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Section a

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

A1. This question is about electrical resistance of the metal mercury.

The resistance R of a sample of mercury was measured as a function of the temperature T of

the sample. The sample was cooled and data points were taken at temperature intervals of
0.2 K. The uncertainties in R and T are too small to be shown on the graph.

R/Ω 3

0
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7
T/K

The hypothesis is that resistance is proportional to absolute temperature for temperatures greater
than 4.5 K.

(a) (i) Suggest whether the data supports the hypothesis. [1]

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(ii) Draw a line of best fit through the data. [2]

(b) State the value of R for which the rate of change of resistance of the sample with
temperature is least. [1]

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(Question A1 continued)

(c) At a temperature TC the resistance suddenly becomes zero.

(i) Use the graph to determine the possible range of the temperature TC . [1]

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(ii) State, to the correct number of significant figures, the value of TC and its
uncertainty. [2]

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(iii) Outline how the temperature TC could be measured more precisely. [1]

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(d) Outline two reasons why you could not use the data to determine an accurate value for R
at room temperature. [2]

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Section a

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

A1. This question is about liquid flow.

The diagram shows a storage container for liquids.

container

h0

The container is filled from above. The distance between the base of the container and the
ground is h0.

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question A1 continued)

The container, which is initially empty, is then filled at a constant rate. The height h of
the liquid surface above the ground is measured as a function of time t. The results of the
measurements are shown plotted below.

liquid surface height 8.5

above ground h / m

7.5

6.5

5.5

4.5

3.5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
time t / s

(a) Draw a best-fit line for the data. [1]

(b) It is hypothesized that h is directly proportional to t. State and explain whether this
hypothesis is correct for the periods

(i) t = 0 to t = 120 s. [1]

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(ii) t > 120 s. [1]

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(Question A1 continued)

(c) Use data from the graph to determine the value of h0. [2]

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(d) The area of the base of the container is 1.8 m2. Deduce that the volume of liquid
entering the storage container each second is approximately 0.02 m3 s–1. [3]

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(e) The container is completely filled after 850 s. Calculate the total volume of the
container. [1]

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(Question A1 continued)

(f) The empty container is now filled at half the rate in (d). Using the axes, sketch a graph
to show the variation of h with t in the range t = 0 to t = 900 s. [2]

liquid surface height 8.5

above ground h / m

3.5
0 900
time t / s

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Section a

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

A1. Data analysis question.

The frequency f of the fundamental vibration of a standing wave of fixed length is measured for
different values of the tension T in the string, using the apparatus shown.

L pulley
signal
generator

mass

vibrator string

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question A1 continued)

In order to find the relationship between the speed v of the wave and the tension T in the string,
the speed v is calculated from the relation

v = 2 f  L
where L is the length of the string.

The data points are shown plotted on the axes below. The uncertainty in v is ±5 m s–1 and the
uncertainty in T is negligible.

60

50

40

v / m s–1 30

20

10

0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
T/N

(a) Draw error bars on the first and last data points to show the uncertainty in speed v. [1]

(b) The original hypothesis is that the speed is directly proportional to the tension T.
Explain why the data do not support this hypothesis. [2]

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(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question A1 continued)

(c) It is suggested that the relationship between speed and tension is of the form

v=k T

where k is a constant.

To test whether the data support this relationship, a graph of v2 against T is plotted as
shown below.

3.0

2.5

2.0

v2 / × 103 m2 s–2 1.5

1.0

0.5

0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
T/N

The best-fit line shown takes into account the uncertainties for each data point.
The uncertainty in v2 for T = 3.5 N is shown as an error bar on the graph.

(i) State the value of the uncertainty in v2 for T = 3.5 N. [1]

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(ii) At T = 1.0 N the speed v = 27 ±5 m s–1. Calculate the uncertainty in v2. [3]

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(Question A1 continued)

(d) Use the graph in (c) to determine k without its uncertainty. [4]

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Section a

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

A1. This question is about electrical resistance.

The graph shows the variation with temperature T of the resistance R of an electrical component.

6000

5000

4000

R/ Ω 3000

2000

1000

0
250 300 350 400
T/K

(a) A student hypothesizes that the resistance is inversely proportional to the temperature.
Use data from the graph to show whether the hypothesis is supported. [3]

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(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question A1 continued)

(b) A second student suggests that the relationship is of the form

b
lg R = a +
T
where a and b are constants.

