Kalinga State University

LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL

Bulanao, Tabuk City Kalinga

Module in

Grade 10
Chapter 1

Prepared By: Noted:

Genalyn A. Ferrer Maria Cyrila C. Bawer, PhD

Subject Teacher Principal
 Chapter I: Plane Coordinate Geometry

Introduction:

The method of describing the location of points was proposed by the French mathematician René
Descartes (1596 - 1650). (Pronounced "day CART"). He proposed further that curves and lines could be
described by equations using this technique, thus being the first to link algebra and geometry. In honor of
his work, the coordinates of a point are often referred to as its Cartesian coordinates, and the coordinate
plane as the Cartesian Coordinate Plane. If you know the coordinates of a group of points you can:

 Determine the distance between them

 Find the midpoint, slope and equation of a line segment
 Determine if lines are parallel or perpendicular
 Find the area and perimeter of a polygon defined by the points
 Transform a shape by moving, rotating and reflecting it.
 Define the equations of curves, circles and ellipses.

Lesson I: The Coordinate Plane

OBJECTIVES

To identify the coordinates of a given point on the Cartesian coordinate plane

To graph a given point on the Cartesian coordinate plane

In a coordinate plane, let x be a real number line. There is a line y perpendicular to line x at
its zero point. The points of line y can be matched with the real numbers so that its point of
intersection with line x has the coordinate 0.

y-axis
(vertical line)

x-axis
(horizontal line)

The axes (plural of axis) determine a plane called the coordinate plane. A point on a number line
has one coordinate, and a point in the coordinate plane has a pair of coordinates.
FIRST COORDINATE: the coordinate of the foot of the perpendicular
from R to the x-axis (also called the x-coordinate or abscissa)

SECOND COORDINATE: the coordinate of the foot of the

perpendicular from R to the y-axis (also called the y-coordinate or
ordinate)

The coordinates of R are the ordered pair (3, 4). The coordinates of a point are an ordered pair because
the x-coordinate is always named first. We can write R (3, 4) to show that point R is at (3, 4). In addition,
we say that R is the graph of the ordered pair (3, 4).

Example: Name the coordinates of each point shown on the graph.

Point Coordinates
A (3, 1)
B (1, 3)
C (0, 2)
D (-3, 4)
E (-2, 0)
F (-1, -2)
G (0, -2)
H 1 1
(1 , -2 )
2 2
I (2, 0)
J (0, 0)

Remember:

 For every ordered pair (x, y) of real numbers, there is exactly one point P in the
coordinate plane whose x-coordinate is x and whose y-coordinate is y.
 All points on the x-axis have y-coordinate 0, and all points on the y-axis have x-
coordinate 0.

Activity 1
A. Graph the following points and label them. Use a separate graphing paper for your graph.
1. A (0,-7)
2. B (-3, 0)
3. C (4, -3)
4. D (-3, 4)
5. E (5, 6)
B. Identify the point on the graph who’s ordered pair is given. Write the corresponding letters
on the blanks below to solve the puzzle.

1. (4, 1)
2. (-2, 5)
3. (7, 0)
4. (0, 6)
5. (3, 3)
6. (1, 4)
7. (2, -5)
8. (-7, 0)
9. (0, -6)
10. (-4, -1)

C. Find the coordinate of the given points. Base on the graph above.

1. A 2. B 3. C

4. D 5. E 6. O
 Lesson 2: Distance

OBJECTIVES

To find the indicated distance between two given points

Directed Distance

In the coordinate plane, all points on a horizontal line have the same y-coordinate. So
distance can be derived by getting the absolute value of the difference of x-coordinates, or

𝒅 = |𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 |

AB = |𝑥2 − 𝑥1 |

AB = |4 − (−3)|

AB = |7| = 7

Similarly, all points on a vertical

line have the same x-coordinates.

CD = |𝑦2 − 𝑦1 |

CD = |−2 − 4|

CD = |−6| = 6

The Distance Formula Theorem

If P is a point at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and Q is another point at (𝑥2 ,𝑦2 ), then the distance between P to Q is

PQ = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

Example: Find the distance between point A and B if point A is at (6, 3) and point B at (−3, 0).

Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦2 ) = (6, 3) AB = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

and (𝑥2 ,𝑦2 ) = (−3, 0).
Then 𝑥1 = 6, 𝑦1 = 3, = √(−3 − 6)2 + (0 − 3)2
𝑥2 = −3, and 𝑦2 = 0.
= √(−9)2 + (−3)2

= √81 + 9 = √90 = 3√10

 Remember:

 Distance is always a positive number.

 Always simplify radicals in final answer.

Activity 2

Find the distance between the given points. Simplify radicals.

1. (0, 5), (0,-3)

2. (4, 4), (-4, 4)
3. (3, 2), (3, -5)
4. (-7, 6), (-7, 1)
5. (2, -4), (7, -4)
6. (1, 5), (1, -8)
7. (-2, -1), (7, -1)
8. (0, 0), (5, 12)
9. (-2, -4),(0, 0)
10. (3, 4), (7, 2)
11. (-3, -6), (-4, -1)
12. (-10, 5), (6, -1)
13. (12, -8), (-2, 2)
14. (11, 8), (35, 15)
15. (101, -106), (1, -6)
Lesson 3: The Midpoint Formula

OBJECTIVES

To find the indicated midpoint of between two given points

Let 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) be the endpoints of a line segment, and let M (x, y) be the
midpoint of 𝑃1 𝑃2 as illustrated in the graph below. The x-coordinate of the midpoint of a line segment
is equal to the half of the sum of the x-coordinates of the endpoints and the y-coordinate of the
midpoint is half the sum of their y-coordinates. Hence, the midpoint formula is:
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
𝑥= and 𝑦 = or 𝑀 = ( , )
2 2 2 2

If the midpoint and the other endpoint of a line are given in the problem, the coordinates of the
other midpoint can be solved using the formula:

Midpoint Formula Theorem

If P is a point at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and Q is another point at (𝑥2 ,𝑦2 ), then the midpoint M of ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 is
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
M=( , )
2 2

Example 1: Find the coordinates of the midpoint of a segment whose endpoints are at (-2, 6) and (3, -2).
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
M=( , )
2 2
 −2+3 6+(−2)
=( , )
2 2

1 4
=( , )
2 2

1
M = ( , 2)
2

1
The midpoint is at ( , 2).
2

Example 2: M (-1,-3) is the midpoint of ̅̅̅̅

𝑃𝑄 . If point P is at (-3, 2), find the coordinates of point Q.

1. Let Q have coordinates (x, y). By the midpoint formula the midpoint of ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 is
𝑥+(−3) 𝑦+2 𝑥−3 𝑦+2
( , ) or ( , )
2 2 2 2

2. We are given that M (-1, -3) is the midpoint of ̅̅̅̅

𝑃𝑄 . So

𝑥−3 And 𝑦+2

= −1 = −3
2 2
𝑥−3= 2 𝑦 + 2 = −6

𝑥=1 𝑦 = −8

So Q is at (1, -8).

Activity 3

Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the segment joining each pair of points.

1. (0, 0), (4, 0)

2. (0, 0), (-4, 0)
3. (0, 0), (0, 6)
4. (0, 0), (0,-6)
5. (1, 0), (7, 0)
6. (1, 5), (1, -8)
7. (-2, -1), (7, -1)
8. (0, 0), (5, 12)
9. (-2, -4),(0, 0)
10. (3, 4), (7, 2)
 Lesson 4: Slope

OBJECTIVES

To find the indicated slope of the line that passes through the given points

Example 1: Find the slope of a line that contains the points at (-2, 6) and (1, -3).

Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (−2, 6) and

(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = (1, −3).
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
−3−6
= 1−(−2)
−9
= = −3
3

4
Example 2: Graph the line with slope and point (-2, -3).
3

 Graph (-2, -3).

4
 The slope is . From (-2, -3), go 4 units up and 3 units right to
3
find a second point.
 For a second point, go 4 units down and 3 units left.
 Draw the line.

NOTE: Since two points determine a line, the third point is found as a check. If the
three points are not collinear, a mistake has been made.

Slopes of a line cannot always be

negative or negative, it can also be zero. Some
lines have no slope.

Since 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 and 𝑦1 < 𝑦2 ,

𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑝𝑜𝑠.
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = = Positive slope
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑝𝑜𝑠.

(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )

𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑛𝑒𝑔.
Or = = Positive slope
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑛𝑒𝑔.

Since 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 and 𝑦1 > 𝑦2,

𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑛𝑒𝑔.
= = negative slope
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑝𝑜𝑠.

𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑝𝑜𝑠.
Or = = negative slope
𝑥2 −𝑥1 𝑛𝑒𝑔.
 Since 𝑦 = 𝑦,

𝑦−𝑦 0
= =0
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−𝑦 0
Or = =0
𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥1 −𝑥2

(𝑥1 , 𝑦) (𝑥2 , 𝑦)

Since 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑦2 −𝑦1 𝑦2−𝑦1
= , which is undefined
𝑥−𝑥 0
(𝑥, 𝑦1 )
𝑦1 −𝑦2 𝑦1−𝑦2
or = , which is undefined
𝑥−𝑥 0

(𝑥, 𝑦2 )

Activity 4

A. Find the slope of a line that contains the given points.

1. (6, 7), (3, 5)
2. (8, 9), (4, 8)
3. (3, 1), (15, 4)
4. (1, 10), (3, 16)
5. (-5, 2), (-12, 4)
6. (-3, 5), (2, 3)
7. (-3, -7), (0,-12)
8. (-2, -6), (5, -8)
1 13 9 1
9. ( , ),( , )
2 4 4 3
2 11 7 3
10. ( , ),( , )
3 4 4 2

B. Graph the line that contains the given point and has the given slope m. Use a
graphing paper for the graphs. Label each line according to their number.
7
1. (1, 1), 𝑚 =
3
−6
2. (2, 5), 𝑚 =
7
−5
3. (-3, -4), 𝑚 =
6
4. (-2, 3), 𝑚 = −2
4
5. (4, -3), 𝑚 =
3
 CHECK-UP

A. Plot the following points and label them according to their designated letter.
1. A(4, 5)
2. B(-7, -1)
3. C(-1, -4)
4. D(5, 1)
5. E(6, -2)
6. F(-4, 6)
7. G(-3, -8)
8. H(-6, 5)
9. I(4,-5)
10. J(8, 7)

B. Find the distance between the given pair of points.

1. (4, 5), (-7, 1)
2. (-1, -4), (-7, 1)
3. (6, -2), (-4, 6)
4. (-3, -4), (5, 2)
5. (6, 3), (8, 7)
C. Find the midpoint of the line that passes through the given pair of points.
1. (-2, 1), (2, -15)
2. (7, 3), (9, -6)
3. (-4, -8), (4, 8)
4. (-5, 3), (6, -10)
5. (3, 5), (-3, 9)

Find endpoint P when the midpoint M and an endpoint A are given.

6. A(-8, 8), M(-16, 10)
7. A(5, 6), M(0, 0)
8. A(-3, 7), M(3, -2)
9. A(6, 7), M(-2, -1)
10. A(-3, 0), M(-5, 8)
D. Find the slope of the slope of the line connecting the given pair of points.
1. (4, 3), (-5, 1)
2. (-6, 4), (-7, 3)
 3. (16, -2), (-4, 3)
4. (5, -4), (-5, 2)
5. (-6, 3), (8, -7)

Lesson 5: Equation of a Line

OBJECTIVES

To find the indicated equation of a line using the given

Line – is defined as a series of points P(𝑥, 𝑦) in the Cartesian coordinate plane.

Equation of a Line – is a formula that describes a series of values of x that can be assigned in the
equation so there is a corresponding value of y (for any value y there is a corresponding
value of x).

Linear Equation – is an equation in which both variables x and y have exponent one.

𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎 – General equation of a line.

Where A, B and C are all integers and A is a non-negative integer, wherein their greatest common
factor is one (meaning write the equation in its simplest form).

Examples:

1. 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 16 = 0
2. 3𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 10 = 0
3. 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 9 = 0

𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 = 𝑪 − Standard equation of a line.

Where A and B cannot be both equal to zero.

Examples:

1. 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 16
2. 3𝑥 − 7𝑦 = −10
3. 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 = −9

Two-Point Form
𝒚−𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 −𝒚𝟏
= - is used in finding the equation of a line when two points on the line are given.
𝒙−𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 −𝒙𝟏
- Where (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are the coordinates of P1 and P1 respectively.

Example: Find the equation of the line passing through the points (-4, 3) and (2, 5).

