GREEN ROOF
SYSTEM
DESIGN
DELIVERED BY:
ENGR. HADJI PEEJAY ARANDA
CE/EnP/MP
ABOUT THE
SPEAKER
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
●
Licensed Civil Engineer (May 2003)
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Licensed Master Plumber (Feb 2012)
●
Licensed Environmental Planner (Jun 2018)
●
BS Civil Engineering – Water Resources
DLSU – Manila (Dec 2002)
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MS Civil Engineering – Water Resources
DLSU – Manila (Academic Units Completed 2014)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
●
MS Environmental Science
UE – Manila (2018 - Present)
●
MM Environmental Planning
PCU – Manila (2023 – Present)
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Design Principal
HP Aranda Engineering Services (2003 – Present)
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
●
Green roofs are areas of living
vegetation, installed on the top
of buildings, for a range of
reasons including visual benefit,
ecological value, enhanced
building performance and the
reduction of surface water
runoff.
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INTRODUCTION
●
A green roof consists of a
system in which several
materials are layered to
achieve the desired
vegetative cover and
drainage characteristics.
●
Design components will
vary depending on the
green roof type and site
https://www.sudswales.com/types/sourc
constraints e-control/green-roofs/
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INTRODUCTION
●
Green roofs serve several purposes for a building,
such as:
– Absorbing rainwater
– Providing insulation
– Creating a habitat for wildlife (improving
biodiversity)
– Decreasing stress of the people around the roof by
providing a more aesthetically pleasing landscape
(amenity), and helping to lower urban air
temperaturesand mitigate the heat island effect.
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INTRODUCTION
●
Green roofs also helps to lower urban air
temperatures and mitigate the heat island effect.
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CLASSIFICATIONS
OF GREEN ROOFS
CLASSIFICATIONS OF GREEN
ROOF
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BROWN ROOFS
●
A brown roof is a type of green roof where the
substrate surface is left to self-vegetate from
windblown and bird lime seed dispersal.
●
These roofs aim to reinstate the ecology that was
present prior to development.
●
Brown roofs are essentially substrate-based green
roofs with an emphasis on design aimed at restoring
biodiversity.
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BROWN ROOFS
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EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOFS
●
Extensive green roofs are lightweight and have a
shallow build-up height.
●
These require low maintenance and are suitable for
areas with limited access.
●
These roofs provide a range of environmental
benefits, such as reducing heat islands and
improving stormwater management.
●
They typically consist of a thin layer of soil and are
planted with drought-tolerant vegetation.
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EXTENSIVE GREEN ROOFS
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SEMI-INTENSIVE GREEN
ROOFS
●
Semi-intensive green roofs are an affordable option
for adding living green and reducing stormwater runoff
from a structure.
●
They offer a balance between extensive and intensive
green roofs.
●
These roofs have a greater soil depth than extensive
green roofs, allowing for a wider variety of plant
species.
●
They require more maintenance than extensive green
roofs but less than intensive green roofs.
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SEMI-INTENSIVE GREEN
ROOFS
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INTENSIVE GREEN ROOFS
●
Intensive green roofs are like roof gardens that allow
any form of vegetation, including lawns, perennials,
shrubs, and even trees.
●
They provide recreational and amenity space and can
be considered comparable to more traditional soft-
landscaping schemes.
●
These roofs require more maintenance and have a
greater soil depth, allowing for a wider range of plant
choices.
●
Intensive green roofs can include water features, patios,
and other elements.
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INTENSIVE GREEN ROOFS
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DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
GENERAL DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
●
The successful design of a green roof will require
collaboration between structural engineers (with
particular respect to the structural capacity of the
building to withstand the imposed loads), architects,
landscape architects, ecologists, horticulturists and
drainage engineers.
●
It also requires consideration of the maintenance that
will be required. Just like any construction projects,
access to undertake the construction and
maintenance easily and safely should be a high
priority in designing the roof.
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GENERAL DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
●
Accessibility requirements
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Biodiversity objectives
●
Amenity/aesthetic objectives and desired visual
impact
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The saturated weight of the system and the load-
bearing capacity of the underlying roof deck and
structure
●
Other imposed loads, including maintenance loadings
and snow cover
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GENERAL DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
●
The need for integration of rooftop equipment, such as
vents, airconditioning systems, solar panels and/or
RWH systems
●
The root penetration resistance of the waterproof
membrane or dedicated root protection layer
●
Resistance to wind shear and negative (uplift) wind
pressures
●
Management of drainage
●
Growing medium
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GENERAL DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
●
Suitability of plants
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Maintenance management skills, equipment and time
input.