The student plots the graph below. Error bars have been included for the sake of clarity.

2
lg (R / Ω )

–1

–2

–3
0 1 2 3 4
1
/ ×10−3 K −1
T

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(Question A1 continued)

(i) Explain how the graph drawn could be used as evidence to support the student’s
suggestion. [2]

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(ii) Use the graph to determine the constants a and b. [4]

b: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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a: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(iii) Using your answers to (b)(ii), determine a value for the resistance of the component
at a temperature of 260 K. [2]

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Section a

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

A1. Data analysis question.

Gillian carried out an experiment to investigate the craters formed when steel balls are
dropped into sand. To try and find the relationship between the diameter of the crater and the
energy of impact of steel balls of the same diameter, she dropped a steel ball from different
heights h into sand and measured the resulting diameter d of the crater. The data are shown
plotted below.

d / ×10–2 m 12
10

0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
h/m

(a) The uncertainty in the measurement of d is ±0.40 cm; the uncertainty in h is too
small to be shown. Draw error bars for the data point (0.2, 0.047) and the data point
(2.0, 0.10). [2]

(b) Draw a best-fit line for the data points. [2]

(c) The original hypothesis, made by Gillian, was that the diameter of the crater is directly
proportional to the energy of impact of the steel balls. Explain why the data does not
support this hypothesis. [3]

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(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question A1 continued)

(d) Since Gillian’s data did not support her hypothesis, she researched to find alternative
hypotheses. She found that there are two theories used to predict a relationship
between d and h. In order to find which theory is best supported by the data,
she processed the data in two separate ways. The processed data are shown below.

Theory 1 d

Predicts that
1
d = const (h) 3

0
0 h3
1

Theory 2 d

Predicts that
1
d = const (h) 4

0
0 h4
1

(i) Draw a line of best-fit on each graph. [2]

(ii) State and explain which theory is best supported by the student’s data. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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A2. This question is about circular motion and global warming.

(a) A car is travelling at constant speed of 18 m s–1 around a horizontal bend in the road.
The mass of the car is 1.5 ×103 kg and the bend forms part of a circle of radius
2.0 ×103 m.

(i) State why the car is accelerating. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Determine the frictional force between the tyres of the car and the surface of
the road that produces the acceleration. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) It is suggested that the use of fossil fuels to power cars has led to an enhancement of
the greenhouse effect.

(i) State the reason for this suggestion. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Outline one mechanism by which the enhanced greenhouse effect may lead to
an increase in global warming. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SECTION A

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

A1. Data analysis question.

A student performs an experiment with a paper toy that rotates as it falls slowly through
the air. After release, the paper toy quickly attains a constant vertical speed as measured over
a fixed vertical distance.

release of paper toy

paper toy
fixed distance

The aim of the experiment was to find how the terminal speed of the paper toy varies
with its weight. The weight of the paper toy was changed by using different numbers of
paper sheets in its construction.

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question A1 continued)

The graph shows a plot of the terminal speed v of the paper toy (calculated from the raw data)
and the number of paper sheets n used to construct the toy. The uncertainty in v for n = 1 is
shown by the error bar.

0.45

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25
–1
v / ms
0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n

(a) The fixed distance is 0.75 m and has an absolute uncertainty of 0.01 m. The percentage
uncertainty in the time taken to fall through the fixed distance is 5 %.

(i) Calculate the absolute uncertainty in the terminal speed of the paper toy for n = 6. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) On the graph, draw an error bar on the point corresponding to n = 6. [1]

(b) On the graph, draw a line of best-fit for the data points. [1]

(This question continues on the following page)

8810-6505

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(Question A1 continued)

(c) The student hypothesizes that v is proportional to n. Use the data points for n = 2 and
n = 4 from the graph opposite to show that this hypothesis is incorrect. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question A1 continued)

(d) Another student hypothesized that v might be proportional to n. To verify this

hypothesis he plotted a graph of v2 against n as shown below.

0.20

0.18

0.16

0.14

0.12

v2 / m2 s–2 0.10

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n

Explain how the graph verifies the hypothesis that v is proportional to n. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8810-6505

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SECTION A

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

A1. Data analysis question.

