The shear deflection equals: Vertical Bracing

(0.25)(208) 2 In braced buildings the roof diaphragm loads or the roof X-

∆s = = 0.83 in. bracing loads are transferred to a vertical braced frame,
(8)(96)(16.9)
which in turn transfers the loads to the foundation level. In
most cases the vertical bracing is located at the perimeter of
The total deflection equals:
the structure so as not interfere with plant operations. The
∆ = ∆b + ∆s = 0.18 + 0.83 = 1.01 in. vertical bracing configuration most frequently used is an x-
To transfer the shear forces into the east and west walls braced system using angles or rods designed only to func-
of the structure the deck can be welded directly to the tion as tension members. However, in areas of high
perimeter beams. The deck must be connected to the seismicity, a vertical bracing system that incorporates ten-
perimeter beams with the same number of fasteners as sion/compression members is often required. In these cases,
required in the field of the diaphragm. Thus, 5/8 in. other bracing forms may be used, such as, chevron bracing
diaphragm arc spot welds 9 in. on center should be speci- or eccentrically braced frames.
fied at the east and west walls. In buildings with large aspect ratios, bracing may be
The reader is cautioned regarding connecting steel deck required in internal bays in order to reduce the brace forces,
to the end walls of buildings. If the deck is to be connected and to reduce foundation-overturning forces.
to a shear wall and a joist is placed next to the wall,
allowance must be made for the camber in the edge joist in 8.3 Temporary Bracing
order to connect the deck to the wall system. If proper Proper temporary bracing is essential for the timely and safe
details are not provided, diaphragm connection may not be erection and support of the structural framework until the
possible, and field adjustments may be required. Where the permanent bracing system is in place. The need for tempo-
edge joist is eliminated near the endwall, the deck can often rary bracing is recognized in Section M4.2 of the AISC
be pushed down flat on an endwall support. If the joist has specifications (AISC, 1989), (AISC, 1999), and in Section
significant camber, it may be necessary to provide simple 7.10 of the AISC Code of Standard Practice (AISC, 2000).
span pieces of deck between the wall and the first joist. A The Code of Standard Practice places the responsibility
heavier deck thickness may be required due to the loss in for temporary bracing solely with the erector. This is appro-
continuity. The edge should be covered with a sheet metal priate since temporary bracing is an essential part of the
cap to protect the roofing materials. This can present an work of erecting the steel framework.
additional problem since the sharp edge of the deck will While the general requirements of the Code of Standard
stick up and possibly damage the roofing. Practice are appropriate in establishing the responsibility
Along the north and south walls, a diaphragm chord can for temporary erection bracing, two major issues have the
be provided by attaching an angle to the top of the joists as potential to be overlooked in the process.
shown in Figure 8.2.2. The angle also stiffens the deck edge First, it is difficult to judge the adequacy of temporary
and prevents tearing of roofing materials along the edge bracing in any particular situation using only the general
where no parapet is provided under foot traffic. In some requirements as a guide. There is no “codified” standard
designs an edge angle may also be required for the side lap that can be applied in judging whether or not a minimum
connections for wind forces in the east-west direction. level of conformity has been met. However, ASCE 37-02,
Also, shear connectors may be required to transfer these Design Loads on Structures During Construction, (ASCE,
forces into the perimeter beam. Shown in Figure 8.2.3 is a 2002) and AISC Design Guide 10, Erection Bracing of
typical shear collector. Low-Rise Structural Steel Frames (AISC, 1997) can be use-
Roof X-Bracing ful in making evaluations of the adequacy of proposed tem-
porary bracing and in establishing the need for such
An alternative to the roof diaphragm is to use X-bracing to bracing.
develop a horizontal truss system. As with the metal deck Secondly, the Code of Standard Practice does not
diaphragm, as the length to width ratio of the building emphasize that the process of erection can induce forces
becomes larger than 3 to 1 the diagonal forces in the truss and stresses into components and systems such as footings
members may require consideration of an alternate bracing and piers that are not part of the structural steel framework.
method. Unless otherwise specified in the contract documents, it is
An especially effective way to develop an X-braced roof the practice of architects and engineers to design the ele-
is to utilize flat bar stock resting on the roof joists. The use ments and systems in a building for the forces acting upon
of ¼ in. bar stock does not usually interfere with deck the completed structure only. An exception to this is the
placement and facilitates erection. requirement in OSHA, Subpart R (OSHA, 2001) that col-

24 / DESIGN GUIDE 7 / INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS—ROOFS TO ANCHOR RODS, 2ND EDITION