Certificate III in Electrotechnology Electrician

Course 20222

SOLVE PROBLEMS IN DC CIRCUITS

UEENEEE104A

KS01-EE104A DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS

STUDENT WORKBOOK

TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute Direct Current circuits Workbook 1

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 SOLVE PROBLEMS IN DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS

UEENEEE104A

KS01-EE104A DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS

The intention of this workbook is that it be used as tool to summarise course related information from the Text Book
produced by Peter Phillips and first published by Cengage Learning Australia in 1997 entitled ‘electrical principles’ –
second edition.

The student is required to purchase this text book in order to complete the summary templates in this workbook

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 KS01-EE104A DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS
PART 1

TOPICS 1-5

T1 Basic electrical concepts encompassing:

• electrotechnology industry
• static and current electricity
• production of electricity by renewable and non renewable energy sources
• transportation of electricity from the source to the load via the transmission and distribution systems
• utilisation of electricity by the various loads
• basic calculations involving quantity of electricity, velocity and speed with relationship to the generation and
transportation of electricity.

T2 Basic electrical circuit encompassing:

• symbols used to represent an electrical energy source, a load, a switch and a circuit protection device in a circuit
diagram
• purpose of each component in the circuit
• effects of an open-circuit, a closed-circuit and a short-circuit
• multiple and sub-multiple units

T3 Ohm’s Law encompassing:

• basic d.c. single path circuit.
• voltage and currents levels in a basic d.c. single path circuit.
• effects of an open-circuit, a closed-circuit and a short-circuit on a basic d.c. single path relationship between voltage
and current from measured values in a simple circuit
• determining voltage, current and resistance in a circuit given any two of these quantities
• graphical relationships of voltage, current and resistance
• relationship between voltage, current and resistance

T4 Electrical power encompassing:

• relationship between force, power, work and energy
• power dissipated in circuit from voltage, current and resistance values
• power ratings of devices
• measurement electrical power in a d.c. circuit
• effects of power rating of various resistors

T5 Effects of electrical current encompassing:

• physiological effects of current and the fundamental principles (listed in AS/NZS 3000) for protection against the this
effect
• basic principles by which electric current can result in the production of heat; the production of magnetic fields; a
chemical reaction
• typical uses of the effects of current
• mechanisms by which metals corrode
• fundamental principles (listed in AS/NZS3000) for protection against the damaging effects of current

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 UEENEEE104A Solve problems in d.c. circuits

KS01-EE104A Direct current circuits

TOPIC 1
Basic Electrical concepts

Electrotechnology Industry 1.1 P2-3 Slides 6-8

• The industry can be divided into two groups - ______________________ and _____________________

• Electricity is provided by electrical ____________________ sources

and is supplied by way of ___________________ and _____________________ cables.

The Electrical industry includes

• Electrical Supply • Industrial • Commercial and domestic

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Renewable and non-renewable energy sources P28-29 2.1 Slides 12-14

• Coal, gas and nuclear power stations use _______________ renewable energy sources
• Coal and gas fired power stations produce _____________________ gasses which can influence climate

• Renewable energy sources are being increasingly used around the world
• Some of these energy sources include:-
Geothermal ______________________________________________________________________________
Solar ____________________________________________________________________________________
Hydro-electric _____________________________________________________________________________
Wind power _______________________________________________________________________________
Biogas

Electrical Quantities P6 1.4 Para 1 Slides NA

• The three most common electrical quantities are:-

___________________________ _____________________________ and _________________________

Voltage P6-7 1.4 Slides 16-19

• A voltage is electrical _____________________

and occurs between two points if one point has
more _____________________ than the other

Voltage and EMF

• Voltage is measured in _________________

• The symbol for voltage is ___________
• The voltage from a voltage source is also called ___________________________________ Force (EMF)
• The symbol for the EMF is the letter _________

Current P8-9 1.5 Slides 20-22

• Current is a flow of _______________________

• Current is assumed to flow from:-
___________________ to __________________
• Current flows only if there is a voltage and a
conducting path

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Current and coulombs

• Current is measured in __________________________

• The symbol for current is the letter ______________
• The symbol for amperes is the letter _________
• One ampere of current equals one ______________________________ of charge flowing per second
• The symbol for charge is the letter ____________

Resistance and classification of materials P9-11 1.6 Slides 23-28

• For current to flow, there must be a path for the

____________________________

• All materials can be classified as:-

______________________________________ • A conductor is a material that lets electrons flow
______________________________________ fairly _________________ because of its atomic
______________________________________ structure

Conductors include most metals

• Silver ____________________________________________________________________________________
• Copper ___________________________________________________________________________________
• Gold _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Aluminium ________________________________________________________________________________

Insulators do not conduct electricity

• If the voltage is high enough ________________________________________________________________

• Air ________________________________________________________
• Lightning is an example of ____________________________________________________________________
• Most insulating materials are _________________________________________________________________

A semiconductor is neither a conductor or an insulator

• The most common semiconductor material is _________________________________

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Resistance P11 1.5 Slides 30

• Resistance is opposition to _________________________ flow

• Resistance is measured in __________________________ and has the symbol __________
• The term ohm is often replaced with the Greek letter Ω
• If voltage doesn’t change, the ___________________________ the resistance is, the less current

Summary of voltage, current, charge and resistance P12 Table 1.2

Quantity Symbol for Quantity Measurement Unit Symbol for unit

EMF

voltage

current

charge

resistance
SUMMING UP P6/7/9/11 CHAPTER SUMMARY P21 SELF CHECK P22 Q1-16
Refer to NUE049/2 – Applied Electricity (dc) Learning resource manual January 2006 Topic 1
to select a range of exercises and review questions on charge, speed and velocity

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KS01-EE104A Direct current circuits

TOPIC 2
Basic Electrical circuits

Basic Electric Circuit P12-13 1.7 Slides 31-33

• A basic electric circuit has:-

a voltage _____________________
a path for the _______________________
and a ______________________________
• Adding a switch allows the __________________
to be turned on
• Adding a fuse to the circuit protects it against
_____________________ if a fault occurs

Circuit Diagrams P13-14 1.8 Slides 34-40

• A circuit diagram shows how ___________________ in a circuit are connected

• The diagram is drawn using ____________________ for each component in the circuit
• Australian ___________________ symbols are used in the electrical trades

Component symbols

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Actual circuit and its circuit diagram

Circuit conditions P15-16 1.9 Slides 41-43

Open-circuit

• An open circuit is caused when

the path is _________________

• Turning a switch _________ or

_____________________ a
wire gives an open-circuit

Closed-circuit

• A circuit is closed when

___________________ current
is flowing in the circuit.
• A _____________________
switch gives a closed circuit

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Short-circuit

• A short-circuit is an accidental
connection across the
______________________ of an
electrical supply.
• It is a fault that can cause
______________________

Measuring voltage Pages 17-18 1.10 Slides 44-46

• A voltmeter can be
____________________ and
_____________________ .
• A voltmeter is connected
__________________ the lamp
to measure the voltage
____________________ to the
lamp

Measuring current Pages 18-19 1.11 Slides 47-49

• ______________________
like voltmeters can be both
analog and digital
• When the switch is
________________ current
flows in the ________________
and __________________ the
ammeter, which shows the value
of the current

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Meter Connections P20-21 1.12 Slides 52-55

Using meters in a d.c. circuit

• Polarity • Range
the positive lead of a voltmeter should connect to the choose the correct meter _______________ to
_____________________ potential in the circuit. avoid damaging the meter.
• Normally start with the ________________
range

Voltmeter connection - voltmeters are connected in ___________________________

Ammeter connection

SUMMING UP P16 CHAPTER SUMMARY P21-22 SELF CHECK P22 Q17-20

Refer to NUE049/2 – Applied Electricity (dc) Learning resource manual January 2006 Topic 2 to select a range of
exercises and review questions on Basic Electrical Circuits

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 UEENEEE104A Solve problems in d.c. circuits

KS01-EE104A Direct current circuits

TOPIC 3
Ohms Law

Resistors and basic circuit diagram P44 3.1 Slide 5-7

Draw the symbol for a fixed resistor (Fig 3.1) Draw the symbol for a variable resistor (Fig 3.1)

Use the correct symbols to draw a

circuit diagram (Fig 3.1)

Ohm’s Law P 44-46 3.2 Slides 8-11

• Ohm’s law combines the three fundamental electrical quantities of ______________________ ,

_________________________ and resistance where:

• Voltage has the symbol ________ and is measured in ________________ (V)

• Current has the symbol ________ and is measured in _________________ (A)

• Resistance has the symbol ________ and is measured in _______________ (Ω)

Pressure and flow (Fig 3.2) Flow and resistance (Fig 3.3)

• Water flow is ________________________ • Water flow is inversely ___________________

proportional to the water pressure to the resistance of the pipe.

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• Because water _____________________ is equivalent to voltage and water flow is equivalent to
_______________________ ,
• Current is __________________________ proportional to voltage (𝐼𝐼 ∝ 𝑉𝑉)
1
• Current is __________________________ proportional to _____________________ (𝐼𝐼 ∝ )
𝑅𝑅

Ohms Law for current 3.2 P46 Slides 12-13

𝑉𝑉
𝐼𝐼 =
𝑅𝑅

Where:

I=
V=
R=

See example 3.1

Ohms Law for voltage 3.2 P47-48 Slides 15-16

𝑉𝑉 = 𝐼𝐼 × 𝑅𝑅

Where:

V=

I=

R=
See example 3.2

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Ohms Law for resistance 3.2 P49-50 Slides 18-19
𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅 =
𝐼𝐼

Where:

R=

V=

I=

See example 3.3

Show proof of the use of transposition to restate the Show proof of the use of transposition to restate the
𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉
ohms law equation 𝐼𝐼 = in terms of Volts ohms law equation 𝐼𝐼 = in terms of Resistance
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅

Complete Exercise 3.1 Questions 1-6 on page 51 Phillips

Metric Prefixes used in Electrotechnology 3.3 P 51 Slides 21-24

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Note: For information on the difference between Scientific and Engineering notation refer to 3.4 an3.5 on pages 55-
58 in Phillips
Complete Exercise 3.2 Questions 1-10 on pages 54-55 Phillips
Complete Exercise 3.3 Questions 1-10 on page 60 Phillips

Graphical relationships of current, voltage and resistance

SUMMING UP P CHAPTER SUMMARY P 61 SELF CHECK P 61 Q1-20

Refer to NUE049/2 – Applied Electricity (dc) Learning resource manual January 2006 Topic 3 to select a range of
exercises and review questions on Ohm’s Law

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KS01-EE104A Direct current circuits

TOPIC 4
Electrical Power

Energy and Work 4.1 Pages 64-68 Slides 5-10

• Energy • Work
is the ability to do __________________ is done when ____________________ is
can only exist in a form such as _____________ or transformed from one form to another
__________________ the amount of work done equals the amount of
cannot be created or destroyed ___________________ ___________________
can only be ______________________ from one work, like energy is measured in
form to another ____________________________
is measured in __________________________

• Mechanical energy • Work done = force times distance

work is done when a _____________________ where:
applied to an object causes it to move by a certain Work done _______________________________
_______________________ Force ____________________________________
work is always against a resistance such as distance __________________________________
____________________ , __________________ • One Joule of work is done when ______________
or other opposing forces _________________________________________
__________________________________________

• Force
Force = Mass times acceleration • One newton is defined as the force required to
F = ma accelerate a one ________________________
where: mass by a rate of ________________________
force __________________________________
mass ___________________________________
acceleration _____________________________
________________________________________ Example 14.1

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Show proof of the use of transposition to restate the Show proof of the use of transposition to restate the
Force equation in terms of mass force equation in terms of acceleration

Power 4.2 Pages 69-70 Slides 20-23

• Power • Power, work and time

is the rate at which ______________ is used or 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 =
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇
_________________ is done
where:
The unit of power is the ______________ ( )
power ___________________________________
Power is given the symbol ____________
work ____________________________________
time _____________________________________
Example 4.3

Show proof of the use of transposition to restate the Show proof of the use of transposition to restate the
power equation in terms of Work power equation in terms of Time

Complete Exercise 4.1 Page 72 Phillips Questions 1-2

Electrical Power 4.3 Pages 72-76 Slides 27-32

• Electrical power is measured in _____________ • Power = Voltage x Current

One watt of __________________ power is or
dissipated in a ____________________ when one a 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑉𝑉 × 𝐼𝐼
voltage of one _____________ causes a current of where
one _____________ to flow through the resistor. P = ________________________________
by Ohm’s law, the resistance of the circuit is one V = ________________________________
ohm. I = _________________________________

Examples 4.6 – 4.10

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Show proof of the use of transposition to restate the Show proof of the use of transposition to restate the
electrical power equation in terms of Voltage electrical power equation in terms of Current

Power and energy rating 4.4 Pages 76-77 Slide 33

• Electrical appliances are generally required to show how much power an

appliance will take when connected to its ___________________
voltage.
This is the appliance’s _______________________ rating.
• Domestic appliances are required to display an ___________________
consumption label. After one hour, this heater will have
• Appliance energy rating is given in terms of _______________ per year used ______________ kWh of
one kilowatt hour is the equivalent of 3 600 000 joules every hour. energy
Example 4.15

Complete Exercise 4.2 Page 72 Phillips Questions 1-5

Power and Ohm’s law 4.5 Pages 78-83 Slides 34-41

• The three Ohm’s law equations are:

R= I= V=

• The three power equations are:

P= V= I=

• Combining Ohm’s law and the _________________

equation gives nine equations that relate:-
___________________________
____________________________
____________________________ and
resistance Examples 4.12-4.18

Complete Exercise 4.3 Page 83 Phillips Questions 1-6

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Power change with I,V or R changes 4.6 Pages 84-85 Slides 43-44

• Effect on power if the voltage changes:

power taken will change by the square of the voltage
because
𝑉𝑉 2
𝑃𝑃 =
𝑅𝑅
If voltage changes to twice its normal value, power
taken increases _______________ times
P = 2.5W P = 10W

• Effect on power if current changes: Do example 4.20 on page 85 Phillips

if current changes to twice its normal value, power
taken will increase by ____________ times because
P = I2 R

• Effect on power if resistance changes

if the voltage to a circuit is constant and the circuit ______________________ falls by half, the current
____________________ in value.
because 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑉𝑉 × 𝐼𝐼, the power taken by the circuit also ______________________

Go to Chapter 25
Using a wattmeter 25.2 Pages 617-621 Slides (25b) 19-
26

• A wattmeter measures electrical _______________, either DC or true AC power

• It has four connections, because a wattmeter needs to measure the ______________ taken by the circuit, and
the ___________________ applied to the circuit.
• The wattmeter reading is the product of the current and the voltage.
• A wattmeter can be either analog or digital.

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How to connect a wattmeter into a circuit

CHAPTER SUMMARY P86 Phillips SELF CHECK P86-87 Questions 1-20

(leave out Q3,4,5,6,8,9)

Refer to NUE049/2 – Applied Electricity (dc) Learning resource manual January 2006 Topic 4 to select a range of
exercises and review questions on Electrical Power

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 UEENEEE104A Solve problems in d.c. circuits

KS01-EE104A Direct current circuits

TOPIC 5
Effects of Electrical Current

Effects of an electric current 2.2 Pages 32-40 Slide 21-34

• Effects caused by an electric current include

• Heating effect
Heat is developed when __________________
flows through a resistance.

• Magnetic effect
a basic application of the magnetic effect is the
_________________________
a common use for the electromagnet is in a device
called a __________________________
a relay is used to switch loads such as
________________________________________
________________________________________
motors and transformers are common applications
of the _________________________ effect of an
electrical current

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• Chemical effect
current can flow in liquids called __________________________
an electrolyte contains ___________________ which are atoms with a _____________________ or
_______________________ charge.

Electrolysis
positive ions move to the
_________________ and
negative ____________
move towards the anode to
produce purified copper

Electroplating
The main use of electroplating is to protect metals against _________________________
It is also used to build up a ___________________ metal surface

Galvanic corrosion
Corrosion occurs because of the voltaic effect in
which two dissimilar metals and the electrolyte
form an electric _________________
The current produced by the cell causes metals
to ________________________
To limit corrosion, a _____________________
anode is placed in contact with the metal being
protected.

• Luminous effect
Light is produced by passing an electric current through certain types of _________________ , which
__________________________ creating a plasma
An example is a ____________________________ lamp (also called a ______________________ lamp)
A light emitting diode ( _________ ) produces light by way of the effect called _________________________
which is caused by ________________________ releasing energy in the form of photons (light)

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• Physiological effect
Is caused by passing a ____________________ through a living
organism
Blood is a _________________ conductor
Current flowing through a human interferes with the body’s
__________________________ ______________________
The effect on a human depends on how _________________
current flows and the _____________________ it takes
through the body.