Given: 𝑃1 (-4, 3), where

𝑥1 = -4
𝑦1 = 3

𝑃2 (2, 5), where

𝑥2 = 2
𝑦2 = 5
 Using the two-point formula, we have:
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦−3 5−3
=
𝑥 − (−4) 2 − (−4)
𝑦−3 2
=
𝑥+4 2+4
𝑦−3 2
=
𝑥+4 6
𝑦−3 1
=
𝑥+4 3
3(y – 3) = 1 (x + 4)
3y – 9 = x + 4
-x + 3y – 9 – 4 = 0
-1(-x + 3y – 13 = 0)
x – 3y + 13 = 0; general formula

Activity 5

Find the equation of the line passing through the given pairs of points. Express your final
answer to general form. Graph the equations and label them.

1. (3, 5) and (4, 9)

2. (1, 3) and (6, 7)
3. (-2, 4) and (5, -3)

Slope-intercept Form

In this form of equation of a line, the slope of the line and y-intercept are given in the
problem. Let x = 0 and solve the value of y. In this case, you are solving the value of the y-intercept.
Y-intercept is the ordinate of a point that cross the y-axis. The formula is:
 y = mx + b, where:

m = slope of the line

b = y-intercept

Example 1: Find the equation of the line with slope of 5 and y-intercept of 3.

Given:

m=5
b=3

Formula:

y = mx + b
y = 5x + 3; slope-intercept form

General equation:

y = 5x + 3
-1[-5x + y – 3 = 0]
5x – y + 3 = 0

Example 2: Find the slope-intercept form of the line with the equation 3x − 6y − 12 = 0

3x − 6y − 12 = 0

6y = 3x - 12

6𝑦 3𝑥 − 12
=
6 6
1
y = 𝑥−2
2

1
m=
2

y-intercept = (0, -2)

Activity 6

Find the slope-intercept form of the following equations. And identify the slope and the y-intercept.

1. 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 16 = 0
2. 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 10 = 0
3. 7𝑥 + 6𝑦 − 12 = 0

Point-slope Form

Point-Slope form uses the coordinates of point P1(x1, y1) and the slope m of the given line. It
can be expressed as:

y – 𝑦1 = m (x – 𝑥1 ), where

m = slope of the line

𝑥1 and 𝑦1 are the coordinates of a point on the line.

Example: Find the equation of the line passing through the point (5, 2) with a slope of -6.

Given:
Using the formula of point-slope to get the
𝑃1 (5,2) general equation:
𝑥1 = 5
𝑦1 = 2 y – y1 = m(x- x1)

m = -6 y – 2 = -6(x – 5)

y – 2 = -6x + 30

y = -6x + 30 + 2

y = -6x + 32; slope-intercept

m = -6
b = 32

Equate the left side to zero to express the

line its general form.

6x + y – 32 = 0; general equation

Activity 7

Find the equation of a line given the following. Express final answers to general form and graph.
Label each line.
1
1. 𝑃1 (0, 3) m =
2
−4
2. 𝑃1 (3, 4) m =
3
4
3. 𝑃1 (-7, 5) m =
5
Intercepts Form

In this form of a line, the x-intercept and the y-intercepts are given. Meaning, the line crosses
the x-axis and y-axis at (a, 0) and (0, b). Y-intercept is the ordinate of a point where the line
intersects the x-axis and x-intercept is the abscissa of a point where the line intersects the x-axis. It
can be expressed as:
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏

Where a is the x-intercept and b is the y-intercept.

Example: Find the general equation of the line passing through the points (-5, 0) and (0, 3).

Given:
𝑥 𝑦
a = -5 + =1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
b=3 + =1
−5 3
−3𝑥 + 5𝑦
=1
15
-3x + 5y = 15
3x – 5y + 15 = 0

Activity 8

Find the equation of the line that passes the following pairs of points. Express your final
answers to general form and graph. Label each line.

1. (3, 0) and (0, 9)

2. (1, 0) and (0, 7)
3. (-2, 0) and (0, -3)
 Lesson 6: Equation of Parallel Lines

OBJECTIVES

To find the indicated equation of parallel lines

To graph the indicated parallel lines

Parallel lines – are lines that do not intersect with each other, even when you extend them in both
directions. Two lines are parallel if they have the same slope as shown.
Equation of Parallel Lines

To find the equation of parallel lines, the first thing to do is to find the slope of the given line
and find the equation of the second line using the formula y – y1 = 𝑚1 (x – x1), wherein:

𝑥1 and 𝑦1 are the coordinates of the given point , and

𝑚1 is the slope of 𝑙1 .