The photograph below shows a magnified image of a dark central disc surrounded by concentric
dark rings. These rings were produced as a result of interference of monochromatic light.

The graph below shows how the ring diameter D varies with the ring number n.
The innermost ring corresponds to n = 1. The corresponding diameter is labelled in the
photograph. Error bars for the diameter D are shown.

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0
D / cm
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
n

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question A1 continued)

(a) State one piece of evidence that shows that D is not proportional to n. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) On the graph opposite, draw the line of best-fit for the data points. [2]

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question A1 continued)

(c) Theory suggests that D 2 = kn.

A graph of D2 against n is shown below. Error bars are shown for the first and last data
points only.

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0
2 2
D / cm
1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
n

(i) Using the graph on page 2, calculate the percentage uncertainty in D2, of the
ring n = 7. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question A1 continued)

(ii) Based on the graph opposite, state one piece of evidence that supports the
relationship D 2 = kn. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii) Use the graph opposite to determine the value of the constant k, as well as
its uncertainty. [4]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(iv) State the unit for the constant k. [1]

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Section a

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

A1. Data analysis question.

The speed v of waves on the surface of deep water depends only on the wavelength λ
of the waves. The data gathered from a particular region of the Atlantic Ocean are
plotted below.

5
–1
v/ms
4

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
λ/m

The uncertainty in the speed v is ±0.30 m s–1 and the uncertainty in λ is too small to be shown
on the diagram.

(This question continues on the following page)

0228
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(Question A1 continued)

(a) State, with reference to the graph,

(i) why v is not directly proportional to λ. [1]

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) the value of v for λ = 39 m. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question A1 continued)

(b) It is suggested that the relationship between v and λ is of the form

v=a λ

where a is a constant. To test the validity of this hypothesis, values of v2 against λ are
plotted below.

70

60

50

40
2 2 –2
v /m s
30

20

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
λ/m

(i) Use your answer to (a)(ii) to show that the absolute uncertainty in v2 for a
wavelength of 39 m is ±5 m2 s–2. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) The absolute uncertainty in v2 for a wavelength of 2.5 m is ±1 m2 s–2. Using this
value and the value in (b)(i), construct error bars for v2 at the data points for
λ = 2.5 m and 39 m. [1]

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question A1 continued)

(iii) State why the plotted data in (b)(ii) suggest that it is likely that v is proportional
to λ . [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(iv) Use the graph opposite to determine the constant a. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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k
(v) Theory shows that a = . Determine a value for k. [1]
2π

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SECTION A

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

A1. Data analysis question.

Caroline carried out an experiment to measure the variation with water depth d of the
wave speed c of a surface water wave. Her data are shown plotted below.

20

18

16

14

12

c / cm s–1 10

0
0 5 10 15
d / cm

The uncertainty in the water depth d is too small to be shown. Uncertainties in the
measurement of the wave speed c are shown as error bars on the graph except for the
data point corresponding to d = 15 cm.

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question A1 continued)

(a) Caroline calculated the wave speed by measuring the time t for the wave to
travel 150 cm. The uncertainty in this distance is 2 cm. For the reading at a water depth
of 15 cm, the time t is 8.3 s with an uncertainty 0.5 s.

(i) Show that the absolute uncertainty in the wave speed at this time is 1.3 cm s–1. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) On the graph opposite, draw the error bar for the data point corresponding to
d = 15 cm. [1]

(b) Caroline hypothesized that the wave speed c is directly proportional to the water depth d.

(i) On the graph opposite, draw a line of best-fit for the data. [1]

(ii) Suggest if the data support this hypothesis. [2]

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(Question A1 continued)

(c) ∝ d 0.5.
Another student proposes that c is proportionalc to

State a suitable graph that can be plotted to test this proposal. [1]

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(d) There is a systematic error in Caroline’s determination of the depth.

(i) State what is meant by a systematic error. [1]

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(ii) State how the graph in (c) would indicate that there is a systematic error. [1]

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Section a

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

A1. Data analysis question.

