Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Chapter One
Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures, and Public
Enterprises
Chapter outlines:
 Overview of Partnership Businesses
 Partnership Organization
 Accounting for operation of a partnership
 Accounting for dissolution of a partnership
 Accounting for liquidation of a partnership
 Joint Ventures
 Public Enterprises

Chapter objectives:
After completing this chapter, you would be able to:
 Comprehend the legal characteristics of partnerships
 Understand types of partnership
 Understand initial investment valuation and record keeping
 Grasp the diverse nature of profit and loss sharing agreements and their computation
 Value new partners‟ investment in an existing partnership
 Value partner‟s share upon withdrawal, retirement, or death
 Understand legal aspects of partnership liquidation
 Apply simple partnership liquidation computations and accounting.
 Perform safe payment computations
 Understand installment liquidations
 Learn about cash distribution plans for installment liquidations
 Comprehend liquidations when either the partnership or partners are insolvent.
 Account for corporate and unincorporated joint ventures
Chapter Prerequisite: Financial Accounting II
Time Required: 12 Hours

1.1 Partnership Businesses: An Overview

1.1.1) Definition and Types of Partnership
Partnership is defined semantically in a different ways in different acts of different nations. But the
basic concept is, in all the definitions, the same. Partnership is defined as an association two or
more persons to carry on, as co-owners, a business for profit. In this definition, the term person
includes individuals and other partnerships, and sometimes corporations may be partners. There are
three types of partnership business: General Partnership, Limited Partnership and Limited Liability
Partnership.

A. General Partnership (GP) - the general partnership refers to a firm in which all the partners
are responsible for liabilities of the firm and all have authority to act for the firm. All partners also
participate in the operation and management of the business.
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises
General Partnership consists of partners who are personally, jointly, severally and fully liable as
between themselves and to the partnership for the firm‟s undertakings. Any provision to the
contrary in the partnership agreement shall be of no effect with regard to third parties (Art.280,
Commercial Code of Ethiopia)

B. Limited Partnership (LP) - is a type of partnership designed primarily for individuals who
want the tax benefits of a partnership but who do not wish to work in a partnership. In such
organizations, a number of limited partners invest money as owners but are not allowed to
participate in the management of the company. These partners can still incur a loss on their
investment, but the amount of the loss is restricted to the amount of investment, which has been
contributed by limited partners. To protect the creditors of a limited partnership, one or more
general partners must be designated to assume responsibility for all obligations created in the name
of the business. The balance sheet shows both general partner‟s capital and limited partner‟s capital
separately.

A limited Partnership comprises two types of partners: general partners in full liable personally,
jointly and severally and limited partners who are only liable to the extent of their contributions
(Article 296, Commercial Code of Ethiopia)

C. Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) - the limited liability partnership has most of the same
characteristics of a general partnership except that the liability of the partners is significantly
reduced. Partners may lose their investment in the business and are also responsible for the
contractual debts of the business. The advantage is created in connection with any liability resulting
from damages. In such cases, the partners are only responsible for their own acts or omissions plus
the acts and omissions of individuals under their supervision. Example one partner in the HH Audit
Firm would not be held liable for a poor audit performed by another partner.

1.1.2) Partnership Contracts

Partnership can be formed through oral agreement, implied agreement, or written agreement. The
written agreement of a partnership business is called Deed of Partnership or Articles of Partnership
or Partnership Contract. The most important terms in a partnership contract for a limited liability
partnership are the following:
 The date of formation, name of partners, name of partnership, business location, etc
 The assets to be invested by each partners
 The authority of each partners and rights & duties of each partner
 Profit sharing ratio
 The accounting period to be used
 The drawing allowed to the partners and penalties for excess drawing
 Insurance on the lives of partners
 Provision for arbitration of disputes and liquidation of the partnership

The accounting principles for partnership may come from the nature of the business, legal acts
regarding partnership (e.g. Commercial Code of Ethiopia), and accounting concepts and principles
developed for partnership, tax laws, partnership contract (deed), etc. For example, partnership may
use cash method of accounting (cash basis of accounting) as they mostly provide professional
services on cash basis. In addition to this, the nature of the partnership business may also affect the
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
application of the accounting principle Going Concern as a partnership is dissolved when there is
change in partners. An asset of a partnership firm is also protected as per Principles of Asset
Protection.

1.1.3) Characteristics of Partnership

The basic characteristics of partnership include and are discussed as follows:
 Ease of Formation - only an oral agreement is necessary to create a legally binding partnership.
It may also be created by written contract between persons, or may be implied by their conduct. But
incorporation requires large cost and the filing of a formal application.
 Limited Life - a partnership may be ended by the death, retirement, bankruptcy, or incapacity
of a partner. The admission of a new partner to the partnership legally ends the former partnership
and establishes a new one.
 Mutual Agency - each partner has the authority to act for the partnership and to enter into
contract on its behalf. But, acts beyond the normal scope of business operations do not bind the
partnership unless specific authority has been given to the partner to enter into such transactions.
 Unlimited Liability - the liability is not limited to the business. If the partnership is unable to
pay its liability, the partners are personally liable. Creditors having difficulty in collecting cash on
matured liability from the partnership will be likely to turn to those partners who have other
financial resources.
 Co-ownership of partnership assets and Earnings - when individuals invest assets in a
partnership, they retain no claim to those specific assets but acquire an ownership equity in all
assets of the partnership. That is, every member of a partnership has ownership equity in
partnership.
 Participation in Earnings - participation in earnings and losses is one of the tests of the
existence of a partnership.
 Better resources and skills - resources and skills contributed by two or more persons are better
that those contributed a single person
 Single Taxation – a partnership is taxed only once

1.1.4) Choosing Between Partnership and Corporation

One of the most important considerations in choosing between a Limited Liability Partnership
(LLP) and the corporate form of business organizations is the income tax status of the enterprise
and of its owners‟. An LLP pays no income tax, but it is required to file an annual information
return showing its revenue and expenses, the amount of its net income, and the division of the net
income among the partners. The partners report their respective shares of the ordinary net income
from the partnership and such items as dividends and charitable contributions in their individual
income tax returns, regardless of whether they received more or less than this amount of cash from
the partnership during the year. A corporation is separate legal entity subject to a corporate income
tax. The net income, when and if distributed to stockholders‟ as dividends, also is taxable income of
stockholders.

Example 1.1: assume that a business earns Br 100. After paying any income taxes, the reminder is
immediately conveyed to its owners. A tax rate of 30% is assumed for both individuals and
corporations.
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises

Partnership Corporation
Income before income taxes .....................................
Br 100 Br 100
Income taxes paid by business (30%) ....................... 0 (30)
Income distributed to owners ....................................
Br 100 Br 70
Income taxes paid by owners (30%) ......................... (30) (21)
Expendable (Disposable) income ............................Br 70 Br 49

The advantage of single taxation has led some larger companies in recent years to convert to the
partnership form to maximize after-tax returns to investors. Limited liability partnership may be
incorporated as S Corporation to retain the advantages of limited liability but at the same time
elect to be taxed as a partnership.

Income tax rates and regulations are subject to frequent changes, and new interpretations of tax laws
often arise. The tax status of the owners also is likely to change from year to year. For these
reasons, management of a business enterprise should review the tax implications of the limited
liability partnership and corporate forms of organization so that the enterprise may adapt most
successfully to the income tax environment.

The burden of taxation is not the only factor influencing a choice between the Limited Liability
Partnership and the corporate form of organization. Perhaps the factor that most often tips the
scales in favor of incorporation is the opportunity for obtaining larger amounts of capital. When
ownership may be divided into shares of capital stock, readily transferable, and offering the
advantages inherent in the separation of ownership and management. Another reason for choosing
the corporate form of organization is the limited liability of all stockholders for unpaid debts of the
corporation.

1.2) Accounting for Formation of a Partnership

Accounting for formation and operation of a partnership involves some transactions between the
partnership and the partners and follows some end of the year procedures, which are as follows:
 Recording initial investment by the partners (tangible and intangible contributions)
 Recording additional contributions by the partners
 Withdrawal by the partners
 Loan transactions
 Allocation of income and losses and Preparation of financial statements
The transaction between the firm and the partnership are accounted for in Owners‟ Equity
Accounts.

1.2.1) Owners’ Equity Accounts

Accounting for a partnership differs from accounting for a single proprietorship or a corporation
with respect to sharing of net income and losses and maintenance of the partners‟ ledger accounts.
Although it might be possible to maintain partnership accounting records with only one ledger
account, the usual practice is to maintain three types of accounts. These are:
1. Partner Capital Account
2. Partner Drawing Account
3. Loan to Partner Account and Loan from Partner Account
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
1.2.2) Recording Initial Capital Contribution (Investment) Made by the Partners
Partner’s Capital Account
The original investment by each partner is recorded by debiting the assets invested, crediting any
liabilities assumed by the partnership, and crediting the partners‟ capital account with the current
fair value of the net assets (asset minus liabilities) invested. Subsequent to the original investment,
the partners‟ equity is increased by additional investment and by a share of net income; the partners‟
equity is decreased by withdrawal of cash or other assets and by a share of net losses. Another
possible source of increase or decrease in partners‟ ownership equity results from changes in
ownership.

Valuation of Investments by Partners

The investment by a partner in the firm often includes assets other than cash. It is imperative that
the partners agree on the current fair value of non monetary assets at the time of the investment is
made and that the assets be recognized in the accounting records at such values. Any gains or losses
resulting from the disposal of such assets during the operation of the partnership, or at the time of
liquidation, generally are divided according to the plan for sharing net income or losses. Therefore,
equitable treatment of the individual partners requires a starting point of current fair values recorded
for all non-cash assets invested in the firm. Thus, partnership gains or losses from disposal of non-
cash assets invested by the partners will be measured by the difference between the disposal price
and the current fair value of the assets when invested by partners, adjusted for any depreciation or
amortization of the date of disposal.

Tangible Contributions
Example 1.2: Assume that Carter and Green form a business to be operated as a partnership. Carter
contributes Br 50,000 in cash whereas Green invests Br 20,000 photographic equipment with fair
value of Br 25,000
Cash ..........................................................................
50000
Equipment ................................................................25000
Carter, Capital ................................................ 50000
Green, Capital ................................................ 25000
Note: Although partners have contributed inventory, land, and a building, cash, the partner holds no
further right to these individual assets; they rather belong to the partnership. It does not constitute a
specific claim.

Intangible Contributions
The contribution made by one or more of the partners may go beyond assets and liabilities in
forming a partnership. A partner may contribute a particular line of expertise, artistic talent, etc.
These attributes, as well as many others, are frequently valuable to a partnership as cash and fixed
assets. Hence, formal accounting recognition of such special contributions may be appropriately
included as a provision of any partnership agreement. There are two methods for treatment of
intangible contributions in accounting records:
 The Bonus Method
 The Goodwill Method
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises
The Bonus Method recognizes only the assets that are physically transferred to the business. The
Goodwill Method is based on the assumption that an implied value can be calculated
mathematically and recorded for any intangible contribution.

Example 1.3: James and Joyce planned to open an advertising agency named JJ Advertising and
decide to organize the endeavor as a partnership. James contributes cash of Br 90,000 whereas
Joyce Br 30,000. Joyce is a graphic artist, a skill that is valuable to this business. In the Articles of
Partnership, the partners agree to start the business with equal capital balance. Thus, it is recorded
as follows by Bonus Method & Goodwill Method.
Bonus Method Goodwill Method
Total Investment = 90,000 + 30,000 James‟ Capital .......................................... 90,000
Total Investment = 120,000 Joyce Capital (should be) ......................... 90,000
Equal Share = 120,000 /2 = 60,000 Total Capital ............................................. 180,000
Less: Total Investment ............................. 120,000
Goodwill (Implied) ................................... 60,000
Journal Entry: Journal Entry:
Cash .....................................
120,000 Cash ..............................................120,000
James Capital............ 60,000 Goodwill ....................................... 60,000
Joyce Capital ............ 60,000 James Capital.......................... 90,000
Joyce Capital .......................... 90,000

Comparison of Methods
Both approaches achieve the intent of partnership agreement: equal capital balances are recorded
despite a difference in the partner‟s cash contributions. Although nothing prohibits the use of either
technique, the recognition of goodwill poses definite theoretical problems. Goodwill is recorded
only as a result of acquisition by the reporting entity. Thus, goodwill in a partnership should be
viewed with a strong degree of skepticism.

1.2.3) Recording Additional Capital Contributions

Additional Capital Contribution is also recorded in the same manner as initial contributions by
increasing capital account. Subsequent to the formation of a partnership, the owners may choose to
contribute additional capital amounts. These investments can be made to stimulate expansion or to
assist the business in overcoming working capital shortage or other problems. Regardless of the
reason, the contribution is again recorded as an increment in the partner‟s capital account based on
fair market value.

1.2.4) Withdrawal by the Partners and Partner’s Drawing Account

Drawing (withdrawals of cash or other assets) by partners in anticipation of net income or drawings
that are considered salary allowances are recorded by debits to the drawing accounts. However, a
large withdrawal that is considered a permanent reduction in the ownership equity of a partner is
debited directly to the partner‟s capital account. The withdrawals are recorded initially in a separate
drawing account that is closed into the individual partner‟s capital account at year end.

Example 1.4: Record the drawing of two partners assuming that James and Joyce withdrew Br
1,200 and Br 1,500.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
James Drawing .................................................... 1,200
Joyce Drawing .................................................... 1,500
Cash ..................................................... 2,700

1.2.5) Loan Transactions and Loan to and Loan from Partners account (Loan Account)
A partner may receive cash from the limited liability partnership with the intention of repaying this
amount. Such a transaction may be debited to the “Loan to Partner‟s Account” rather than to the
partner‟s drawing account. Loan to Partner is receivable from the partner. Conversely, a partner can
make a cash payment to the partnership that is considered a loan rather than an increase in partner‟s
capital account balance. This is recorded by a credit to “Loans from Partner‟s Account” rather than
an increase in partner‟s capital account and generally is accompanied by the issuance of a
promissory note. Loan from Partner‟s Account is a liability payable to partners. Loans to Partners
accounts are displayed as assets in the partnership balance sheet and loans from partners are
displayed as liabilities. The classification of these items as current or long-tem generally depends on
the maturity date, although these related party transactions may result in noncurrent classification of
the partner‟s loans, regardless of maturity dates. If a substantial unsecured loan has been made by a
partnership to a partner and repayment appears doubtful, it is appropriate to offset the receivable
against the partner‟s capital account balance. If this is not done, partnership total assets and total
partners‟ equity may be misleading. In any event, the disclosure principle requires separate listing
of Loan to Partner, Loan from Partner and Partner‟s Capital accounts.

Loan to Partner ................................................ xxxxx

Cash ...................................................... xxxxx
Cash .................................................................
xxxxx
Loan from Partner ...........................................xxxxx

1.3) Accounting for Operation of a Partnership

1.3.1) Financial Statements of a Partnership Business
Financial statements for a Partnership include:
 Income statement
 Statement of Partners‟ Capital (Partners‟ Capital Statement)
 Balance Sheet
 Statement of cash flows

Income Statement
Explanation of the division of net income among partners may be included in the partnership‟s
income statement or in a note to the financial statements. This information is referred to as the
division of net income section of the income statement.

