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Electric Potential

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15 views

Electric Potential

Materi

Uploaded by

Zara Laras
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Physics 2

Electric Potential

Lecturer: HKP
Student Outcome
 SO1 : menguasai konsep teoretis sains alam,
aplikasi matematika rekayasa; prinsip-prinsip
rekayasa (engineering fundamentals), sains
rekayasa dan perancangan rekayasa yang
diperlukan untuk analisis dan perancangan sistem
terintegrasi
Learning Outcome
 LO2 : memiliki ketrampilan dalam memanfaatkan
azas dan metode dalam elektromagnetika untuk
menjelaskan masalah fisik
Electric Potential

Content:

 Electric Potential Energy

 Electric Potential

 Potential from the Electric Field

 Potential Due To Charged Particle


Electric Potential Energy

• Gravitational force: F=G.m1.m2/r2

• Electrostatic force: F=k.q1.q2/r2

• One thing is in common: both of these forces are conservative


Electric Potential Energy

Gravitational force
Electric Potential Energy

Electrostatic force

Note: Electric energy is one type of energy.


Electric Potential Energy

Reference Point of Electric Potential Energy

The reference point can be anywhere. For convenience, we usually set charged
particles to be infinitely separated from one another to be zero potential
energy

The potential energy U of the system at any point f is

where W∞ is the work done by the electric field on a charged particle as that particle
moves in from infinity to point f.
Electric Potential Energy

Example 1: Work and potential energy by a proton

A proton, located at point A in an electric field, has an electric


potential energy of UA = 3.20 × 10-19 J. The proton experiences an
average electric force of 0.80 × 10-9 N, directed to the right. The
proton then moves to point B, which is a distance of 1.00 × 10-10 m to
the right of point A.

What is the electric potential energy of the proton at point B ?


Electric Potential
The electric potential V at a given point is the electric potential
energy U of a small test charge q0 situated at that point divided by
the charge itself:

If we set Ui = 0 at infinity as our reference potential energy,

SI Unit of Electric Potential: joule/coulomb=volt (V)

Note:
• Both the electric potential energy U and the electric potential V are scalars.
• The electric potential energy U and the electric potential V are not the same. The electric
potential energy is associated with a test charge, while electric potential is the property of
the electric field and does not depend on the test charge.
Electric Potential

• Electric field always points from


higher electric potential to lower
electric potential.

• A positive charge accelerates from a


region of higher electric potential
energy (or higher potential) toward
a region of lower electric potential
energy (or lower potential).

• A negative charge accelerates from


a region of lower potential toward a
region of higher potential.
Electric Potential

Example 2: The Accelerations of Positive and Negative Charges

Three points, A, B, and C, are located along a horizontal line. A


positive test charge is released from rest at A and accelerates toward
B. Upon reaching B, the test charge continues to accelerate toward C.
Assuming that only motion along the line is possible, what will a
negative test charge do when it is released from rest at B?
Electric Potential

Example 3: Work, Electric Potential Energy, and Electric Potential

The work done by the electric force as the test charge


(q0=+2.0×10–6 C) moves from A to B is WAB=+5.0×10–5 J. (a)
Find the difference, ΔU=UB–UA, in the electric potential energies
of the charge between these points. (b) Determine the potential
difference, ΔV=VB–VA, between the points.
Electric Potential

Example 4: Electric Field and Electric Potential

Two identical point charges (+2.4×10–9 C) are fixed in place,


separated by 0.50 m. Find the electric field and the electric
potential at the midpoint of the line between the charges qA and
qB.
Electric Potential

Example 5: Potential energy and change in an electric field

Electrons are continually being knocked out of air molecules in the atmosphere by
cosmic-ray particles coming in from space. Once released, each electron
experiences an electric force (F) due to the electric field (E) that is produced in the
atmosphere by charged particles already on Earth. Near Earth’s surface the electric
field has the magnitude E = 150 N/C and is directed downward.
What is the change ∆U in the electric potential energy of a released electron when
the electric force causes it to move vertically upward through a distance d = 520 m?
Through what potential change (∆V) does the electron move?
Potential from the Electric Field

Equipotential Surfaces

An equipotential surface is a surface on which the electric potential


is the same everywhere.
Potential from the Electric Field

Relation of Equipotential Surfaces and the Electric Field


1. The net electric force does no work as a charge moves on an
equipotential surface.

2. The electric field created by any charge or group of charges is


everywhere perpendicular to the associated equipotential
surfaces and points in the direction of decreasing potential.

What will happen if the


electric field E is not
perpendicular to the
equipotential surface?
Potential from the Electric Field

Calculating the Potential from the Field

V
Es = −
s
Potential from the Electric Field

Example 6:
The drawing shows a cross-
sectional view of two spherical
equipotential surfaces and two
electric field lines that are
perpendicular to these surfaces.
When an electron moves from point
A to point B (against the electric
field), the electric force does
+3.2×10–19 J of work. What are
the electric potential differences (a)
VB–VA, (b) VC–VB, and (c) VC–VA?
Potential from the Electric Field

Example 7:

The metal contacts of an electric wall socket are about 1.0 cm


apart and are maintained at a potential difference of 120 V.

a. What is the average electric field strength between the


contacts?
b. What is the direction of the electric field if the left contact is
the higher potential? Treat the potential difference between
the contacts as being constant in time.
Potential Due To Charged Particle

• To find the potential V due to a single point charge q, we can use:

• To find the potential V due to a collection of point charges:

• To find the potential V due to a continuous line charges:


Potential Due To Charged Particle

Example 8:

a) What is the electric potential at a distance r = 0,529 x 10-10 m


from a proton? This is the average distance between the proton
and the electron in a hydrogen atom.

b) What is the electric potential energy (U) of the electron and the
proton at this separation?
Potential Due To Charged Particle

Example 9:

Calculate the electric potential


(a) at point A due to the two
charges shown, and
(b) at point B
Potential Due To Charged Particle

Example 10:

What is the electric potential at


point P, located at the center
of the square of charged particles
shown in the figure?
The distance d is 1.3 m, and the
charges are
q1 = +12 nC, q3 = +31 nC.
q2 = -24 nC, q4 = +17 nC,
Thank you ☺

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