𝒍𝟏 : Ax + By + C = 0

𝒍𝟐 : y – y1 = 𝒎𝟏 (x – x1)

Example: Find the equation of the line passing through the point (3, 2) and parallel to the line 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 −
8 = 0.

Given: Note: m can also be derived using the formula

−𝐴
𝑙1 : 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 8 = 0 𝑚= where –A is the negative value of A and
𝐵
𝑃1 (3, 2) B is the same B in the general formula 𝐴𝑥 +
𝑥1 = 3 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 and the standard form 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 = 𝐶.
𝑦1 = 2
−𝐴 −3
𝑚= = =3
Find the slope of 𝑙1 : 𝐵 −1

𝑙1 : 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 8 = 0 𝑚=3

-2y = -6 x + 8
−2𝑦 −6𝑥 8
= +
−2 −2 −2
y = 3x – 4

𝑚1 = 3
y-intercept =(0, -4)

Find the equation of the parallel line (𝑙1 ) using the formula y –𝑦1 = 𝑚1 (x –𝑥1 ).

𝑙2 : y –𝑦1 = 𝑚1 (x –𝑥1 )

y – 2 = 3(x – 3)

y – 2 = 3x – 9

-3x + y + 9 -2 = 0

-1(-3x + y + 7 = 0)

𝑙2 : 3x – y – 7 = 0; general equation

To check if the lines are parallel, express the general equation of 𝑙2 into slope-intercept form. If their slopes
are equal, they are parallel

𝑙2 : 3x – y – 7 = 0

-y = -3x + 7
−1𝑦 −3𝑥 + 7
Their slopes are both 3. Hence,
= they are parallel.
−1 −1

y = 3x – 7

m = 3 and y-intercept = (0, -7)

Or graph the two lines. Use the slope and y-intercept of 𝑙1 to graph the line of the first equation. For the
second line, use the slope and y-intercept of 𝑙2 .Or assume values of x to solve for y. Label both lines with
their general equation.

Remember:

 Move the x-coordinate to the left from the y-intercept if the slope is negative and
move the y-coordinate upward equal to the absolute value of the slope.

Activity 9

Find the equation of the line passing through the point (6, 10) and parallel to the line 16𝑥 + 10𝑦 +
12 = 20.
 Lesson 7: Equation of Perpendicular Lines

OBJECTIVES

To find the indicated equation of perpendicular lines

To graph the indicated perpendicular lines

Perpendicular Lines − are two intersecting lines whose point of intersection measure 90 degrees.
Two lines are said to be perpendicular if the slope of the first line is equal to the negative
reciprocal of the slope of the second line. In other words, the product of their slope is
negative one.

Equation of Perpendicular Lines

To find the equation of perpendicular lines, the first thing to do is to find the slope of the
1
given line (𝑙1 ) and find the equation of the second line (𝑙2 ) using the formula: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ),
𝑚
wherein:

𝑦1 is the y-coordinate of the given point

𝒍𝟏 : Ax + By + C = 0
𝟏
𝒍𝟐 : y – 𝑦1 = − (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒎

Example: Find the equation of the line passing through the point (-2, 5) and perpendicular to the
equation 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 10 = 0.

Given:

4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 10 = 0

P1 (-2, 5) hence:
𝑥1 = -2
𝑦1 = 5

𝑙1 : 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 10
 2y = -4 – 10
2𝑦 −4𝑥 10
= −
2 2 2
y = -2x – 5
𝒎𝟏 = -2
y-intercept = (0, -5)
1
𝑙2 : 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑚
−1
y–5= [x – (-2)]
−2
1
y–5= (x + 2)
2
2(y – 5) = 1 (x + 2)
2y – 10 = x + 2
-x + 2y – 10 – 2 = 0
-1(-x + 2y – 12 = 0)
𝑙2 : x – 2y + 12 = 0

Express to slope-intercept form.

x– 2y + 12 = 0
-2y = -x – 12
−2𝑦 −𝑥 12
= −
−2 −2 −2
1
y= x+6
2
𝟏
𝒎𝟏 =
𝟐
y-intercept = (0, 6)
𝟏
is the negative reciprocal of -2. Hence, the lines are parallel.
𝟐

To graph the two equations, follow the steps used in the previous discussion. you may use any
method that is easier such as assuming any value of x to solve the value of y from the working equation in
the form of y = mx + b.
Activity 10

Find the equation of the line passing through the point (5, 5) and perpendicular to the equation 4𝑥 −
6𝑦 + 24 = 0.