Example 1.5: A&B Partnership has sales of Br 300,000; cost of goods sold of Br 180,000; and
operating expenses of Br 90,000 for the year ending December 31, 2005. Required: prepare income
statement showing division of net income section assuming profit or loss sharing percentages 47%
and 53% to Partner A and B, respectively.
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises

A&B Partnership
Income Statement
For the Year ended Dec. 31, 2005
Sales .................................................................................................... .Br 300,000
Cost of Goods Sold ............................................................................ (180,000)
Gross Profit or Sales ............................................................................ Br 120,000
Operating Expenses ............................................................................. (90,000)
Net Income .......................................................................................... Br 30,000
Division of Income:
Partner A ............................................................................................. 14,100
Partner B .............................................................................................. 15,900
Total Net Income ................................................................................. 30,000

 Note: Prior Period Adjustments – that is the correction of prior years‟ income becomes
particularly important when the profit sharing ratio has been changed.

Example 1.6: Assume that Challa, Elias, and HAILU form a partnership by investing cash of Br
120,000, Br 90,000 and Br 75,000, respectively. The profit and loss sharing ratio is 3:4:3 and each
partner is allowed to withdraw Br 10,000 according to Articles of Partnership. At the end of first
year of operation, the partnership reports net income of Br 60,000. Record the foregoing
transactions and prepare statement of Partners‟ Capital
 Initial Investment (Initial Contribution of Capital)
Cash ............................................................... 285,000
Challa, Capital ..................................... 75,000
Elias, Capital ....................................... 90,000
HAILE, Capital ................................... 120,000
 Withdrawals by Partners
Elias, Drawing ............................................... 10,000
Challa, Drawing ............................................ 10,000
HAILE, Drawing ........................................... 10,000
Cash ..................................................... 30,000
 Allocation of Income and Closing Income Summery Account
Allocation of Income:
 Challa = 60,000 @ 30% = 24,000
 Elias = 60,000 @ 40% = 18,000
 HAILE = 60,000 @ 30% = 18,000

Closing Income Summary Account:

Income Summary ................................................. 60,000
Challa, Capital ............................................ 18,000
Elias, Capital ............................................... 24,000
HAILE, Capital ........................................... 18,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
 Closing Drawing Account
Challa, Capital.............................................................
10,000
Elias, Capital ...............................................................
10,000
HAILE, Capital ...........................................................
10,000
Challa, Drawing ............................................ 10,000
Elias, Drawing ............................................... 10,000
HAILE, Drawing ........................................... 10,000
 Statement of Partners’ Capital
HAILE, Elias, and Challa Partnership
Statement of Partners’ Capital
For the year ending December 31, Year 1
Challa Elias HAILE Total
Capital Capital Capital Capital
Capital Balance, Beginning 120,000 90,000 75,000 285,000
Allocation of Net Income 18,000 24,000 18,000 60,000
Less: Drawings 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000
Capital Balance, Year End 128,000 104,000 83,000 315,00

1.3.2) Allocation of Income and Losses

At the end of each fiscal period, partnership revenues and expenses are closed out with the resulting
net income or loss being reclassified to the partners‟ capital accounts. Since a separate equity
balance is maintained for each partner, a method must be devised for this assignment of annual
income. The procedure of income allocation should always be stipulated in the Articles of
partnership. If no arrangement has been specified, partnership law normally holds that all partners
share equally in any income or loss earned by the business.
Allocation Techniques:
 Equal division of earnings, or in some other ratio
 Division of earnings in the ratio of partners‟ capital account balances
 Allowing interest on partners‟ capitals account balances with remaining net income or loss
divided equally or in a specified ratio
 Salary allowances with remaining net income or loss divided equally or in a specified ratio
 Salaries to partners with interest on capitals and remaining income equally or in some ratio
 Bonus to managing partner based on income & remaining income equally
 Interest on Beginning Capital, Compensation (Salary Allowance), Bonus, and Remaining
Income equally or in specified ratio, etc

Illustration on Division of earnings in the ratio of partners’ capital account balances

Division of partnership earnings in proportion to the capital invested by each partner is most likely
to be found in limited liability partnerships in which substantial investment is the principal
ingredient for success. To avoid controversy, it is essential that the partnership contract specify
whether the income-sharing ratio is based on:
 The original capital investment
 The capital account balance at the beginning of each year
 The average capital balances during the year
 The capital balances at end of each year (before distribution of income)
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises
Example 1.7: HUSSEN and HASSEN established a partnership named HH Limited Liability
Partnership. HUSSEN invested Br 320,000 on January 1, 2004 and an additional investment of Br
100,000 on April 1, 2004. He also withdrew Br 70,000 on July 1, 2004. HASSEN invested Br
480,000 on January 1, 2004 and withdrew 100,000 on July 1, 2004 and made an additional
investment of Br 40,000 on October 1, 2004. Determine the share of net income that must be
allocated to the two partners assuming a total net income of Br 200,000 based on the original capital
investment and average capital account balances
Division of Income in the ratio of original capital investment
HUSSEN ............................................................................... 320,000
HASSEN ............................................................................... 480,000
Total Original Investment ..................................................... 800,000
HUSSEN = Br 200,000 @ 320,000 / 800,000 = ................... Br 80,000
HASSEN = Br 200,000 @ 480,000 / 800,000 = ................... Br 120,000
In the ratio of average capital account balances
The average capital account balances to the nearest month and the division of net income for
HUSSEN and HASSEN for 2004 are as follows:
 () in Capital Fraction of Average
Partner Date
Capital Balance Year Unchanged Capital
HUSSEN Jan. 1 -0- 320,000 3/12 80,000
April 1 100,000 420,000 3/12 105,000
July 1 (70,000) 350,000 6/12 175,000
Average Capital Balance of HUSSEN ........................................................ 360,000
HASSEN Jan. 1 -0- 480,000 6/12 240,000
July 1 (100,000) 380,000 3/12 95,000
Oct. 1 40,000 420,000 3/12 105,000
Average Capital Balance HASSEN ............................................................ 440,000
Division of Income in the ratio of average capital account
HUSSEN ....................................................................................... 360,000
HASSEN ....................................................................................... 440,000
Total Original Investment ............................................................. 800,000
HUSSEN = Br 200,000 @ 360,000 / 800,000 = ........................... Br 90,000
HASSEN = Br 200,000 @ 440,000 / 800,000 = ........................... Br 110,000

1. Bonus to managing partner based on income

Example 1.8: Determine the amount of bonus to the managing partner assuming that the partner is
entitled to 25% bonus on after bonus income and before bonus income is Br 30,000.
 Let Y= Income after Bonus
 25% Y = Bonus
 Bonus + Income after Bonus = Income before Bonus
 25% Y + Y = Br 30,000
 1.25Y = Br 30,000
 Y = Br 24,000
 Bonus = 25% @ 24,000 = Br 6,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Exercise 1.1:
Southwestern Coffee Producers LLP
Adjusted Trial Balance
December 31, 2005
Debit Credit
Cash ......................................................................................125,000
Trade Accounts Receivable ...................................................102,000
Allowance for doubtful accounts .......................................... 6,500
Inventories ............................................................................. 97,500
Plant Assets ...........................................................................1,200,000
Accumulated Depreciation .................................................... 100,000
Notes Payable ........................................................................ 100,000
Trade Accounts Payable ........................................................ 22,000
Accrued liabilities ................................................................. 33,000
Lemma, Capital ..................................................................... 500,000
Lemma, Drawing ................................................................... 60,000
Zeberga, Capital .................................................................... 300,000
Zeberga, Drawing .................................................................. 60,000
Waktola, Capital .................................................................... 200,000
Waktola, Drawing ................................................................. 60,000
Net sales ................................................................................ 1,308,000
Cost of Goods Sold ...............................................................690,000
Operating Expenses ...............................................................175,000
Total ......................................................................................
2,569,500 2,569,500

Instruction: Assuming income sharing ratio of 5:3:2, showing the required closing entries and
prepare the following financial statements:
 Income Statement showing loss or income division section
 Statement of Partners‟ Capital
 Balance Sheet

1.4) Accounting for Dissolution a Partnership (Changes in Partners’ Composition)

Regardless of the nature or the frequency of the event, any alteration in the specific individuals
composing a partnership automatically leads to legal dissolution. The partnership is legally
terminated though an actual termination is not occurred. Before trying to summarize accounting
principles applicable to dissolution of a partnership, the wide rang of business activities or events to
which the dissolution may be applied should be considered. The term dissolution may be used to
describe events ranging from a minor change of ownership interest not affecting operations of
the partnership to a decision by the partners to terminate the partnership. But in many instances,
the breakup is merely a prerequisite to the formation of a new partnership. This indicates that the
main reason for dissolution is changes in partnership personnel (partners). It is a legal form of
winding up or termination of a partnership, but the business may continue as going concern.
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises
In many partnerships, capital transactions are limited almost exclusively to contributions, drawings,
and profit and loss allocations. Normally, though, over any extended period, changes occur in the
members who make up a partnership. Employees may be promoted into the partnership or new
owners may be brought in from outside the organization to add capital or expertise to the business.
Current partners eventually retire, die or simply elect to leave the partnership.

 Accountants are concerned with the economic substance of a transaction rather than with its
legal form. Therefore, they must evaluate all the circumstances of the individual case to
determine how a change in partners should be recorded. Although a general partnership is ended
in a legal sense when a partner withdraws or a new partner is admitted, the partnership
continues with little outward evidence of change. In current accounting practice, a partner‟s
interest often is viewed as a share in the partnership that may be transferred, much as shares of a
corporation‟s capital stock are transferred between stockholders, without disturbing the
continuity of the partnership. For example, if a partner of a Consultancy Firm retires or a new
partner is admitted to the firm, the contract for the change in ownership should be planned
carefully to avoid distressing client relationships and any condition that affect the continuity of
the firm. In a large CPA firm with hundreds of partners, the decision to promote an employee to
the rank of partner generally is made by a committee of partners rather than by action of all
partners.

Changes in ownership of a general partnership raise a number of accounting & management issues.
Among these issues are the setting of firms for admission of a new partner, the possible revaluation
of existing partnership assets, the development of a new plan for the division of net income or loss,
and the determination of the amount to be paid to a retiring partner.

Conditions for Dissolutions (Change in Partnership Personnel)

 Admission of new partner
 Withdrawal of a partner
 Retirement of partner
 Death of partner, etc

1.4.1) Admission of New Partner

One of the most prevalent changes in the make-up of a partnership is the addition of a new partner.
An employee may have worked for years to gain this opportunity or a prospective partner might
offer new investment capital or business experience necessary for future business success. An
individual can gain admittance to a partnership in one of the two ways:
 By purchasing an ownership interest from a current partner or
 By contributing assets directly to the business

In recording either type of transaction, the accountant has the option, once again, of retaining the
book value of all partnership assets and liabilities (Bonus Method) or revaluing these accounts to
their present market values (The Goodwill Method). Although both are acceptable, the decision as
to a theoretical preference between the Bonus (Book Value Approach) and Goodwill (Revaluation
Approach) Methods hinges on one single question: should the dissolved partnership and the newly
formed partnership be viewed as two separate reporting entities?
/;;
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
If the new partnership is merely an extension of the old, no basis exists for restatement. The transfer
of ownership is only a change in a legal sense and has no direct impact on business assets and
liabilities. However, if the continuation of the business represents a legitimate transfer of property
from one partnership to another, revaluation of all accounts and recognition of goodwill can be
justified.

A. Admission of New Partners through Acquisition of a Current Interest

If a new partner acquires an interest from one or more of the existing partners, the event is recorded
by establishing a capital account for the new partner and decreasing the capital account balances of
the selling partners by the same amount. No assets are received by the partnership; the transfer of
assets is a private transaction between two or more partners. In making a transfer of ownership of
interest, a partner can actually convey only three rights;
 The right of co-ownership in the business property
 The right to share in profits and losses as specified in the articles of partnership.
 The right to participate in the management of the business

Example 1.9: Assume the following information is available relating to the partnership of Scott,
Thomas, and York
Partner Capital Balance Profit and Loss Ratio
Scott Br 50,000 20%
Thomas 30,000 50%
York 20,000 30%
Total Capital Br 100,000 100%

Each of the three partners elects to transfer a 20% interest to Morgan for a total payment of Br
30,000. Instruction: Record the Admission Mr. Morgan under Book Value Approach (Bonus
Approach)
Scott, Capital (20%) ..............................................................
10,000
York, Capital (20%) ..............................................................
6,000
Thomas, Capital (20%) ......................................................... 4,000
Morgan, Capital (20%) ...................................... 20,000

An alternative for recording this acquisition by Morgan relies on a different perspective of the new
partner‟s admission. Legally, the partnership of Scott, Thomas, and York is transferring all assets
and liabilities to the partnership of Scott, Thompson, York and Morgan. Therefore, according to the
logic underlying the goodwill method, a transaction is occurring between two separate reporting
entities, an event that necessitates the complete revaluation of all assets and liabilities.

Goodwill Method (Revaluation Approach)

Since Morgan is paying Br 30,000 for a 20% interest in the partnership, the implied value of the
business as a whole is Br 150,000 (Br 30,000/20%). The Book Value is only Br 100,000; thus, Br
50,000 upward revaluation is indicated. This adjustment is reflected by restating specific
partnership asset and liability accounts to market value with any remaining balance being recorded
as goodwill. After the implied value of the partnership is established, the reclassification can be
recorded on the new capital balance.
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises
Recognition of Goodwill:
Goodwill (or Specific accounts) .................................................... 50,000
Scott, Capital ........................................................................ 10,000
York, Capital ........................................................................ 25,000
Thomas, Capital ................................................................... 15,000
Transfer of Capital Interest:
Scott, Capital .........................................................................
12,000
York, Capital .........................................................................
11,000
Thomas, Capital .................................................................... 7,000
Morgan, Capital ................................................. 30,000

B. Admission of a New Partner by a Contribution Made to the Partnership

It is an investment made in the Partnership by new partner. A new partner may gain admission by
investing assets in the partnership, thus increasing the total assets and partners‟ capital of the
partnership, because an outsider is admitted to the partnership by contributing cash or other assets
directly to business rather than to the partners.

