What Is Cloud

Computing ?
Cloud computing is adopted by every company, whether it is
an MNC or a startup many are still migrating towards it
because of the cost-cutting, lesser maintenance, and the
increased capacity of the data with the help of servers
maintained by the cloud providers.
One more reason for this drastic change from the On-premises
servers of the companies to the Cloud providers is you only
have to pay for the service which you are using.
The disadvantage On-premises server holds is that if the
server is not in use the company still has to pay for it
• On-demand self-services: The Cloud computing services does not require any
human administrators, user themselves are able to provision, monitor and
manage computing resources as needed.

• Broad network access: The Computing services are generally provided over
standard networks and heterogeneous devices.

• Rapid elasticity: The Computing services should have IT resources that are
able to scale out and in quickly and on as needed basis. Whenever the user
require services it is provided to him and it is scale out as soon as its
requirement gets over.

• Resource pooling: The IT resource (e.g., networks, servers, storage,

applications, and services) present are shared across multiple applications
and occupant in an uncommitted manner. Multiple clients are provided service
from a same physical resource.

• Measured service: The resource utilization is tracked for each application

and occupant, it will provide both the user and the resource provider with an
account of what has been used. This is done for various reasons like
monitoring billing and effective use of resource.
• Flexible pricing models: Cloud providers offer a
variety of pricing models, including pay-per-use,
subscription-based, and spot pricing, allowing users
to choose the option that best suits their needs.
• Security: Cloud providers invest heavily in security
measures to protect their users’ data and ensure the
privacy of sensitive information
• Automation: Cloud computing services are often highly
automated, allowing users to deploy and manage
resources with minimal manual intervention.
• Sustainability: Cloud providers are increasingly
focused on sustainable practices, such as energy-
efficient data centers and the use of renewable
energy sources, to reduce their environmental impact
 Advantages of Cloud Computing:
Scalability:
• One of the best advantages of cloud computing is scalability. Maintaining
a business, organization, or another element is trying in ideal
circumstances.
• Especially amid the stresses of downturn, expansion, pandemic, war, work
putting together, and store network disturbances.
• Cloud Computing provides the opportunity to scale at your own speed.
Security:
• Small private companies are multiple times more likely to suffer a
cyberattack than large organizations.
• That most likely shocks numerous owners of companies. only 33% of
organizations with four or fewer representatives register hacks as a danger.
Accessible to modern technology:
• Cloud computing is far more than an internet-based storage
service for data.
Cheaper:
• The cloud computing model is based on the ‘pay-as-you-
go’ principle and offers a possibly less expensive way for
organizations to remain coordinated and online. Albeit the costs
for hard drives, strong state drives, servers, and other
fundamental things have fallen lately, cloud computing proves
to be the best regarding cost expenses.
Mobility:
• The option to compute heavy tasks from anywhere. Work-life
balance and working from home on everyone’s brains
nowadays, information and workflow through the cloud
introduces itself as a sensible investment.
 What is a Cloud Deployment Model?
Cloud Deployment Model functions as a virtual computing
environment with a deployment architecture that varies depending
on the amount of data you want to store and who has access to the
infrastructure.
Types of Cloud Computing Deployment Models
• The cloud deployment model identifies the specific type of
cloud environment based on ownership, scale, and access, as
well as the cloud’s nature and purpose.
• The location of the servers you’re utilizing and who controls
them are defined by a cloud deployment model.
• It specifies how your cloud infrastructure will look, what you can
change, and whether you will be given services or will have to
create everything yourself.
• Relationships between the infrastructure and your users are also
defined by cloud deployment types
 Two types of Cloud Deployment

