PHYS 1008 Formula Sheet, version 5.

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Fundamental constants Quadratic formula √ Capacitors

2 −b ± b2 − 4ac
Constant Symbol Value if ax + bx + c = 0 then x = charge: Q = CΔV
2a
gravitational acceleration g 9.81 m/s2 Vectors capacitance of parallel plate capacitor: C = 0 A/d
ẑ  = |E
dielectrics: C = κC0 , |E|  0 |/κ
speed of light in vacuum c 3.00×108 m/s
unit vectors: x̂, ŷ, ẑ electric potential energy stored:
elementary charge e 1.602×10−19 C ŷ
U = (1/2) QΔV = (1/2) C(ΔV )2 = Q2 /(2C)
mass of electron me 9.11×10−31 kg x̂ energy density: uE = (1/2)0 E 2
 = Ax x̂ + Ay ŷ + Az ẑ  −1
mass of proton mp 1.67×10−27 kg vectors in component form:
A series: Ceq = C1−1 + C2−1 + . . . + Cn−1
2  = Bx x̂ + By ŷ + Bz ẑ
Coulomb constant k 8.99×109 N·mC2
B
 parallel: Ceq = C1 + C2 + . . . + Cn
−12 C2 magnitude of a vector: A = |A|  = A2x + A2y + A2z
permittivity of free space 0 8.85×10 N·m2 vector addition:
permeability of free space μ0 4π×10−7 T·m A  B  Current and resistance
A
Rydberg constant R 1.097×107 m−1 A +B = (Ax + Bx )x̂ + (Ay + By )ŷ + (Az + Bz )ẑ
+B  resistance: R = ρL/A
Planck’s constant h 6.626×10−34 J·s A
series: Req = R1 + R2 + . . . + Rn
4.136×10−15 eV·s   
−1 −1
angle between two vectors:
A parallel: Req = R1−1 + R2−1 + . . . + Rn
h̄ 1.055×10−34 J·s θ
 current: I = Δq/Δt
B
6.582×10−16 eV·s scalar (dot) product: Ohm’s law: ΔV = IR
2 2
eV energy constant hc 1240 eV·nm ·B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz = |A|| B|
 cos θ power: P = IΔV = (ΔV ) /R = I R
A loop rule: ΔV = 0 in a closed loop
binding energy constant c2 931.5 MeV/u vector (cross) product: junction rule: Iin = Iout
Bohr radius a0 52.9 pm  × B|
|A  = |A||
 B|
 sin θ and direction from right-hand rule
Compton wavelength h/(me c) 2.43×10−12 m
electron rest energy me c 2 511 keV
RC circuits
PHYS 1007
Avogadro’s number NA 6.022 ×1023 mol−1 time constant: τ = RC
Δx = vi,x Δt + (1/2) ax (Δt)2 current: I(t) = Imax e−t/τ
kinematics: vf,x = vi,x + ax Δt emf: E = Imax R
Conversions 2
vf,x 2
= vi,x + 2ax Δx charging capacitor: VC (t) = E(1 − e−t/τ ),

Unit Symbol Conversion to SI
Newton’s second law: F = ma Q(t) = Qmax (1 − e−t/τ )
linear momentum: p  = mv discharging capacitor: VC (t) = Ee−t/τ ,
electron-volt eV 1 eV = 1.602×10−19 J conservation of momentum: p i = p
f Q(t) = Qmax e−t/τ
diopter D 1 D = 1 m−1 work: W = F  · d = F d cos θ
atomic mass unit u 1 u = 1.661×10−27 kg kinetic energy: K = (1/2) mv 2 = p2 /(2m)
curie Ci 1 Ci = 3.70×1010 Bq gravitational potential energy: ΔUg = mgΔh Magnetic field
conservation of energy (no friction): ΔK + ΔU = 0
power: P = ΔE/Δt charge moving in a magnetic field:
Basic math uniform circular motion: ω = 2π/T = 2πf, v = ωr  = qv × B,
F  |F  | = |q||v ||B|
 sin θ
centripetal force: Fc = mac = mω 2 r = mv 2 /r m|v |
charge undergoing uniform circular motion: r =
Perimeters, areas, and volumes 
|q||B|
perimeter of 2D shapes area of 2D shapes μ0 I
Electric field and potential field from a wire: B =
rectangle: 2(l + w) rectangle: lw 2π r
magnetic flux: ΦB = B  ·A = B⊥ A = BA⊥ = BA cos θ
circle: 2πr triangle: (1/2) bh
Coulomb’s law: |F  | = k|q1 ||q2 | SI unit for magnetic flux is the weber: 1 Wb = 1 T · m2
circle: πr2 r2 ΔΦB
surface area of 3D shapes volume of 3D shapes 
electric force and field: F = q E,  |E|  = k|q| Faraday’s law: E = −
r2 Δt
cuboid: 2(lw + lh + wh) cuboid: lwh Lenz’s law: induced current produces magnetic field which
electric field of parallel plate capacitor: |E|  = σ = Q opposes ΔΦB which caused the current.
cylinder: 2πrh + 2πr2 cylinder: πr2 h 0 0 A
kq1 q2 inductance: L = N Φ/I
sphere: 4πr2 sphere: (4/3) πr3 electric potential energy: Ue = , ΔUe = qΔV SI unit for inductance is the henry: 1 H = 1 Wb · A−1
r ΔΦB ΔI
Trigonometry work by electric field: Wf = −ΔUe induced emf in inductor: E = −N = −L
kq  Δt Δt
h o electric potential: V = , |ΔV | = |E|Δx magnetic energy stored in inductor: U = (1/2)LI 2
o a2 + o 2 = h 2 sin θ = r
1
h electric flux: ΦE = E  ·A
 = E⊥ A = EA⊥ = EA cos θ magnetic energy density: uB = B2
θ a o Gauss’ law: ΦE = Qinside /0 2μ0
a cos θ = tan θ =
h a
PHYS 1008 Formula Sheet, version 5.1 2 of 2