Example 1.10: Assume that ZELEKE and SOLOMON maintain a partnership and presently
report capital balances of Br 80,000 and Br 20,000, respectively. According to the Articles of
partnership, ZELEKE and SOLOMON are entitled to 60% and 40% of profit and loss, respectively.
ADANE is allowed to enter partnership for a payment of Br 20,000 with this money going into the
business receiving an initial 10 percent interest in partnership property. Record the admission of
ADANE under both the Bonus and Goodwill method

 Bonus Credited to Original (Existing) Partners

The Bonus (or no revaluation) method maintains the same recorded value for all partnership assets
and liabilities despite ADANE‟s admittance. The capital balance of this new partner is simply set at
the appropriate 10 percent level based on the Book Value of the partnership taken as a whole (after
payment is recorded).
Book Value of ZS partnership .............................................. 100,000
Investment by newly admitted partner .................................. 20,000
Total capital...........................................................................
120,000
10 percent interest of newly admitted partner ....................... 12,000
Bonus to Existing Partners
Invest by new partner ............................................................ 20,000
Less: Capital interest ............................................................. 12,000
Bonus to ZELEKE (60%) ................................... 4,800
Bonus to SOLOMON (40%) ............................... 3,200
Total ...................................................................................... 8,000
Journal Entry
Cash .......................................................................................
20,000
ZELEKE, Capital ....................................................... 4,800
SOLOMON, Capital .................................................... 3,200
ADANE, Capital.......................................................... 12,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
 Goodwill Credited to Existing Partners
The goodwill method views the partner‟s payment as evidence that the partnership as a whole
possesses an actual vale of Br 200,000 (Br 20,000/10%). Since, even with the new partner‟s
investment, only Br 120,000 in Net Assets is being reported, a valuation adjustment of Br 80,000
is implied. The Br 80,000 figure might reflect the need to revalue specific accounts such as
inventory or equipment, although the entire amount, or some portion, may simply be recorded as
goodwill.

Recognizing Goodwill:
Goodwill (or Specific Accounts) ..............................
80,000
ZELEKE, Capital (60% .................................... 48,000
SOLOMON, Capital (40%) .............................. 32,000

Recording the Investment:

Cash...........................................................................
20,000
ADANE, Capital ............................................... 20,000

Assuming the Bonus or Goodwill was accrued to the existing partners, the Comparison of Bonus
Method and Goodwill Method is as follows:
Bonus Method Goodwill Method
Assets les liability..................................... Br100,000 Br100,000
New partner‟s contribution ....................... 20,000 20,000
Goodwill ................................................... 0 80,000
Total.......................................................... Br120,000 Br 200,000
New Partner‟s Capital (10%) ................... 12,000 20,000

 Hybrid Method of Recording Admission of New Partner

Under the Hybrid Method, identifiable assets (such as land) are revalued but no goodwill is
recognized.

Example 1.11: Assume that asset minus liabilities of SOLOMON & ZELEKE partnerships have a
Book Value of Br 100,000 as stated earlier. Also assume that a piece of land held by business is
actually worth Br 30,000 more than its currently recorded book value. Thus, the identifiable assets
of the partnership are worth Br 130,000. ADANE pays Br 20,000 for a 10 percent interest.
Revaluation of Land:
Land .................................................................................
30,000
ZELEKE, Capital (60%) ........................................ 18,000
SOLOMON, Capital (40%) ................................... 12,000

Recording the Admission of the new partner

The admission of ADANE and the payment brings the total capital balance to Br 150,000. Because
ADANE is acquiring a 10 percent interest, and thus his capital balance is Br 15,000 [10% @
(100,000 (book value) + 30,000 (land revaluation) + 20,000 (new investment)]. The Br 5,000 extra
payment (Br 20,000 – Br 15,000) is a bonus attributed to the original partners.
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises
Cash .....................................................................
20,000
ZELEKE, Capital (60%) ............................ 3,000
SOLOMON, Capital (40%) ....................... 2,000
ADANE, Capital ........................................ 15,000

 Bonus or Goodwill Credited to New Partner (Incoming Partner)

The incoming partner may contribute some attribute other than tangible assets to the partnership.
Therefore, the Articles of partnership may be written to credit the new partner rather than the
original partners, with either a bonus or goodwill. Because of an excellent professional reputation,
valuable business contacts, or myriad other possible factors, the new incoming partner may be able
to negotiate a beginning capital balance in excess of the cash contribution. This same circumstance
may also result if the business is desperate for new capital and is willing to offer favorable terms as
an enticement to the potential partner.

Example 1.12: Assume that ZELEKE and SOLOMON maintain a partnership and presently report
capital balances of Br 80,000 and Br 20,000, respectively. According to the Articles of partnership,
ZELEKE and Solomon is entitled to 60% and 40% of profit or loss, respectively. ADANE is
allowed to enter partnership for a payment of Br 20,000 with this money going into the business
receiving an initial 20 percent interest in partnership property. Record the admission of ADANE
under both the Bonus and Goodwill method.

Bonus Method
The Bonus Method sets Adane‟s initial capital at Br 24,000 (20% of Br 120,000 Book Value = Br
100,000 + 20,000)
 20% @ Br 120,000 = Br 24,000
 Bonus = 24,000 – 20,000 = 4,000
Cash ..........................................................................................20,000
ZELEKE, Capital (60%Bonus) ................................................ 2,400
SOLOMON, Capital (40%Bonus) ........................................... 1,600
ADANE, Capital .......................................................... 24,000

Goodwill
If goodwill, rather than bonus is attributed to the entering partners, a mathematical problem arises in
determining the implied value of the business as a whole.
ADANE‟S Capital = 20% of partnership Capital
 Br 20,000 + Goodwill = 20% (Br 100,000 + Br 20,000 + Goodwill)
 Br 20,000 + Goodwill = Br 20,000 + Br 4,000 + 0.2Goodwill
 Goodwill – 0.2 Goodwill = Br 24,000 – Br 20,000
 0.8 Goodwill = Br 4,000
 Goodwill = Br 5,000
Cash ......................................................................... 20,000
Goodwill.................................................................. 5,000
ADANE, Capital ...................................... 25,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

1.4.2) Withdrawal by a Partner

Admission of a new partner is not the only method by which a partnership can undergo a change in
composition. Over the life of the business, partners occasionally leave the organization. Death or
retirement can occur, or a partner may simply elect to withdraw from the partnership. The articles of
partnership also can allow for the expulsion of a partner under certain conditions.

Once again, any change in membership legally dissolves the partnership, although the business‟s
operations usually continue uninterrupted under the ownership of the remaining partners.
Regardless of the reason for dissolution, some method of establishing an equitable settlement of the
withdrawing partner‟s interest in the business is necessary. Often, the partner (the partner‟s state)
may simply sell the interest in the business to an outside party with approval, or to one or more of
the remaining partners. As an alternative, cash or other assets can be distributed from the business
as a means of settling a partner‟s right of co-ownership. Consequently, life insurance polices are
held by many partnerships solely to provide adequate cash to liquidate a partner‟s interest upon
death. Whether withdrawal is caused by death, retirement or some other reason, a final distribution
will not necessarily equal the book value of the partner‟s capital account. A capital account balance
is only a record up of historical transactions and rarely represents the true value interest in a
business.

The withdrawal of an individual partner and the resulting distribution of partnership property can be
accounted for by either the bonus (non-revaluation) method or the goodwill (revaluation) method. A
hybrid option is available (revaluation of identifiable assets and bonus). If a bonus is recorded, the
amount can be attributed to either of the parties involved the withdrawing partner or the remaining
partners.

Accounting for Withdrawal of a Partner -Illustration

Example 1.13: Assume that the partnership of DEREJE, SIME and WEYESSA has been in
existence for a number of years. At the present time, the partners have the following capital
balances as well as indicated profit or loss percentages:
Partner Capital Balance Profit Ratio
DEREJE Br70,000 50%
SIME 20,000 30%
WEYESSA 10,000 20%
Total Capital Br100,000 100%

WEYESSA decides to withdraw from the partnership but DEREJE and SIME plan to continue
operating the business. As per the partnership agreement, a final settlement distribution for
WEYESSA is computed based on the following specified provisions.
1. An appraisal will be made by an independent expert to determine the estimated fair market
value of the business
2. Any individual who leaves the partnership to receive cash or other assets equal to the
partner‟s current capital balance after recording an appropriate share of any adjustment
indicated by the previous valuation. The allocation of gains and losses is based on the normal
profit and loss ratio.
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises
Following WEYESSA‟s decision to withdraw from the partn0ership, an immediate appraisal is
made of the business and its property. Total fair market value is estimated at Br 180,000, Br 80,000
in excess of book value. According to this valuation, land held by the partnership is currently worth
Br 50,000 more than its original cost. In addition, Br 30,000 goodwill attributable to the partnership
is created based on the value of the business as a going concern. Therefore, WEYESSA is paid Br
26,000 on leaving the partnership: the original Br 10,000 capital balance plus a 20% share of the Br
80,000 increment. Recording the transaction under the Bonus Method, Goodwill Method, and
Hybrid Method:

 Bonus Method
The Br 16,000 payment to WEYESSA is recorded as a decrease in the remaining partners‟ capital
accounts. DEREJE and SIME have been credited with 50% and 30% of all profits and losses,
respectively. This relative ratio is used to allocate the reduction between these two remaining
partners on a 5/8 and 3/8 basis.
Journal Entry:
WEYESSA, Capital .............................................................. 10,000
DEREJE, Capital (5/8 of excess distribution) ....................... 10,000
SIME, Capital (3/8 of excess distribution)............................ 6,000
Cash ........................................................................ 26,000

 Goodwill Method
Recognition of land value and goodwill
Land .......................................................................................
50,000
Goodwill ................................................................................
30,000
DEREJE, Capital (50%) ......................................... 40,000
SIME, Capital (30%) .............................................. 24,000
WEYESSA, Capital (20%) ..................................... 16,000
Cash distribution made to withdrawing Partner
WEYESSA, Capital .............................................. 26,000
Cash .................................................... 26,000
The Br 26,000 did not indicate that total capital should be Br 130,000 (Br 26,000/20%). This
computation is appropriate only when (1) a new partner is admitted or (2) the percentage of capital
is the same as the profit and loss ratio.

 Hybrid Method
Revaluations of Asset and liability are still recognized but goodwill is ignored. A bonus must be
recorded to reconcile the partner‟s adjusted capital balance with the final distribution. The
distribution is Br 26,000 the difference Br 6,000 is recorded as a bonus taken from the remaining
two partners according to relative profit and loss ratio.
Recognition of Land Value
Land ............................................................................50,000
DEREJE, Capital (50%) .................................... 25,000
SIME, Capital (30%) ......................................... 15,000
WEYESSA, Capital (20%) ................................ 10,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Cash Distribution made to withdrawing partner
DEREJE, Capital (5/8 of Bonus)........................................... 3,750
SIME, Capital (3/8 of Bonus) ............................................... 2,250
WEYESSA, Capital .............................................................. 20,000
Cash ..................................................................... 26,000

1.5) Accounting for Liquidation of a Partnership

Throughout any liquidation, both creditors and owners demand continuous information that enables
to monitor and assess their financial risks. This information relates to the following:
 The conversion of partnership assets into cash
 The allocation of the resulting gains and losses
 The payment of liabilities and expenses
 The distribution of any remaining assets to partners based on their final capital balance

Termination and Liquidation Procedure

The procedures involved in terminating and liquidating a partnership are basically mechanical.
Partnership assets are converted into cash that is used to pay business obligations as well as
liquidation expenses. Any remaining assets are then distributed to individual partners based on their
final capital balances. As no further ledger accounts exist, the partnership‟s books are permanently
closed. If each partner has a large enough capital balance to absorb all liquidation losses, the
accountant experiences little difficulty in recording this series of transaction. Liquidation is
classified into two based on the timing of settlement of creditors and partners account balances:
 Final Stage Liquidation – payments are made to creditors and partners after all
non-cash assets are realized
 Installment Liquidation – payments are made to creditors and partners in
accordance with some reasonable sequence as non-cash assets are realized.

1.5.1) Final Stage Liquidation (Lump-Sum Liquidation)

Example 1.14: Assume that MERGA and HAILU have been operating an art gallery as a
partnership for a number of years. On May 1, 2001, the partners decide to terminate business
activities, liquidate all non-cash assets, and dissolve their partnership. A number of reasons might
exist for such decision – e.g. disagreement, inadequate business profit for investment of time &
capital. The balance sheet is given below:
MERGA AND HAILU Partnership
BALANCE SHEET
MAY 1, 2001
Assets Liabilities and Capital
Cash ........................................................... Br Liabilities ........................................Br 32,000
45,000
Accounts Receivables ................................ 12,000 MERGA, Capital ............................. 50,000
Inventory ....................................................22,000 HAILU, Capital ............................... 38,000
Land, Building & Equipment, net .............. 41,000
Total Assets................................................ Br Total Liab.& Capital .......................
Br 120,000
120,000
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises
The following assumptions are made that the liquidation of MERGA and HAILU Partnership
proceeds in an orderly fashion from June 1, 2001 through October 15, 2001:
 June 1, 2001 - The inventory is sold at auction for Br 15,000. MERGA and HAILU allocate all
profits and losses using 6:4 ratios, respectively.
 July 15, 2001 – from the total accounts receivable, Br 9,000 is collected with the remainder
being written off as bad debts.
 August 20, 2001 – the fixed asset are sold for a total of Br 29,000
 August 25, 2001 – all partnership liabilities are paid
 September 10, 2001 – a total of Br 3,000 liquidation expenses is paid to cover costs such as
accounting and legal fees, commissions incurred in disposing of partnership property
 October 15, 2001 – all remaining cash is distributed to the owners based on their final capital
account balances
Instruction: Record the forgoing transactions and determine partners‟ capital balance
June 1, 2001:
Cash ...........................................................................15,000
MERGA, Capital (60% of loss) ................................ 4,200
HAILU, Capital (40% of loss) .................................. 2,800
Inventory ....................................................... 22,000

July 15, 2001:

Cash ...........................................................................9,000
MERGA, Capital (60% of loss) ................................1,800
HAILU, Capital (40% of loss) ..................................1,200
Accounts Receivables ................................... 12,000

August 20, 2001:

Cash ...........................................................................
29,000
MERGA, Capital (60% of loss) ................................7,200
HAILU, Capital (40% of loss) ..................................4,800
Land, Building, and Equipment (net) ............ 41,000

August 25, 2001:

Liabilities ...................................................................
32,000
Cash ............................................................... 32,000

September 10, 2001:

MERGA, Capital (60% of loss) ................................ 1,800
HAILU, Capital (40% of loss) .................................. 1,200
Cash ............................................................... 3,000

October 15, 2001:

MERGA, Capital (60% of loss) ................................ 35,000
HAILU, Capital (40% of loss) .................................. 28,000
Cash ............................................................... 63,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

MERGA AND HAILU Partnership

Determination of Cash and Capital Account Balances
October 15, 2001
Cash MERGA HAILU
Capital Capital
Beginning Balance ................. Br 45,000 Br 50, 000 Br 38,000
Sold inventory........................ 15,000 (4,200) (2,800)
Collected A/Receivable ......... 9,000 (1,800) (1,200)
Sold fixed assets .................... 29,000 (7,200 ) (4,800)
Paid Liabilities ....................... (32,000) –0– –0–
Paid liquidation expenses ...... (3,000) (1,800) (1,200)
Final Totals ............................ Br 63,000 Br 35,000 Br 28,000

Schedule of Liquidation (Statement of Partnership Liquidation)

Liquidation may take a considerable length of time to complete. Thus, there should be a frequent
report summarizing the transactions as they occur. Consequently, a statement (often referred to as
the Schedule of Partnership Liquidation) can be prepared at periodic intervals to disclose:
 Transaction to date
 Property still being held by the partnership
 Liabilities remaining to be paid
 Current cash and capital balances

