Chapter 1 – Matter in our surrounding

Class 9th Notes Science

Matter:
Anything that occupies space and has mass is called
matter.
It exists in the form of five basic elements, the Panch
tatva – air, earth, fire , sky and water.
For example: Chair, bed, river, mountain, dog, tree,
building, etc.
Characteristics of matter:
Matter is made up of small particles called atoms.
These particles are too small to be observed with naked
eye.
These particles are constantly moving constantly.
These particles have spaces between them.
Particles of matter attract each other because of the force
of attraction.
Diffusion:
Particles of matter intermix on their own with each other.
They do so by getting into the spaces between the
particles. This intermixing of particles of two different
types of matter on their own is called diffusion.

Applications of Diffusion:
Dissolving a solid in a liquid:
When a crystal of potassium permanganate is placed in a
beaker of water, the water slowly turns purple on its
own, even without stirring.
Both potassium permanganate crystal and water are
made up of tiny particles.
When the potassium permanganate crystal is put in
water, the purple colored particles of potassium
permanganate spread throughout water making the
whole water look purple.
Actually, on dissolving, the particles of potassium
permanganate get into the spaces between the particles
of water.
This shows that the particles have spaces between them
and are continuously moving on their own.
Mixing of two gases:
Fragrance of an incense stick (agarbatti) lightened in one
corner of a room, spreads in the whole room quickly.
The particles of gases (or vapours) produced by burning
the incense stick move rapidly in all directions and mix
with the moving particles of air in the room
This also shows that the partices of matter are constantly
moving.
Brownian motion of particles (By Robert Brown):
The random or zig-zag movement of microscopic particles
in a fluid, as a result of continuous bombardment from
molecules of the surrounding medium, is known as
Brownian motion.
For example, dust moves randomly because the random
moving particles of air collide with dust particles.

Basis of Classification of Matter:

Based upon particle arrangement
Based upon energy of particles
Based upon distance between particles
Three States of Matter:
 Solid Liquid Gas
Constituent Constituent Constituent
particles are very particles are less particles are far
closely packed. closely packed. apart from each
other.
Force of Force of Force of
attraction attraction attraction
between particles between particles between
is very strong. is less strong. particles is
negligible.
Force of Kinetic energy Particles have
attraction between particles maximum
between particles is more than that kinetic energy.
is very strong. in solids.
Have definite Do not have Neither have
shape and definite shape but definite shape
volume. definite volume. nor definite
volume.
Have high Density is lower Density is least
density and and than solids and and can easily
can not be can diffuse. diffuse.
diffused.
Incompressible. Almost Highly
 incompressible. compressible.

Temperature: Common and SI units

Common unit: Degree Celsius (oC)
SI unit: Kelvin (K)
Relation between common unit and SI unit of
temperature:
0 oC = 273K
Change of State of Matter:
Physical states of matter can be interconverted into each
other by following two ways:
1. By changing the temperature

2. By changing the pressure

1. Effect of Change of Temperature:
Solid to liquid:
On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic
energy of the particles increases which overcomes the
forces of attraction between the particles thereby solid
gets converted to a liquid.
Melting: Change of solid state of a substance into liquid
is called melting.
Melting point: The temperature at which a solid melts
to become a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called
its melting point.
Melting point of ice is 0oc.
(a) Liquid to gas:
On heating a liquid like water, the kinetic energy of its
particles increases as high as in a gas, thus causing the
liquid to change to a gas.
Boiling: The change of a liquid substance into gas on
heating is called boiling.
Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid boils
and changes rapidly into a gas at the atmospheric
pressure is called its boiling point.
Boiling point if water is 100oC.
(b) Gas to liquid:
On cooling a gas like steam (or water vapour), the kinetic
energy of its particles is lowered down, causing them to
move slowly and bringing them closer, forming a liquid.
Condensation: The process, in which a gas, on cooling,
turns into a liquid at a specific temperature is
called condensation or liquefaction.
(c) Liquid to solid:
When a liquid is cooled down by lowering its
temperature, its particles lose the kinetic energy and
come to a stationary position, causing the liquid to turn
to soilid.
Freezing: The change of a liquid substance into soilid by
lowering its temperature is called freezing.
Freezing point: The temperature at which the state of a
substance changes from a liquid to a solid is called
the freezing point of that substance.
Fusion:The process of melting, that is, change of solid
state into liquid state is also known as fusion.
Latent heat: The heat energy that is required to change
the state of a substance without causing any ruse in the
temperature of the substance is called latent heat. Since,
the heat energy is hidden in the bulk of the matter, it is
called latent heat.
Latent heat of fusion: The heat energy required to
convert 1 kilogram of a solid into liquid at atmospheric
pressure, at its melting point, is known as the latent heat
of fusion
Latent heat of vaporisation: The heat energy required
to convert 1 kilogram of liquid into gas, at atmospheric
pressure, at its boiling point, is known as the latent heat
of vaporisation
Note: Water vapour at 373 K have more energy than
water at the same temperature because
particles in steam have absorbed extra energy in the
form of latent heat of vaporisation.
Sublimation: The change of state of a substance directly
from a solid to gas or gas to solid, without changing into
the liquid state, is called sublimation.
2. Effect of change of pressure
Gas to liquid: Gases can be liquefied by applying
pressure and reducing the temperature. When a high
pressure is applied to a gas, it gets compressed and if the
temperature is lowered, the gas is liquefied.
Solid CO2 gets converted directly to gaseous state on
decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere without coming
into liquid state. This is the reason that solid carbon
dioxide is also known as dry ice.
Evaporation:
The process of conversion of a substance from the liquid
state to the gaseous state at any temperature below its
boiling point is called evaporation or vaporisation.
Factors affecting the rate of evaporation:
Surface area: The rate of evaporation increases on
increasing the surface area of the liquid.
Temperature: The rate of evaporation increases with an
increase in temperature.
Humidity: Decrease in the humidity increases the rate of
evaporation.
Wind speed: An increase in the wind speed increases the
rate of evaporation.
Evaporation causes cooling:
During the process of evaporation, the particles of liquid
absorb energy or latent heat of vaporisation from the
surrounding to get converted to gaseous state. This
absorption of energy from the surroundings make the
surroundings cold.

For example: The perspiration or sweating in our body

keep the body temperature constant by taking away the
extra heat from body as the latent heat of vaporisation.
Some important physical quantities and their SI
units: