Rerf Project Word 1 - Merged
Rerf Project Word 1 - Merged
Theory 1
Statement 1
Circuit diagram 2
Calculation 2
Theory 3
Statement 3
Circuit diagram 4
Calculation 4
Thevenin’s Theorem 6
Norton’s Theorem 7
Project costing 8
Conclusion 9
Reference 10
Thevenin's theorem:
Theory:
Thevenin's theorem is a theorem in circuit theory that states that any linear circuit can be replaced with an
equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source in series with a single resistor. This equivalent circuit,
known as the Thevenin equivalent circuit, is electrically equivalent to the original circuit at a specified pair of
terminals.
Thevenin's theorem was first published in 1883 by Léon Charles Thevenin, a French electrical engineer. The
theorem is based on the principle of superposition, which states that the total response of a linear circuit to a set
of inputs is the sum of the individual responses to each input.
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Circuit diagram:
Calculation:
Supply Voltage = 9V
R1 = 99Ω
R 2 = 215Ω
R 3 = 3.8Ω
R 4 = 553
R L = 56Ω
To find Thevenin's voltage, VTH
Apply KVL Loop 1
9 – I99 – I553=0
- I652=-9
9
I =652
I = 0.0138
V553 =0.0138×553
= 7.6314V = VOC = VTH
To find Thevenin's Resistance, R TH
R= (99∥533) +215+3.8Ω
99×553
= +215+3.8
99+553
= 83.97+215+3.8
= 302.77
To find Thevenin's load current IL
9
IL =
302.77+56
= 0.025A
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Norton’s theorem:
Theory: In direct-current circuit theory, Norton's theorem, also called the Mayer–Norton theorem, is
a simplification that can be applied to networks made of linear time-invariant resistances, voltage
sources, and current sources. At a pair of terminals of the network, it can be replaced by a current source
and a single resistor in parallel.
For alternating current (AC) systems the theorem can be applied to reactive impedances as well as
resistances.
The Norton equivalent circuit is used to represent any network of linear sources and impedances at a
given frequency.
Norton's theorem and its dual, Thevenin's theorem, are widely used for circuit analysis simplification
and to study circuit's initial-condition and steady-state response.
Norton's theorem was independently derived in 1926 by Siemens & Halske researcher Hans Ferdinand
Mayer (1895–1980) and Bell Labs engineer Edward Lawry Norton (1898–1983)
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Circuit diagram:
Calculation:
Supply Voltage = 9V
R1 = 99Ω
R 2 = 215Ω
R 3 = 3.8Ω
R 4 = 553
R L = 56Ω.
VA −9 VA VA
+ + =0
99 553 218.8
120996.4VA−1088967.6+21661.2VA+54747VA
=0
11978643.6
197404.6VA−1088967.6
=0
19978643.6
197404.6VA = 1088967.6
1088967.6
V𝐴 197404.6
5.516V
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A V 5.516
IN = 215+3.8 =
218.8
0.0252 A = 25.20mA
99×553
RN = + 215 + 3.8Ω
99+553
R N = 302.77Ω
Find out load current, IL
RN
IL = IN ×
RN +RL
302.77
= 0.0252 ×
302.77+56
= 0.0212 A
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Practical Circuit Diagram & Calculation:
Practical Circuit Diagram of Thevenin's theorem:
We find,
VTH=7.85v
R TH = 303Ω
IL =21.5mA
Error Calculation:
Theoretical Practical
SL NO Name of the parameter Error % Error
value value
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Practical Circuit Diagram of Norton’s theorem:
We find,
IN =24.01mA
R N =303Ω
IL =20.03
Error Calculation:
Theoretical Practical
SL NO Name of Parameter Error % Error
value value
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Project costing:
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Conclusions:
Thevenin's theorem allows for the simplification of complex
circuits into a simpler equivalent circuit. This simplification enables easier
analysis and calculation of circuit performance, such as voltage, current, and
power, without the need to consider the detailed internal workings of the
original network.
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Reference:
www.wikipedia.com
www.google.com
www.youtube.com
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