MERGA AND HAILU Partnership

Statement of Partnership Liquidation
October 15, 2001
Non-Cash Liabilities MERGA HAILU
Cash Assets Capital Capital
Beginning Balance................... 45,000 75,000 32,000 50,000 38,000
Sold inventory ......................... 15,000 (22,000) –0– (4,200) (2,800)
Updated Balances .................... 60,000 53,000 32,000 45,800 35,200
Collecting A/Receivable .......... 9,000 (12,000) –0– (1,800) (1,200)
Updated Balances .................... 69,000 41,000 32,000 44,000 34,000
Sold fixed assets ...................... 29,000 (41,000) –0– (7,200) (4,800)
Updated Balances .................... 98,000 –0– 32,000 36,800 29,200
Paid Liabilities ......................... (32,000) –0– (32,000) –0– –0–
Updated Balances .................... 66,000 0 0 36,800 29,200
Paid liquidation expenses ........ (3,000) –0– –0– (1,800) (1,200)
Updated Balances .................... 63,000 0 0 35,000 28,000
Distribution remaining cash .... (63,000) –0– –0– (35,000) (28,000)
Closing Totals .......................... –0– –0– –0– –0– –0–

Settlement of Partners’ Capital Balances: Scenarios of Deficit Capital Balance

 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises
1. The Deficit Capital is Entirely Contributed the Partner
Example 1.15: During the liquidation process, the partnership incurred a number of large losses
that have been allocated to the partners‟ capital accounts on a 4:4:2 basis, respectively. A portion of
the resulting cash is then used to pay all partnership liabilities and liquidation expenses. Following
these transactions, the following four account balances remain open within the partnership‟s
records.
Cash ............................................................... 20,000
DUGUMA, Capital ........................................ (6,000)
HAGOS, Capital ............................................ 15,000
REDIET, Capital............................................ 11,000
Cash collected from partner with deficit capital:
Cash ................................................................................
6,000
DUGUMA, Capital ............................................. 6,000
Distribution of Cash to partners with positive capital:
HAGOS, Capital ........................................................ 15,000
REDIET, Capital ....................................................... 11,000
Cash ............................................................ 26,000
2. The Deficit Capital Is Considered to be Loss to the Remaining Partners
DUGUMA HAGOS REDIET
(40%) (40%) (20%)
Capital balances ...................................................
(6,000) 15,000 11,000
Allocation of potential loss .................................. _6,000 (4,000) (2,000)
Distribution of safe payment ............................... 0 11,000 9,000

HAGOS, Capital......................................................... 11,000

REDIET, Capital ........................................................ 9,000
Cash ............................................................ 20,000

After the Br 20,000 cash has been distributed, a few other events can possibly occur. Duguma and
Rediet may be unable to cover any part of the deficit.
Deficit is totally uncollectible
HAGOS, Capital ........................................................4,000
REDIET, Capital .......................................................2,000
DUGUMA, Capital .................................... 6,000
The Deficit Capital is partly Collectible
DUGUMA manages to contribute Br 4,600 but the final Br 1,400 will never be collected
Cash Collection:
Cash ...............................................................
4,600
DUGUMA, Capital .............................. 4,600
Distribution of Cash:
HAGOS, Capital ........................................................
3,067
REDIET, Capital ........................................................
1,533
Cash ..................................................... 4,600
Distribution of the loss:
HAGOS, Capital ........................................................
933
REDIET, Capital .......................................................
467
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
DUGUMA, Capital.............................. 1,400
1.5.2) Installment Liquidation (Installment Payments to Partners)
In final stage partnership liquidations, all partnership non-cash assets were realized and the total
loss from liquidation was divided among the partners before any cash payment were made to them.
However, the liquidation of some partnership may extend over several months. In such extended
liquidations, the partners usually will want to receive cash as it becomes available rather than
waiting until all non-cash assets have been realize. Installment payment to partners are appropriate
if necessary safeguards are used to ensure that all partnership creditors are paid in full and that no
partners are paid more than amount to which they would be entitled after all losses on realization of
assets are known.

Liquidation in installments (Installment Liquidation) is a process of realizing some assets,

paying creditors, paying the remaining available cash to partners, realizing additional assets, and
making additional cash payment to partners. The liquidation continues until all non-cash assets have
been realized and all cash has been distributed to partnership creditors and partners. The steps are:
 Realizing some assets
 Paying Creditors
 Paying the remaining available cash to partners
 Realizing additional asset
 Making additional payment to creditors,

The circumstances of installment liquidation of partnership vary; consequently, the approach here is
to emphasize the general principles guiding liquidation in installments rather than to provide
illustrations of all possible liquidation situations. Among the variables that cause partnership
liquidations to differ are the sufficiency of each partner‟s capital to absorb that partner‟s share of
losses from one partner to another because of inability to collect a capital deficits, the offsetting of
loan account balances against capital deficits, and the possible need for setting aside cash to pay
future liquidation costs or unrecorded partnership liabilities.

General Principles Guiding Installment Payments

The critical element in installment liquidations is that the liquidator authorizes cash payments to
partners before all losses that may be incurred in the liquidation are known. If payments are made to
partners and later losses cause deficits in the partner‟s capital accounts, the liquidator will have to
request the return of the payments. If the payments cannot be recovered, the liquidator may be liable
to the other partners for the loss caused them by the inappropriate distribution of cash. Because of
this danger, the only safe policy for determining installment cash payments to partners is under
worst-case scenario:

WORST-CASE SCENARIO:
1. Assume a total loss on all remaining non-cash assets, and provide for all possible losses,
including potential liquidations costs and unrecorded liabilities.
2. Assume that any partner with a potential capital deficit will be unable to pay anything to the
partnership; thus, distribute each installment of cash as if no more cash will be forthcoming,
either from realization of assets or from collection of capital deficits from partners.
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises
Under these assumptions, the liquidator will authorize cash payment to a partner only if that partner
has a capital account credit balance (or in capital and loan accounts combined) in excess of the
amount required to absorb a portion of the maximum possible loss that may be incurred on
liquidation. A partner‟s “share of the maximum possible loss” would include any loss that may
result form the inability of partners to pay any potential capital deficits to the partnership.

When installment payments are made according to these rules, the effect will be to bring the
equities of the partners to the income-sharing ratio as quickly as possible. When installment
payment have proceeded to the point that the partner’s capital and loan account balances (equities)
correspond with the income-sharing ratio, all subsequent payment may be made in that ratio,
because each partner‟s equity will be sufficient to absorb an appropriate share of the maximum
possible remaining loss.

Determining Appropriate Installment payment to Partners

The amount of cash that may be distributed safely to the partners each month (or at any other point
in time) may be determined by computing the impact on partners‟ equities (capital and loan account
balance) of the maximum possible loss on non-cash assets remaining to be realized and the resultant
potential impact on partners‟ capital.

Example 1.16: assume that the partners of KASSA, LEMMA & MARU LLP, who share net
income and losses in a 4:3:2: ratio, decide to liquidate the partnership and to distribute cash in
installments. The balance sheet for KASSA, LEMMA & MARU LLP just prior to liquidation on
July 5, 2000, is as follows:
KASSA, LEMMA & MARU LLP
Balance Sheet
July 5, 2000 (In ETB)
Assets: Liabilities and Partners’ Capital
Cash................................................. 8,000 Liabilities ........................................... 61,000
Other Assets .................................... 192,000 KASSA, Capital................................ 40,000
LEMMA, Capital.............................. 45,000
______ MARU, Capital ................................. 54,000
Total Assets..................................... 200,000 Total Liabilities and Capital............... 200,000

To simplify the illustration, assume that non-cash assets were realized as follows:
Carrying Loss on Cash
Date
Amount of Assets Realization Proceeds
July 31, 2000 Br 62,000 Br 13,500 Br 48,500
August 31, 2000 66,000 36,000 30,000
September 30, 2000 64,000 31,500 32,500
Total Br 192,000 Br 81,000 Br 111,000

Thus, on July 31, 2000, Br 56,500 (Br 8,000 + Br 48,500 = Br 56,500) of cash is available for
distribution. The first claim to the cash is that of partnership creditors; because their claims total Br
61,000, the entire Br 56,500 available on July 31 is paid to creditors, leaving an unpaid balance of
Br 4,500 (Br 61,000 - Br 56,500 = Br 4,500), and the partners receive nothing on that date.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

On August 31, 2000, Br 30,000 cash is available for distribution: the first Br 4,500 is paid to
creditors, leaving Br 25,500 (Br 30,000 – Br 4,500 = Br 25,500) available for distribution to
partners. Under the Worst Case Scenario described above, the appropriate distribution of the Br
25,500 to partners is determined as follows:

August 31, 2000: Determination of Cash Distribution to Partners

Event and Date KASSA (4) LEMMA (3) MARU (2)
Capital account balance, July 5, 2000 Br 40,000 Br 45,000 Br 54,000
Allocation of Br 13,500 loss on July 31, 2000 &
realization of non-cash assets at Br 48,500 .................................. (6,000) (4,500) (3,000)
Allocation of Br 36,000 loss on August 31, 2000 &
realization of non-cash assets at Br 30,000.................................... (16,000) (12,000) (8,000)
Capital Account Balances, August 31, 2000 ................................. 18,000 28,500 43,000
Allocation of maximum potential loss on remaining non-
cash assets (Br 64,000) ................................................................. (28,445) (21,333) (14,222)
Potential capital account balance ..................................................... (10,445) 7,176 28,778
Allocation of maximum potential loss from uncollectibility of 10,445 (6,267) (4,178)
KASSA‟s potential capital deficit in the ratio of 3:2 ..................................
Appropriate cash payment to partners, August 31, 2000 ............................ Br 0
Br 900 Br 24,600
The available cash of Br 32,500 on September 30, 2000 is also distributed in a similar way as
shown below:
 KASSA Capital = 18,000 – 0 = 18,000
 LEMMA Capital = 28,500 – 900 = 27,600
 MARU Capital = 43,000 – 24,600 = Br 18,400

Event and Date KASSA LEMMA MARU

(4) (3) (2)
Capital account balance, August 31, 2000 ............................Br 18,000 Br 27,600 Br 18,400
Allocation of Br 31,500 loss on September 30, 2000 &
realization of non-cash assets at Br 32,500 .......................... (14,000) (10,500) (7,000)
Capital Account Balances, September 30, 2000 ................... 4,000 17,100 11,400
Cash payment to partners, September 30, 2000 .................... (4,000) (17,100) (11,400)
Final Capital Account Balances, September 30, 2000 .......... Br 0 Br 900 Br 24,600

Preparation of a Cash Distribution Program

Although the method for determining cash payment to partners illustrated in the foregoing section is
sound, it is somewhat cumbersome. Furthermore, it does not show at the beginning of the
liquidation how cash might be divided among the partners, as it becomes available. For these
reasons, it is more efficient to prepare in advance a complete Cash Distribution Program (Plan) to
show how cash may be divided during liquidation. If such a program is prepared, any amount of
cash received from the realization of partnership assets may be paid immediately to partnership
creditors and partners as specified in the program.
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises
Using the data for KASSA, LEMMA & MARU LLP illustrated above, the following cash
distribution program may be prepared; the working paper supporting the cash distribution program
and an explanation for the preparation of the working paper are also prepared.
KASSA, LEMMA & MARU LLP
Cash Distribution Plan
July 5, 2000
In ETB Creditors KASSA LEMMA MARU
The First 61,000 100% ─ ─ ─
The Next 24,000 ─ ─ ─ 100%
The Next 25,000 ─ ─ 60% 40%
Any cash thereafter ─ 4/9 3/9 2/9

Procedures for developing the working paper are:

1. The “capital account balances before liquidation” represent the equities of the partners in the
partnership, that is, the balance of a partner‟s capital account, plus or minus the balance (if any)
of a loan made by a partner to the partnership or a loan made by the partnership to a partner.
2. The capital account balance before liquidation for each partner is divided by each partner‟s
income-sharing ratio to determine the amount of capital per unit (CPU) of income (loss) sharing
for each partner. This procedure is critical because:
It identifies the partner with the largest capital per unit of income (loss) sharing who,
therefore, will be the first to receive cash
It facilitates the ranking of partners in the order in which they are entitled to receive
cash, and
It provides the basis for computing the amount of cash each partner receives at various
stages of liquidation.
Because MARU‟s Capital per Unit of income (loss) sharing is the largest (Br 27,000), MARU is the
first partner to receive cash (after all partnership creditors have been paid), followed by LEMMA
and finally by KASSA.
3. MARU receives enough cash to reduce MARU‟s capital of Br 27,000 per unit of income (loss)
sharing to Br 15,000, equal to the balance for LEMMA, the second-ranking partner. To
accomplish this, MARU‟s capital per unit of income (loss) sharing must be reduced by Br
12,000, and because MARU has two units of income (loss) sharing, MARU receives Br 24,000
(Br 12,000 @ 2 = Br 24,000) before LEMMA receives any cash.
4. At this point, the capital per unit of income (loss) sharing for both LEMMA and MARU is Br
15,000, indicating that they are entitled to receive cash until their capital per unit of income
(loss) sharing is reduced by Br 5,000 to the Br 10,000 balances for KASSA, the lowest-ranking
partner. Because LEMMA has three units and MARU has two units of income (loss) sharing,
LEMMA receives Br 15,000 (Br 5,000 @ 3 = Br 15,000) and MARU receives an additional Br
10,000 (Br 5,000 @ 2 = Br 10,000) before KASSA receives any cash. After MARU receives Br
24,000, LEMMA and MARU would share any amount of cash available to a maximum amount
of Br 25,000 in a 3:2 ratios.
5. After LEMMA has received Br 15,000 and MARU has received Br 34,000 (Br 24,000 + Br
10,000 = Br 34,000), the capital per unit of income (loss) sharing is Br 10,000 for each partner,
and any additional cash is paid to the partners in the income-sharing ratio (4:3:2), because their
capital account balances have been reduced to the income-sharing ratio. This is illustrated
below.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
KASSA, LEMMA & MARU LLP
Working Paper for Cash Distribution to Partners during Liquidation
July 5, 2000
Event and Date KASSA LEMMA MARU
Capital account balance before liquidation ............................................... Br 40,000 Br 45,000 Br 54,000
Income Sharing Ratio ................................................................................ 4 3 2
CPU= Capital account balance before liquidation divided by
Income sharing ratio to determine capital per unit ................................... Br 10,000 Br 15,000 Br 27,000
Required reduction in CPU of income (loss) sharing for partner
MARU to reduce MARU‟s balance to equal the Next largest
balance (for partner LEMMA). This is the amount of the first
cash distribution to a partner per unit of the Partner‟s income
(loss) sharing. Because MARU has 2 Units of income (loss)
sharing. MARU receives the first Br 24,000 (Br 12,000 @ 2 = Br (12,000)
24,000). ........................................
CPU of income (loss) sharing after payment of Br 24,000 to Br 10,000 Br 15,000 Br 15,000
MARU .......................................... .
Required reduction in CPU of income (loss) sharing for partners
MARU and LEMMA or reduce their balances to equal partner
KASSA‟s balance, which is the smallest capital per unit of
income (loss) sharing. The required reduction is multiplied by
each partner‟s incoming – sharing ratio to compute the amount of
cash to be paid. Thus, LEMMA receives Br 15,000 (5,000 @ 3 =
15,000) and MARU receives Br 10,000 (Br 5,000 @ 2 = Br (5,000) (5,000)
10,000). .......................................
Capital per unit of income (loss) sharing after payment of Br
15,000 to LEMMA and Br 34,000 to MARU. Remaining Cash
may be distributed in income sharing ratio ............................................... 10,000 10,000 10,000