Lesson 8: Equation of Perpendicular Bisector

OBJECTIVES

To find the indicated equation of a perpendicular bisector

To graph the indicated line and its perpendicular bisector

Equation of perpendicular bisector − is an equation that is perpendicular to the line segment BJ

and passes through midpoint (5, -2). And since we are solving for the equation of a
1
perpendicular bisector, we use the formula 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ).
𝑚

Example: Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment passing through the points B
(4, 3) and J (6, -7).
Given:

B (4, 3)
J (6, -7)

Find the midpoint of line segment BJ; let M be the midpoint of line segment BJ.
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
M=( , )
2 2

4+6 3+−7
M=( , )
2 2

10 −4
M=( , )
2 2

M = (5, -2)

Find the slope of the line segment BJ:

B (4, 3)
J (6, -7)
𝑦2 −𝑦1
m=
𝑥2 −𝑥1

−7−3
m=
6−4

−10
m=
2

m = -5

Find the general equation of the perpendicular bisector

Let 𝑥1 = 5
𝑦1 = -2
m = -5

1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = − (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑚
−1
y – (-2) = (x – 5)
−5

1
y + 2 = (x – 5)
5

5(y + 2) = 1(x – 5)

5y + 10 = x – 5

-x + 5y + 10 + 5 = 0

-1(-x + 5y + 15 = 0)

x– 5y – 15 = 0

Use the slope of x– 5y – 15 = 0 to plot the points of the bisector.

Activity 11

Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment A (-5, 6) and J (1, -4).
 Lesson 9: Median of a Triangle

OBJECTIVES

To find the indicated point of intersection of the medians of a triangle

To find the indicated equation of a median of a triangle
To graph the indicated triangle

Intersection of the Medians of a Triangle

Intersection of the Medians of a Triangle – is the point where the medians of a triangle intersect
with each other. Let point P(x, y) be the point of intersection of the medians of a triangle with
the vertices 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and 𝑃3 (𝑥3 , 𝑦4 ). And since we are solving for the point of
intersection of the medians of a triangle, we make use of the formula

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
𝑃=( , )
3 3

Example: Find the point of intersection of the medians of a triangle with the vertices A (6, 4),
B (12, 10) and C (3, 13).

Given:
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3
𝑃=( , )
A (6, 4) 3 3
𝑥1 = 6
6 + 12 + 3 4 + 10 + 13
𝑦1 = 4 𝑃=( , )
3 3
B (12, 10)
21 27
𝑥2 = 12 𝑃=( , )
𝑦2 = 10 3 3

C (3, 13) 𝑃 = (7, 9)

𝑥3 = 3
The point of intersection of the medians
𝑦4 = 13
of the triangle is P (7, 9).

Equation of the Median of a Triangle

Median of a Triangle – is a line segment joining the vertex of a triangle and the midpoint of the
opposite side. The equation can be derived by using the two-point form.

In finding the midpoints of the triangle, let the midpoint of 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 be 𝑃4 , the midpoint of 𝑃2 and 𝑃3
be 𝑃5 , and the midpoint of 𝑃3 and 𝑃1 be 𝑃6 .

Example 1: Find the equation of the median of a triangle connecting vertex A(6, 4) and the midpoint of its
opposite side (7.5, 11.5)
15 23
Using the two point form: A (6, 4) and (7.5, 11.5) or ( , )
2 2

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
 23
𝑦−4 −4
= 2
𝑥 − 6 15 − 6
2
23 − 8
𝑦−4 2
=
𝑥 − 6 15 − 12
2
15
𝑦−4
= 2
𝑥−6 3
2
𝑦 − 4 15 2
= .
𝑥−6 2 3
𝑦−4
=5
𝑥−6

𝑦 − 4 = 5(𝑥 − 6)

y − 4 = 5x – 30

y = 5x -30 + 4

y = 5x – 26; standard equation

-1(-5x + y + 26 = 0)