• Public Cloud
• Private Cloud
• Hybrid cloud
• Community cloud
• Multi Cloud
 Public Cloud
• The public cloud makes it possible for anybody to access systems and services.
The public cloud may be less secure as it is open to everyone. The public cloud
is one in which cloud infrastructure services are provided over the internet to the
general people or major industry groups.
• The infrastructure in this cloud model is owned by the entity that delivers the
cloud services, not by the consumer.
• It is a type of cloud hosting that allows customers and users to easily access
systems and services. This form of cloud computing is an excellent example of
cloud hosting, in which service providers supply services to a variety of
customers.
• In this arrangement, storage backup and retrieval services are given for free, as a
subscription, or on a per-user basis. For example, Google App Engine etc.
 Advantages of the Public Cloud Model
• Minimal Investment: Because it is a pay-per-use service, there is no
substantial upfront fee, making it excellent for enterprises that
require immediate access to resources.
• No setup cost: The entire infrastructure is fully subsidized by the
cloud service providers, thus there is no need to set up any hardware.
• Infrastructure Management is not required: Using the public
cloud does not necessitate infrastructure management.
• No maintenance: The maintenance work is done by the service
provider (not users).
• Dynamic Scalability: To fulfill your company’s needs, on-demand
resources are accessible.
 Disadvantages of the Public Cloud
Model
• Less secure: Public cloud is less secure as resources are public
so there is no guarantee of high-level security.
• Low customization: It is accessed by many public so it can’t be
customized according to personal requirements.
 Private Cloud
• The private cloud deployment model is the exact opposite of the public
cloud deployment model. It’s a one-on-one environment for a single
user (customer). There is no need to share your hardware with anyone
else.
• The distinction between private and public clouds is in how you handle
all of the hardware. It is also called the “internal cloud” & it refers to the
ability to access systems and services within a given border or
organization.
• The cloud platform is implemented in a cloud-based secure environment
that is protected by powerful firewalls and under the supervision of an
organization’s IT department.
• The private cloud gives greater flexibility of control over cloud resources.
Advantages of the Private Cloud Model
• Better Control: You are the sole owner of the property. You
gain complete command over service integration, IT operations,
policies, and user behavior.
• Data Security and Privacy: It’s suitable for storing corporate
information to which only authorized staff have access. By
segmenting resources within the same infrastructure, improved
access and security can be achieved.
• Supports Legacy Systems: This approach is designed to work
with legacy systems that are unable to access the public cloud.
• Customization: Unlike a public cloud deployment, a private
cloud allows a company to tailor its solution to meet its specific
needs.
Disadvantages of the Private Cloud Model

• Less scalable: Private clouds are scaled within a certain range as

there is less number of clients.
• Costly: Private clouds are more costly as they provide
personalized facilities
 Hybrid Cloud
• By bridging the public and private worlds with a layer of
proprietary software, hybrid cloud computing gives the best of
both worlds. With a hybrid solution, you may host the app in a
safe environment while taking advantage of the public cloud’s
cost savings.
• Organizations can move data and applications between
different clouds using a combination of two or more cloud
deployment methods, depending on their needs
 Advantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model
• Flexibility and control: Businesses with more flexibility can design
personalized solutions that meet their particular needs.
• Cost: Because public clouds provide scalability, you’ll only be
responsible for paying for the extra capacity if you require it.
• Security: Because data is properly separated, the chances of data
theft by attackers are considerably reduced.
 Disadvantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model

• Difficult to manage: Hybrid clouds are difficult to manage as it

is a combination of both public and private cloud. So, it is
complex.
• Slow data transmission: Data transmission in the hybrid cloud
takes place through the public cloud so latency occurs.
 Community Cloud
• It allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of
organizations. It is a distributed system that is created by
integrating the services of different clouds to address the
specific needs of a community, industry, or business.
• The infrastructure of the community could be shared between
the organization which has shared concerns or tasks.
• It is generally managed by a third party or by the combination
of one or more organizations in the community.
Advantages of the Community Cloud Model
• Cost Effective: It is cost-effective because the cloud is shared
by multiple organizations or communities.
• Security: Community cloud provides better security.
• Shared resources: It allows you to share resources,
infrastructure, etc. with multiple organizations.
• Collaboration and data sharing: It is suitable for both
collaboration and data sharing.
Disadvantages of the Community Cloud Model

• Limited Scalability: Community cloud is relatively less scalable

as many organizations share the same resources according to
their collaborative interests.
• Rigid in customization: As the data and resources are shared
among different organizations according to their mutual
interests if an organization wants some changes according to
their needs they cannot do so because it will have an impact on
other organizations.
 Multi-Cloud
• We’re talking about employing multiple cloud providers at the same
time under this paradigm, as the name implies.
• It’s similar to the hybrid cloud deployment approach, which combines
public and private cloud resources.
• Instead of merging private and public clouds, multi-cloud uses many
public clouds. Although public cloud providers provide numerous
tools to improve the reliability of their services, mishaps still occur.
• It’s quite rare that two distinct clouds would have an incident at the
same moment. As a result, multi-cloud deployment improves the high
availability of your services even more.
 Advantages of the Multi-Cloud Mode
• You can mix and match the best features of each cloud
provider’s services to suit the demands of your apps, workloads,
and business by choosing different cloud providers.
• Reduced Latency: To reduce latency and improve user
experience, you can choose cloud regions and zones that are
close to your clients.
• High availability of service: It’s quite rare that two distinct
clouds would have an incident at the same moment. So, the
multi-cloud deployment improves the high availability of your
services.
Disadvantages of the Multi-Cloud Model

