1

IPv6 Overview
WEBINAR COURSE

2 v1.0 2
Overview

• Global IPv6 End-User Readiness

• IPv6 Packet Header Format

• Introduction of IPv6 Extension Headers

• IPv6 Address Representation

• Overview of IPv6 Address Types

• Homework

3 v1.0
Global IPv6 End-User Readiness

Results are
generated from the
samples collected
by APNIC Lab
from Internet.

Source: https://stats.labs.apnic.net/ipv6/ (20200602)

4 v1.0
Global IPv6 End-User Readiness

Source: https://stats.labs.apnic.net/ipv6/ (20200602)

5 v1.0
IPv6 End-User Readiness in Asia

Source: https://stats.labs.apnic.net/ipv6/ (20200602)

6 v1.0
IPv6 End-User Readiness in Oceania

Source: https://stats.labs.apnic.net/ipv6/ (20200602)

7 v1.0
IPv6 Overview

IPv6 Packet Header Format

8
IPv6 is Network Layer Replacement of IPv4

Application Layer

Transport Layer

IPv4 Network Layer IPv6

Datalink Layer
32 bit 128 bit

9 v1.0
Comparison of IPv6 and IPv4 Packet Headers
IPv6 Header

8200
10 v1.0
Comparison of IPv6 and IPv4 Packet Headers
IPv6 Header IPv4 Header

791

8200
11 v1.0
Comparison of IPv6 and IPv4 Packet Headers
IPv6 Header IPv4 Header

Keep the same name -- 3 parts

8200 791

12 v1.0
Comparison of IPv6 and IPv4 Packet Headers
IPv6 Header IPv4 Header

Keep the same name -- 3 parts

Different names with similar functions -- 4 parts
8200 791

13 v1.0
Comparison of IPv6 and IPv4 Packet Headers
IPv6 Header IPv4 Header

Keep the same name -- 3 parts

Different names with similar functions -- 4 parts
New function – 1 part 8200 791

14 v1.0
 IPv6 & IPv4 Packet Example

• Example IPv6 packet on this link:

• https://www.cloudshark.org/captures/84fd54ad03e0

• Example IPv4 packet on this link:

• https://www.cloudshark.org/captures/09f49cda5b80

15 v1.0
IPv6 Overview

Introduction of IPv6 Extension Headers

16
What is an Extension Header?

IPv6 Packet

17 v1.0
What is an Extension Header?

IPv6 Header

Optional internet-
layer information,
such as, fragmentation
information, encryption,
IPv6 Packet

etc.

Upper-layer Example:
TCP Segment

18 v1.0
What is an Extension Header?

IPv6 Header

Optional internet-
layer information,
Extension Headers such as, fragmentation
information, encryption,
IPv6 Packet

etc.

Upper-layer Example:
TCP Segment

19 v1.0
IPv6 Packet

Header
IPv6

20 v1.0
IPv6 Packet

Header
IPv6
Payload

Maybe the payload

is the TCP segment.

21 v1.0
IPv6 Extension Header

Header
IPv6

Maybe the payload is

Extension Header composed of an
Payload

extension header and

the TCP segment.
TCP Segment

22 v1.0
IPv6 Extension Headers

Header
IPv6

Extension Header 1
Payload

Maybe the payload is

composed of 2
Extension Header 2
extension headers and
the TCP segment.
TCP Segment

23 v1.0
Header
IPv6

Extension Header 1
Payload

Extension Header 2

Extension Header 3
Maybe the payload is
composed of several
Extension Header 4 extension headers
and the TCP
segment.
TCP Segment

24 v1.0
Extension Header Types

• Following are the extension header types listed in RFC 8200:

Extension Header
Hop-by-Hop Options
Routing
Fragment
Destination Options
Authentication
Encapsulating Security Payload

25 v1.0
Extension Header Types and Type Value

• Following are the extension header types listed in RFC 8200:

Extension Header Type Value

Hop-by-Hop Options 0
Routing 43
Fragment 44
Destination Options 60
Authentication 51
Encapsulating Security Payload 50

26 v1.0
Extension Header Example

• Example IPv6 packet with an Extension Header on this link:

• https://www.cloudshark.org/captures/7dd0b50eb768
What is the type of
extension header in
each of the packets?
• https://www.cloudshark.org/captures/90fd94cba716

27 v1.0
Extension Header Example

• Example IPv6 packet with an Extension Header on this link:

Fragment Header
• https://www.cloudshark.org/captures/7dd0b50eb768
What is the type of
extension header in
Hop-by-Hop Options Header each of the packets?
• https://www.cloudshark.org/captures/90fd94cba716

28 v1.0
Extension Header Order

• When more than one extension header is used in the same packet, it is recommended that those
headers appear in the following order in RFC 8200:

IPv6 header
IPv6 Packet
Hop-by-Hop Options header

IPv6 Header Destination Options header

Routing header
Extension
Headers Fragment header

Authentication header (RFC 4302)

Encapsulating Security Payload header
(RFC 4303)
TCP Segment
Destination Options header

TCP header (Upper-Layer header)

29 v1.0
IPv6 Overview

IPv6 Address Representation

30
IPv6 Address Format

IPv6 address is represented in hexadecimal.