5x - y – 26 = 0; general equation

Example 2: Find the equation of the median of a triangle connecting vertex B (12, 10) and the midpoint of
its opposite side (4.5, 8.5).
9 17
Using the two point form: B (12, 10) and (4.5, 8.5) or ( , )
2 2

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

17
𝑦 − 10 − 10
= 2
𝑥 − 12 9
− 12
2
17 − 10
𝑦 − 10 2
=
𝑥 − 12 9 − 24
2
3
𝑦 − 10 −
= 2
𝑥 − 12 − 15
2
𝑦 − 10 −3 2
= .−
𝑥 − 12 2 15
𝑦 − 10 1
=
𝑥 − 12 5

5(𝑦 − 10) = 𝐼(𝑥 − 12)

 5y – 50 = x – 12

5y = x – 12 + 50

5y = x + 38

1 38
𝑦= 𝑥+ ; 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚
5 5

-1(-x + 5y – 38 = 0)

x – 5y + 38 = 0; general equation

Example 3: Find the equation of the median of a triangle connecting vertex C (3, 13) and the midpoint of its
opposite side (9, 7).

Using the two point form: C (3, 13) and (9, 7)

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
=
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝑦 − 13 17 − 13
=
𝑥−3 9−3
𝑦 − 13 −6
=
𝑥−3 6
𝑦 − 13
= −1
𝑥−3
𝑦 − 13 = −1(𝑥 − 3)
𝑦 − 13 = −𝑥 + 3
y = -x + 3 + 13
y = -x + 16; standard equation
x + y – 16 = 0; general equation
The general equation of the medians of a triangle with vertices at A (6, 4), B (12, 10), and C (3,13) are
5x – y – 26 = 0, x – 5y +38 = 0 and x + y – 16 = 0.
Activity 12

Find the point of intersection of the medians of a triangle with vertices at A (6, 4),
B (3, -2), and C(-5, 6). Determine the midpoint of each of the sides of the triangle then find the
equations of each median. Graph and label the triangle.

Lesson 10: Distance Between a Point and a Line

OBJECTIVES

To find the indicated distance between a point and a line

To graph the indicated point and line

The shortest distance between the line and a point is the perpendicular line connecting the point
and the given line.
 To find the distance between the line Ax + By + C = 0 and point P (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) use the formula d =
𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1 +𝐶
±√𝐴2 +𝐵2

Remember:

 Use + if B is positive and the point lies above or to the right of the line. Otherwise
use negative (-).
 Use + if B is negative and the point lies below or to the left of the line. Otherwise
use negative (-).
 Always simplify radicals in final answer.
Example: Find the distance between the point (10, 16) and the line 4x – 6y + 16 = 0.
Solve for the coordinates of the line.
Given: 4x – 6y + 16 = 0
4𝑥 16
4x – 6y + 16 = 0 4
=−
4
A=4 𝑥 = −4
B = -6 x-intercept = (-4, 0)
C = 16
4x – 6y + 16 = 0
−6𝑦 −16 2
P (10, 16) −6
= −6 m = 3
𝑥1 = 10 8
y-intercept = (0, 3 )
𝑦1 = 16
8
𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1 +𝐶 𝑦=
d= 3
±√𝐴2 +𝐵2 8
y-intercept = (0, 3 ) or
4(10)+(−6)(16)+16 4x – 6y + 16 = 0
d= −6𝑦 −4𝑥 − 16
±√42 +(−6)2
=
−6 −6
40−96+16 2 8
d=
±√16+36
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 3
 56−96
d=
±√52

−40
d=
−√52

−40
d=
−2√13

20
d=
√13

20√13
d= units
13

Activity 13

Find the distance between the point (-8, 2) and the line 3𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 13 = 0 . Graph and label the lines.
 Lesson 11: Distance Between Two Lines
OBJECTIVES

To find the indicated distance between two given lines

To graph the indicated lines

The shortest distance between two parallel lines is a line that is perpendicular to the parallel lines.

To find the distance between the lines 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶1 = 0 and 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶2 use the formula:
𝐶1 −𝐶2
d=
±√𝐴2 +𝐵2

Remember:

 Use the sign of + or – so that the distance becomes positive.

Example: Find the distance between the lines 5x + 4y – 20 = 0 and 5x + 4y + 10 = 0.