Protection against effects of an electric current 2.3 Pages 40-41 Slides 35-37

• AS/NZS 3000 specifies ways of minimising the effect of an electric shock:

Protection against ___________________ contact Protection against ____________________ contact due

through a combination of _________________ to a fault condition through the use of devices
________________ or ___________________ that ________________________ disconnect
and placing exposed electrical conductors out of the power
________________________ (eg, ______________________________ )

Direct contact Indirect contact due to faults

CHAPTER SUMMARY SELF CHECK

P41-42 Phillips (last two thirds) P42 Questions 11-20
Refer to NUE049/2 – Applied Electricity (dc) Learning resource manual January 2006 Topic 5 to select a range of
exercises and review questions on Effects of an Electric Current

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 KS01-EE104A DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS
PART 2

TOPICS 6-10

T6 EMF sources energy sources and conversion electrical energy encompassing:

• basic principles of producing a emf from the interaction of a moving conductor in a magnetic field.
• basic principles of producing an emf from the heating of one junction of a thermocouple.
• basic principles of producing a emf by the application of sun light falling on the surface of photovoltaic cells
• basic principles of generating a emf when a mechanical force is applied to a crystal (piezo electric effect)
• principles of producing a electrical current from primary, secondary and fuel cells
• input, output, efficiency or losses of electrical systems and machines
• effect of losses in electrical wiring and machines
• principle of conservation of energy

T7 Resistors encompassing:
• features of fixed and variable resistor types and typical applications
• identification of fixed and variable resistors
• various types of fixed resistors used in the Electro technology Industry. e.g. wire-wound, carbon film, tapped resistors.
• various types of variable resistors used in the Electro technology Industry e.g. adjustable resistors: potentiometer and
rheostat; light dependent resistor (LDR); voltage dependent resistor (VDR) and temperature dependent resistor (NTC,
PTC).
• characteristics of temperature, voltage and light dependent resistors and typical applications of each
• power ratings of a resistor.
• power loss (heat) occurring in a conductor.
• resistance of a colour coded resistor from colour code tables and confirm the value by measurement.
• measurement of resistance of a range of variable’ resistors under varying conditions of light, voltage, temperature
conditions.
• specifying a resistor for a particular application.

T8 Series circuits encompassing:

• circuit diagram of a single-source d.c. ‘series’ circuit.
• Identification of the major components of a ‘series’ circuit: power supply; loads; connecting leads and switch
• applications where ‘series’ circuits are used in the Electro technology industry.
• characteristics of a ‘series’ circuit - connection of loads, current path, voltage drops, power dissipation and affects of an
open circuit in a ‘series’ circuit.
• the voltage, current, resistances or power dissipated from measured or given values of any two of these quantities
• relationship between voltage drops and resistance in a simple voltage divider network.
• setting up and connecting a single-source series dc circuit
• measurement of resistance, voltage and current values in a single source series circuit
• effect of an open-circuit on a series connected circuit

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T9 Parallel circuits encompassing:
• schematic diagram of a single-source d.c. ‘parallel’ circuit.
• major components of a ‘parallel’ circuit (power supply, loads, connecting leads and switch)
• applications where ‘parallel’ circuits are used in the Electrotechnology industry.
• characteristics of a ‘parallel’ circuit. (load connection, current paths, voltage drops, power dissipation, affects of an
open circuit in a ‘parallel’ circuit).
• relationship between currents entering a junction and currents leaving a junction
• relationship between branch currents and resistances in a two branch current divider network.
• calculation of the total resistance of a ‘parallel’ circuit.
• calculation of the total current of a ‘parallel’ circuit.
• Calculation of the total voltage and the individual voltage drops of a ‘parallel’ circuit.
• setting up and connecting a single-source d.c. parallel circuit
• resistance, voltage and current measurements in a single-source parallel circuit
• voltage, current, resistance or power dissipated from measured values of any of these quantities
• output current and voltage levels of connecting cells in parallel.

T10 Series/parallel circuits encompassing:

• schematic diagram of a single-source d.c. ‘series/parallel’ circuit.
• major components of a ‘series/parallel’ circuit (power supply, loads, connecting leads and switch)
• applications where ‘series/parallel’ circuits are used in the Electrotechnology industry.
• characteristics of a ‘series/parallel’ circuit. (load connection, current paths, voltage drops, power dissipation, affects of
an open circuit in a ‘series/parallel’ circuit).
• relationship between voltages, currents and resistances in a bridge network.
• calculation of the total resistance of a ‘series/parallel’ circuit.
• calculation of the total current of a ‘series/parallel’ circuit.
• calculation of the total voltage and the individual voltage drops of a ‘series/parallel’ circuit.
• setting up and connecting a single-source d.c. series/ parallel circuit
• resistance, voltage and current measurements in a single-source d.c. series / parallel circuit
• the voltage, current, resistances or power dissipated from measured values of any two of these quantities

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KS01-EE104A Direct current circuits

TOPIC 6
EMF sources, energy sources and conversion of electrical energy

Producing a voltage 2.1 Page 25 Slides 5-6

• The Law of conservation of energy says that energy cannot be ______________ or _________________
• However, energy can be converted from one __________________ to another
• The most commonly used energy sources are:-

i) ii) iii) iv)

Mechanical to Electrical 2.1 Pages 25-29 Slides 7-12

• There are three ways to convert mechanical movement into electrical energy.
Note – the syllabus requires only ii) and iii)

i) ii) iii)

ii) Piezo-electric where:-

• Pressure is applied to ________________ faces of a ________
crystal.
• Pressure can be by _________________ , flexing or
__________________ the piezo element.

• Piezo elements are used in various devices like:-

iii) Magnetism where:-

• a _____________________ is moved in a magnetic field
• where a voltage is _________________ in the conductor
• A simple alternator has a __________________ that rotates
inside a ________________.
• In a practical alternator, rotation is provided by a __________
_________________ such as :-

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Chemical to Electrical 2.1 Pages 29-30 Slide 16

• When two different ________________ are put into a liquid

called an ____________________, a ________________ is
developed between the two metals.
• The basic electric cell has three components:-
_______________ ________________ _________________

• Types of cells fall into two categories:-

Those that can be ___________________ (Secondary Cells) examples being:-
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Those that are disposed of (Primary Cells) examples being:-
________________________________________________________________________________________
• The most common type of electric cells are the:-
i) __________________________________________ ii) __________________________________________
• When cells are connected in series, they form a _______________________.

Fuel Cells
• A fuel cell uses chemical reactions to create electricity directly. This process is highly efficient and produces
limited emissions. The most common fuel sources are natural gas and hydrogen.

(See Electrical Wiring Practice Vol 2 Keith Pethebridge Ian Neeson – McGaw Hill Page 69 for more information)

Heat to Electrical 2.1 Pages 30-31 Slide 17

• Heat can be used to produce a voltage directly using a device called a _________________________
• A thermocouple is formed by two different __________________ joined at one _________________
• The metals used in thermocouple wires depend on the __________________ the junction will be exposed to.
• The voltage output of a thermocouple is in the order of ____________ Volts
• Thermocouples are used in industrial temperature
control systems where the thermocouple voltage is
used to control ____________________
___________________.

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Light to Electrical 2.1 Pages 31-32 Slide 18

• A device that produces a voltage when exposed to light is called

________________ _________________
• The best known photo-voltaic device is the _______________
_______________
• A single solar cell produces about _____________V and cells are
combined to form a solar __________________

• Solar panels are used in many applications – for example: __________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
• A solar cell doesn’t need any ___________________ and produces electricity whenever _______________ is
present.

Efficiency Go to Chapter 4 4.2 Pages 71-72 Slide (Chap 4) 26

• The ________________ power is the power taken by the motor

from its energy source.
• The output power is the power the motor is _______________
• The losses are equal to the ________________ power minus the
___________________ power.

• Efficiency of a machine equals its power _________________ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

𝜂𝜂% = × 100
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
divided by its power __________________, multiplied by 100. Where:
• Efficiency gives a measure of ________________ in a machine η = ________________________

and is expressed as a percentage power = ____________________

See Example 4.5 page 72

Complete the exercises below

Transpose the equation

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 =

PIN POUT η%= PIN POUT η%=

150W 120W 12kW 10kW

25W 85% 560W 75%

SUMMING UP P32 CHAPTER SUMMARY P41 SELF CHECK P42 Q1-10

Refer to NUE049/2 – Applied Electricity (dc) Learning resource manual January 2006 Topic 7 to select a range of
exercises and review questions on EMF Sources and Efficiency

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 UEENEEE104A Solve problems in d.c. circuits

KS01-EE104A Direct current circuits

TOPIC 7
Resistors

Resistors 5.2 Page 94 Slide 19

• A resistor is an electrical component with a ___________________ value of resistance

• Resistor values range from less than ________ ohm to ______________ __________________ of ohms
• Technically, a length of conductor is a resistor, and the more current it carries, the more heat it generates
• Resistors are given a _________________ rating because they get hot when current is passing through them
• The power rating of a resistor determines the maximum __________________ the resistor can pass without
overheating

Fixed Resistors 5.2 Page 94-96 Slides 20-21

High Power Resistors

i) Wire-wound
• Resistors with a rating of ____W or more are generally made by
winding wire around a ceramic former.
• Some are fitted with ________________ sinks to dissipate the
heat generated by the resistor.
ii) Grid resistor
• The grid resistor is designed to handle __________________
currents (400 A or more) – See Fig 5.5

Low Power (Film) Resistors

• Low power resistors are made by coating a ceramic cylinder with
a film of specially prepared __________________.
• These resistors are used extensively in ___________________
applications.
• They range in power from _______W to ______W

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Variable Resistors 5.2 Pages 96-97 Slides 22-23

• A variable resistor is used in a circuit when you need to be able

to _____________________ the value of current or voltage.
• Variable resistors are often called ______________________.
This requires them to have _________________________
terminals.