A small sphere rolls down a track of constant length AB. The sphere is released from rest at A.
The time  t that the sphere takes to roll from A to B is measured for different values of height  h.

track
h

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(Question A1 continued)

1
A student suggests that  t is proportional to . To test this hypothesis a graph of  t against
h
1
is plotted as shown on the axes below. The uncertainty in  t is shown and the uncertainty in
h
1
is negligible.
h

2.0

1.5

t/s 1.0

0.5

0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
1
/ m–1
h

(a) (i) Draw the straight line that best fits the data. [1]

(ii) State why the data do not support the hypothesis. [1]

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(Question A1 continued)

(b) Another student suggests that the relationship between  t and  h  is of the form

1
t=k
h

where  k is a constant.

1
To test whether or not the data support this relationship, a graph of t2 against is plotted
as shown below. h

The best-fit line takes into account the uncertainties for all data points.

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

t2 / s2

1.5

1.0

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 –1
/m
h
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(Question A1 continued)

1
The uncertainty in  t2 for the data point where =10.0 m–1 is shown as an error bar on
the graph. h

1
(i) State the value of the uncertainty in  t2 for =10.0 m–1. [1]
h

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(ii) Calculate the uncertainty in  t2 when  t = 0.8 ± 0.1 s. Give your answer to an
appropriate number of significant digits. [4]

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(iii) Use the graph to determine the value of  k. Do not calculate its uncertainty. [3]

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(iv) State the unit of  k . [1]

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Section a

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

A1. Data analysis question.

Metal girders are often used in buildings that have been constructed to withstand earthquakes.
To aid the design of these buildings, experiments are undertaken to measure how the natural
frequency f of horizontal oscillations of metal girders varies with their dimensions. In an
experiment, f was measured for vertically supported girders of the same cross-sectional area
but with different heights h.

horizontal oscillations of frequency f

metal girder
h

ground surface

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(Question A1 continued)

The graph shows the plotted data for this experiment. Uncertainties in the data are not shown.

70

60

50

40
f / Hz
30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
h/m

(a) Draw a best-fit line for the data. [1]

(b) It is hypothesized that the frequency f is inversely proportional to the height h.

By choosing two well separated points on the best-fit line that you have drawn in (a),
show that this hypothesis is incorrect. [4]

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(Question A1 continued)

(c) Another suggestion is that the relationship between f and h is of the form shown below,
where k is a constant.
k
f =
h2

The graph shows a plot of f against h −2 .

70

60

50

40
f / Hz
30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
h ×10−3 / m −2
−2

The uncertainties in h −2 are too small to be shown.

k
(i) Draw a best-fit line for the data that supports the relationship f = . [2]
h2

(ii) Determine, using the graph, the constant k. [3]

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(Question A1 continued)

(d) State one reason why the results of the experiment could not be used to predict the
natural frequency of oscillation for girders of height 50 m. [1]

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Section a

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

A1. Data analysis question.

The movement of glaciers can be modelled by applying a load to a sample of ice.

change in height load

ice sample

height ice sample

After the load has been applied, it is observed to move downwards at a constant speed v as
the ice deforms. The constant speed v is measured for different loads. The graph shows the
variation of v with load W for a number of identical samples of ice.

The data points are plotted below.

3.0

2.5

2.0

v / ×10–4 m s–1 1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
W/N

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question A1 continued)

The uncertainty in v is ±20 µm s–1 and the uncertainty in W is negligible.

(a) (i) On the graph opposite, draw error bars on the first and last points to show the
uncertainty in v. [1]

(ii) On the graph opposite, draw the line of best-fit for the data points. [1]

(b) Explain whether the data support the hypothesis that v is directly proportional to W. [1]

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(Question A1 continued)

(c) Theory suggests that the relation between v and W is

v = kW 3
where k is a constant.
1
To test this hypothesis a graph of v 3 against W is plotted.

7.0

6.5

6.0

5.5

5.0
− 13
v 3 / ×10–2 m 3 s
1

4.5

4.0
1

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
W/N

At W = 5.5 N the speed is 250 ±20 µm s–1.

1
Calculate the uncertainty in v 3 for a load of 5.5 N. [3]

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(Question A1 continued)

(d) (i) Using the graph in (c), determine k without its uncertainty. [4]

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(ii) State an appropriate unit for your answer to (d)(i). [1]

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Section a

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

A1. Data analysis question.