Given:

𝑙1 : 5x + 4y − 20 = 0
𝐶1 −𝐶2 −30
𝑙2 : 5x + 4y + 10 = 0 d= 2 d = ±√25+16
±√𝐴2 +𝐵

A=5 −20−10 −30

d= d=−
B=4 ±√52 +42 √41
𝐶1 = 20 30
𝐶2 = 10 d=
√41

30√41
d= units
41
 Solve for the coordinates of 5x + 4y − 20 = 0 Solve for the equation of 5x + 4y + 10 = 0

5x + 4y − 20 = 0 5x + 4y + 10 = 0

5𝑥 20 5𝑥 10
= =−
5 5 5 5

𝑥=4 𝑥 = −2

x-intercept = (4, 0) x-intercept = (-2, 0)

5x + 4y − 20 = 0 5x + 4y + 10 = 0

4𝑦 20 4𝑦 10
= =−
4 4 4 4

𝑦=5 5
𝑦= −
2
y-intercept = (0, 5)
5
y-intercept = (0, − 2)

Activity 14

Find the distance between lines 7𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0 and 7𝑥 + 𝑦 − 8 = 0. Graph and label the lines.
 CHECK –UP

A. Equation of a Line: Find the equation of the line given the following properties.

1. Passing through the points (2, 7) and (4, -3).

2. Passing through the points (2, 1) and (6, 5).

2
3. Passing through the point (-6, -3) and with the slope of .
7

4. Passing through the point (8, 2) and with slope of -3.

5. The slope is 6 and the y-intercept is 5.

3 4
6. The slope is and the y-intercept is .
8 5
 7. The x-intercept is 3 and the y-intercept is 7.

8. The line passing through (5, 0) and (0, -6).

1 2 2 2
9. Express the equation 𝑥 − 𝑦 + = to 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏. Identify the slope and y-intercept.
2 7 3 5

4 3
10. Express the equation 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = to 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏. Identify the slope and
5 5
y-intercept.

B. Equations of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

I. Determine whether the given pair of equations are parallel, perpendicular, or neither parallel nor
perpendicular. Graph the given pair of equations and label them.

1. 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 and 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 8 = 0

2. 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0 and 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 15 = 0
3. 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 16and 8𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 10

4. 3𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 18 and 6𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −12
 5. 5𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 35 and 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 18 = 0

II. Find the equation of the line given the following the following properties. Graph the equations and
label them.
1. Passing through the point (6, 10) and parallel to 16𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 12 = 20.

2. Passing through the point (-4, 7) and parallel to the equation connecting the points(2,-9) and (-3,
5).

3. Passing through the point (5, 5) and perpendicular to the line 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 24 = 0.

4. Passing through the point (6,0) and perpendicular to the line connecting the points (-4, -5) and (-
1, 4).
5. Find the equation of the line passing through the point the intersection of the lines 5𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 40
and 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 8 and perpendicular to the line connecting the points (2, 7) and (4, -3)

6. Find the equation of the line passing through the center of a circle whose endpoints of its
diameter is at (2, 1) and (6, 5) and parallel to the line 15𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 20 = 0.
 7. Find the equations of the sides of the triangle as shown in the figure below:

8. Find the equations of the medians of a triangle using the figure in number 7.

9. Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the medians of the triangle in number 7

10. Find the perimeter and the area of a triangle as shown in number 7.

III. Find the distance between a point and a line.

1. P (-4, 5) and 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −6

2. P (-3, -5) and 2𝑥 − 8𝑦 − 16 = 0

3. P (6, -7) and 5𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 21 = 0

 4. P (2, 1) and 6𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 17 = 4

5. P (-8, 2) and 3𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 13 = 0

IV. Find the distance between two parallel lines.

1. 5𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 18 = 0 and 5𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 12

2. 3𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 12 = 0 and 3𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 15 = 0

3. 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −5 and 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 13

4. 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 12 = 0 and 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 7 = 15

5. 7𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2 = 0 and 7𝑥 + 𝑦 − 8 = 0

REFERENCES

1. Gabayo, Y (2013). Analytic Geometry. Textbook. Recto Avenue, Manila, Philippines. Rex Book
Store.
2. https://www.mathopenref.com/coordintro.html
3. https://www.onlinemathlearning.com/coordinate-geometry.html
4. https://www.toppr.com/guides/maths/coordinate-geometry/coordinate-geometry/