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SELECTION AND SITING OF
GREEN ROOF
●
Green roofs can be used
on a variety of roof types
and on any property size.
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SELECTION AND SITING OF
GREEN ROOF
●
They can be applied to a
range of rooftop slopes,
but steeper pitches will
normally mean that less
storage capacity is
available, and the water
drains away faster, unless
the underlying drainage
layer is specifically
designed to capture and
control flows.
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SELECTION AND SITING OF
GREEN ROOF
●
The greater the volume of water stored, the greater
the potential loadings on the building – which may be
an important design consideration.
(C) José Artur Teixeira Brasil
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SELECTION AND SITING OF
GREEN ROOF
●
The height of the roof, its
exposure to wind, the
roof’s orientation to the
sun and shading by
surrounding buildings
during parts of the day
will have an impact on the
choice and suitability of
planting.
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SELECTION AND SITING OF
GREEN ROOF
●
The general climate of
the area and the specific
microclimate on the roof
should also be
considered.
●
Views to and from the
roof may also determine
where certain elements
are located for maximum
effect
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SUBSTRATE
●
The depth of soil medium and the material used
should be selected to support the vegetation
proposed.
●
With a shallow substrate depth, typically ranging from
2 to 6 inches, plants with shallow root systems and
low water requirements are favored.
●
The limited depth restricts the growth of taller plants,
so low-growing species are preferred.
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SUBSTRATE
31
SUBSTRATE
●
With a deeper substrate, ranging from 6 inches to
several meters, a wider variety of plant species can be
accommodated, including grasses, perennials, shrubs,
and even trees.
●
Deeper substrate holds more water, allowing for the
growth of plants with higher water requirements as
well as reducing the amount of surface runoff from
roof to drainage
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SUBSTRATE
●
the deeper substrate in green roof design fosters a
rich and diverse ecosystem by supporting a wide array
of plant species, providing habitat for various
organisms, contributing to stormwater management,
and enhancing the aesthetic and recreational value of
the green roof.
●
This promotes ecological balance and resilience while
offering numerous environmental and societal
benefits.
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FUNCTIONAL
LAYERS OF GREEN
ROOFS
FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF
GREEN ROOFS
●
Generally, green roofs systems consists of several
layers that work together to provide the objectives (or
its benefits) These functional layers are as follows:
– Roof deck with water proofing
– Protection layer or Root Barrier
– Drainage Layer
– Permeable Filter Layer
– Substrate (soil) Layer
– Vegetation
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FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF
GREEN ROOFS
●
The first layer of a green roof is the roof deck, which
provides structural support.
●
It is typically made of concrete or metal and is
designed to be waterproof to prevent water leakage
into the building.
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FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF
GREEN ROOFS
●
The second layer is the protection or root barrier,
which is installed to prevent plant roots from
penetrating the waterproofing layer and causing
damage.
●
It acts as a barrier, ensuring that the roots stay within
the designated area of the green roof.
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FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF
GREEN ROOFS
●
The third layer is the drainage layer, which allows
excess water to drain away from the green roof.
●
It helps prevent waterlogging and ensures proper
drainage, preventing water from accumulating on the
roof.
●
Drainage layers can be made of plastic or it can be
gravel. The thickness can range from 6mm to 50mm
thick
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FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF
GREEN ROOFS
●
The fourth layer is the permeable filter layer, which
acts as a filter to prevent fine particles from clogging
the drainage layer.
●
It allows water to pass through while retaining any
sediment or debris.
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FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF
GREEN ROOFS
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The fifth layer is the substrate, also known as the
growing medium.
●
It provides a suitable environment for plant growth by
supplying nutrients, retaining water, and supporting
root development.
●
The composition of the substrate may vary depending
on the type of green roof.
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SUBSTRATE SPECIFICATIONS
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SUBSTRATE SPECIFICATIONS
Soil Texture
K Ψ ϕ FC WP
Class
Sand 4.74 1.93 0.437 0.062 0.024
Loamy Sand 1.18 2.40 0.437 0.105 0.047
Sandy Loam 0.43 4.33 0.453 0.190 0.085
Loam 0.13 3.50 0.463 0.232 0.116
K = hydraulic conductivity, in/hr
Silt Loam 0.26 6.69 0.501 0.284 0.135
Ψ = suction head, in.