Alternating current (AC) Lenses - conventions Quantum

voltage: v(t) = Vmax sin(ωt) Quantity Positive when Negative when hc
current: i(t) = Imax sin(ωt)√ energy of photon: E = hf =
object location (p) in front of lens behind lens λ
rms voltage: Vrms = Vmax /√ 2 Stefan’s law: P = eσAT 4
(real) (virtual)
rms current: Irms = Imax / 2 Wien’s law: λmax T = 2.898 × 10−3 m·K
2 2 image location (q) behind lens in front of lens photoelectric effect: Kmax = hf − φ
power: Paverage = Irms Vrms = Vrms /R = Irms R
capacitors: (real) (virtual) rest mass energy: E0 = mc2
image height (hi ) upright inverted hc
production of x-rays in a tube: λmin =
vC (t) = Vmax sin(ωt), iC (t) = Imax sin(ωt + π/2) focal length (f ) converging lens diverging lens K
Bohr model energy levels:
1 
XC = , Vmax = Imax XC E1 1 1
ωC Lenses En = 2 , ΔE = E1 − 2
inductors: n n2f ni
1 1 1
thin lens equation: = +
vL (t) = Vmax sin(ωt), iL (t) = Imax sin(ωt − π/2) f p q hydrogen ground state energy: E1 = −13.6 eV
q hi Bohr model radii: rn = n2 a0
magnification: m = − =
XL = ωL, Vmax = Imax XL p ho de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p = h/(mv)
total magnification: mt = m1 m2 photon momentum: p = h/λ = hf /c
power (f has to be in metres): P = 1/f h
Speed of light Compton scattering: λ − λ = (1 − cos θ)
me c
1 Optical instruments h̄
speed of light in vacuum = c = √ = λf uncertainty principle: ΔxΔpx ≥
 0 μ0 2
angular size: θ = h/p, in radians h̄
speed of light in medium: energy-time uncertainty principle: ΔEΔt ≥
c λ θaided 2
vn = = λn f where n = index of refraction, λn = magnification: M =
θunaided n 2 h2
n n particle in 1D box: En =
simple magnifier: M = N/f 8mL2
N L principal quantum number: n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
microscope: Mtotal = mo Me = − orbital angular momentum:
Electromagnetic waves fe fo

fo
telescope: Mtotal = − L = l(l + 1)h̄, l = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 1
electric and magnetic field amplitudes: Emax = cBmax fe
 ×B
direction of propagation is along E  near point, normal eye: Nnear = 25 cm Lz = ml h̄
far point, normal eye: Nf ar = ∞
ml = −l, (−l + 1), . . . , −1, 0, 1, . . . , (l − 1), l
Light √
Interference 3 1
spin: S = h̄, Sz = mz h̄, mz = ±
2 2 2
P  2 cBrms
intensity: I = = cu = c0 Erms = total intensity: Itotal ∝ A2total
A μ0
polarization: constructive interference: Nuclear physics
amplitude: A = A1 + A2 √
Iout = (1/2) Iin , unpolarized incident light intensity: I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 nucleon number: A = Z + N
phase difference: Δφ = 2mπ, m = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . binding energy: EB = ZmH c2 + N m 2 2 2
√ n c − mA c = Δmc
Malus’ law: path difference: Δl = mλ, m = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . nuclear radius: r = (1.2 × 10−15 m) 3 A
destructive interference: ΔN
Iout = Iin cos2 θ, polarized incident light amplitude: A = |A1 − A2√ | activity: R = − = Nλ
Δt
intensity: I = I1 + I2 − 2 I1 I2 decay constant and half-life:
reflection: θi = θr phase difference: Δφ = (m + 1/2)2π, m = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
Snell’s law (refraction): ni sin θi = nt sin θt path difference: Δl = (m + 1/2)λ, m = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . 1 ln(2)
nt λ= , T1/2 = τ ln(2) =
critical angle for total internal reflection: sin θc = double-slit and gratings constructive interference: τ λ
  ni d sin θ = mλ, m = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
nt radioactive decay:
Brewster’s angle: θB = arctan double-slit destructive interference:
ni d sin θ = (m + 1/2) λ, m = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
single-slit destructive interference: N (t) = N0 e−λt = N0 e−t/τ = N0 2−t/T1/2
a sin θ = mλ, m = ±1, ±2, . . .
Rayleigh’s criterion: a sin (Δθ) ≥ 1.22λ0 R(t) = R0 e−λt = R0 e−t/τ = R0 2−t/T1/2