SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SKEE 4423 POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING

DR AHMAD SAFAWI BIN MOKHTAR

ASSIGNMENT TITLE:

SIMULATION USING ETAP

SECTION 01

MOHAMAD AMINNUDIN BIN ABD MUTALIB

A20EE0112
 SIMULATION USING ETAP
MOHAMAD AMINNUDIN BIN ABD MUTALIB
SKEE 4423, SECTION 01
Abstract – Simulation of the given power system operations. ETAP power engineering software
network using ETAP is carried out. Load flow is run utilises an electrical digital twin in order for
to determine the maximum current at each feeder. electrical engineers and operators to perform
Short circuit analysis is then run to determine fault following studies [2]:
current at all buses. Suitable transformation ratios of
the current transformers (CT) is selected, utilising  Load flow or power flow study
class 5P CT and suitable accuracy limit current. The
values of pick-up (PU) setting and time dial settings of
 Short circuit or fault analysis
all relays are determined to ensure a coordinated  Protective device coordination,
protection system. Time-current coordination curve of discrimination or selectivity
the relays is produced. Then, the sequence of relay  Transient or dynamic stability
operation of the relays is confirmed for three-phase  Substation design and analysis
short at each bus.  Harmonic or power quality analysis
Index Terms – ETAP, power system network, feeder  Reliability
protection, transformers, load flow  Optimal power flow
 Power system stabiliser analysis
 Voltage stability analysis
I. INTRODUCTION  Arc flash hazard assessment
 Ground loop impedance calculation
Power system is a network which consists of  Battery modelling and simulation
generation, distribution and transmission system. It
uses the form of energy (like coal and diesel) and Feeder protection is defined as the protection of the
converts it into electrical energy. The power system feeder from the fault so that the power grid continues
includes the devices connected to the system like the supply the energy. The feeder injects the electrical
synchronous generator, motor, transformer, circuit energy from the substation to the load end. So, it is
breaker, conductor etc [3]. The power system is also essential to protect the feeder from the various type
a network of millions of electrical components of fault. The main requirements of the feeder
working in synchronism. Power plant, transformer, protection are:
transmission line, substations, distribution line and
distribution transformer are the six main ① During the short circuit, the circuit breaker
components of the power system. The power plant nearest to the fault should open and all
generates the power which is step-up or step-down other circuit breakers remain in a closed
through the transformer for transmission. Current, position
voltage, power and frequency are the main ② If the breaker nearest to the fault fails to
parameters of the power system [4]. open then, backup protection should be
provided by the adjacent circuit breaker
③ The relay operating time should be small to
maintain the system stability without
necessary tripping of a circuit
For the case of this assignment, radial feeder
protection is used. The main characteristic of a radial
system is that power flow only in one direction (from
Figure I: An overview of Electrical Power System the generator or supply to the load end). It has a
Network drawback that continuity of supply cannot be
controlled at the load end in the occurrence of a fault.
ETAP, which stands for Electrical Transient In a radial system when the number of feeders is
Analyser Program, is an electrical network connected in series as shown in Figure II. It is
modelling and simulation software tool, commonly desired that the smallest possible part of the system
used by power system engineers to create an should be off. This is conveniently achieved by
“electrical digital twin” and analyse electrical power employing time graded protection. The over current
system dynamics, transients and protection. ETAP system should be adjusted in such a way that the
was developed for the utilisation on MS-DOS longer the relay from the generating station the
operating system and intended for commercial and lesser the time of operation [5].
nuclear power system analysis and system
 Figure II

II. METHODOLOGY
A power system network in the form of ETAP file is Figure 1: Circuit after adding circuit breakers
provided by the lecturer and all group members are
required to download simulation software ETAP. (a) Run load flow to determine the maximum
First, the maximum current at each feeder and the current at each feeder.
fault current at all buses by running load flow and
short circuit analysis in ETAP are determined and
recorded in table form. Then, the transformation
ratios of the CTs, utilizing Class 5P CT and suitable
accuracy limit current for this power system are set
and default setting in ETAP is change. Next, manual
calculation is performed to find the pick-up (PU)
setting value by formula and the time dial settings
(TSM) of all relays to ensure a coordinated
protection system. After that, time-current
coordination curve of the relays on the system is
produced. Fault current is inserted at every bus to get
the sequence of relay operation. All the simulation
result is print-screened, recorded and tabulated in
table for discussion.