A particular semiconductor device generates an emf, which varies with light intensity.
The diagram shows the experimental arrangement which a student used to investigate the
variation with distance d of the emf ε . The power output of the lamp was constant. (The power
supply for the lamp is not shown.)

semiconductor
device lamp

mV

The table shows how ε varied with d.

d / cm ε / mV
19.1 5.5
18.0 6.0
16.0 8.6
14.0 11.9
12.0 19.7
10.0 37.5

(a) Outline why the student has recorded the ε values to different numbers of significant
digits but the same number of decimal places. [2]

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(Question A1 continued)

(b) On looking at the results the student suggests that ε could be inversely proportional to d.
He proceeds to multiply each d value by the corresponding value of ε .

(i) Explain why this procedure can be used to disprove the student’s suggestion but it
cannot prove it. [2]

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(ii) Using the data for d values of 19.1 cm, 16.0 cm and 10.0 cm discuss whether or
not ε is inversely proportional to d. [3]

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(Question A1 continued)

(c) The graph shows some of the data points with the uncertainty in the d values.

On the graph

(i) draw the data point corresponding to the value of d = 19.1 cm. [1]

(ii) assuming that there is a constant absolute uncertainty in measuring all values of d,
draw the error bar for the data point in (c)(i). [1]

(iii) sketch the line of best-fit for all the plotted points. [1]

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0428
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(Question A1 continued)

40

30

ε / mV 20

10

0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
d / cm

(This question continues on the following page)

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0528
 –6– M13/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX

(Question A1 continued)

(d) All values of ε have a percentage uncertainty of ±3 %. Calculate the percentage

uncertainty in the product d ε for the value of d = 18.0 cm. [2]

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0628
 –2– M13/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

Section a

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

A1. Data analysis question.

A capacitor is a device that can be used to store electric charge.

(a) An experiment was undertaken to investigate one of the circuit properties of a capacitor.
A capacitor C was connected via a switch S to a resistance R and a voltmeter V.

C
R V

The initial potential difference across C was 12 V. The switch S was closed and the
potential difference V across R was measured at various times t. The data collected,
along with error bars, are shown plotted below.

15

10

V/V

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
t/s

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0224
 –3– M13/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

(Question A1 continued)

(i) On the graph opposite, draw a best-fit line for the data starting from t = 0. [2]

(ii) It was hypothesized that the decay of the potential difference across the capacitor
is exponential. Determine, using the graph, whether this hypothesis is true or not. [4]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) The time constant τ of the circuit is defined as the time it would take for the capacitor
to discharge were it to keep discharging at its initial rate. Use the graph in (a) to
calculate the

(i) initial rate of decay of potential difference V. [2]

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(ii) time constant τ . [1]

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(Question A1 continued)

(c) The time constant τ = RC where R is the resistance and C is a property called capacitance.
The effective resistance in the circuit is 10 M. Calculate the capacitance C. [1]

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A2. This question is about kinematics.

(a) Fiona drops a stone from rest vertically down a water well. She hears the splash of the
stone striking the water 1.6 s after the stone leaves her hand. Estimate the

(i) distance between Fiona’s hand and the water surface. [1]

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(ii) speed with which the stone hits the water. [2]

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Section a

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

1. Data analysis question.

A chain is suspended between two vertical supports A and B. The chain is made of a number of
identical metal links.

A B
d

chain

The length l of the chain can be increased by adding extra links. An experiment was undertaken
to investigate how the sag d of the midpoint of the chain, measured from the horizontal between
A and B, varies with l. The data obtained are shown plotted below. The uncertainties in l are
too small to be shown.

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

d/m 0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
l/m

(This question continues on the following page)

24EP02
 –3– N13/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 1 continued)

(a) Draw a best-fit line for the data points on the graph opposite. [1]

(b) With reference to your answer to (a),

(i) explain why the relationship between d and l is not linear. [2]

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(ii) estimate the horizontal distance between the supports A and B. [2]

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(c) Before the experiment was carried out, it was hypothesized that d depends on l .
Determine, using your answer to (a), whether this hypothesis is valid. [4]

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Turn over
24EP03
 –2– M14/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX

Section a

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

1. Data analysis question.

Connie and Sophie investigate the effect of colour on heat absorption. They make grey paint
by mixing black and white paint in different ratios. Five identical tin cans are painted in five
different shades of grey.

10 % black paint 30 % black paint 50 % black paint 70 % black paint 90 % black paint

Connie and Sophie put an equal amount of water at the same initial temperature into each can.
They leave the cans under a heat lamp at equal distances from the lamp. They measure the
temperature increase of the water, T, in each can after one hour.