Example: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

31 v1.0
IPv6 Address Format

IPv6 address is represented in hexadecimal.

Example: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

32 v1.0
IPv6 Address Format

IPv6 address is represented in hexadecimal.

Example: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00
4 hexadecimal digits

Binary format (128-bit):

0010000000000001 0000110110111000 0000000000000000

0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000001101101110
0001001001010000 0010101100000000

33 v1.0
IPv6 Address Format

Components of an IPv6 address:

Example: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00
4 hexadecimal digits

Binary format (128-bit):

0010000000000001 0000110110111000 0000000000000000

0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000001101101110
0001001001010000 0010101100000000

34 v1.0
IPv6 Address Format

Components of an IPv6 address:

Example: 2001: 0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

Binary format (128-bit):

0010000000000001 0000110110111000 0000000000000000

0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000001101101110
0001001001010000 0010101100000000

35 v1.0
IPv6 Address Format

Components of an IPv6 address:

Example: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

Separated by colons
Binary format (128-bit):

0010000000000001 0000110110111000 0000000000000000

0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0000001101101110
0001001001010000 0010101100000000

36 v1.0
IPv6 Address Format

Components of an IPv6 address:

4 hexadecimal digits

Example: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

0010000000000001

16 binary bits
(1 x 16 bits)

37 v1.0
IPv6 Address Format

Components of an IPv6 address: Dec Hex Binary

0 0 0000
4 hexadecimal digits
1 1 0001
2 2 0010

Example: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00 3 3 0011

4 4 0100
5 5 0101
6 6 0110
7 7 0111
8 8 1000

0010 0000 0000 0001 9 9 1001

10 a 1010
11 b 1011
nibble
12 c 1100
13 d 1101
16 binary bits 14 e 1110
15 f 1111

38 v1.0
IPv6 Address Format

Components of an IPv6 address: Dec Hex Binary

0 0 0000
4 hexadecimal digits
1 1 0001
2 2 0010

Example: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00 3 3 0011

4 4 0100
5 5 0101
6 6 0110
7 7 0111
8 8 1000

0010 0000 0000 0001 9 9 1001

10 a 1010
11 b 1011
nibble nibble
12 c 1100
13 d 1101
16 binary bits 14 e 1110
15 f 1111

39 v1.0
IPv6 Address Format

Components of an IPv6 address: Dec Hex Binary

0 0 0000
4 hexadecimal digits
1 1 0001
2 2 0010

Example: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00 3 3 0011

4 4 0100
5 5 0101
6 6 0110
7 7 0111
8 8 1000

0010 0000 0000 0001 9 9 1001

10 a 1010
11 b 1011
nibble nibble nibble
12 c 1100
13 d 1101
16 binary bits 14 e 1110
15 f 1111

40 v1.0
IPv6 Address Format

Components of an IPv6 address: Dec Hex Binary

0 0 0000
4 hexadecimal digits
1 1 0001
2 2 0010

Example: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00 3 3 0011

4 4 0100
5 5 0101
6 6 0110
7 7 0111
8 8 1000

0010 0000 0000 0001 9 9 1001

10 a 1010
11 b 1011
nibble nibble nibble nibble
12 c 1100
13 d 1101
16 binary bits 14 e 1110
15 f 1111

41 v1.0
IPv6 Address Format

Components of an IPv6 address:

8 hexadecimal digits

Example: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

0010000000000001 0000110110111000

32 bits
(2 x 16 bits)

42 v1.0
IPv6 Address Format

Components of an IPv6 address:

12 hexadecimal digits

Example: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

0010000000000001 0000110110111000 0000000000000000

48 bits
(3 x 16 bits)

43 v1.0
IPv6 Address Format

Components of an IPv6 address:

32 hexadecimal digits in 8 fields

Example: 2001: 0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

0010000000000001 0000110110111000 0000000000000000 0000000000000000

0000000000000000 0000001101101110 0001001001010000 0010101100000000

128 bits
(8 x 16 bits)