Reduction of Capital Account Balances to Income-Sharing Ratio

KASSA LEMMA MARU
Event and Date (4/9) (3/9) (2/9)
Capital account balance before liquidation ....................................... Br40,000 Br45,000 Br54,000
First Payment of Cash to MARU ....................................................... (24,000)
Second Payment of Cash to LEMMA and MARU in 3:2 ratio ............... (15,000) (10,000)
Capital account balances (Income-sharing ratio) of 4:3:2
after payment of total of Br49,000 to LEMMA and MARU .................. Br40,000 Br30,000 Br20,000
4 3 2
Only when installment payment reach the point at which partners‟ capital account balance
correspond with the income-sharing ratio may subsequent cash payment be made in that ratio. A
cash distribution program may be used to ascertain an equitable distribution of non-cash assets to
partners. The current fair value of non-cash assets such as marketable securities, inventories, or
equipment distributed to partners is treated as equivalent to cash payments. If a distribution of non-
cash assets departs from the cash distribution program by giving one of the partners a large
distribution than that partner is entitled to receive, subsequent distribution should be adjusted to
allow the remaining partners to “make up” the distribution prematurely made to one of the partners.
In such cases, a revised Cash Distribution Program (Cash Distribution Plan) must be
prepared, because the original relationship among the partners‟ capital account balances has been
disrupted.
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises

Any losses or gains on the realization of assets during liquidation are allocated to the partners in the
income-sharing ratio, unless the partnership contract specifies another allocation procedure. Thus,
the degree to which the capital account balances do not correspond with the income-sharing ratio is
not altered by such losses or gains. Consequently, losses or gains from the realization of assets in
the course of partnership liquidation do not affect the cash distribution program prepared prior to
the start of liquidation.

Using the cash distribution program, assuming that the realization of other assets by KASSA,
LEMMA & MARU LLP from July 6 through September 30, 2000, the cash available each month is
paid to creditors and partners as summarized below:

KASSA, LEMMA & MARU LLP

Distribution of Cash to Creditors and Partners
July 6 through September 30, 2000
Partners’ Capital
Cash Liabilities KASSA LEMMA MARU
(4/9) (3/9) (2/9)
July 31,2000: *Br56,500 Br56,500
August 31, 2000: 30,000 4,500 Br24,000
9,00 600
September 30, 2000: 32,500 14,100 9,400
4,000 3,000 2,000
Total Br119,000 Br61,000 Br 4,000 Br18,000 Br36,000
*The July 31 cash of Br56,500 includes Br8,000 cash on hand.

The entire cash balance of Br 56,500 available on July 31 is paid to creditors, leaving Br 4,500 in
unpaid liabilities. When Br 30,000 becomes available on August 31, Br 4,500 is to be paid to
creditors, leaving Br 25,500 to be paid to the partners according to the cash distribution program.
The program requires MARU to receive 100% of the first Br 24,000 available for distribution to
partners, and for LEMMA and MARU to share the next Br 25,000 in a 3:2 ratio. On August 31 only
Br 1,500 (Br 30,000 – Br 4,500 – 24,000 = Br 1,500) is available for payment to LEMMA and
MARU; thus, they receive Br 900 and Br 600, respectively. Of the Br 32,500 available on
September 30, the first Br 23,500 is paid to LEMMA and MARU in a 3:2 ratio, or Br 14,100 and Br
9,400, respectively, in order to complete the distribution of Br 25,000 to LEMMA and MARU
before KASSA participates; this leaves Br 9,000 (Br 32,500 – Br 23,500 = Br 9,000) to be
distributed to KASSA, LEMMA and MARU in the 4:3:2 income-sharing ratio. The complete
statement of realization and liquidation statement is presented.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

KASSA, LEMMA & MARU LLP

Statement of Realization and Liquidation
July 6 through September 30, 2000
Assets Liabiliti Partners Capital
es
Cash Other Liabiliti KASSA LEMMA MARU
Assets es (4/9) (3/9) (2/9)
Balance before liquidation ............................. 8,000 192,000 61,000 40,000 45,000 54,000
July 31: Realization at a loss of 13,500........... 48,500 –62,000 0 –6,000 –4,500 –3,000
Balances .......................................................... 56,500 130,000 61,000 34,000 40,500 51,000
Payment to Creditors....................................... –56,500 0 –56,500 0 –0 0
Balances .......................................................... 0 130,000 4,500 34,000 40,500 51,000
August 31: Realization at a loss of 36,000 ...... 30,000 –66,000 0 –16,000 –12,000 –8,000
Balances .......................................................... 30,000 64,000 4,500 18,000 28,500 43,000
Payment to Creditors....................................... –4,500 0 –4,500 0 0 0
Balances .......................................................... 25,500 64,000 0 18,000 28,500 43,000
Payment to Partners ........................................ –25,500 0 0 0 –900 –24,600
Balances .......................................................... 0 0 0 18,000 27,600 18,400
Sep. 30: Realization at a loss of 31,500 .......... 32,500 –64,000 0 –14,000 –10,500 –7,000
Balances ......................................................... 32,500 0 0 4,000 17,100 11,400
Payment to Partners ........................................ –32,500 0 0 –4,000 –17,100 –11,400
Final Balances ................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0
The journal entries to record the realization of assets and to complete the liquidation of KASSA,
LEMMA, and MARU are as follows:

July 31, 2000: to record realization of assets and division of loss of Br 13,500 loss in 4:3:2 ratio
Cash ........................................................................... 48,500
KASSA, Capital ......................................................... 6,000
LEMMA, Capital ....................................................... 4,500
MARU, Capital .......................................................... 3,000
Other Assets ............................................ 62,000
July 31, 2000: to record payment of liabilities
Liabilities ................................................................... 56,500
Cash ............................................................ 56,500
August 31, 2000: to record realization of assets and division of Br 36,000 loss in 4:3:2 ratio
Cash ........................................................................... 30,000
KASSA, Capital ......................................................... 16,000
LEMMA, Capital ....................................................... 12,000
MARU, Capital .......................................................... 8,000
Other Assets ............................................ 66,000
August 31, 2000: to record payment to creditors and first installment to partners
Liabilities ................................................................... 4,500
LEMMA, Capital ....................................................... 900
MARU, Capital .......................................................... 24,600
Cash ......................................................... 30,000
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises

September 30, 2000: to record realization of remaining assets and division of Br 31,500 loss
Cash ............................................................................
32,500
KASSA, Capital ......................................................... 14,000
LEMMA, Capital ....................................................... 10,500
MARU, Capital ..........................................................7,000
Non-Cash Assets ..................................... 64,000
September 30, 2000: to record final installment to partners to complete the liquidation
KASSA, Capital ......................................................... 4,000
LEMMA, Capital ....................................................... 17,100
MARU, Capital .......................................................... 14,400
Cash ......................................................... 32,500
Exercise 1.2: In XYZ LLP Partner X, Y and Z has Br 20,000, Br 30,000 and Br 50,000 capital
balance, respectively. The profit or loss sharing ratio is 4:4:2. Required: Prepare a cash distribution
plan assuming liabilities of Br 50,000.

1.5.3) Marshaling of Assets Doctrine and Liquidation of a Partnership

Personal bankruptcy is not uncommon and raises questions as to the legal right that damaged
partners have to proceed against an insolvent partner. Where a partner has become bankrupt or his
estate is insolvent the claims against his separate property shall rank in the following order:
1. Those owing to separate creditors (personal liabilities)
2. Those owing to partnership creditors (business creditors)
3. Those owing to partners by way of contribution (to other partners as a result of deficit
capital)
This principle is called principle of marshalling of assets. According to the marshaling of assets
doctrine, personal liabilities have first priority. After these claims have been satisfied, the remaining
assets should be used to remunerate any partnership creditors who have sought recovery directly
from the partner.

Example 1.17: Insolvency (Partner is Insolvent)

Balance Sheet
Cash ........................................... Br 30,000 Liabilities ................................... Br 80,000
Non-cash Assets......................... 150,000 ABLE, Capital (40%) ................ 15,000
BAKER, Capital (30%) ............. 40,000
CANNON, Capital (20%) .......... 30,000
______ DUKE, Capital (10%) ................ 15,000
Total Assets ............................... 180,000 Total Liabilities and Capital ...... 180,000

Additional Information:
 BAKER is insolvent & personal creditors file Br 30,000 claim against this partner‟s share of
partnership property.
 Non-cash assets are sold for Br 100,000 (the book value is Br 150,000)
 Partnership liabilities of Br 80,000 are then paid
 An additional Br 5,000 should be forthcoming from ABLE to eradicate the single negative
balance. This raises cash to Br 55,000 (30,000 + 20,000 + 5,000). The liquidation losses
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
reduce Baker‟s capital below Br 30,000 therefore; Baker‟s creditors will get only Br 25,000
despite the remaining Br 5,000 debt. No further claim against the business.

ABLE BAKER CANNON DUKE

(40%) (30%) (20%) (10%)
Beginning Capital .........................................
15,000 40,000 30,000 15,000
Loss on Realization .......................................
(20,000) (15,000) (10,000) (5,000)
Capital Balances ............................................
(5,000) 25,000 20,000 10,000
Contribution by ABLE .................................. 5,000 –0– –0– –0–
Final Capital Balances .................................. -0- 25,000 20,000 10,000

Payment of Liabilities:
Liabilities (Partnership Liabilities) ..............................80,000
Cash .................................................................... 80,000
Distribution of Cash to Partners:
BAKER, Capital (Creditors of BAKER) .....................25,000
CANNON, Capital .......................................................20,000
DUKE, Capital .............................................................10,000
Cash .................................................................... 55,000

Example 1.18: Insolvency (Partner is insolvent)

Balance Sheet
Cash............................................ Br 10,000 Liabilities ...................................Br 70,000
Non-cash Assets ......................... 140,000 MORRIS, Capital (40%) ............ 15,000
NEWTON, Capital (20%) .......... 10,000
OLSEN, Capital (20%) .............. 23,000
PRINCE, Capital (20%) ............. 32,000
Total Assets................................ 150,000 Total Liabilities and Capital ....... 150,000
 The non-cash assets are sold for a total of Br 80,000 and all liabilities paid

Realization of Non-cash Assets:

Cash ...........................................................................80,000
MORRIS, Capital (40%) ...........................................24,000
NEWTON, Capital (20%) .........................................12,000
OLSEN, Capital (20%) .............................................12,000
PRINCE, Capital (20%) ............................................12,000
Non-Cash Assets (Or Specific Accounts) ....... 140,000
Payment Liabilities:
Liabilities ..................................................................
70,000
Cash ................................................................. 70,000

The capital accounts for MORRIS and NEWTON report negative capital balances of Br 9,000 (Br
15,000 – Br 24,000) and Br 2,000 (Br 10,000 – 12,000), respectively.
 NEWTON is personally solvent
 MORRIS‟s personal financial condition does not allow him for any further contribution
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises
Absorbing loss from Morris’s Capital deficit:
NEWTON, Capital (1/3)...............................................3,000
OLSEN, Capital (1/3) ...................................................3,000
PRINCE, Capital (1/3) ..................................................3,000
MORRIS, Capital ............................................... 9,000
Newton’s Cash Contribution
Cash .............................................................................5,000
NEWTON, Capital ............................................. 5,000

Statement of Partners’ Capital balances

Statement of Partners’ Capital balances
Cash MORRIS NEWTON OLSEN PRINCE
Capital Capital Capital Capital
Beginning Balance................. 10,000 15,000 10,000 23,000 32,000
Sold Assets ............................ 80,000 (24,000) (12,000) (12,000) (12,000)
Paid Liabilities ....................... (70,000) -0- -0- -0- -0-
Insolvency of MORRIS ......... -0- 9,000 (3,000) (3,000) (3,000)
Contribution by NEWTON ... 5,000 -0- 5,000 -0- -0-
Closing Balances ................... 25,000 -0- -0- 8,000 17,000

Example 1.19: Insolvency (Partnership is Insolvent)

Liabilities ......................................................................Br 20,000
KELLER, Capital.......................................................... (30,000)
LEWIS, Capital ............................................................. (5,000)
MORGAN, Capital ....................................................... 5,000
NORRIS, Capital .......................................................... 10,000

Additional Information:
 Personal financial condition
KELLER LEWIS MORGAN NORRIS
Capital Capital Capital Capital
Personal Assets ..............................25,000 56,000 26,000 150,000
Personal Liabilities ........................45,000 56,000 29,000 60,000
 Keller is personally insolvent thus the deficit is written-off
 Loss or profit is shared equally
Statement of Partners’ Capital balances
KELLER LEWIS MORGAN NORRIS
Capital Capital Capital Capital
Beginning Balance ..........................(30,000) (5,000) 5,000 10,000
Capital Contribution ....................... 0 0 0 20,000
Written off deficit balance ..............30,000 (10,000) (10,000) (10,000)
Closing Balances ............................ -0- (15,000) (5,000) 20,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

1.5.4) Right to Offset Doctrine and Liquidation of a Partnership

The uniform partnership, set lists the order for distribution of cash by a liquidating partnership as
1. Payment of creditor in full (partnership creditors)
2. Payment of loans from partners, and
3. Payment of partner‟s capital credit balances
The indicated priority of partners‟ loans over partners‟ capital appears to be a legal fiction. This rule
is nullified for practical purposes by an established legal doctrine called the Right to Offset. The
Right to Offset doctrine stated that if a partner‟s capital account has a debit balance (or even a
potential debit balance depending on possible future realization losses, any credit balance in that
partner’s loan account must be offset against the deficit (or potential deficit) in the capital
account. A partner may choose to receive certain non-cash assets, such as computers or office
furniture, in kind, rather than to convert such property to cash. Regardless of whether non-cash
assets are distributed by partners, it is imperative to follow the rule no distribution of assets must be
made to partners until all outside partnership creditors have been paid in full. There are two groups
of creditors; (1) creditors of the partnership and 2) creditors of the partners. The relative rights of
these two groups of creditors are governed by the provisions of the Uniform Partnership Act (UPA)
which was relating to the Marshaling of Assets. These rules provide that assets of the General
Partnership (including partners‟ deficits) are first available to creditors of the partnership and that
assets of the partners‟ are first available to their creditors.