• Complex: The combination of many clouds makes the system

complex and bottlenecks may occur.
• Security issue: Due to the complex structure, there may be
loopholes to which a hacker can take advantage hence, makes
the data insecure.
 What is IAAS?
• infrastructure As A Service (IAAS) is means of delivering computing
infrastructure as on-demand services. It is one of the three
fundamental cloud service models.
• The user purchases servers, software data center space, or network
equipment and rent those resources through a fully outsourced, on-
demand service model.
• It allows dynamic scaling and the resources are distributed as a
service. It generally includes multiple-user on a single piece of
hardware.
• It totally depends upon the customer to choose its resources wisely
and as per need. Also, it provides billing management too.
 Characteristics of IAAS
(Infrastructure as a Service)
• IAAS is like renting virtual computers and storage space in the cloud.
• You have control over the operating systems, applications, and
development frameworks.
• Scaling resources up or down is easy based on your needs.
Example of IAAS (Infrastructure As A Service)
• Amazon Web Services
• Microsoft Azure
• Google Compute Engine
• Digital Ocean
 Advantages of IaaS
• The resources can be deployed by the provider to a customer’s environment
at any given time.
• Its ability to offer the users to scale the business based on their requirements.
• The provider has various options when deploying resources including virtual
machines, applications, storage, and networks.
• It has the potential to handle an immense number of users.
• It is easy to expand and saves a lot of money.
• Enhanced scalability and quite flexible.
• Dynamic workloads are supported.
Disadvantages of IaaS
• Security issues are there.
• Service and Network delays are quite a issue in IaaS.
 What is PAAS?
• Platform As A Service (PAAS) is a cloud delivery model for
applications composed of services managed by a third party.
• It provides elastic scaling of your application which allows
developers to build applications and services over the internet and
the deployment models include public, private and hybrid.
• it is a service where a third-party provider provides both software
and hardware tools to the cloud computing. The tools which are
provided are used by developers. PAAS is also known as
Application PAAS.
• It helps us to organize and maintain useful applications and
services. It has a well-equipped management system and is less
expensive compared to IAAS.
 Characteristics of PAAS
(Platform as a Service)
• PAAS is like a toolkit for developers to build and deploy applications
without worrying about infrastructure.
• Provides pre-built tools, libraries, and development environments.
• Developers focus on building and managing applications, while the
provider handles infrastructure management.
• It speeds up the development process and allows for easy
collaboration among developers.
Examples of PAAS (Platform as a Service)
• AWS Lambda
• Google App Engine
• Google Cloud
• IBM Cloud
Advantages of PaaS
• Programmers need not worry about what specific database or language the
application has been programmed in.
• It offers developers the to build applications without the overhead of the
underlying operating system or infrastructure.
• Provides the freedom to developers to focus on the application’s design
while the platform takes care of the language and the database.
• It is flexible and portable.
• It is quite affordable.
• It manages application development phases in the cloud very efficiently.

Disadvantages of PaaS
• Data is not secure and is at big risk.
• As data is stored both in local storage and cloud, there are high chances of
data mismatch while integrating the data.
 What is SAAS?
• software As A Service (SAAS) allows users to run existing online
applications and it is a model software that is deployed as a
hosting service and is accessed over Output Rephrased/Re-
written Text the internet or software delivery model during
which software and its associated data are hosted centrally and
accessed using their client, usually an online browser over the
web. SAAS services are used for the development and
deployment of modern applications.
• It allows software and its functions to be accessed from
anywhere with good internet connection device and a browser.
An application is hosted centrally and also provides access to
multiple users across various locations via the internet.
Characteristics of SAAS (Software as a
Service)
• Applications are ready to use, and updates and maintenance are handled by the provider.
• You access the software through a web browser or app, usually paying a subscription fee.
• It’s convenient and requires minimal technical expertise, ideal for non-technical users.
• Example of SAAS (Software as a Service)
• Salesforce
• Google Workspace apps
• Microsoft 365
• Trello
• Zoom
• Slack
• Adobe Creative Clou
• Advantages of SaaS
• It is a cloud computing service category providing a wide range of hosted
capabilities and services. These can be used to build and deploy web-
based software applications.
• It provides a lower cost of ownership than on-premises software. The
reason is it does not require the purchase or installation of hardware or
licenses.
• It can be easily accessed through a browser along a thin client.
• No cost is required for initial setup.
• Low maintenance costs.
• Installation time is less, so time is managed properly.
• Disadvantages of SaaS
• Low performance.
• It has limited customization options.
• It has security and data concerns.
 What is Mobile Computing?