III. RESULT
Simulation:
Figure 2: Load flow of the system
To protect the system before simulation, circuit
(b) Run the short circuit analysis to determine
breakers (CB1, CB2, CB3, CB1A and CB1B) are
fault current at all buses
added to the system.
 Figure 5: Fault at Bus 2

Figure 3: Fault at Bus 1A

Figure 6: Fault at Bus 3

Figure 4: Fault at Bus 1B

Figure 7: Fault at Bus 4

Relay R4 R3 R2 R1B R1A

Max 117.1 117.1/306.2 306.2 183.7 122.5
Load
Current
or RSI
(A)
Fault 837 546/1428 1300 1300 1300
Current
(A)
Table 1: Result from load flow and fault simulation

(c) Select the transformation ratios of the CTs,

utilising Class 5P CT and suitable accuracy
limit current.

CTs ratio set to 200/1 with Class 5P10.

 (5 is the accuracy or ratio error, P stands for Fault at Bus 1A
protection class, 10 is for accuracy limit
factor ALF) R1A R2
FC = 1300 FC = 1300
5P10 means the maximum permissible 1300 1300
limit of error (accuracy limit) is 5% at 10 PSM = PSM = = 4.2456
122.5 306.2
times rated current (Accuracy Limit = 10.6122 RCOT = 4.7717
Factor). CT will give ratio error of only 5% RCOT = 2.8941 RjOT = 0.290 + 0.4 = 0.690
even if fault current reaches 10 times the ROT = 0.290 (set) 0.690
0.290 TSM = = 0.146
nominal value, after that CT will start to 4.7717
TSM = = 0.1
saturate. 2.8941

Fault at Bus 1B
R1B R2
FC = 1300 FC = 1300
1300 1300
PSM = = 7.0768 PSM = = 4.2456
183.7 306.2
RCOT = 3.5077 RCOT = 4.7717
ROT = 0.1 x 3.5077 RjOT = 0.351 + 0.4 = 0.751
= 0.351 0.751
TSM = = 0.157
4.7717

Fault at Bus 2
R2 R3
Figure 8: CT setting
FC = 1300 FC = 1300
1300 1300
(d) Determine the values of the pick-up (PU) PSM = = 4.2456
306.2 PSM = 2.61
setting and time dial settings of all relays RCOT = 4.7717 117.1
to ensure a coordinated protection system. ROT = 0.146 x 4.7717 = 4.2535
CT ratio=200/1 = 0.697 RCOT = 4.7655
RjOT = 0.697 + 0.4 = 1.097
ROT when starting=290ms 1.097
TSM for Relay 1A and Relay 1B=0.1 TSM = = 0.230
4.7655
Pick-up setting=Maximum load
current/CTs ratio
Time dial setting=TSM
Relay R4 R3 R2 R1B R1A Fault at Bus 3
Max 117.1 117.1/306.2 306.2 183.7 122.5
Load R3 R4
Current FC = 1428 FC = 546
or RSI 1428 546
PSM = = 4.6636 PSM = = 4.6627
(A) 306.2 117.1
CT 200/1 200/1 200/1 200/1 200/1 RCOT = 4.4764 RCOT = 4.4770
ratio ROT = 0.230 x 4.4764 RjOT = 1.029 + 0.4 = 1.429
Pick- 0.586 0.586 1.531 0.613 0.919 = 1.029 1.429
Up TSM = = 0.319
4.4770
Table 2: Result pick-up with the chosen
CT ratio setting.
Fault at Bus 4
Manual Calculation:
R4
FC = 837
837
PSM = = 7.1477
117.1
RCOT = 3.4895
ROT = 0.319 X 3.4895 = 1.114
Figure 9: Radial feeder system
Relay Time Dial ROT RjOT
Setting=TSM (ms) (ms)
1A 0.100 290 -
1B 0.100 351 -
2 0.146 697 690
3 0.230 1029 1097
4 0.319 1114 1429
Table 3: Time dial setting. ROT and RjOT for each
relay Figure 12: Relay 1A Operating Time=290ms
(e) Produce the time-current coordination When fault occurs on Bus1A, the nearest Relay 1A
curve of the relays on the system. will trip the circuit breaker after 290ms, if it fails to
trip, as backup, Relay 2 will trip at 536ms, Relay 3
trip at 1099ms if Relay 1A and Relay 2 fails. If all
downstream relays fail to function, Relay 4 will
function at 1525ms to trip the circuit breaker as
backup.