Example 1.20: AREGA and BELAY have been running a partnership together for a number of
years. The partnership had the following balance sheet on June 30, 200
AREGA and BELAY Partnership
Balance Sheet
June 30, 2000
Cash ........................................... Br 10,000 Liabilities ...................................Br 20,000
Other Assets .............................. 75,000 Loan Payable to AREGA ........... 20,000
AREGA, Capital (50%) ............. 40,000
BALAY, Capital (50%) ............. 5,000
Total Assets ............................... 85,000 Total Liabilities and Capital....... 85,000
Instruction: Determine partners‟ final capital balances assuming that the assets are sold at Br
35,000 and in accordance with the Right to offset Doctrine.
AREGA and BALAY Partnership
Statement of Partners’ Capital and Cash Balances
June 30, 2000
AREGA BALAY
Cash
Capital Capital
Beginning Balance ....................................................
10,000 40,000 5,000
Loan Account ( + Loan from & - Loan to) ............... –0– –0– 20,000
Adjusted Capital Balances ........................................ 10,000 40,000 25,000
Assets sold ................................................................
35,000 (20,000) (20,000)
Balances ....................................................................
45,000 20,000 5,000
Payment of liabilities ................................................
20,000 –0– –0–
Final Balances ..........................................................
25,000 20,000 5,000
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises
Example 1.21:
RICH, SAND & TOLL Partnership
Balance Sheet
June 30, 2000
Cash ........................................... Br 10,000 Liabilities ...................................Br 60,000
Loan to Toll ............................... 5,000 Loan from Sand.......................... 5,000
Other Assets .............................. 100,000 Rich, Capital .............................. 5,000
Sand, Capital .............................. 10,000
Toll, Capital ............................... 35,000
Total Assets ............................... 115,000 Total Liabilities and Capital ....... 115,000

Additional Information:
Partner Personal Assets Personal Liabilities
RICH 100,000 25,000
SAND 50,000 50,000
TOLL 40,000 60,000
Instruction: Determine partners‟ final capital balances assuming that:
 Other assets are sold for Br 40,000
 Marshalling of assets doctrine
 Right to offset doctrine
 Equal sharing of profit or loss

RICH, SAND & TOLL Partnership

Statement of Cash and Partners’ Capital Balances
June 30, 2000
Rich Sand Toll
Cash
Capital Capital Capital
Beginning Balance .............................................. 10,000 5,000 10,000 35,000
± Loan Account ................................................. –0– –0– 5,000 (5,000)
Adjusted Balance ................................................ 10,000 5,000 15,000 30,000
Assets sold .......................................................... 40,000 (20,000) (20,000) (20,000)
Balances .............................................................. 50,000 (15,000) (5,000) 10,0000
Writing off Sand‟s Capital balances ................... –0– (2,500) 5,000 (2,500)
Balances .............................................................. 50,000 (17,500) –0– 7,500
Contribution by Rich .......................................... 17,500 17,500 –0– –0–
Balances .............................................................. 67,500 –0– –0– 7,500
Payment of Liabilities ......................................... 60,000 –0– –0– –0–
Balances 7,500 –0– –0– 7,500
Distribution of cash to partners ........................... (7,500) –0– –0– (7,500)
Final Balances ..................................................... –0– –0– –0– –0–
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

1.6) Joint Ventures

1.6.1) Characteristics of Joint Ventures
A joint venture differs from a partnership in that it is limited to carrying out a single project, such as
production of a motion picture or construction of building.
A joint venture is an association of two or more than two persons who have combined for the
execution of a specific transaction and divide the profit or loss, therefore, in the agreed ratio.
Example: A and B have undertaken the job of construction of a school building. Such an association
for some specific purpose will be termed as a joint venture and each one of them will be termed as a
co-venturer. The venture will be over as soon as the transaction is over i.e. the school building is
completed. Joint venture agreements can be made for other similar transactions, e.g,
 Joint consignment of goods
 Underwriting of shares or debentures issued by a company
 Purchasing and selling of a specific property

1.6.2) Joint Ventures versus Partnership

Similarities:
 Both have some business activity whose profit (or loss) is agreed to be shared by two or
more persons
 Both are associations of two or more persons

Differences:
 A partnership covers or is meant to cover a long period whereas a joint venture is
established only for a specific purpose sought to be achieved in a short period.
 Joint ventures are highly risky businesses while partnerships have less risk. This
arises from the nature of operation.
 Huge capital investment is required for joint ventures; whereas small capital
investment is most often sufficient for partnerships

On account of this lesson, joint venture is also sometimes termed as a „temporary partnership‟.
Historically, joint ventures used to finance the sale or exchange of a cargo of merchandise in a
foreign country. In an area when marine transportation and foreign trade involved many hazards,
individuals (venturers) would bend together to undertake a venture of this type. The capital required
usually was larger than a person could provide, and the risks were too high to be borne alone.
Because of the risks involved and the relatively short duration of the project, no net income was
recognized until the venture was completed. At the end of the voyage, the net income or net loss
was divided among the venturers, and their association was ended.

In its traditional form, the accounting for a joint venture did not follow the accrual basis of
accounting. The assumption of continuity was not appropriate; instead of the determination of net
income at regular intervals, the measurement and reporting of net income or loss is usually
postponed to the completion of the venture.
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises

Present-Day Joint Ventures

In today‟s business community, joint ventures are less common but still are employed for many
projects such as:
1. The acquisition, development, and sale of real property;
2. Exploration for oil and gas; and
3. Construction of bridges, buildings and dams

Types of Joint Ventures

1. Small Joint Ventures
 No joint venture maintains books of accounts
 Each venturer record their own incomes and expenses in own accounts (venturer‟s account)
 Memorandum account is used to calculate profit or loss
 Profit is taken back to venturer‟s account
 A journal entry for cash receipt and payment for equal amount will be made

Example 1.22: Regassa and Daniel buy a used truck and sell it. Regassa pays Br 70,000 for truck
and Br 1,100 for license. Daniel knows the buyer and sells the truck at Br 80,000 after incurring Br
2,000 on respraying (repainting). Regassa and Daniel agree to share profit and losses equally.

REGASSA Book: JV with DANIEL DANIEL Book: JV with REGASSA

Purchase of Truck 70,000 74,550 Cash from D. Repainting 2,000 80,000 Sale of Truck
License 1,100 Share of Profit 3,450
Share of Profit 3,450 Cash to Regassa 74,550
74,550 74,550 80,000 80,000

Determination of Profit or Loss on Joint Venture’s Operation

No Body’s Book: Memorandum A/c
Purchase of Truck 70,000 80,000 Sale of Truck
License 1,100
Repainting 2,000
Share of Profit 6,900
80,000 80,000

2. Large Joint Ventures

Large joint ventures may be corporate or unincorporated. The term corporate joint venture also is
used by many large American corporation to describe oversees operations by a corporation whose
ownership is divide between an American company and a foreign company. A corporate joint
venture and the accounting for such a venture are described in APB opinion No. 18 “the equity
method of accounting for investment in common stock.”

Corporate Joint venture is established as a limited company. It produces its own full set of accounts.
Corporate joint venture “refers to a corporation owned and operated by small group of business (the
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
“joint venturers”) as a separate and specific business or project for the mutual benefit of the
members of the group. A government may also be a member of the group. The purpose of a
corporate joint venture frequently is to share risks and rewards in developing a new market, product
or technology; to combine complementary knowledge; or to pool resources in developing
production or other facilities. A corporate joint venture also usually provides an arrangement under
which each joint venturer may participate, directly or indirectly in the overall management of the
joint venture. Joint ventures thus have an interest or relationship other than as passive investors. An
entity which is a subsidiary of one of the “joint ventures” is not a corporate joint venture. The
ownership of a corporate joint venture seldom changes, and its stock is usually not traded publicly.
A minority public ownership, however, does not preclude a corporation from being corporate joint
venture.

The APB concludes that the equity method best enables investors in corporate joint ventures to
reflect the underlying nature of their investment in those ventures. Therefore, investors should
account for investments in common stock of corporate joint ventures by the equity method. The
equity method uses the following accounting procedures:
 The cost of acquisition (original investment in common stock) is recorded by
increasing investment account.
 The investor‟s investment account is increased as the joint venture earns and reports
income
 The investor‟s investment account is decreased whenever dividend is collected
A recent variation of the corporate joint venture is the limited liability company (LLC) joint
venture, which is the version of limited liability partnership. The venturers are responsible for their
own activities.

1.6.3) Accounting for Joint Ventures

1) Accounting for a Corporate Joint Venture (LLC)
The complexity of modern business, the emphasis on good organization and storage internal
control, the importance of income taxes, the extent of government regulation, and the need for
preparation and retention of adequate accounting records are strong equipments for establishing
separate set of accounting records for every corporate joint venture of large size and long duration.

In the stockholders equity accounts of the joint venture, each venturer‟s account is credited for the
amount of cash or non-cash assets invested. The fiscal year of the joint venture may or may not
coincide with the fiscal years of the venturers, but the use of the accrual basis of accounting and
periodic financial statements for the venture permit regular reporting of the share of net income or
loss allocable to each venturer.

The accounting records of such a corporate joint venture include the usual ledger accounts for
assets, liabilities, stockholders‟ equity, revenue, and expenses. The entire accounting process should
conform to GAAP, from the recording of transactions to the preparation of financial statements.

2) Accounting for an Unincorporated Joint Venture

In unincorporated joint venture, the venture owns an undivided interest in each asset and is
proportionately liable for its share of each liability. Thus, the provision of APB opinion No. 18
(relating to equity method of accounting) may not apply. For example, in some oil and gas venture
 Chapter One: Accounting for Partnerships, Joint Ventures and Public Enterprises
accounting, the venture may account in its financial statements for its pro rate of the assets,
liabilities, revenues, and expenses of the venture. Thus, in unincorporated joint venture, the
investors can have the option of using either the equity method of accounting or a proportionate
share method of accounting for the investments.

Example 1.23: Arthur Company and Beatrice Company each invested Br 600,000 and 400,000
interests, respectively for 60% and 40% interest in an unincorporated joint venture named ARBE
on January 2, 2006. The condensed financial statements other than cash flows for ARBE joint
venture for 2006 were as follows.

Income Statement
ABRE Company (A Joint Venture)
Income Statement
For the Year ended December 31, 2006
Revenue .................................................................................Br 2,000,000
Less: Costs and expenses ...................................................... 1,500,000
Net Income ............................................................................ 500,000
Division of Income:
Arthur Company (60%)......................................................... Br 300,000
Beatrice (40%) ...................................................................... 200,000
Total Net Income................................................................... 500,000
Statement of Venturer’s’ Capital
ABRE Company (A Joint Venture)
Statement of Venturers’ Capital
For the Year ended December 31, 2006
Arthur Beatrice
Combined
Company Company
Investment, January 2, 2006 ..................................................
Br 600,000 Br 400,000 Br 1,000,000
Add: Net Income ...................................... 300,000 200,000 500,000
Venturer‟s Capital, December 2, 2006 ..... Br 900,000 Br 600,000 Br 1,500,000

Balance Sheet
ABRE Company (A Joint Venture)
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2006
Assets: Liabilities and Venturers’ Capital:
Current Assets ...................................Br 1,600,000 Current Liabilities................................Br 800,000
Other Assets ...................................... 2,600,000 Long-term Debt.............................. 1,900,000
Venturers‟ Capital:
Arthur Company ........... 900,000
Beatrice Company ........ 600,000 1,500,000
Total Assets .......................................Br 4,200,000 Total Liabilities and Capital ................ Br
4,200,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Venturers’ Journal Entries under Equity Method
Arthur Company Beatrice Company
January 2, 2006: Recording the Investment January 2, 2006: Recording the Investment
Investment In ARBE Company ...... 600,000 Investment In ARBE Company ...... 400,000
Cash .................................... 600,000 Cash..................................... 400,000
December 31, 2006: recording share of income December 31, 2006: recording share of income
Investment In ARBE Company ...... 300,000 Investment In ARBE Company ...... 200,000
Investment Income .............. 300,000 Investment Income .............. 200,000
Proportionate Share Method of Accounting
In addition to the two foregoing journal entries, both Arthur Company and Beatrice Company
prepare the following journal entries for the respective shares of the assets, liabilities, revenue, and
expenses of ARBE Company.

Arthur Company Beatrice Company

January 2, 2006: Recording the Investment January 2, 2006: Recording the Investment
Investment In ARBE Company ...... 600,000 Investment In ARBE Company ...... 400,000
Cash .................................... 600,000 Cash..................................... 400,000
December 31, 2006: recording share of income December 31, 2006: recording share of income
Investment In ARBE Company ...... 300,000 Investment In ARBE Company ...... 200,000
Investment Income .............. 300,000 Investment Income .............. 200,000

Proportionate Share of Assets, Liabilities, Revenues, and Cost & Expenses

Arthur Company Beatrice Company
December 31, 2006: Proportionate Share December 31, 2006: Proportionate Share
Current Assets (60%). ................ 960,000 Current Assets (40%) ................ 640,000
Other Assets (60%) .................... 1,560,000 Other Assets (40%) ................... 1,040,000
Cost and Expense (60%) ............ 900,000 Cost and Expense (40%) ........... 600,000
Investment Income ..................... 300,000 Investment Income .................... 200,000
Current liabilities (60%) ....... 480,000 Current liabilities (40%) ...... 320,000
Long-term Debt (60%) ......... 1,140,000 Long-term Debt (40%) ........ 760,000
Revenue (60%) ..................... 1,200,000 Revenue (40%) .................... 800,000
Investment in ARBE Co ....... 900,000 Investment in ARBE Co ...... 600,000
 Chapter Two: Accounting for Sales Agency, Branch, and Division

Chapter Two
Accounting for Sales Agency, Branch, and Division
Chapter Outline:
 Defining and Distinguishing Sales Agency, Branch, and Division
 Accounting for sales agency
 Accounting for branch and reciprocal accounts
 Reconciliation reciprocal accounts
 Transaction between branches
 Combined financial statements of Home Office and Branches
Chapter objectives:
After completing this chapter, you would be able:
 Account for sales agency transactions
 Account for segments of a business enterprise, primarily branches and divisions
 Prepare working paper for combined financial statements
 Prepare combined financial statements for Home Office and Branches
 Comprehend the basic procedures for reconciliation of reciprocal accounts
 Record transactions between branches
Chapter Prerequisite: Financial Accounting II
Time Required: 6 Hours

2.1) Distinguishing Sales Agency, Branch, and Division

Sales Agency:
Sales agency is a term applied to a business unit that performs only a small portion of the functions
associated branch. A sales agency usually carries samples of products but does not have an
inventory of merchandise and usually lesser degree of autonomy.

Branch:
The term Branch is used to describe a business unit located at some distance from the Home Office.
Branches are economic and accounting entities. However, branches are not legal entity. Branches
may carry merchandise obtained from Home Office, make sales, approve customers‟ credit, and
make collections from its customers.