(a) Connie suggests that T is proportional to B, where B is the percentage of black in the
paint. To test this hypothesis, she plots a graph of T against B, as shown on the axes
below. The uncertainty in T is shown and the uncertainty in B is negligible.

40

35

30

25

T / °C 20

15

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
B

(This question continues on the following page)

28EP02
 –3– M14/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX

(Question 1 continued)

(i) State the value of the absolute uncertainty in T. [1]

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(ii) Comment on the fractional uncertainty for the measurement of T for B = 10 and the
measurement of T for B = 90. [2]

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(iii) On the graph opposite, draw a best-fit line for the data. [1]

(iv) Outline why the data do not support the hypothesis that T is proportional to B. [2]

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(Question 1 continued)

(b) Sophie suggests that the relationship between T and B is of the form
1
T kB 2 + c
=

where k and c are constants.

1
To test whether or not the data support this relationship, a graph of T against B 2 is plotted
1
as shown below. The uncertainty in T is shown and the uncertainty in B 2 is negligible.

40

35

30

25

T / °C 20

15

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
1
B 2

(i) Use the graph to determine the value of c with its uncertainty. [4]

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28EP04
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(Question 1 continued)

(ii) State the unit of k. [1]

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Turn over
28EP05
 –2– M14/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

Section A

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

1. Data analysis question.

An array of photovoltaic cells is used to provide electrical energy for a house. When the
array produces more power than is consumed in the house, the excess power is fed back into
the mains electrical supply for use by other consumers.

The graph shows how the power P produced by the array varies with the time of day.
The error bars show the uncertainty in the power supplied. The uncertainty in the time is
too small to be shown.

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0
P / kW
3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00
time of day / hour

(a) Using the graph, estimate the time of day at which the array begins to generate energy. [2]

.......................................................................
.......................................................................

(This question continues on the following page)

28EP02
 –3– M14/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

(Question 1 continued)

(b) The average power consumed in the house between 08:00 and 12:00 is 2.0 kW.
Determine the energy supplied by the array to the mains electrical supply between
08:00 and 12:00. [3]

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(c) The power P produced by the array is calculated from the generated emf V and the fixed
V2
resistance R of the array using the equation . The uncertainty in the value of R is 2 %.
R
Calculate the percentage uncertainty in V at 12:00. [3]

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(This question continues on the following page)

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28EP03
 –4– M14/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

(Question 1 continued)

(d) Later that day a second set of data was collected starting at t = 0. The variation of P 2 with
time t since the start of this second data collection is shown in the graph.

10

P2 / W2 5

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
t / minutes

Using the graph, determine the relationship between P 2 and t. [3]

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28EP04
 –2– N14/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

Section a

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

1. Data analysis question.

A student sets up a circuit to study the variation of resistance R of a negative temperature

coefficient (NTC) thermistor with temperature T. The data are shown plotted on the graph.

88

66

R /  44

22

0
280 290 300 310 320 330
T/K

(a) Draw the best-fit line for the data points. [1]

(This question continues on the following page)

28EP02
 –3– N14/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 1 continued)

(b) (i) Calculate the gradient of the graph when T = 291 K. [3]

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(ii) State the unit for your answer to (b)(i). [1]

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(c) The uncertainty in the resistance value is 5 %. The uncertainty in the temperature
is negligible. On the graph, draw error bars for the data point at T = 283 K and for the
data point at T = 319 K. [2]

(This question continues on the following page)

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28EP03
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(Question 1 continued)

(d) The electric current through the thermistor for T = 283 K is 0.78 mA. The uncertainty in
the electric current is 0.01 mA.

(i) Calculate the power dissipated by the thermistor at T = 283K. [1]

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(ii) Determine the uncertainty in the power dissipated by the thermistor at T = 283 K. [3]

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28EP04
 –3– m15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX

Section A

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

1. This question is about the flow of liquids.

A student carries out an experiment to investigate how the rate of flow R of water through
a narrow tube varies with the pressure difference across the tube. The pressure difference
is proportional to the height h shown in the diagram. The student measures h in cm with
a metre ruler. R is obtained by measuring the volume of water collected in a measuring
cylinder in a time of 100 s.

from tap

narrow tube

measuring
cylinder

(This question continues on the following page)

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24EP03
 –4– M15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX

(Question 1 continued)

(a) The student enters the data on a spreadsheet and produces the graph and trend line
shown below.

