ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

Weight in air = Real weight

Weight in water = Apparent weight
F = Buoyant forced
Spring = weight of liquid displaced
balance F = mg
F = ρVg
F = Real weight – apparent weight
Float F = W (ship)
Eureka Sink W > F (submarine)
cam Fly F > W (hot air balloon)

Measuring cylinder
object

F
Water
W displacement

Archimedes’ principle

For an object which is partially or fully immersed in liquid, the buoyant

force is equal to the weight of liquid displaced

1. An object of measurement 20 cm X 10 cm X 50 cm with density 4000 kgm -3.

Is fully immersed in water of density 1000 kgm -3.. Calculate

a) volume of the object,

V = 0.2 X 0.1 X 0.5 = 0.01 m3

1 cm 3 = ( 0.01) 3 m 3 = 10 -6 m 3
10 000 cm 3 = 10 000 X 10 -6 = 0.01 m 3

b) mass of the object,

m = 4000 X 0.01 = 40 kg

c) weight of the object,

W = mg = 40 (9.81) = 392.4 N
d) volume of water displaced
= 0.01 m3
e) mass of water displaced
= 1000 X 0.01 = 10 kg
f) weight of water displaced,
W = 98.1 N
g) buoyant force
= 98.1 N
h) apparent weight of the object
= 392.4 - 98.1 = 294.3 N

98.1 = 392.4 – apparent weight

2. An object, 0.04 m3 of density 2000 kg m-3 is fully immersed in liquid of

density 800 kg m-3. Calculate
a) mass of the object
= 2000 (0.04) = 80 kg
b) weight of the object
80 (9.81) = 784.8 N
c) mass of liquid displaced
= 800 (0.04) = 32 kg
d) weight of liquid displaced
= 32 (9.81) = 313.92 N
e) apparent weight
= 784.8 – 313.92 = 470.88 N

3. An object, 0.05 m3 of density 2500 kg m-3 is fully immersed in liquid of

density 1200 kg m-3. Calculate
a) weight of the object
b) weight of liquid displaced
c) apparent weight
a) 1226.25 N
b) buoyant force
= 588.6 N
c) apparent weight =
637.65 N
4. An object, 400 cm3 of density 4 gcm-3 is fully immersed in water of density
1 g cm-3. Calculate the apparent weight of the object

m object = 1600 g = 1.6 kg

W object = 15.7 N
m water = 400 g = 0.4 kg
W water = 3.92 N
App weight = 11.78 N

cylindrical object hh

water

5. A cylindrical object is floating in water of density 1 gcm-3 The depth of

immersion, h is 40 cm. The base area of the object is 20 cm2

a) name and label two forces acting on the object

F = buoyant force
W = Weight
b) state the relationship between the two forces
F=W
c) Calculate
(i) volume of water displaced
= 20 (40 ) = 800 cm 3 = 800 X 10 -6 = 8 X 10 -4 m3
(ii) mass of water displaced
= 1 (800) = 800 g = 0.8 kg
(iii) weight of water displaced (F)
= 0.8 (9.81) = 7.85 N
(iv) weight of the object
= 7.85 N
(v) apparent weight of the object
= 0N
 cylindrical object hh

water

d) what will happen to h if water is replaced with oil?

h increases, oil has lower density
BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE

Pressure of a flowing fluid ( liquid/gas) is inversely proportional to the

speed/velocity of the fluid. As the speed increases, the pressure decreases.
Pα 1
V

Venturi tube

hX
hZ

X Z
hY
vX Y vy Vz

Vy > Vz > Vx
Py < Pz < Px
hy < hz < hx
Applications
1. Aerofoil
2. Bunsen Burner

P atm

3. Spinning ball

low speed, high pressure

high speed, low pressure

4. Car carburetor

high speed, low pressure P atm

5. Insecticide spray

high speed, low pressure

X

liquid
1 Diagram 11.1 shows an apparatus which is used to determine the density of a
liquid. These apparatus is an application of Archimedes’ Principle.

.
Straw
Penyedut minuman

Thread
Benang

Liquid
Sand
Cecair
Pasir
Plasticine
Plastisin

Diagram 11.1/ Rajah 11.1

(a) State the Archimedes’ Principle

[1 mark]

Rod
Rod

Water
Olive oil
Air Minyak zaiton

Diagram 11.2/Rajah 11.2 Diagram 11.3/ Rajah 11.3

(a) Diagram 11.2 shows a rod immersed in water and Diagram 11.3 shows
the same rod immersed in olive oil. Explain why the rod float in water and
sinks deeper in olive oil.
[4 marks]

- Weight of the rod = Buoyant force

- Buoyant force is equal
- Oil has lower density than water
- The rod misplaced more liquid in oil
 Load X
(c) Beban X

Wooden bock
Bongkah kayu

Water
Air

Diagram 11.4/ Rajah 11.4

Diagram 11.4 shows a load X is placed on a wooden block. Both of them is
then placed in water of density 1000 kgm-3. The mass of the wooden block is
3 kg and the density is 800 kgm-3.

(i) Calculate the volume of water displaced by the load and the wooden
block.
V = 3/800 = 0.00375 m3
[ 2 marks]

(ii) Calculate the mass of the load X .

W = F = 1000 (0.00375) 9.81 = 36.79 N

m = 36.79/9.81 = 3.75 kg
m load = 3.75 – 3 = 0.75 kg
[3 marks]
(d). Diagram 11.5 shows a hot air balloon.
Rajah 11.5 menunjukkan belon udara panas

Balloon
Belon

Basket
Bakul

burner

Diagram 11.5 / Rajah 11.5

Table 11.1 shows four hot air ballon with different spesifications.
Jadual 11.1 menunjukkan empat belon udara panas dengan spesikasi yang
berlainan

Hot air Volume of the Material used Material used Temperature

balloon balloon for the for the basket of air inside
Belon (envelope) balloon Bahan yang the balloon
udara Isipadu Bahan yang digunakan Suhu udara
panas belon(karung) digunakan untuk bakul di dalam
untuk belon belon
3
J 560 m Nylon Aluminium 500 C
Nilon
3
K 2800 m Nylon Rattan 990 C
Nilon Rotan
3
L 4m Cotton Aluminium 500 C
Kapas
3
M 25 m Cotton Rattan 1200 C
Kapas Rotan

Table 11.1 / Jadual 11.1

You are required to determine the most suitable hot air balloon which can travel
at higher altitude. Explain the suitability of each of the characteristic of the
balloon. Choose the most suitable balloon and justify your choice.

Anda dikehendaki menentukan belon udara panas yang paling sesuai yang
boleh terbang pada altitud lebih tinggi. Terangkan kesesuaian setiap ciri-ciri
belon. Pilih belon paling sesuai dan berikan sebab untuk pilihan anda

[10 marks]