302.76Ω 303Ω -0.24 Ω 0.079%

3 Load Current, IL 23.63mA 20.03mA 3.6mA 15.23%

Error of Norton's current = (25.2-24.01)= 1.19mA

%Error of Norton's current = (25.2-24.01)/25.2=4.72%

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Project costing:

Name of Equipment Price

Multi meter Rs. 150/-

Resistance Rs. 10/-

Jumper Wire Rs. 84/-

Breadboard Rs. 80/-

HW 9v battery Rs. 20/-

Total Rs. 344/-

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 Conclusions:
Thevenin's theorem allows for the simplification of complex
circuits into a simpler equivalent circuit. This simplification enables easier
analysis and calculation of circuit performance, such as voltage, current, and
power, without the need to consider the detailed internal workings of the
original network.

Norton's theorem provides an alternative method for

simplifying complex circuits into a simpler equivalent circuit, focusing on
current sources. It allows for easier analysis and calculation of circuit
performance in terms of current and resistance.

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Reference:
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.google.com
 www.youtube.com

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