44 v1.0
 Quiz 1

• (Single Choice) How many fields (or parts) in a complete format of an IPv6
address?
o A. 6

o B. 16

o C. 8

o D. 10

45 v1.0
 Quiz 1

• (Single Choice) How many fields (or parts) in a complete format of an IPv6
address?
o A. 6

o B. 16

o C. 8

o D. 10

46 v1.0
Omitting Leading Zeros

Example 1: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

47 v1.0
Omitting Leading Zeros

Example 1: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

48 v1.0
Omitting Leading Zeros

Example 1: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

2001:db8:0:0:0:36e:1250:2b00

49 v1.0
Omitting Leading Zeros

Example 1: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

2001:db8:0:0:0:36e:1250:2b00

Example 2: 2001:0db8:010d:000a:00dd:c000:e000:0001

50 v1.0
Omitting Leading Zeros

Example 1: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

2001:db8:0:0:0:36e:1250:2b00

Example 2: 2001:0db8:010d:000a:00dd:c000:e000:0001

2001:0db8:010d:000a:00dd:c000:e000:0001

51 v1.0
Omitting Leading Zeros

Example 1: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

2001:db8:0:0:0:36e:1250:2b00

Example 2: 2001:0db8:010d:000a:00dd:c000:e000:0001

2001:db8:10d:a:dd:c000:e000:1

52 v1.0
Omitting Leading Zeros

Example 1: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

2001:db8:0:0:0:36e:1250:2b00

Example 2: 2001:0db8:010d:000a:00dd:c000:e000:0001

2001:db8:10d:a:dd:c000:e000:1

Trailing 0s must be included

53 v1.0
Double Colon “::”

• Sometimes, it is common to see the long strings of zero bits in IPv6 address. For
example, 2001:db8:0:0:0:0:0:1.

• In order to make writing addresses containing zero bits easier, “::” is available to
compress the zeros.

• The use of “::” indicates one or more groups of 16 bits of zeros.

• The “::” can only appear once in an address.

4291

54 v1.0
Double Colon “::”

• Example 1: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

2001:db8:0:0:0:36e:1250:2b00

55 v1.0
Double Colon “::”

• Example 1: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

2001:db8:0:0:0:36e:1250:2b00

• Compressed form: ::

56 v1.0
Double Colon “::”

• Example 1: 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:036e:1250:2b00

2001:db8:0:0:0:36e:1250:2b00

• Compressed form: 2001:db8::36e:1250:2b00

57 v1.0
Double Colon “::”

• Example 2: 2001:db8:0:0:0:0:0:1

Compressed form: 2001:db8::1

• Example 3: 2001:db8:0:0:0:0:0:0

Compressed form: 2001:db8::

58 v1.0
Recommendation of “::” Placement in RFC 5952

• When there is an alternative choice in the placement of a “::”, the longest run of
consecutive 16-bit 0 fields MUST be shortened

Example: 2001:db8:0:0:1234:0:0:0

There are 2 compressed formats:

2001:db8::1234:0:0:0

2001:db8:0:0:1234::

59 v1.0
Recommendation of “::” Placement in RFC 5952

• When there is an alternative choice in the placement of a “::”, the longest run of
consecutive 16-bit 0 fields MUST be shortened

Example: 2001:db8:0:0:1234:0:0:0

There are 2 compressed formats:

2001:db8::1234:0:0:0

2001:db8:0:0:1234:: RFC 5952

60 v1.0
Recommendation of “::” Placement in RFC 5952

• When the length of the consecutive 16-bit 0 fields are equal the first sequence of
zero bits MUST be shortened.

Example: 2001:db8:0:0:1:0:0:1

There are 2 compressed formats:

2001:db8::1:0:0:1

2001:db8:0:0:1::1

61 v1.0
Recommendation of “::” Placement in RFC 5952

• When the length of the consecutive 16-bit 0 fields are equal the first sequence of
zero bits MUST be shortened.

Example: 2001:db8:0:0:1:0:0:1

There are 2 compressed formats:

2001:db8::1:0:0:1 RFC 5952

2001:db8:0:0:1::1

62 v1.0
 Quiz 2

• Please write the most compressed format of the following IPv6 address to its,
using the RFC 5952 standard (both omitting leading zeros and using “::”).

o 2001:0db8:0001:0000:0000:0000:fac4:00b0

63 v1.0
 Quiz 2

• Please write the most compressed format of the following IPv6 address to its,
using the RFC 5952 standard (both omitting leading zeros and using “::”).

o 2001:0db8:0001:0000:0000:0000:fac4:00b0

• Answer: 2001:db8:1::fac4:b0

64 v1.0
IPv6 Prefix

An IPv6 address prefix is represented by the notation:

ipv6-address/prefix-length

Prefix-length is a decimal value specifying

how many of the leftmost contiguous bits of
the address comprise the prefix.