2.50

2.00

1.50
R / cm3 s−1

1.00

0.50

0.00
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
h / cm

The data point for h = 57 cm, R = 1.70 cm3 s−1 has not been shown on the graph.
The student estimates the uncertainties in all values of h to be ±1 cm and the
uncertainties in the values of R to be ±5 %.

(i) On the graph, draw the missing data point. [1]

(ii) On the graph, draw the vertical error bar for this data point. [1]

(iii) Comment on why the trend line is not a perfect match for the data. [1]

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(This question continues on the following page)

24EP04
 –5– m15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ1/XX

(Question 1 continued)

(iv) Explain why the student’s estimate of a 5 % uncertainty in all values for R is
unlikely to be correct. [2]

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(b) The student estimates that the uncertainty in timing 100 s is ±1 s. Using the data on
the graph, deduce the absolute uncertainty in the volume of water collected when
R = 2.1 cm3 s−1. [4]

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Turn over
24EP05
 –2– M15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

Section A
Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

1. Data analysis question.

A simple pendulum of length l consists of a small mass attached to the end of a light string.

string
l

small mass

The time T taken for the mass to swing through one cycle is given by

l
T = 2π
g

where g is the acceleration due to gravity.

(a) A student measures T for one length l to determine the value of g. Time T  1.9 s ±0.1 s
and length l  0.880 m ±0.001 m. Calculate the fractional uncertainty in g. [2]

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(This question continues on the following page)

28EP02
 –3– M15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

(Question 1 continued)

(b) The student modifies the simple pendulum of length L so that, after release, it swings
for a quarter of a cycle before the string strikes a horizontal thin edge. For the next
half cycle, the pendulum swings with a shorter length x. The string then leaves the
horizontal thin edge to swing with its original length L.

before release after release

string
L

small mass horizontal x

thin edge

motion of pendulum

The length L of the string is kept constant during the experiment. The vertical position
of the horizontal thin edge is varied to change x.

(This question continues on the following page)

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28EP03
 –4– M15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

(Question 1 continued)

The graph shows the variation of the time period with x for data obtained by the
student together with error bars for the data points. The error in x is too small to
be shown.

2.0

1.8

1.6

T / s 1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
1
x / m2

(i) Deduce that the time period for one complete oscillation of the pendulum is
given by

π
T =
g
( L+ x . ) [1]

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.................................................................

(ii) On the graph, draw the best-fit line for the data. [1]

(This question continues on the following page)

28EP04
 –5– M15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ2/XX

(Question 1 continued)

(iii) Determine the gradient of the graph. [3]

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(iv) State the value of the intercept on the T-axis. [1]

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(v) The equation of a straight line is y = m x + c. Determine, using your answers to

(b)(iii) and (b)(iv), the intercept on the x -axis. [2]

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(vi) Calculate L. [1]

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Turn over
28EP05
 –2– N15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

Section A

Answer all questions. Write your answers in the boxes provided.

1. Data analysis question.

An experiment is undertaken to investigate the relationship between the temperature of a ball

and the height of its first bounce.

A ball is placed in a beaker of water until the ball and the water are at the same temperature.
The ball is released from a height of 1.00 m above a bench. The maximum vertical height h
from the bottom of the ball above the bench is measured for the first bounce. This procedure
is repeated twice and an average hmean is calculated from the three measurements.

point of release of the ball

maximum vertical position of the ball

1.00 m

bench

The procedure is repeated for a range of temperatures. The graph shows the variation
of hmean with temperature T.

8
0.8

7
0.7

hmean / m

6
0.6

8
0.5
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
T / °C

(a) Draw the line of best-fit for the data. [1]

(This question continues on the following page)

20EP02
 –3– N15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 1 continued)

(b) State why the line of best-fit suggests that hmean is not proportional to T. [1]

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(c) (i) State the uncertainty in each value of T. [1]

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(ii) The temperature is measured using a liquid in glass thermometer. State what
physical characteristic of the thermometer suggests that the change in the liquid’s
length is proportional to the change in temperature. [1]

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(d) Another hypothesis is that hmean = KT 3 where K is a constant. Using the graph on
page 2, calculate the absolute uncertainty in K corresponding to T = 50 °C. [4]

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Turn over
20EP03
 –4– N15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page

will not be marked.