Draw the usual symbol for a variable resistor

Identify the types of variable resistors shown below

Temperature-dependent resistors 5.2 Pages 97-98 Slides 24-27

• Change ____________________ with a change in ___________________________

• If the resistance increases with a temperature increase, the device has a ______________________
temperature coefficient (PTC)
• If the resistance decreases, it has a __________________________ temperature coefficient (NTC)
• There are two main types, ___________________ wound and __________________________
Thermistors (thermal resistors)
• Are made with _______________________ material
• Can have a __________________ (PTC) or a negative temperature coefficient (________)
• Thermistors are often used to protect an electric motor from _____________________

Draw the symbols

PTC NTC

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Light-dependent resistors 5.2 Pages 98-99 Slides 28-29

• Change _______________ with a change in light level Draw symbol

• Are used to control ___________________ installations
including ___________________ lights

Voltage-dependent resistors 5.2 Pages 99-100 Slides 30-33

• Are components that change ____________________ by a

large amount when the _____________________ across the
component exceeds its rated value.
• Have low power types known as VDRs or _________________
which are used in surge protection circuits.
• Have high power types called _______________ arrestors and
are used in _____________________ protection systems
• When the high voltage is removed, the device returns to being a
______________ resistance. High voltage surge arrestor

Resistor Colour Code 5.3 Pages 101-104 Slides 34-38

• The value of a resistor is either printed on its body as a numerical

value, or as a code of _________________ _______
• Each colour represents a ______________________
• There are two types of resistor that use colour codes:-
i) _______________________ and ii) _________________
• The difference between these two resistors is their
________________________ value

• General purpose resistors show their value with ________________ bands and precision resistors have
_________________ bands
Understanding the colour coding (reading from left to right)
• The first two (or three if precision resistors) bands are given a _____________________
• The next band is the __________________________
• The last band is always the __________________ band and is spaced further apart from the other bands
Refer to Figures 5:17 and 5:18 on page 102 for more detail

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Preferred resistor values The E12 range
• It is not economical for resistor manufacturers to
make every possible value of resistance.
• Instead, a standard set of values called
_________________ ______________ is used

Complete exercise 5.2 on page 104 of the Phillips Electrical Principles 2nd Edition

Measuring Resistance 5.4 Pages 104-106 Slides 39-41

• Resistance is measured with an _________________, which is

normally a function of a multimeter
• When measuring resistance:
i) _________________________________________________
ii) _________________________________________________
iii) Disconnect the resistor from any circuitry to which it might be
connected to avoid reading errors

SUMMING UP NA CHAPTER SUMMARY P106 SELF CHECK P107 Q5-20

Refer to NUE049/2 – Applied Electricity (dc) Learning resource manual January 2006 Topic 8 to select a range of
exercises and review questions on Resistors

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 UEENEEE104A Solve problems in d.c. circuits

KS01-EE104A Direct current circuits

TOPIC 8
Series Circuits

The series circuit 6.1 Page 109 Slide 5

• Components connected in series are connected ______________________________________ the other

• There are only two ________________ per component

Draw the circuit diagram shown in Fig 6.1, but include a

switch.
Label the power supply, the switch, the connecting leads
and the loads.

Current in the series circuit 6.2 Pages 109-110 Slide 6

• A series circuit has ________________ path for the

current
• Current is the _______________________ in all
parts of the circuit

Resistance in the series circuit 6.3 Pages 110 - 112 Slides 7-11

• Adding resistances in series __________________

the total circuit resistance.

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 That is :
• The total resistance of a series circuit is the RT =
_____________ of the individual resistance values. Where:
• RT is _________________________________
See examples 6.1 and 6.2 • R1, R2, R3 are __________________________
__________________________________________

Use the data provided and your understanding of resistors in series circuits to calculate the unknown ohmic values in
the table below

R1 + R2 + R3 = RT R1 + R2 + R3 = RT

4Ω 6Ω = 59Ω = 147Ω

14Ω 12Ω 19Ω = 2kΩ 1k5Ω 8k5Ω

• Ohms law can be used to calculate the current in a series circuit if RT and
𝑉𝑉𝑇𝑇
VT are known. 𝐼𝐼 =
𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇
See example 6.3

6.4. Voltage in a series circuit 6.4 Pages 112-115 Slides 12-19

• VT is the ___________________ voltage. It causes

___________________ to flow in the circuit.
• V1, V2 and V3 are _________________ ________.
A voltage drop is caused by current flowing through
a __________________ See example 6.4

Use the data provided and your understanding of voltages in series circuits to calculate the unknown values in the
table below

R1 + R2 + R3 = RT VT I VR1 VR2 VR3

2Ω 4Ω 7Ω Ω 24V A V V V

500Ω 250Ω 750Ω Ω 750V A V V V

400mΩ 150mΩ 350mΩ Ω 2.5V A V V V

1k5Ω 2kΩ 5Ω Ω 850V A V V V

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Kirchhoff’s voltage law
• The algebraic sum of the ________________ ______________ in a ______________ circuit equals the
applied voltage.

• The voltage drops around a series circuit can never total any more, or any less than the _____________
voltage
See examples 6.5/6

Use the data provided and your understanding of Kirchhoff’s voltage law to calculate the unknown voltage values in
the table below

V1 + V2 + V3 = VT V1 + V2 + V3 = VT

2V 5V 7V 220V 100V 350V

7.5kV 4 000V 5.6kV 14kV 25kV 43kV

Ohms law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law

• If you know the ___________________ ____________ across a known resistance in a series circuit, the
current in the resistance can be found with _________________ Law.
• Knowing the current lets you calculate the total _____________________ of the circuit, assuming you know
the supply voltage.
See examples 6.7/8

Voltage sources

• Voltages are added ____________________, so

a reversed cell will cause the applied voltage to
be ____________________________

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Summary of series circuits 6.5 Pages 116-117 Slides 20-23

• in the spaces below, apply the summary of the series circuit in order to find the answers to the questions in
Exercise 6.1
• Redraw the diagram in each case before calculating your answers

Question 1a Question 1b Question 1c

Diagram Diagram Diagram

Calculate Calculate Calculate

Question 2 Question 3

Diagram Diagram

Calculate Calculate

Power in a series circuit 6.6 Pages 118-120 Slides 24-26

• Any of the three derived power equations can be used to

calculate the power used in one component

P1=V1x _____ or P1=I2x _____ or P1=

• The sum of the power taken by each component equals the

_____________ power

• Any of the three derived power equations can be used to

calculate the total power used by all the components in the
circuit

PT=VTx _________ or PT=I2x _______ or PT=

See examples 16.10/11

• List some examples of electrical circuits or devices where the components are connected in series.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

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Faults in the series circuit 6.7 Pages 120-122 Slides27-30

• The two most common faults in any circuit are an ________________ circuit and a _____________ circuit
• A third type of fault is a change in the value of ________________ within the circuit.

Open-circuit • An open-circuit causes the current to fall to ______

• The resistance of the circuit is _________________
• The current is _____________________
• Voltage drop across the open-circuit equals the
_______________ _______________
• Voltage across all other components equals ______
• All components in the circuit __________ working

Short-circuit • A short-circuit causes the current to ____________

• Circuit resistance _________________
• Voltage drops across the remaining components
_________________
• Voltage drop across the short-circuit equals ______
• Components in the rest of the circuit work
______________ because of the increased voltage
drop across them.

Changed resistance • A faulty switch with increased resistance causes:-

circuit current to ______________________
voltage drops across the remaining components to
_______________
voltage drop across the increased resistance to
_________________
components in the rest of the circuit to receive
____________ power

SUMMING UP P116-117 CHAPTER SUMMARY P123 SELF CHECK P123-124 Q1-7

Refer to NUE049/2 – Applied Electricity (dc) Learning resource manual January 2006 Topic 10 to select a range of
exercises and review questions on the series circuit

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 UEENEEE104A Solve problems in d.c. circuits

KS01-EE104A Direct current circuits

TOPIC 9
Parallel Circuits

The parallel circuit 7.1 Pages126-127 Slides 5-6

• In a parallel circuit, each component connects directly to the ____________________ __________________

• Draw the circuit diagram shown in figure 7.1, but include a circuit
breaker protecting the whole circuit, and a switch to control
each branch of the circuit.

• Consider Fig 7.2 (b). What are the two components that are connected in parallel? ___________________
________________________________________________________________________________________

Voltage in the parallel circuit 7.2 Page 127 Slides 7-8

• The voltage across each component in a parallel

circuit is equal to the _______________ voltage.