Sandy Clay Loam 0.06 8.66 0.398 0.244 0.136
Φ = porosity, fraction
Clay Loam 0.04 8.27 0.464 0.310 0.187
FC = field capacity, fraction
Silty Clay Loam 0.04 10.63 0.471 0.342 0.210
WP = wilting point, fraction
Sandy Clay 0.02 9.45 0.430 0.321 0.221
Source: Rawls, W.J. et al., (1983). J. Hyd.
Silty Clay 0.02 11.42 0.479 0.371 0.251 Engr., 109:1316.
Clay 0.01 12.60 0.475 0.378 0.265
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PLANTING SPECIFICATIONS
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VEGETATION SURFACE
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The final layer is the vegetation, which consists of the
plants that are specifically chosen for the green roof.
●
The type of vegetation varies based on the desired
green roof type.
●
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VEGETATION SURFACE
●
Vegetation Volume Fraction
When using the SWMM modeling software, this
describes the fraction of plant volume within the
surface storage depth filled with vegetation.
This is the volume occupied by stems and leaves,
not their surface area coverage.
Normally this volume can be ignored, but may be as
high as 0.1 to 0.2 for very dense vegetative growth.
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VEGETATION SURFACE
●
Berm Height (or Storage Depth)
When confining walls or berms are present this is the
maximum depth to which water can pond above the
surface of the unit before overflow occurs (in inches or
mm).
For Rooftop Disconnection it is the roof’s depression
storage depth and for Vegetative Swales it is the
height of the trapezoidal cross section.
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FUNCTIONAL LAYERS OF
GREEN ROOFS
●
Surface Roughness
Manning's roughness
coefficient (n) for
overland flow over
surface soil cover,
pavement, roof surface
or a vegetative swale
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STORM
MANAGEMENT
CAPACITY
RAINFALL INTERCEPTION
●
Green roofs have been known to intercept rainfall and
depending upon the design, the interception capacity
have been known to varies from 10mm to 20mm.
●
The reason for the large variation in the given
performance is due to the moisture content of the
substrate.
●
During dry season or at the onset of rains the
interception capacity tends to be at its maximum.
●
The same thing cannot be said during rainy season, in
which the soil moisture is nearly constant
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RAINFALL INTERCEPTION
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RAINFALL INTERCEPTION
●
The amount of rainfall that can be absorbed by a
green roof before runoff takes place is very dependent
on antecedent conditions.
●
Thus, any assumptions regarding green roof
performance during design storms should take a
conservative position and consider whether the event
is in dry or wet season.
●
Only an extended time series analysis will result in a
reasonably accurate assessment of its likely
performance.
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SWMM
WHAT IS SWMM?
●
Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) is used
throughout the world for planning, analysis, and design
related to stormwater runoff, combined and sanitary
sewers, and other drainage systems.
●
It can be used to evaluate gray infrastructure
stormwater control strategies, such as pipes and storm
drains, and is a useful tool for creating cost-effective
green/gray hybrid stormwater control solutions.
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WHAT IS SWMM?
●
SWMM was developed to help support local, state,
and national stormwater management objectives to
reduce runoff through infiltration and retention, and
help to reduce discharges that cause impairment of
waterbodies.
●
SWMM is a Windows-based desktop program. It is
open source public software and is free for use
worldwide.
●
SWMM 5 was produced in a joint development effort
with CDM Smith Inc., a global consulting, engineering,
construction, and operations firm.
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CAPABILITIES OF SWMM?
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SWMM is used for single event or long-term
simulations of water runoff quantity and quality in
primarily urban areas — although there are also many
applications that can be used for drainage systems in
non-urban areas.
●
SWMM provides an integrated environment for editing
study area input data, running hydrologic, hydraulic
and water quality simulations, and viewing the results
in a variety of formats.
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CAPABILITIES OF SWMM?
●
SWMM can perform the following:
– Hydraulic Modeling
– Pollutant Load Estimation
– Climate Projection
– Design Storm Wizard
– Green Infrastructure assessment
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DESIGN EXAMPLE
DESIGN EXAMPLE:
The roof of several buildings in a school is planned to
be installed with a green roof system as a means of
minimizing the surface runoff to the local drainage
system.
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DESIGN EXAMPLE:
AREA 1 = 784m2
AREA 2 = 3807m2
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DESIGN EXAMPLE:
The given Hourly Rainfall for this problem are as
follows: TIME RAINFALL
(xxxx) (mm)
0600 2
0700 4
0800 6
0900 10
1000 12
1100 9
1200 7
1300 3
1400 1
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DESIGN EXAMPLE:
For the plain roof surfaces, the corresponding rainfall
hydrograph will be as follows:
61