•
Mobile Computing is a technology that allows us to transmit data, audio,
and video via devices that are not connected with any physical link. The key
features of mobile computing are that the computing devices are portable
and connected over a network.
•
• Mobile computing began with the first laptops developed in 1980, and from
there, rapidly grew in capability with the 640*640 portable laptops from
Apple in 1990, the development of the first PDA in 1993, the first
smartphone from IBM released in 1994, network connectivity enabled
smartphones in 2000, the first iPhone released in 2007, and the first android
smartphone in 2009.
The Major Elements Of Mobile Computing
Are Mobile Communication, Mobile
Hardware, And Mobile Software.
• Mobile Communication: This refers to the communication infrastructure set in
place, including wireless network infrastructure, protocols, data formats,
bandwidths, and portals necessary to ensure seamless connectivity and
communication.
•
• Mobile Hardware: The hardware is the mobile computing devices and supporting
devices, with the capabilities required to perform their required operations and
connect to networks.
•
• Mobile Software: The most important software component is the operating
system, which is the brain of any computing system. For a laptop, this may be
Windows, Linux or macOS, and for a smartphone, it may be Android or iOS. The
different applications running on a device are also part of the mobile software.
Mobile Computing Devices
• usually, a mobile computing device would have a body- made of metal
or plastic, a RAM, a CPU, a hard drive, a motherboard, a keyboard and
a mouse- which could be separate components in the body or touch-
based, a screen, a video card, an operating system, software
applications, and finally, a network connection.

• This is around the same as the components of a personal computer,

which isn't a mobile device. But mobile devices may have other
components too, to make them portable, and certain characteristics
that make them different-
•
Size: The portability of mobile devices demand a smaller size. Reduction in size without
reducing capabilities have also always been a challenge when developing mobile devices.
•
• Power Source: Mobile devices are usually powered by rechargeable batteries. Improving
the battery life of mobile devices is another significant area of research.

• Operating System: Laptops run on more or less the same OS as PCs, but for smartphones
and other devices, the OS is significantly different. They are powerful but scaled-down and
made specifically for particular devices.
•
• Connectivity: Mobile computing devices have capabilities that allow access to the internet.
Also, mobile devices like smartphones have access to mobile broadband networks that
allow you to make and receive phone calls.
•
• Applications: Applications meant for mobile devices are specifically designed for running on
a particular OS. These applications are what extends the capabilities of devices beyond just
connecting to the internet or making calls.
•
• Other features generally found in mobile computing devices include
GPS capability, accelerometer, compass, microphone, camera, and so
on.
• Mobile computing devices have evolved greatly over time. A lot of the
devices that existed in the past have been phased out, like the Personal
Digital Assistant (PDA). We live now in the age of the smartphone, but
there are several other categories of mobile computing devices –
• Smartphone: A smartphone is a mobile phone with powerful
capabilities. They typically have a touchscreen interface, have internet
access, can run various applications, and include features like a camera
and GPS.
• Tablet computer: Tablets have touchscreens and virtual keyboards, and are often
thought of as an intermediary between a laptop and a smartphone. They have
better processing power, functionality, and screen resolution than smartphones.
Some models may also have a stylus meant for navigating the touch screen better.

• Wearable: A more recent addition, wearable computers like smartwatches offer

limited features similar to a smartphone within a watch.

• E-reader: E-readers are devices that are similar to tablets, but their main purpose is
to read digital documents.

• Other devices include scanners, carputers, handheld gaming consoles, advanced

digital cameras, smart speakers, and so on.
Advantages and Limitations of Mobile Computing

• The mobile computing revolution has doubtlessly been advantageous

for the whole world. But there are disadvantages, limitations, and
possible risks that mobile computing poses, and it is important to
study both the pros and the cons to make the best out of technology.