Division:
Division is a business segment or a business enterprise which generally has more autonomy than a
branch. Division may be as separate company or may not be a separate company. If the division is
not a separate company, the accounting procedures are the same as Branch. If the division is a
separate company (subsidiary company), the financial accounting requires consolidation, which will
be discussed in later topics.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Differences between Sales Agency, Branch and Division

Characteristics Sales Agency Branch Division
Degree of Autonomy Low Moderate High
Accounting Entity No Yes Yes
Legal Entity No No Possible
Economic Entity No No Possible

2.2 Accounting System for Sales Agency

The term sales agency sometimes is applied to a business unit that performs only a small portion of
the functions traditionally associated with a branch. For example, a sales agency usually carries
samples of products but does not have an inventory of merchandise. Orders are taken from
customers and transmitted to the Home Office, which approves the customers‟ credit and ships the
merchandise directly to customers. The agency‟s accounts receivable are maintained at the Home
Office, which also performs the collection function. An imprest cash fund generally is maintained at
the sales agency for the payment of operating expenses. A sales agency that does not carry an
inventory of merchandise, maintain receivables, or make collections has no need for a complete set
of accounting records. All that is needed is a record of sales to customers and a summary of cash
payments supported by vouchers.

If the Home Office wants to measure the profitability of each sales agency separately, it will
establish in the general ledger separate revenue and expense accounts in the name of the agency, for
example, Sales: Sales Agency; Rent Expense: Sales Agency. The cost of goods sold by each
agency also must be measured. When perpetual inventory system is used, shipments to customers
by sales agency, for example, are debited to Cost of Goods Sold: Sales Agency account and credited
to Inventories account.

When the periodic inventory system is used, a shipment of goods sold by an agency may be
recorded by a debit to Cost of Goods Sold: Sales Agency and a credit to Shipments to Agencies.
This journal entry is recorded only at the end of an accounting period if a memorandum record is
maintained during the period listing the cost of goods shipped to fill sales orders received from
agencies. At the end of the period the Shipments to Agencies ledger account is offset against the
total of beginning inventories and purchases to measure the cost of goods available for sale for the
Home Office in its own operations.

Office furniture or other assets located at a sales agency may be carried in a separate ledger account
by the Home Office, or control over such assets may be achieved by use of a subsidiary ledger with
a complete record for each asset showing cost, location, and any other relevant information.

Summary of Sales Agency:

 Sales agency is sometimes applied to a business unit that performs only a small portion of the
functions associated branch.
 A sales agency usually carries samples of products but does not have an inventory of
merchandise
 Orders are taken from customers and transmitted to the Home Office
 Chapter Two: Accounting for Sales Agency, Branch, and Division
 The Home Office approves the customers‟ credit and ships the merchandise directly to
customers. The sales agency‟s receivable are maintained by the Home Office
 The Home Office also performs collection function
 An imprest cash fund generally is maintained at sales agency for the payment of operating
expenses.
 A sales agency that does not carry an inventory of merchandise, maintain receivables, or make
collections has no need for a complete set of accounting.

Illustration 2.1: Journal Entries made by Home Office to Record Sales Agency‟s Transaction. The
sales agency is named Lakeview Agency
Home Office:
To record merchandise shipped to sales agency for use as samples
Inventory of Samples: Lakeview Agency .................................. 1,500
Inventories .................................................................. 1,500

To establish Imprest cash fund for sales agency

Imprest Cash Fund: Lakeview Agency ...................................... 1,000
Cash .................................................................................. 1,000

To record sales made by sales agency

Trade Account Receivables ........................................................50,000
Sales: Lakeview Agency ........................................... 50,000

To record cost of merchandise sold by sales agency

Cost of Goods Sold: Lakeview Agency .....................................35,000
Inventories ..................................................... 35,000

To replenish imprest cash fund which represents several checks sent to agent
Operating Expenses: Lakeview Agency .....................................10,000
Cash .......................................................................... 10,000

To close revenue and expense accounts of sales agency to a separate Income

Summary Account
Sales: Lakeview Agency ............................................................50,000
Cost of Goods Sold: Lakeview Agency .......................... 35,000
Operating Expenses: Lakeview Agency .......................... 10,000
Income Summary: Lakeview Agency ............................. 5,000

To close net income of sales agency to income summary ledger account

Income Summary: Lakeview Agency ........................................ 5,000
Income Summary............................................. 5,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

2.3) Accounting System for Branch and Division

As a business enterprise grows, it may establish one or more branches to market its products over a
large territory. The term Branch is used to describe a business unit located at some distance from
the Home Office. This unit carries merchandise obtained from the Home Office, makes sales,
approves customers‟ credit, and makes collections from its customers. A branch may obtain
merchandise solely from the Home Office, or a portion may be purchased from outside suppliers.
The cash receipts of the branch often are deposited in a bank account belonging to Home Office; the
branch expenses then are paid from an imprest cash fund or a bank account provided by the Home
Office. As the imprest cash fund is depleted, the branch submits a list of cash payments supported
by vouchers and receives a check for a transfer from the Home Office to replenish the fund.

The use of an imprest cash fund gives the Home Office considerable control over the cash
transactions of the branch. However, it is common practice for a large branch to maintain its own
bank accounts. The extent of autonomy and responsibility of a branch varies, even among different
branches of the same business enterprise.

A segment of a business enterprise also may be operated as division, which generally has more
autonomy than a branch. The accounting procedures for a division not organized as Separate
Corporation (subsidiary company) are similar to those used for branches. When a business segment
is operated as a separate corporation, consolidated financial statements generally are required.

Start-Up Costs of Opening New Branches

The establishment of a branch often requires the incurring of considerable costs before significant
revenue may be generated. Operating losses in the first few months are likely. In the past, some
business enterprises would capitalized and amortize such start-up costs on the grounds that such
costs are necessary to successful operation at a new location. However, most enterprise recognized
start-up costs in connection with the opening of a branch as expenses the accounting period in
which the costs are incurred. The decision should be based on the principle that net income is
measured by matching expired costs with realized revenue. Costs that benefit future accounting
periods are deferred and allocated to those periods. Seldom is there complete certainty that a new
branch will achieve a profitable level of operations in later years. In recognition of this fact, in 1998
the AICPA Accounting Standards Executive Committee issued Statement of Position 98-5 (SOP
98-5), “Reporting on the Costs of Start-Up Activities,” which required expensing of all start-up
costs, including those associated with organizing a new entity such as a branch or division.

Accounting System for a Branch and Home Office

The accounting system of one business enterprise having branches may provide for a complete set
of accounting records at each branch; policies of another such enterprise may keep all accounting
records in the Home Office. For example, branches of drug and grocery chain stores submit daily
reports and business documents to the Home Office, which enters all transactions by branches in
computerized accounting records kept in a central location. The Home Office may not even conduct
operations of its own; it may serve only as an accounting and control center for the branches.

A branch may maintain a complete set of accounting records consisting of journals, ledgers, and a
chart of accounts similar to those of an independent business enterprise. Financial statements are
prepared by the branch accountant and forwarded to the Home Office. The number and types of
 Chapter Two: Accounting for Sales Agency, Branch, and Division
ledger accounts, the internal control structure, the form and content of the financial statements, and
the accounting policies generally are prescribed by the Home Office.

This section focuses on a branch operation that maintains a complete set of accounting records.
Transactions recorded by a branch should include all controllable expenses and revenue for which
the branch manager is responsible. If the branch manager has responsibility over all branch assets,
liabilities, revenue, and expenses, the branch accounting records should reflect this responsibility.
Expenses such as depreciation often are not subject to control by a branch manager; therefore, both
the branch plant assets and the related depreciation ledger accounts generally are maintained by the
Home Office.

2.3.1 Reciprocal Ledger Accounts

The accounting records maintained by a branch include a Home Office ledger account.
 Home Office account is credited for all merchandise, cash, or other assets provided by the
Home Office;
 Home Office account is debited for all cash, merchandise, or other assets sent by the branch to
the Home Office or to other branches.
The Home Office account is a quasi-ownership equity account that shows the net investment by the
Home Office in the branch. At the end of an accounting period when the branch closes it accounting
records, the Income Summery account is closed to the Home Office account. A net income
increases the credit balance of the Home Office account; a net loss decreases this balance.

In the Home Office accounting records, a reciprocal ledger account with a title such as
Investment in Branch is maintained.
 Investment in Branch is a non-current asset account, which is debited for cash, merchandise,
and services provided to the branch by the Home Office, and for net income reported by the
branch.
 Investment in Branch is credited for cash or other assets received from the branch, and for net
losses reported by the branch.

Thus, the Investment in Branch account reflects the equity method of accounting. A separate
investment account generally is maintained by the Home Office for each branch. If there is only one
branch, the account title is likely to be Investment in Branch; if there are numerous branches, each
account title includes a name or number to identify each branch.

2.3.2 Expenses Incurred by Home Office and Allocated to Branches

Some business enterprises follow a policy of notifying each branch of expenses incurred by the
Home Office on the branch‟s behalf. Plant assets located at a branch generally are carried in the
Home Office accounting records. If a plant asset is acquired by the Home Office for the branch, the
journal entry for the acquisition is a debit to an appropriate asset account such as Equipment:
Branch and a credit to Cash or an appropriate liability account. If the branch acquires a plant asset,
it debits the Home Office ledger account and credits Cash or an appropriate liability account. The
Home Office debits an asset account such as Equipment: Branch and credits Investment in Branch.

The Home Office also usually acquires insurance, pays property and other taxes, and arranges for
advertising that benefits all branches. Clearly, such expenses as depreciation, property taxes,
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
insurance, and advertising must be considered in determining the profitability of a branch. A policy
decision must be made as to whether these expense data are to be retained at the Home Office or are
to be reported to the branches so that the income statement prepared for each branch will give a
complete picture of its operations. An expense incurred by the Home Office and allocated to a
branch is recorded by the Home Office by a debit to Investment in Branch and a Credit to an
appropriate expense ledger account; the branch debits an expense account and credits Home
Office.

If the Home Office does not make sales, but functions only as an accounting and control center,
most or all of its expenses may be allocated to the branches. To facilitate comparison of the
operating results of the various branches, the Home Office may charge each branch interest on the
capital invested in that branch. Such interest expense recognized by the branches would be offset
by interest revenue recognized by the Home Office and would not be displayed in the combined
income statement of the business enterprise as a whole.

2.3.3 Alternative Methods of Billing Merchandise Shipments to Branches

Three alternative methods area available to the Home Office for billing merchandise shipped to its
branches. The shipments may be billed:
1. At Home Office cost,
2. At a percentage above Home Office cost, or
3. At the branch‟s retail selling price
The shipment of merchandise to a branch does not constitute a sale, because ownership of the
merchandise does not change.

1. Billing shipments to a branch at Home Office cost

This is the simplest procedure and is widely used. It avoids the complication of unrealized gross
profit in inventories and permits the financial statements of branches to give a meaningful picture of
operations. However, billing merchandise to branches at Home Office cost attributes all gross
profits of the enterprise to the branches, even though some of the merchandise may be
manufactured by the Home Office. Under these circumstances, Home Office cost may be the most
realistic basis for billing shipment to branches.

2. Billing shipments at a percentage above Home Office cost (such as 110% of cost)
This may be intended to allocate a reasonable gross profit to the Home Office. When merchandise
is billed to a branch at a price above Home Office cost, the net income reported by the branch is
understated and the ending inventories are over-stated for the enterprise as a whole. Adjustments
must be made by the Home Office to eliminate the excess of billed prices over cost (intracompany
profits) in the preparation of combined financial statements for the Home Office and the branch.

3. Billing shipments to a branch at branch retail selling prices

This may be based on a desire to strengthen internal control over inventories. The inventories ledger
account of the branch shows the merchandise received and sold at retail selling prices.
Consequently, the account will show the ending inventories that should be on hand at retail prices.
The Home Office record of shipments to a branch, when considered along with sales reported by
the branch, provides a perpetual inventory stated at selling prices. If the physical inventories taken
 Chapter Two: Accounting for Sales Agency, Branch, and Division
periodically at the branch do not agree with the amounts thus computed, an error or theft may be
indicated and should be investigated promptly.

2.3.4 Separate Financial Statements for Branch and for Home Office
A separate income statement and balance sheet should be prepared for a branch so management of
the enterprise may review the operating results and financial position of the branch. The branch‟s
income statement has no usual features if merchandise is billed to the branch at Home Office cost.
However, if merchandise is billed to the branch at branch retail selling prices, the branch‟s income
statement will show a net loss approximating the amount of operating expenses. The only unusual
aspect of the balance sheet for a branch is use of the Home Office ledger account in lieu of the
ownership equity accounts for a separate business enterprise. The separate financial statements
prepared for a branch may be revised at the Home Office to include expenses incurred by the Home
Office allocable to the branch and to show the results of branch operations after elimination of any
intracompany profits on merchandise shipments.

Separate financial statements also may be prepared for the Home Office so that management will be
able to appraise the results of its operations and its financial position. However, it is important to
emphasize that separate financial statements of the Home Office and of the branch are prepared for
internal use only; they do not meet the needs of investors or other external users of financial
statements.

2.3.5 Combined Financial Statements for Home Office and Branch

A balance sheet for distribution to creditors, stockholders, and government agencies must show the
financial position of a business enterprise having branches as a single entity. A convenient starting
point in the preparation of a combined balance sheet consists of the adjusted trial balances of the
Home Office and the Branch.

 The assets and liabilities of the branch are substituted for the Investment in Branch ledger
account included in the Home Office trial balance. Similar accounts are combined to produce a
single total amount for cash, trade accounts receivable, and other assets and liabilities of the
enterprise as a whole.
 In the preparation of a combined balance sheet, reciprocal ledger accounts are eliminated
because they have no significance when the branch and Home Office report as a single entity.
 The balance of the Home Office account is offset against the balance of the Investment in
Branch account; also,
 Any receivables and payables between the Home Office and the branch (or between two
branches) are eliminated.
The operating results of the enterprise (the Home Office and all branches) are shown by an income
statement in which the revenue and expenses of the branches are combined with corresponding
revenue and expenses for the Home Office. Any intracompany profits or losses are eliminated.

