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UPDATED TO 2023-2025 SYLLABUS
CAIE IGCSE
CHEMISTRY
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE THEORY SYLLABUS
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CAIE IGCSE CHEMISTRY
Condensation
1. States of Matter Condensation is the process by which a gas converts into a
liquid. It happens at the same temperature as the boiling
point.
1.1. Solids, Liquids and Gases
As temperature decreases, the energy of particles will
States of Matter are the different forms in which matter
decrease, making them move more slowly.
can exist
Condensation and Freezing are both energy-given-out
The three states of matter are Solid, Liquids, and Gases
reactions.
Properties of Solid, Liquid and Gases Freezing, Melting and Sublimation
Solids Liquids Gases 1. Melting is the process in which a solid converts to a
take the shape take the shape liquid. It happens at a set temperature called the
have a definite
Shape of their of their melting point.
shape
container container 2. Freezing is the process in which a liquid converts to a
Density high medium low solid. It happens at the same temperature as the
have a fixed have a fixed no fixed freezing point.
Volume 3. Sublimation occurs when a solid has enough energy to
volume volume volume
convert into a gas or gas converted into a solid.
particles can particles are
particles can
Particle vibrate about mobile and
move past one
Motion their fixed move
another
positions randomly
particles are
particles are particles are
Particle arranged
randomly randomly
Arrangement regularly in a
arranged arranged
lattice
Diagram
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1.4. Cooling and Heating Curves
1.3. Changes of States Cooling Curves
Boiling and Evaporation 1. On cooling, the particles of a gas move slower and
slower and the gas contracts
Boiling and Evaporation are both endothermic processes: 2. The particles are now closer together, and inter-
molecular bonds start to form between them once the
Boiling and evaporation are processes that involve the condensation point is reached
conversion of a liquid into a gas. 3. The temperature of the substance stops falling; the
Both processes allow molecules to move further apart energy released by bond formation cancels out the
from each other. energy lost due to cooling
4. Once all the gas has turned into liquid, the
Boiling Evaporation
temperature starts to fall again, and the liquid begins
occurs at any temperature to contract until the freezing point is reached
happens at a set temperature below the boiling point and 5. At the freezing point, inter-molecular bonds between
called the boiling point above the freezing point the liquid molecules start to develop to form a solid
(liquid) 6. At the freezing point, the temperature remains
occurs throughout the liquid only occurs at the surface constant until all of the liquid has solidified since the
relatively faster process a slow process energy released due to bond formation cancels out
the energy lost due to cooling
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CAIE IGCSE CHEMISTRY
The following curve is obtained if this phenomenon is plotted -
the cooling curve:
1.5. Diffusion
Heating Curves Diffusion: the net movement of particles from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower concentration as a
1. On heating, the particles of a solid start to vibrate result of their random movement until equilibrium is reached.
faster and faster in their mean positions, and the solid
The rate of diffusion is most rapid in gases > liquids >
begins to expand
solids.
2. Once the melting point is reached, the intermolecular
bonds between the particles begin to break.
Effect of Relative Molecular Mass in Diffusion
3. The temperature of the substance at this point
remains constant until all the solid has turned into a
The rate at which gases diffuse differs and depends on
liquid because the energy received by the system is
the gas's molecular' mass.
cancelled out by the energy used to break
At the same temperature, molecules with a lower mass
intermolecular bonds
move faster on average than those with a higher mass.
4. Once all the solid has turned to liquid, the temperature
starts to rise again, and the liquid begins to expand
until the boiling point is reached 1.6. Pressure and Temperature on Gas
5. At the boiling point, the intermolecular bonds between
the liquid molecules start to break down to form a gas Gases are compressible. By changing the pressure acting on
6. At the boiling point, the temperature of the substance them, their volume may be influenced.
remains constant until all of the liquid has vaporised
1. An increase in external pressure produces a
since the energy absorbed by the substance is
contraction (decrease) in volume. The gas is said to be
cancelled by the energy used for the breakdown of
compressed.
intermolecular bonds
2. A fall in external pressure produces an expansion
The following curve is obtained if this phenomenon is plotted - (increase) in volume. The gas is said to be
the heating curve: decompressed.
The volume of gases may also be influenced by temperature.
The temperature of a gas affects its internal pressure and,
thereby, its volume.
1. When temperature increases, the gas molecules have
increased kinetic energy and hit the walls of their
container more often and with greater force. This
causes an increase in internal pressure and an
increase in volume.
2. When the temperature decreases, the gas molecules
have decreased kinetic energy and hit the walls of
their container less often and with attenuated force.
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CAIE IGCSE CHEMISTRY
This causes a decrease in internal pressure and a
decrease in volume.
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CAIE IGCSE
Chemistry
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