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Current in the parallel circuit 7.3 Pages 128-130 Slides 9-12

• The current in each branch of a parallel

circuit depends on the _____________
of each branch

i) Use ohms law to calculate the ii) Use ohms law to calculate the iii) Use ohms law to calculate the
current (I1) in branch 1. current (I2) in branch 2. current (I3) in branch 3.

• The total current in a parallel circuit is iv) Use the three branch currents calculated above to find the total
or supply current.
the sum of the ____________ currents.
• IT= _________________________

Use the data provided and your understanding of parallel circuits to calculate the unknown values in the table below

VT R1 R2 R3 I1 I2 I3 IT

24V 6Ω 12Ω 24Ω

200V 400Ω 200Ω 500Ω

12V 24mA 48mA 120mA

150V 75Ω 300Ω 3A

Kirchhoff’s current law 7.3 Pages 129-130 Slide 12

• The current _________________ a

junction equals the sum of the currents
________________ a junction

See example 7.1

Use the data provided, and your understanding of Kirchhoff’s current law to calculate the unknown values in the
table below.

VT R1 R2 I1 I2 IT VT R1 R2 I1 I2 IT

60V 20Ω 5A 100V 25Ω 6A

25Ω 5Ω 1A 500Ω 750Ω 100mA

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Resistance in the parallel circuit 7.4 Pages 130-136 Slides 13-17

Refer to figure 7.10

• Adding another resistor in parallel ______________________ the total current.

• Therefore, the ____________________ resistance has decreased.

Calculating total resistance

• When the total ________________ and applied 𝑉𝑉

𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 =
𝐼𝐼𝑇𝑇
voltage are known, total resistance (RT) can be
Where:
found with __________ law.

• When each _____________ resistance is known 1 1 1 1

= + + …
𝑅𝑅𝑇𝑇 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅3
in a parallel circuit, the general equation to find
RT is: See examples 7.2/3
See also Fig 7.12 for the way to use your calculator to
resolve these questions

Use the data provided, and your understanding of how to add resistors in parallel to calculate the unknown values in
the table below.

R1 R2 R3 RT R1 R2 R3 RT

20Ω 35Ω 70Ω 1.5kΩ 3kΩ 2kΩ

480mΩ 950mΩ 700mΩ 0.95MΩ 1MΩ 0.8MΩ

Summing up

• Voltage is the _________________ across all components in a parallel circuit

• Branch currents can be found with ________________ law or _____________________ law
• The total resistance of a parallel circuit is always _______________ than the ________________ value of
__________________ resistance.

• In the spaces below, apply your understanding of parallel circuits to resolve the three questions in exercise
7.1.

1. Redraw Figure 7.15 1a) 1b)

1c) 1d) 1e)

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2. Redraw Figure 7.16 2a) 2b)

2c) 2d) 2e) 2f)

3.a) 3.b) 3.c) 3.d)

Describe some situations where parallel circuits are to be found in the electrical industry

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Power in the parallel circuit 7.6 Pages 137-138 Slides 18-19

• Each component is _________________ of the

others.
• Each _____________ takes power from the supply
• Each branch can be considered ________________
• The total power is the _____________ of the power
taken by each branch.
See examples 7.6/7

Faults in the parallel circuit 7.7 Pages 138-139 Slides 20-22

Open circuit:-

• An open circuit in one branch

i) does not affect other ___________________.
ii) causes the total current to _______________
• The voltage across the open circuit equals the
__________________ voltage

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Short circuit:-

• A short circuit in any branch means the supply __________________ has a short circuit across it.
• The fault current that flows will operate __________________ devices such as a ____________.
• The whole circuit is affected by a ________________ circuit.

SUMMING UP P 135-136 CHAPTER SUMMARY P 140 SELF CHECK P 141-142 Q1-10

Refer to NUE049/2 – Applied Electricity (dc) Learning resource manual January 2006 Topic 11 to select a range of
exercises and review questions on parallel circuits

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 UEENEEE104A Solve problems in d.c. circuits

KS01-EE104A Direct current circuits

TOPIC 10
Series/Parallel Circuits

The series-parallel circuit 8.1 Page 144 Slides 5-6

Summary Page 155 Slides 24-25

• A series-parallel circuit has components connected in both _________________ and _______________

• A series-parallel circuit can be simplified by finding an ________________________ resistance value for
groups of interconnected resistors.
• Simplification often involves redrawing a series-parallel circuit so it contains only ___________________ or
______________________ connected resistors
• The voltage drop, current and power dissipation in a ___________________ resistor can be found with
______________________ law or Kirchhoff’s ___________________ and ___________________ laws

Resistance in the series-parallel circuit 8.2 Pages 144-147 Slides 7-13

• Simplifying a series-parallel circuit by reducing it

into an equivalent _____________ circuit.

See example 8.1

• Simplifying a series-parallel circuit by reducing it

into an equivalent _________________ circuit.

See example 8.2

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Consider Exercise 8.1 (a). In the space below use two or three steps to reduce the series-parallel circuit to an
equivalent parallel circuit with two branches and then determine the equivalent total resistance.

Step 1 reduction Step 2 reduction Step 3 - Two equivalent parallel

branches/total resistance

Consider Exercise 8.1 (b). In the space below use two or three steps to reduce the series-parallel circuit to an
equivalent series circuit with three equivalent components and then determine the equivalent total
resistance.

Step 1 reduction Step 2 reduction Step 3 - Three equivalent series

components/total resistance

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Ohm’s law in the series-parallel circuit 8.3 Pages 148-152 Slides 14-20

• As in the series or parallel circuit, Ohm’s

law is used to find _________________
________________________________
in a part of (or all) of a _____________
____________________ circuit.
• You’ll often need to do several steps.
Work through example 8.3 to calculate the current in each resistor.

Step 1 – Find the current in R1 Step 2a – To find the current in R2 simplify network R2-5

(b) equivalent network of R2-5

Step 2b – Resolve network R2-5 Step 3 – Calculate the voltage drops across R2 and R3-5

Req = VR2 =

I2 = VR3-5 =

Step 4 – Use ohm’s law to calculate the current in each resistor and indicate the values on the diagram below

I1 = I3 =

I4 =

I2 =

I5 =

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Power in the series parallel circuit 8.4 Pages 153-154 Slides 21-23

• Refer to Phillips as referenced above regarding the determination of power usage in series-parallel circuits and
note:-
i) Power used by an individual component can be calculated using the power equations, as long as voltage,
current and ohmic values are specific to that component.
ii) Total power used by the circuit will be the addition of the individual component power usage, or can be
calculated by using the values of supply voltage, supply current and equivalent resistance for the circuit.

• Use your results for voltage and current from Example 8.3 (above) to calculate
i) The power used by each individual circuit component
ii) The total power used by the complete circuit.
iii) Indicate the power used by each component on the diagram below.

Calculate power usage P1 = P4 =

P2 = P5 =

P3 = PTOTAL =

Diagram from example 8.3

Complete Exercise 8.2 Page 152

• Examine the process followed in the Phillips text book to resolve example 8.4, and then apply what you have
learned to resolving Exercises 8.2 a and b on page 152.
• Use the space provided on the next page to layout the steps in finding unknown values of voltage and current.
• Also use this exercise as an opportunity to also calculate the individual component power usage as well as the
total power usage of each circuit.

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Exercise 8.2a Find unknown values of voltage, current and power

Exercise 8.2b Find unknown values of voltage, current ant power

SUMMING UP NA CHAPTER SUMMARY P 155 SELF CHECK P 155 Q1-6

Refer to NUE049/2 – Applied Electricity (dc) Learning resource manual January 2006 Topic 13 to select a range of
exercises and review questions on series-parallel circuits

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 KS01-EE104A DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS
PART 3

TOPICS 11-15

T11 Factors affecting resistance encompassing:

• four factors that affect the resistance of a conductor (type of material, length, cross-sectional area and temperature)
• affect the change in the type of material (resistivity) has on the resistance of a conductor.
• affect the change in ‘length’ has on the resistance of a conductor.
• affect the change in ‘cross-sectional area’ has on the resistance of a conductor.
• effects of temperature change on the resistance of various conducting materials
• effects of resistance on the current-carrying capacity and voltage drop in cables.
• calculation of the resistance of a conductor from factors such as conductor length, cross-sectional area, resistivity and
changes in temperature
• using digital and analogue ohmmeter to measure the change in resistance of different types of conductive materials
(copper, aluminium, nichrome, tungsten) when those materials undergo a change in type of material length, cross-
sectional area and temperature.

T12 Effects of meters in a circuit encompassing:

• selecting an appropriate meter in terms of units to be measured, range, loading effect and accuracy for a given
application.
• measuring resistance using direct, volt-ammeter and bridge methods.
• instruments used in the field to measure voltage, current, resistance and insulation resistance and the typical
circumstances in which they are used.
• hazards involved in using electrical instruments and the safety control measures that should be taken.
• operating characteristics of analogue and digital meters.
• correct techniques to read the scale of an analogue meters and how to reduce the ‘parallax’ error.
• types of voltmeters used in the Electrotechnology industry – bench type, clamp meter, Multimeter, etc.
• purpose and characteristics (internal resistance, range, loading effect and accuracy) of a voltmeter.
• types of voltage indicator testers. e.g. LED, neon, solenoid, volt-stick, series tester, etc. and explain the purpose of each
voltage indicator tester.
• operation of various voltage indicator testers.
• advantages and disadvantages of each voltage indicator tester.
• various types of ammeters used in the Electrotechnology industry – bench, clamp meter, multimeter, etc.
• purpose of an ammeter and the correct connection (series) of an ammeter into a circuit.
• reasons why the internal resistance of an ammeter must be extremely low and the dangers and consequences of
connecting an ammeter in parallel and/or wrong polarity.
• selecting an appropriate meter in terms of units to be measured, range, loading effect and accuracy for a given
application
• connecting an analogue/digital voltmeter into a circuit ensuring the polarities are correct and take various voltage
readings.
• loading effect of various voltmeters when measuring voltage across various loads.
• using voltage indicator testers to detect the presence of various voltage levels.
• connecting analogue/digital ammeter into a circuit ensuring the polarities are correct and take various current readings.

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T13 Resistance measurement encompassing:
• Identification of instruments used in the field to measure resistance (including insulation resistance) and the typical
circumstances in which they are used.
• the purpose of an Insulation Resistance (IR) Tester.
• the parts and functions of various analogue and digital IR Tester (selector range switch, zero ohms adjustment, battery
check function, scale and connecting leads).
• reasons why the supply must be isolated prior to using the IR tester.
• where and why the continuity test would be used in an electrical installation.
• where and why the insulation resistance test would be used in an electrical installation.
• the voltage ranges of an IR tester and where each range may be used. e.g. 250 V d.c, 500 V d.c and 1000 V d.c
• AS/NZS3000 Wiring Rules requirements – continuity test and insulation resistance (IR) test.
• purpose of regular IR tester calibration.
• the correct methods of storing the IR tester after use
• carry out a calibration check on a IR Tester
• measurement of low values of resistance using an IR tester continuity functions.
• measurement of high values of resistance using an IR tester insulation resistance function.
• volt-ammeter (short shunt and long shunt) methods of measuring resistance.
• calculation of resistance values using voltmeter and ammeter reading (long and short shunt connections)
• measurement of resistance using volt-ammeter methods

T14 Capacitors and Capacitance encompassing:

• basic construction of standard capacitor, highlighting the: plates, dielectric and connecting leads
• different types of dielectric material and each dielectric’s relative permittivity.
• identification of various types of capacitors commonly used in the Electrotechnology industry (fixed value capacitors -
stacked plate, rolled, electrolytic, ceramic, mica and Variable value capacitors – tuning and trimmer)
• circuit symbol of various types of capacitors: standard; variable, trimmer and polarised
• terms: Capacitance (C), Electric charge (Q) and Energy (W)
• unit of: Capacitance (Farad), Electric charge (Coulomb) and Energy (Joule)
• factors affecting capacitance (the effective area of the plates, the distance between the plates and the type of
dielectric) and explain how these factors are present in all circuits to some extent.
• how a capacitor is charged in a d.c. circuit.
• behaviour of a series d.c. circuit containing resistance and capacitance components. - charge and discharge curves
• the term ‘Time Constant’ and its relationship to the charging and discharging of a capacitor.
• calculation of quantities from given information: Capacitance (Q = VC); Energy (W =½CV2); Voltage (V = Q/C)
• calculation one time constant as well as the time taken to fully charge and discharge a given capacitor. (τ = RC)
• connection of a series d.c. circuit containing capacitance and resistor to determine the time constant of the circuit

T15 Capacitors in Series and Parallel encompassing:

• hazards involved in working with capacitance effects and the safety control measures that should be taken.
• safe handling and the correct methods of discharging various size capacitors
• dangers of a charged capacitor and the consequences of discharging a capacitor through a person
• factors which determine the capacitance of a capacitor and explain how these factors are present in all circuits to some
extent.
• effects of capacitors connected in parallel by calculating their equivalent capacitance.
• effects on the total capacitance of capacitors connected in series by calculating their equivalent capacitance.
• Connecting capacitors in series and/or parallel configurations to achieve various capacitance values.
• common faults in capacitors.
• testing of capacitors to determine serviceability.
• application of capacitors in the Electrotechnology industry.

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KS01-EE104A Direct current circuits

TOPIC 11
Factors affecting resistance

Factors that determine resistance 5.1 Page 89 Slide 5

• Four factors that determine resistance of a conductor are:-

i) ii) iii) iv)

Material the conductor is made of 5.1 Pages 89-90 Slides 6-9

• All conducting materials have a certain value of ____________

• Resistivity is defined as ________________________________
___________________________________________________
• A resistivity value is expressed in ________ __________ ( )
• The symbol for resistivity is the Greek letter ______ (rho)

• Refer to table 5.1 in your text book, and record the resistivity in
ohm-metre at 200 C for the following materials:-

Copper Aluminium Tungsten Nichrome

1.72 x 10-7 Ωm

Length and Area 5.1 Pages 90-91 Slides 10-12

• Resistance is proportional to the • Resistance is inversely • A useful equation that caters for
______________ of a conductor _________________ to the area changes in both length and area
of a conductor is:-

𝑅𝑅1 𝑙𝑙1 𝑅𝑅1 𝐴𝐴2 𝑅𝑅1 𝐴𝐴1 𝑙𝑙2

= = 𝑅𝑅2 =
𝑅𝑅2 𝑙𝑙2 𝑅𝑅2 𝐴𝐴1 𝐴𝐴2 𝑙𝑙1

• Note Figure 5.2 which relates to how the C.S.A. of different shapes can be determined

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Use the appropriate resistance proportionality equations to calculate the unknown values in the table below
l1 A1 R1 l2 A2 R2 l1 A1 R1 l2 A2 R2

200m 20Ω 500m 500m 0.6mm2 0.03Ω 1.2km 0.4mm2

400m 3Ω 16Ω 20m 1mm2 28Ω 400m 2.5mm2

1000m 0.7mm2 0.6Ω 1000m 1.5mm2 3km 6mm2 15Ω 750m 4mm2

Cable resistance 5.1 Pages 91-92 Slides 13-14

• Length, cross sectional area and _______________

𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌
can be combined into an equation to calculate the 𝑅𝑅 =
𝐴𝐴
______________ of a conductor. Where:

• The amount of resistance present in a cable will have R=

a limiting effect on its operation. Too much
resistance will result in ρ=
i) voltage drop meaning the load that the cable is l=
supplying will be operating at reduced voltage.
ii) heat being generated in the cable which can A=
damage the insulation.
See examples 5.1. and 5.2

Use the conductor resistance equation to calculate the resistance of the cables with the following parameters

ρ l A R ρ l A R

1.72x10-8 500m 1.5mm2 5.3x10-8 2m 0.005mm2

2.83x10-8 3km 19mm2 112x10-8 12m 0.075mm2

Temperature 5.1 Pages 92-94 Slides 15-18

• The resistance of all conductors varies with

_____________________
• For pure metals, an increase in ________________
will give an increase in ____________________.
• How much resistance changes depends of the type
Graph of resistance changes with respect to temperature
of _________________ for copper wire.

• Most _____________________ have a positive temperature coefficient.

• This means their resistance increases with __________________________
• Carbon has a ___________________ temperature coefficient, so its resistance __________________ with an
____________________ in temperature.

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• The equation used to determine how much
resistance changes with a variation in temperature
is:-
𝑅𝑅ℎ = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅(1+∝ ∆𝑡𝑡)
Where;
Rh = the final (hot) resistance
Rc = the initial (cold) resistance
α = the temperature coefficient of resistance
Δt = the change in temperature in C0

Use the equation and the α information in the table above to resolve the following examples

a) Calculate the hot resistance of a tungsten heating b) A copper cable has a resistance of 25 ohms at 20
element which has a resistance of 60 ohms at degrees Celsius. What is its resistance at 100
an initial temperature of 500C, but when degrees Celsius?
switched on, reaches a final operating
temperature of 4000C

(Rh = 154.5Ω) (Rh = 32.84Ω)

SUMMING UP P94 CHAPTER SUMMARY P106 SELF CHECK P106 Q1-4

Refer to NUE049/2 – Applied Electricity (dc) Learning resource manual January 2006 Topic 9 to select a range of
exercises and review questions on factors affecting resistance

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 UEENEEE104A Solve problems in d.c. circuits

KS01-EE104A Direct current circuits

TOPICS 12 & 13
Effects of Meters in Circuits & Resistance Measurement

PART 1

DIFFERENT TYPES OF METERS

Introduction 9.1-9.3 +Sum up Pages 158-161 Slides 1-9

Meters are classified by their:-

Accuracy __________________________________
__________________________________________
Resolution ________________________________
__________________________________________
Sensitivity _________________________________
The digital meter has a higher ________________ and
__________________________________________
__________________ than the analog meter

• Measuring instruments are either ______________

or ___________________
- Analog meters have a ____________________
___________________________________________
- Most analog meters have a moving _____________
meter movement, in which the current flowing
through the ______________ causes it to deflect
- The mechanical zero adjustment moves the end of one
in proportion to the ________________ flowing
hairspring to _________________ the pointer.
through it.