• So here are the advantages and limitations of mobile computing-

•
Advantages of mobile computing
Portability
•
• Mobility is the biggest benefit that mobile computing devices offer. With the advent of
mobile computing, it became possible for people to carry around computing devices
with great capabilities. There is no need to go to a physical location to access the
internet or work with a particular software.
•
• Affordability
•
• With each passing year, mobile computing devices are becoming cheaper and offer
more capabilities. Even those who are economically struggling can easily invest in a
smartphone. With affordability comes accessibility, and eventually, this would also
result in closing the digital divide.
•
• Data Access
•
• The internet opened up a trove of an incomprehensible amount of data, and mobile computing devices made that data accessible to
everyone. Gone are the days when you had to pore over huge books in a library to compile a research paper, or look through phone books,
or ask for directions at every street corner.
•
• Increased Productivity
•
• The above benefits facilitate a great increase in productivity. People can work from their homes at any and all times. They have access to
large amounts of information and can teach themselves anything and do anything.
•
• Entertainment
•
• A lot of us would’ve reached the breaking point during the lockdown periods if it weren’t for Netflix and Amazon Prime. Access to a wide
variety of movies, educational and informative content is now simple. Thanks to the availability of relatively inexpensive high-speed data
connections, you can live stream anything anywhere.
•
• Cloud Computing
•
• Advancements in cloud computing have greatly increased the capabilities of mobile computing. The limitations in physical capabilities that
mobile computing devices face can be overcome by storing information and accessing applications in the cloud.
 Limitations of mobile computing-
Security

• There are several security concerns associated with the increased

popularity of mobile computing devices. Keeping a device constantly
connected to the internet makes it vulnerable to threats. cybersecurity
concerns like data breaches and unethical practices such as hacking,
pirating, and so on, are becoming increasingly difficult to keep in check.

Issues with Connectivity

• Mobile devices need either WiFi connectivity or mobile network

connectivity to access most of their capabilities. Most applications don’t
function without internet connectivity, and the lack of it makes devices very
limited.
• Device Size Limitations
•
• The portability of mobile computing devices demands smaller sizes. And the limitations in size puts limitations on
features like processing power, storage, and screen resolution.

• Power Consumption

• Rechargeable batteries are always limited by the time it needs before it needs to be plugged in. A possible lack of
availability of power sources and charging stations can render mobile computing devices useless.

• Dependency

• Because mobile computing devices are lacking in some ways, as mentioned above, increased dependency on them
can prove dangerous. Nowadays we always expect to have our smartphone with us to help us solve any problem, and
we would be lost if it runs out of juice.

• We don’t know our way around without Google Maps, can’t do basic math without a calculator, rely on digital
payments and don’t carry around cash, and don’t know how to store memories without pictures. No matter how
much technology advances, there will be a certain amount of unreliability associated with mobile computing, and it
would be good for us to keep that in mind.
 Future of Mobile Computing

• With high-speed connections probably becoming ubiquitous in the future, the

accessibility and popularity of mobile computing will only increase further. With
new innovations like Li-Fi technology, you can get internet access through the light
of all things.
•
• Newer mobile computing devices are figuring out how to pack high processing
power into the smallest of packages. Samsung launched a new line of foldable
smartphones recently, which are lightyears ahead of the flip phones of the early
21st century.

• Technologies like Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things are also
propelling mobile computing forward in new and innovative directions.
What is a digital signature?

• A digital signature is a mathematical technique used to validate

the authenticity and integrity of a digital document, message or
software. It's the digital equivalent of a handwritten signature or
stamped seal, but it offers far more inherent security. A digital
signature is intended to solve the problem of tampering and
impersonation in digital communications.
• Digital signatures can provide evidence of origin, identity and
status of electronic documents, transactions or digital
messages. Signers can also use them to acknowledge informed
consent. In many countries, including the U.S., digital
signatures are considered legally binding in the same way as
traditional handwritten document signatures.
How do digital signatures work?

• Digital signatures are based on public key cryptography, also

known as asymmetric cryptography. Using a public key
algorithm -- such as Rivest-Shamir-Adleman, or RSA -- two
keys are generated, creating a mathematically linked pair of
keys: one private and one public.
• Digital signatures work through public key cryptography's
two mutually authenticating cryptographic keys. For encryption
and decryption, the person who creates the digital signature
uses a private key to encrypt signature-related data. The only
way to decrypt that data is with the signer's public key.
role of certifying
authorities:
• CAs are responsible for verification and issuance of DSC
to applicant. In the case of Aadhaar eKYC based
identity verification CA may use RA service for
facilitating the same. The responsibilities of an
organisational RA are different from these of an RA
which deals with individuals claiming no organisational
affiliation.