4291

65 v1.0
IPv6 Prefix

An IPv6 address prefix is represented by the notation:

ipv6-address/prefix-length

Example 1: 2001:db8::/32

66 v1.0
IPv6 Prefix

An IPv6 address prefix is represented by the notation:

ipv6-address/prefix-length

Example 1: 2001:db8::/32

2001:db8::/32 This example network is

using the IPv6 address
Example Network block 2001:db8::/32.

67 v1.0
IPv6 Prefix
32 bits
An IPv6 address prefix is represented by the notation:
0010000000000001 0000110110111000
ipv6-address/prefix-length

Example 1:2001
2001:db8::/32
:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/32

Prefix
2001:db8::/32 This example network is
using the IPv6 address
Example Network block 2001:db8::/32.

68 v1.0
IPv6 Overview

Overview of IPv6 Address Types

69
Overview of IPv6 Address Types

IPv6 Addressing

Unicast Anycast Multicast

Assigned Solicited Node

ff00::/8 ff02::1:ff00:0000/104

Unspecified Embedded Unique Local

Loopback Global Unicast Link-Local
Address IPv4
::/128 ::1/128 ::/80 2000::/3 fe80::/10 fc00::/7
Figure 1: IPv6 Address Types

70 v1.0
IPv6 Address Types: Unicast

IPv6 Addressing

Unicast Anycast Multicast

Assigned Solicited Node

ff00::/8 ff02::1:ff00:0000/104

Unspecified Embedded Unique Local

Loopback Global Unicast Link-Local
Address IPv4
::/128 ::1/128 ::/80 2000::/3 fe80::/10 fc00::/7
Figure 1: IPv6 Address Types

71 v1.0
IPv6 Address Types: Anycast

IPv6 Addressing

Unicast Anycast Multicast

Assigned Solicited Node

ff00::/8 ff02::1:ff00:0000/104

Unspecified Embedded Unique Local

Loopback Global Unicast Link-Local
Address IPv4
::/128 ::1/128 ::/80 2000::/3 fe80::/10 fc00::/7
Figure 1: IPv6 Address Types

72 v1.0
IPv6 Address Types: Multicast

IPv6 Addressing

Unicast Anycast Multicast

Assigned Solicited Node

ff00::/8 ff02::1:ff00:0000/104

Unspecified Embedded Unique Local

Loopback Global Unicast Link-Local
Address IPv4
::/128 ::1/128 ::/80 2000::/3 fe80::/10 fc00::/7
Figure 1: IPv6 Address Types

73 v1.0
Link-Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses

• Link-Local addresses (fe80::/10) are for use on a single link.

Link-local Scope

74 v1.0
Link-Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses

host:~user$ ifconfig en0

On Linux OS or
en0: flags=8863<UP,BROADCAST,SMART,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 MacOS, run
ether 78:4f:43:75:83:d1 ifconfig, on
windows OS,
inet6 fe80::1897:279d:5a41:7c8%en0 prefixlen 64 secured scopeid 0x8 run ipconfig,
inet6 2001:db8:6a02:2c00:104d:7d3b:794a:6834 prefixlen
What 64doesautoconf secured
this “%en0” mean? please check
inet6 2001:db8:6a02:2c00:d186:85f0:bad0:7807 prefixlen 64 autoconf temporary the IPv6
addresses on
inet 10.0.0.120 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 10.0.0.255 your computer.
nd6 options=201<PERFORMNUD,DAD> %en0 is the zone index for the
media: autoselect interface en0.
status: active
Zone index helps uniquely
distinguish which link/subnet an
interface is connected to. The zone
Router
Host1 en0 indices are strictly local to the
device.

fe80::1897:279d:5a41:7c8 fe80::c800:beff:fe5d:1c

75 v1.0
 Homework

• 1. Complete a quiz and get your certificate for this webinar:

o Link: https://academy.apnic.net/en/quizz/ipv6-overview/

76 v1.0
 Homework

• 1. Complete a quiz and get your certificate for this webinar:

o Link: https://academy.apnic.net/en/quizz/ipv6-overview/

• 2. Take the online courses “IPv6 Fundamentals” and “IPv6 Address Planning” on
APNIC Academy.

academy.apnic.net

77 v1.0
 Homework

• 1. Complete a quiz and get your certificate for this webinar:

o Link: https://academy.apnic.net/en/quizz/ipv6-overview/

• 2. Take the online courses “IPv6 Fundamentals” and “IPv6 Address Planning” on
APNIC Academy.

academy.apnic.net

78 v1.0
Acknowledgements

• Figure 1: Adapted from Graziani, R. (2013). IPv6 Fundamentals: A Straightforward Approach to

Understanding IPv6. USA: Cisco Press, Figure 4-1. IPv6 Address Types.

79 v1.0
 Last but not least
Wish you and your family stay safe and healthy!

80 v1.0
Thank You!
Thank You!
END OF SESSION
END OF SESSION

81 v1.0
82