- Digital meters are __________________ with a

___________________ read out.
- The basic digital meter is a digital ________________
module that has a digital to analog converter, a
____________________ and a driver.

• Meters can be designed to measure current, voltage and resistance and a combination of the three in the
form of a multimeter.

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The ammeter 9.4 + Chap 25 Pages 162-165 Slides 10-14

• An ammeter is connected in ______________________ with the circuit being monitored, because the
____________________ has to flow through the ammeter.
• Therefore, it’s important that the ammeter has a ___________________ resistance so it doesn’t
____________________ the circuit current.
Think:
i) What will be the outcome if an ammeter is connected across the terminals of the supply?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
ii) What happens when an analog ammeter is connected with the wrong polarity?
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Types of ammeter

Panel meter Digital multimeter reading current

The voltmeter 9.5 P165-168 Slides 15-19

• To measure a voltage, a voltmeter is connected in _______________________ with the voltage source,

or the ________________________.
• A voltmeter should have a ______________________ resistance so it doesn’t affect the value of the
___________________ it is measuring
Think: What would happen if a voltmeter was connected in series with the circuit components?
_________________________________________________________________________________________

Types of voltmeter Voltage indicator (Chap 25.2)

A voltage probe can be used to read ac/dc volts,

resistance and give distinctive sounds for voltage and
Panel meter continuity.

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The ohmmeter 9.7 Pages 172-175 Slides 26-29

• An analog and digital ohmmeter operate by passing

a ___________________ through the resistance
being measured.
• The current is supplied by a __________________
inside the meter case

Basic analog meter circuit

Adjusting an analog ohmmeter to take accurate readings The scale of an analog ohmmeter is non linear

Adjust _____________ Adjust zero potentiometer

Note where zero and infinity are on the scale
zero for infinite ohms for ____________ ohms

More commonly used types of resistance measuring devices

• Digital multimeter selected to ohms • Insulation resistance tester (Chap 25.2)

• The wheatstone bridge can be used to take very

accurate measurements of resistance.
• It is called a ‘null balance’ instrument because when
its bridge circuit is perfectly balanced, its meter
resistance does not interfere with the reading.

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Multimeters 9.8 P175-179 Slides 30-37

• A multimeter has one or more _________________

to select:-
i) _________________________________________
ii) AC or DC for ______________________________
iii) ________________________________________
• Many digital meters are _______________________

Reading the scale of an analog multimeter

• On the meter scale to the right, the pointer is

hovering at 50 on the lower ohms scale. In this
situation, if the function switch is selected to Ωx1,
the meter would be reading 50Ω.
• What would the meter be reading if the pointer was
hovering in the same position, but the function
switch was selected to:-

i) Ωx10? ______________

ii) DCV 30? ____________

iii) ACV 6? ____________

Pointer
iv) DCA 12? ___________

• There is ___________________ error if you can see

the reflection of the __________________ in the
______________________

Digital multimeter display

• The display in a typical digital multimeter (DMM):

i) shows the ________________________ function
ii) a ____________________ (when required)
iii) the value being ________________________
• Functions and multipliers are indicated with
___________________

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 UEENEEE104A Solve problems in d.c. circuits
KS01-EE104A Direct current circuits

TOPICS 12 & 13
Effects of Meters in Circuits & Resistance Measurement

PART 2
USING METERS TO TAKE READINGS

Instrument safety 9.8 Pages 179-184 Slides 38-46

• Electrical test equipment is given a _____________

(Cat) rating.
- the rating also includes the maximum __________
the instrument can handle
- a meter rated at 1000 V must be able to withstand
a higher voltage, up to _____________________

• Each category is based on the level of fault

protection and fault current that can occur:
- Cat IV ___________________________________
- Cat III ___________________________________
- Cat II ____________________________________
- Cat I ____________________________________ Meter probes are also given a Cat rating

Voltage measurement

• Safety - Confirm that the meter has the correct ___________ rating
- For most electrical work, use a ________________________________________ or higher rated instrument
- Some types of _____________________ voltmeters have Cat ratings, many do not and are therefore a
______________________________________.

Current measurement

• Safety – that the circuit is _______________ when

connecting an ammeter.
• Make sure that the multimeter can handle the
_________________ being measured
• Use a meter that is protected internally with the
correct type of fuse (________________________)

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Voltmeter loading 9.6 + Sum up Pages 169-170 Slides 20-21

• The resistance of a digital voltmeter is the same on

all ranges. It is usually ___________ MΩ
• A voltmeter can load a circuit, and therefore give
____________________ readings.
• The ________________ the resistance of the
voltmeter, the lower the loading effect. The voltmeter has an internal resistance of 20kΩ
See explanation to fig 9.17 and example 9.6

Long shunt and short shunt meter connections 9.6 Page 171 Slides 22-24

• An unknown value of resistance can be

determined by measuring the voltage
across the resistor as well as the current
flowing through the resistor.

• These measured values can be used in

the ohms law equation to calculate the
value of unknown resistance.

• To obtain the highest accuracy, it’s important that the ___________________ is connected so the current it
takes from the circuit does not affect the value read by the ____________________.

SUMMING UP P CHAPTER SUMMARY P186 SELF CHECK P186-187 Q1, 11-20

Refer to NUE049/2 – Applied Electricity (dc) Learning resource manual January 2006 Topics 14 and 15 to select a
range of exercises and review questions on effects of meters in circuits and resistance measurement

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 T13b RESEARCH PROJECT
USING AN INSULATION RESISTANCE TESTER

In order to help you find the answers to the questions in the project, Refer to:-
i) Phillips Chapter 25 (pages 611-613)
ii) AS/NZS 3000:2007 Clause 8.3 Testing (pages 333-336)

Kyoritsu Insulation-Continuity Tester

Figure 1
1. Safe use of the tester.
• Does the tester in fig 1 rely on energy from the supply for its operation or its own battery supply?

• What should be done with the electricity supply to make the situation safe before doing tests with this
instrument?

• Suggest two problems that you might observe about the test leads that would prohibit you from using them
to do testing.
i)

ii)

2. Preparing the tester for use.

• Consider the selector switch on the tester in fig 1.
i) If you were required to carry out a ‘continuity’ test on the ‘main earthing conductor’
(ASNZS3000:2007 Clause 8.3.5),

a) What check would you do to confirm that the supply battery has enough charge to carry out
the test
_______________________________________________________________________________

b) what range selection would you choose to do the continuity test? _______________________

c) which meter scale would you read? ________________________________

d) what methodical steps would you take to zero the tester in order to get an accurate result?

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 Think: In your opinion, why is it important that the resistance of the main earthing conductor which connects
the neutral link to the earth stake have a resistance of less than 0.5Ω? (For stage 1 geniuses only!)

_____________________________________________________________________________________

ii) If you were required to carry out an ‘insulation resistance’ test between ‘live conductors and earth’
on a final sub circuit in a domestic electrical installation. (ASNZS3000:2007 Clause 8.3.6)

a) What range selection would you make for a normal circuit that isn’t affected by exceptions?

_______________________________________________________________________________

b) Which meter scale would you read? ___________________________________

c) What would be an acceptable reading? ________________________________

3. Using the tester for insulation resistance testing (Phillips Chap 25 Page 613 and ASNZS3000:2007 Clause 8.3.6.2)
• On the lines below, list the four steps to follow when carrying out an insulation resistance test.

i)

ii)

iii)

Think: For the step above, where would you connect each of the two test leads to correctly carry out the test?

- Red lead ? _________________________________________________________________________________

- Black lead? ________________________________________________________________________________

iv)

Explain: What is the potential safety issue if the step above is not carried out correctly?

Think: A cable is generally a conductor surrounded by some insulation material. When we carry out an
insulation resistance test, what are we trying to confirm about the insulation?

4. Calibration of the insulation resistance tester (Phillips Chap 25 Page 613 and ASNZS3000:2007 Clause 8.3.6.1)
• According to ASNZS3000:2007, what are the lower and upper tolerance requirements?
Upper: __________________________ Lower: _________________________

• Describe how this test is carried out

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 UEENEEE104A Solve problems in d.c. circuits

KS01-EE104A Direct current circuits

TOPICS 14 & 15

PART 1
Capacitors and Capacitance

Electrostatics 10.1 Pages 189-190 Slides 6-8

• Capacitance is the property of a circuit or

component that stores an _____________ _______
• A capacitor is formed whenever two parallel
conductors close to each other are separated by an
_______________________.