Figure 10: Time-current coordination

curve of the relays

(f) Confirm the sequence of relay operation of

the relays for three-phase short at each bus.

Figure 13: When Fault at Bus 1B

Figure 14: Relay 1B Operating Time=351ms

Figure 11: When Fault at Bus 1A
 Figure 18: Relay 3 Operating Time=1030ms

Figure 15: Fault at Bus 2

Figure 19: Fault at Bus 4

Figure 16: Relay 2 Operating Time=536ms

Figure 20: Relay 4 Operating Time=1114ms

Comparison between Calculated ROT and

Simulated ROT:
Relay TSM ROT from RjOT ROT from
manual (ms) simulation
calculation (ms)
(ms)
1A 0.100 290 - 290
1B 0.100 351 - 351
2 0.146 697 690 536
3 0.230 1029 1097 1030
4 0.319 1114 1429 1114
Figure 17: When Fault at Bus 3
Table 4: TSM, Calculated Operating Time and
Simulated Operating Time for each relay
 IV. DISCUSSION VI. REFERENCE
The power system network ETAP file is originally [1] A. A. Zin, S. Khalid, M. H. Habibuddin. Feb
without the circuit breaker, in order to protect the 2017. Power System Engineering.
system and upstream equipment when fault occur,
the circuit breakers were added before the [2] Electrical Transient Analyzer Program. (2020,
simulation starts. Circuit breakers can control and March 09). Retrieved May 22, 2020, from
protect the electrical system, but most need a https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_Transi
protective relay to determine if a problem exists and ent_Analyzer_Program
tell the circuit breaker to open. A protective relay
protects the electrical system by trying to determine [3] Moursalou, Siddhart, & Alex, T. (2016,
what is normal and abnormal and tells the circuit December 13). What is Power System?
breaker to open when a problem is detected. Definition & Structure of Power System.
Protective relays and circuit breakers must work Retrieved May 22, 2020, from
together to isolate a fault. https://circuitglobe.com/power-system.html
Based on the result from the manual calculation and
ETAP simulation, it shows that the Relay Operating [4] Ravi. (2019, January 06). Overview of
Time (ROT) between manual calculated value and Electrical Power System Network. Retrieved
simulated value only has a small difference (refer May 22, 2020, from
Table 4). When real fault occurs, the real operation http://electricalarticle.com/overview-power-
time at relay 2 in simulation is shorter, so the relay system/
function faster than the expectation. Besides, it can
be said that the calculated values are verified by [5] Tlali, M., Wanjari, M., Ngoyi, A., & Tumwine
simulation. Happy. (2016, October 17). What is Feeder
Protection? Definition & Time Graded
To carry out the fault analysis on power protection Protection. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from
system, there are few assumptions made. The first https://circuitglobe.com/feeder-protection.html
assumption is the reactance of all cables, circuit
breakers, current transformers, and buses are
neglected, as well as the resistance values of all the
system components. The effect of these is usually
small when compared to the effect of power
company short circuit per-unit reactance and
generator and transformer per-unit reactance. The
second assumption is all the faults are considered
bolted, that is, the fault impedance is assumed to be
zero. The third assumption is the contribution of
back EMF of motors in feeding the fault current is
neglected. The short-circuit currents calculated with
the preceding assumptions will be slightly higher, on
the conservative side, than if the neglected values
were used in the calculations.

V. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the radial system of a power system
network is protected by time delay overcurrent relay.
The purpose of having a time delay setting is to
make sure the circuit breaker nearest to the fault will
trip before other circuit breaker functions. Therefore,
when the fault occurs, the system can be protected in
a short period of time while other upstream circuit
breakers with large time delay remain closed. The
purpose of having an overcurrent relay is to make
sure the relay is coordinate to operate in sequence to
minimise load interruption.