20EP04
 –5– N15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

2. This question is about gravitation and uniform circular motion.

Phobos, a moon of Mars, has an orbital period of 7.7 hours and an orbital radius of 9.4 ×103 km.

(a) Outline why Phobos moves with uniform circular motion. [3]

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(b) Show that the orbital speed of Phobos is about 2 km s–1. [2]

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(c) Deduce the mass of Mars. [3]

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20EP05
 –6– N15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

3. This question is about simple harmonic motion (SHM).

The graph shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of an object X undergoing
simple harmonic motion (SHM).

3
a / m s–2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 t / s
–1

–2

–3

(a) Define simple harmonic motion (SHM). [2]

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(b) X has a mass of 0.28 kg. Calculate the maximum force acting on X. [1]

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20EP06
 –7– N15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 3 continued)

(c) Determine the maximum displacement of X. Give your answer to an appropriate

number of significant figures. [4]

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(d) A second object Y oscillates with the same frequency as X but with a phase difference
π
of . Sketch, using the graph opposite, how the acceleration of object Y varies with t. [2]
4

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20EP07
 –8– N15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

Section B

This section consists of three questions: 4, 5 and 6. Answer one question. Write your answers in the
boxes provided.

4. This question is in two parts. Part 1 is about the nuclear model of the atom and radioactive
decay. Part 2 is about waves.

Part 1 Nuclear model of the atom and radioactive decay

(a) Outline how the evidence supplied by the Geiger–Marsden experiment supports the
nuclear model of the atom. [4]

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(b) Outline why classical physics does not permit a model of an electron orbiting the
nucleus. [3]

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20EP08
 –9– N15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 4, part 1 continued)

(c) The nuclide radium-226 226 ( )

88 Ra decays into an isotope of radon (Rn) by the
emission of an alpha particle and a gamma-ray photon.

(i) State what is meant by the terms nuclide and isotope. [2]

Nuclide:
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Isotope:
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(ii) Construct the nuclear equation for the decay of radium-226. [3]

226
88 Ra → ..........
..........
Rn + ..........
..........
He + ..........
..........
γ

(iii) Radium-226 has a half-life of 1600 years. Determine the time, in years, it takes
1
for the activity of radium-226 to fall to of its original activity. [2]
64

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20EP09
 – 10 – N15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 4 continued)

Part 2 Waves

Two waves, A and B, are travelling in opposite directions in a tank of water. The graph
shows the variation of displacement of the water surface with distance along the wave at
a particular instant.

20
displacement /
10–3 m
15

10

5 wave A

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 distance /
10–2 m
–5
wave B
–10
10

– 15

– 20

(d) State the amplitude of wave A. [1]

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20EP10
 – 11 – N15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

(Question 4, part 2 continued)

(e) (i) Wave A has a frequency of 9.0 Hz. Calculate the velocity of wave A. [2]

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(ii) Deduce the frequency of wave B. [3]

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(f) (i) State what is meant by the principle of superposition of waves. [2]

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(ii) On the graph opposite, sketch the wave that results from the superposition of
wave A and wave B at that instant. [3]

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20EP11
 – 12 – N15/4/PHYSI/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

5. This question is in two parts. Part 1 is about energy resources. Part 2 is about thermal
physics.

Part 1 Energy resources

Electricity can be generated using nuclear fission, by burning fossil fuels or using
pump storage hydroelectric schemes.

(a) Outline which of the three generation methods above is renewable. [2]

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(b) In a nuclear reactor, outline the purpose of the

(i) heat exchanger. [1]

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(ii) moderator. [2]

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20EP12
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(Question 5, part 1 continued)

(c) Fission of one uranium-235 nucleus releases 203 MeV.

(i) Determine the maximum amount of energy, in joule, released by 1.0 g of

uranium-235 as a result of fission. [3]

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(ii) Coal has an energy density of 2.8 ×107 J kg–1.

energy density of uranium-235 [1]

Calculate the ratio .
energy density of coal

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(iii) Using your answer to (c)(ii), outline why fossil fuel stations are often built near
to the source of the fossil fuel but nuclear power stations are rarely close to the
source of the nuclear fuel. [2]

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(This question continues on the following page)

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20EP13