• An _________________ ________ is set up between two oppositely

charged plates

• The field is stored in the ________________ between the two plates.

Charge and capacitance 10.2 Pages 190-192 Slides 9-14

• When a capacitor is being charged, a charge current • A charged capacitor can be __________________
by connecting it across a ____________________.
flows until the voltage across the capacitor equals
the _____________________ ______________.

• The unit for capacitance is the _____________________

• Most practical capacitors are labelled in terms of ___________________ Farads (µF)

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Charge (Q) 𝑄𝑄 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
• A capacitance of one farad will have one _________ Where:
across its terminals if it is storing one Q=
__________________ of charge C=

• The relationship between capacitance, voltage and V=

charge can be expressed with the equation. See Examples 10.1 and 10.2

Use the data provided and your understanding of charge on capacitors to calculate the unknown values in the table
below.

Q (Coulombs) C (Farads) V (Volts) Q (Coulombs) C (Farads) V (Volts)

6.8 µF 12 V 56 µF 120 V

1.1 mC 500 V 15 µC 1 milliF

Energy stored in a capacitor 1 2

𝑊𝑊 = 𝐶𝐶𝑉𝑉
2
• The energy stored by a _________________
Where:
capacitor is related to the value of the
W=
______________________ and the square of the
C=
___________________ across the capacitor
V=

See Examples 10.3 and 10.4

Use the data provided and your understanding of energy stored in capacitors to calculate the unknown values in the
table below.

W (Joules) C (Farads) V (Volts) W (Joules) C (Farads) V (Volts)

6.8 µF 12 kV 56 µF 10 MV

412.5 mJ 500 V 250 mJ 220pF

Complete Exercise 10.1 page 192 Summing up page 192

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Factors that determine capacitance 10.3 Pages 193-195 Slides 15-23

1. Area of the plates 2. Distance between the plates 3. Type of dielectric between the
plates

• The larger the _____________ • The _________________ the • The _______________ between
of the plates the ___________ plates, the _____________ the the plates of a capacitor
the capacitance capacitance __________________ the
• A large plate means the • The breakdown voltage becomes electric lines of force.
dielectric will have a large area ______________ as the • The term absolute permittivity
and be able to store a dielectric is made ___________. (𝜀𝜀) is used to describe how well a
____________ electric field material can support an
________________ field

Permittivity (See summing up page 195)

• Dielectric materials are rated by their permittivity
and their _________________ voltage
• All dielectrics are compared to _____________ or
______________ which both have an absolute
permittivity of _________________
• The relative permittivity of a dielectric (𝜀𝜀𝑟𝑟 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐾𝐾)
indicates the ability of that dielectric to support an
electric field, compared to _________ (or ________)

Calculating capacitance Where:

C= __________________ in _________
(8.85 × 10−12 ) × 𝐾𝐾 × 𝐴𝐴 K = __________________ ________________
𝐶𝐶 =
𝑑𝑑 A = __________________ in ______________
d = __________________ in ______________
See example 10.5

Use the data provided and your understanding of factors that affect capacitance to calculate the unknown values in
the table below.

C (µ Farads) K A (metres squared) d (metres) Dielectric material

5.4 500 mm2 0.75 mm

7 500 85 mm2 0.017 mm

Summing up page 195

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Types of capacitor 10.4 Pages 196-200 Slides 24-34

• A capacitors is given various ratings, the main two being ___________________ and _____________________
• Use your text book to identify each type of capacitor shown below and give a brief description and its application

Power

Plastic-film Ceramic

Electrolytic

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Variable Capacitor Trimmer Capacitor

Capacitor Symbols
• Reproduce the symbols shown in fig 10.14 in the spaces below

Fixed non-polarised Fixed polarised Variable Trimmer

Summing up page 200

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 UEENEEE104A Solve problems in d.c. circuits

KS01-EE104A Direct current circuits

TOPICS 14 & 15

PART 2

CAPACITORS IN CIRCUITS

Capacitors in parallel 10.5 Pages 200-202 Slides 35-36

• Connecting capacitors in parallel gives _______________ capacitance

• Total capacitance equals the _______________ of the individual
capacitance values
• CT = ________________________________________
See examples 10.6 and 10.7

• Show the working of how to find the total capacitance of the circuit
shown.

Summing up page 202

Capacitors in series 10.6 Pages 203-206 Slides 38-39

• Connecting capacitors in series gives ____________

capacitance because effective plate area is
_________________ and equivalent ____________
of the dielectric is increased
1
• =
𝐶𝐶𝑇𝑇

• In a series capacitive circuit, the total capacitance is

always _____________ than the smallest value of
capacitance in the circuit
See example 10.9

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• Show the working of how to find the total capacitance of the circuit
shown.

Summing up page 206

The RC circuit 10.7 Pages 207-209 Slides 43-48

• A circuit with a resistor and a ________________ connected in series is called an _________ circuit
• A resistor is sometimes connected in series with a capacitor to limit the _________________ current a
capacitor takes when it is first connected to a voltage source.
• Another reason is to introduce a _________________ delay

• In an RC circuit, the capacitor takes ___________ to • The discharge current in an RC circuit has the same
charge.
graph as the __________________ current
• As the capacitor charges, voltage across it
___________ and ________________ decreases

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The RC time constant 10.8 Pages 209-211 Slides 49-55

• A time constant:
- is the time taken for a current or voltage to reach 63.2% of its
____________________ value
- has the symbol τ (Greek letter Tau)
• Equation 𝜏𝜏 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
where:
τ=
C=
R= See example 10.12

Circuit under charge conditions Circuit under discharge conditions

Charge current ________ After one time constant, After one time constant, After one time constant,
by 63.2% after one time the capacitor __________ the discharge current has the discharge __________
constant has risen by 63.2% ______________ by 63.2% has fallen by 63.2%

• Use your understanding of the RC time constant equation to calculate the unknown values in the table below

R C τ R C τ

12kΩ 57µF 150kΩ 100µF

Time constants 10.9/10 Pages 211-216 Slides 56-61

Universal time constant curves

• After one time constant there’s a change of _____ %
in the current and voltage values in an RC circuit
• After the second time constant, the value changes by
63.2% of the remaining ______%.
• It takes approximately five time constants for the
steady state level of voltage or current to be reached.
See example 10.14

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• Use your understanding of RC time constants to calculate the unknown values in the table below

VC@ one ICircuit @ one Time to

R C τ VSupply time time reach
constant constant steady state

Charge 1.3MΩ 1.8µF 150V

Discharge 750kΩ 47µF 85V

Working with capacitors See below for reference materials

Faults in capacitors (refer to Phillips pages 563 to complete the statements below)
• Capacitor faults are either
i) an ______________ circuit,
ii) low resistance _________________ which means that it _______________________________________
iii) or a short ________________________
Chemical hazards related to working with capacitors. (refer to Phillips pages 563 to complete the statements
below)
• A failing capacitor can also become ________________ in that its ______________ leaks outside the can.
• Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are _____________ and could still exist in ___________ filled equipment
- if found, ________________ the presence of PCB-filled equipment.
- this type of dielectric is no longer used, but still exists in capacitors made before the mid _________’s
Electrical hazards related to working with capacitors (refer to ASNZS 3000 Clause 4.15 for background)
• When a capacitor discharges across a load, the only resistance limiting the current is the resistance of the
load itself. A capacitor is therefore able to deliver a sizeable electric shock current pulse.
• Read ASNZS 3000 Clause 4.15.3 and complete the statements below:
Capacitors with values greater than ______µF shall be provided with a _________________ path.
Capacitors and electrical equipment containing capacitors shall be with a warning notice containing
information similar to the following:
WARNING: ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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Testing capacitors (refer to Phillips pages 563 to complete the statements below)
• To test a capacitor first look for __________ and look also for a damaged or ______________ container.
• A quick electrical test can be done with an _________________
- short the terminals together to make sure the capacitor is fully _____________________
- then with the ohmmeter set to a ________________ range, connect the ohmmeter leads to the capacitor
and note how the _________________ reading changes.
- it should rise towards _____________________ at a rate determined by the value of the capacitance.
- an _________________ ohmmeter will give a clearer indication of the charge taken than a ___________
ohmmeter.
• If the capacitor is open circuit, the ohmmeter will show ______________________ (immediately)
• If its dielectric is leaky, the ohmmeter will show a ___________________ resistance value.
If the resistance values is very _______________, the capacitor is shorted ___________________.

SUMMING UP P216 CHAPTER SUMMARY P216-217 SELF CHECK P217-218 Q 1-20

Refer to NUE049/2 – Applied Electricity (dc) Learning resource manual January 2006 Topics 16 and 17 to select a
range of exercises and review questions on Capacitance and Capacitors in circuits

TAFE NSW – Western Sydney Institute Direct Current circuits Workbook 1

Created: 27/01/2016 Modified: 00/00/0000
Version: 1.0 Page 79 of 79