2.4) Illustrative Transactions and Financial Statements for the Branch and HO
Illustration 2.2: Assume JIMMA TRADING Company bills merchandise to AGARO Branch at
Home Office cost and that AGARO Branch maintains complete accounting records and prepares
financial statements. Both the Home Office and the branch use the perpetual inventory system.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Equipment used at the branch is carried in the Home Office accounting records. Certain expenses,
such as advertising and insurance, incurred by the Home Office on behalf of the branch, are billed
to the branch. Transactions and events during the first year (2005) of operations of AGARO Branch
are summarized below (start-up costs are disregarded):
1. Cash of Br 1,000 was forwarded by the Home Office to AGARO Branch.
2. Merchandise with a Home Office cost of Br 60,000 was shipped by the Home Office to
AGARO Branch.
3. Equipment was acquired by AGARO Branch for Br 500, to be carried in the Home Office
accounting records. (Other plant assets for AGARO Branch generally are acquired by the
Home Office.)
4. Credit sales by AGARO Branch amounted to Br 80,000; the branch‟s cost of the
merchandise sold was Br 45,000.
5. Collections of trade accounts receivable by AGARO Branch amounted to Br 62,000.
6. Payments for operating expenses by AGARO Branch totaled Br 20,000.
7. Cash of Br 37,500 was remitted by AGARO Branch to the Home Office.
8. Operating expenses incurred by the Home Office and charged to AGARO Branch totaled Br
3,000.
These transactions and events are recorded by the Home Office and by AGARO Branch as follows
(explanations for the journal entries are omitted):

Typical Home Office and Branch Transactions and Events under Perpetual Inventory System
Home Office Accounting Records AGARO Branch Accounting Records
Journal Entries Journal Entries
1. Investment in AGARO Branch ............... 1,000 Cash ..................................................
1,000
Cash ................................................ 1,000 Home Office a/c ........................ 1,000
2. Investment in AGARO Branch ............... 60,000 Inventories .........................................60,000
Inventories ......................................... 60,000 Home Office ............................... 60,000
3. Equipment: AGARO Branch................... 500 Home Office ...................................... 500
Investment in AGARO Branch ............ 500 Cash ............................................ 500
4. None Trade Accounts Receivables ............. 80,000
Sales ........................................... 80,000
Cost of Goods Sold ........................... 45,000
Inventories .................................. 45,000
5. None Cash ...................................................
62,000
T/Accounts Receivables ............. 62,000
6. None Operating Expenses........................... 20,000
Cash ............................................ 20,000
7. Cash .........................................................
37,500 Home Office ...................................... 37,500
Investment in AGARO Branch ............ 37,500 Cash ............................................ 37,500
8. Investment in AGARO Branch ............3,000 Operating Expenses........................... 3,000
Operating Expenses ........................... 3,000 Home Office ............................... 3,000

If a branch obtains merchandise from outsiders as well as from the Home Office, the merchandise
acquired from the Home Office may be recorded in a separate Inventory account from Home Office
ledger account. In the Home Office accounting records, the Investment in AGARO Branch ledger
account has a debit balance of Br 26,000 before the accounting records are closed and the branch
 Chapter Two: Accounting for Sales Agency, Branch, and Division
net income of Br 12,000 (Br 80,000 – Br 45,000 – Br 20,000 – Br 3,000 = Br 12,000) is transferred
to the Investment in AGARO Branch ledger account, as illustrated below:

Investment in AGARO Branch Account

Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
2005 Cash sent to branch ................................................... 1,000 1,000 Dr
Merchandise billed to branch at Home Office cost... 60,000 61,000 Dr
Equipment acquired by branch, account by HO ....... 500 60,500 Dr
Cash received from branch ....................................... 37,500 23,000 Dr
Operating expenses billed to branch ......................... 3,000 26,000 Dr

In the accounting records of AGARO Branch, the Home Office ledger account has a credit
balance of Br 26,000 (before the accounting records are closed and the net income of Br 12,000 is
transferred to the Home Office account), as shown bellow:
Home Office Account
Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
2005 Cash received from the office ................................... 1,000 1,000 Cr
Merchandise received from Home Office................. 60,000 61,000 Cr
Equipment Acquired ................................................. 500 60,500 Cr
Cash Sent to Home Office ........................................ 37,500 23,000 Cr
Operating expenses billed by Home Office .............. 3,000 26,000 Cr

2.5) Working Paper for Combined Financial Statements

A working paper for combined financial statements has three purposes:
1. To combine ledger account balances for like revenue, expenses, assets, and liabilities,
2. To eliminate any intracompany profits or losses, and
3. To eliminate the reciprocal accounts
Assume that the perpetual inventories of Br 15,000 (Br 60,000 – Br 45,000 = Br 15,000) at the end
of 2005 for AGARO Branch had been verified by a physical count. The working paper for JIMMA
TRADING Company is based on the transactions and events shown in the above illustration and
additional assumed data for the Home Office trial balance. All the routine year-end adjusting entries
are assumed to have been made, and the working paper is begun with the adjusted trial balances of
the Home Office and AGARO Branch. Income taxes are disregarded in this illustration.

Note that the Br 26,000 debit balance of the Investment in AGARO Branch ledger account and the
Br 26,000 credit balance of the Home Office account are the balances before the respective
accounting records are closed, that is, before the Br 12,000 net income of AGARO Branch is
entered in these two reciprocal accounts. In the Eliminations column, elimination (a) offsets the
balance of the Investment in AGARO Branch account against the balance of the Home Office
account. This elimination appears in the working paper only; it is not entered in the accounting
records of either the Home Office or AGARO Branch because the sole purpose of the working
paper is to facilitate the preparation of combined financial statements.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

2.5.1 Illustration on Combined Financial Statements

The following working paper provides the information for the combined financial statements
(excluding a statement of cash flows) of JIMMA TRADING Company below.

JIMMA TRADING COMPANY

WORKING PAPER FOR COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF HO AND
AGARO BRANCH
FOR YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2005
(PERPETUAL INVENTORY SYSTEM: BILLINGS AT COST)
Adjusted Trial Balance
Home Office Branch Elimination Combined
Dr (Cr) Dr (Cr) Dr (Cr) Dr (Cr)
Income Statement
Sales ................................................ (400,000) (80,000) (480,000)
Cost of Goods Sold......................... 235,000 45,000 280,000
Operating Expenses ........................ 90,000 23,000 113,000
Net Income ..................................... 75,000 12,000 87,000
Totals .............................................. -0- -0- -0- -0-
Statement of Retained Earnings
Retained Earnings, Jan.1, 2005 ...... (70,000) (70,000)
Net Income from above .................. (75,000) (12,000) (87,000)
Dividends Declared ........................ 40,000 40,000
Retained Earnings, Dec.31,2005 .... (117,000)
Totals .............................................. -0-
Balance Sheet
Cash ................................................ 25,000 5,000 30,000
Trade Accounts Receivables .......... 39,000 18,000 57,000
Inventories ...................................... 45,000 15,000 60,000
Investment in AGARO Branch ...... 26,000 a (26,000)
Equipment....................................... 150,000 150,000
Accumulated Depreciation ............. (10,000) (10,000)
Trade Accounts Payable ................. (20,000) (20,000)
Home Office ................................... (26,000) a 26,000
Common Stock, Br 10 par .............. (150,000) (150,000)
Retained Earnings from above ....... (117,000)
Totals .............................................. -0- -0- -0- -0-
(a) To eliminate reciprocal ledger account balances
 Chapter Two: Accounting for Sales Agency, Branch, and Division
Combined Income Statement
JIMMA TRADING COMPANY
Combined Income Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 2005
Sales ............................................................................................. Br 480,000
Cost of goods sold........................................................................ 280,000
Gross margin on sale.................................................................... Br 200,000
Operating expenses ...................................................................... 113,000
Net income ................................................................................... Br 87,000
Basic earnings per share of common stock .................................. Br 5.80
Statement of Retained Earnings
JIMMA TRADING COMPANY
Statement of Retained Earnings
For Year Ended December 31, 2005
Retained earnings, beginning of year ................................................ Br 70,000
Add: Net income................................................................................ 87,000
Subtotal .............................................................................................. Br 157,000
Less: Dividends (Br 2.67 per share) .................................................. 40,000
Retained earnings, end of year .......................................................... Br117,000
Balance Sheet
JIMMA TRADING COMPANY
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2005
Assets:
Cash ........................................................................................................Br 30,000
Trade accounts receivable (net) ............................................................. 57,000
Inventories .............................................................................................. 60,000
Equipment ...................................................................... Br150,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation .................................... 10,000 140,000
Total assets ........................................................................................ Br 287,000
Liabilities & Stockholders’ Equity:
Liabilities
Trade accounts payable Br 20,000
Stockholders’ equity
Common Stock, Br 10 par, 15,000 shares authorized,
issued, and outstanding .................................................. Br150,000
Retained earnings ........................................................... 117,000 267,000
Total liabilities & stockholders‟ equity ............................................... Br 287,000

2.5.2 Home Office Adjusting and Closing Entries and Branch Closing Entries
The Home Office‟s equity-method adjusting and closing entries for branch operating results and the
branch‟s closing entries on December 31, 2005, are shown below (explanations for the entries are
omitted):
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Home Office Accounting Records AGARO Branch Accounting Records

Adjusting and Closing Entries Closing Entries
None Sales .......................................... 80,000
Cost of Goods sold ............. 45,000
Operating Expenses ............ 23,000
Income Summary ............... 12,000
Investment in AGARO Branch.......... 12,000 Income Summary ...................... . 12,000
Income: AGARO Branch ........... 12,000 Home Office ....................... 12,000
Income: AGARO Branch .................. 12,000 None
Income Summary........................ 12,000

2.6) Billing of Merchandise to Branches at Prices above Home Office Cost

The Home Offices of some business enterprises bill merchandise shipped to branches at Home
Office cost plus a markup percentage (or alternatively at branch retail selling prices). Because both
these methods involve similar modifications of accounting procedures, a single example illustrates
the key points involved, using the illustration for JIMMA TRADING Company one changed
assumption: the Home Office bill merchandise shipped to AGARO Branch at a markup of 50%
above Home Office cost, or 33 1/3 % of billed price.

Under this assumption, the journal entries for the first year‟s events and transactions by the Home
Office and AGARO Branch are the same as those presented on the journal entries for shipments of
merchandise from the Home Office to AGARO Branch. These shipments (Br 60,000 Cost + 50%
markup on cost = Br 90,000) are recorded under the perpetual inventory system as follows:
Home Office Accounting Records AGARO Branch Accounting Records
Journal Entries Journal Entries
Investment in AGARO Branch ............. 90,000 Inventories ................................. 90,000
Inventories ......................... 60,000 Home Office ................. 90,000
AFOVI................................ 30,000

In the accounting records of the Home Office, the Investment in AGARO Branch ledger account
below now has a debit balance of Br 56,000 before the accounting records are closed and the branch
net income or loss is entered in the Investment in AGARO Branch account. This account is Br
30,000 larger than the Br 26,000 balance in the prior illustration. The increase represents the 50%
markup over cost (Br 60,000) of the merchandise shipped to the AGARO Branch.

Investment in AGARO Branch a/c

Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
2005 Cash sent to branch ................................................... 1,000 1,000 Dr
Merchandise billed to branch at 50% over cost ........ 90,000 91,000 Dr
Equipment acquired by branch, carried in HO ......... 500 90,500 Dr
Cash received from branch ....................................... 37,500 53,000 Dr
Operating expenses billed to branch ......................... 3,000 56,000 Dr

In the accounting records of AGARO Branch, the Home Office ledger account now has a credit
balance of $56,000; before the accounting records are closed and the branch net income or loss is
entered in the Home Office account, as illustrated below:
 Chapter Two: Accounting for Sales Agency, Branch, and Division

Home Office a/c

Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
2005 Cash received from the office ................................... 1,000 1,000 Cr
Merchandise received from Home Office................. 90,000 91,000 Cr
Equipment Acquired ................................................ 500 90,500 Cr
Cash Sent to Home Office ........................................ 37,500 53,000 Cr
Operating expenses billed by Home Office .............. 3,000 56,000 Cr

AGARO Branch recorded the merchandise received from the Home Office at billed prices of Br
90,000; the Home Office recorded the shipment by credits of Br 60,000 to Inventories and Br
30,000 to Allowance for Overvaluation of Inventories (AFOVI): AGARO Branch. Use of the
allowance account enables the Home Office to maintain a record of the cost of merchandise shipped
to AGARO Branch as well as the amount of the unrealized gross profit on the shipments.

At the end of the accounting period, AGARO Branch reports its inventories (at billed prices) at Br 22,500.
The cost of these inventories is Br 15,000 (Br 22,500.1.50 = Br 15,000). In the Home Office accounting
records, the required balance of the Allowance for Overvaluation of Inventories: AGARO Branch ledger
account is Br 7,500 (Br 22,500 – Br 15,000 = Br 7,500); thus, this account balance must be reduced from its
present amount of Br 30,000 to Br 7,500. The reason for this reduction is that the 50% markup of billed
prices over cost has become realized gross profit to the Home Office with respect to the merchandise sold by
the branch. Consequently, at the end of the year the Home Office reduces its allowance for overvaluation of
the branch inventories to the Br 7,500 excess valuation contained in the ending inventories. The debit
adjustment of Br 22,500 in the allowance account is offset by a credit to the Realized Gross Profit: AGARO
Branch Sales account, because it represents additional gross profit of the Home Office resulting from sales
by the branch.

Working Paper When Billings to Branches Are at Prices above Cost

When a Home Office bills merchandise shipments to branches at prices above Home Office cost,
preparation of the working paper for combined financial statements is facilitated by any analysis of
the flow of merchandise to a branch, such as the following for AGARO Branch of JIMMA
TRADING Company:

JIMMA TRADING COMPANY

Flow of Merchandise for AGARO Branch
During 2005
Billed HO Markup
Price Cost (50% of Cost)
Beginning Inventories ...............................................
-0- -0- -0-
Add: Shipments from Home Office ..........................
Br 90,000 Br 60,000 Br 30,000
Available for Sale .....................................................
Br 90,000 Br 60,000 Br 30,000
Less: Ending Inventories ...........................................
22,500 15,000 7,500
Cost of Goods Sold ...................................................
Br 67,500 Br 45,000 Br 22,500

The foregoing analysis provides in the Markup column the information needed for the Eliminations
column in the working paper for combined financial statements below:
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
JIMMA TRADING COMPANY AND AGARO BRANCH
Working Paper for Combined Financial Statements
For The Year Ended December 31, 2005
(Perpetual Inventory System and Billings Above Cost)
Adjusted Trial Balances
Home Office Branch Elimination Combined
Dr (Cr) Dr (Cr) Dr (Cr) Dr (Cr)
Income Statement
Sales .................................................... (400,000) (80,000) (480,000)
Cost of Goods Sold.............................. 235,000 67,500 a (22,500) 280,000
Operating Expenses ............................. 90,000 23,000 113,000
Net Income (loss) ................................ 75,000 (10,500) b 22,500 87,000
Totals ................................................... -0- -0- -0- -0-
Statement of Retained Earnings
Retained Earnings, Jan.1, 2005 ........... (70,000) (70,000)
Net Income from above ....................... (75,000) 10,500 b (22,500) (87,000)
Dividends Declared ............................. 40,000 40,000
Retained Earnings, Dec.31,2005 ......... (117,000)
Totals ................................................... -0-
Balance Sheet
Cash ..................................................... 25,000 5,000 30,000
Trade Accounts Receivables 39,000 18,000 57,000
Inventories ........................................... 45,000 22,500 a (7,500) 60,000
AFOVI ................................................. (30,000) a 30,000
Investment in AGARO Branch ........... 56,000 c (56,000)
Equipment ........................................... 150,000 150,000
Accumulated Depreciation .................. (10,000) (10,000)
Trade Accounts Payable ...................... (20,000) (20,000)
Home Office ........................................ (56,000) c 56,000
Common Stock, Br 10 par ................... (150,000) (150,000)
Retained Earnings from above ............ (117,000)
Totals ................................................... -0- -0- -0- -0-

Elimination Journal Entries:

a) To reduce ending inventories and cost of goods sold of branch to cost, and to eliminate
unadjusted balance of Allowance of Overvaluation of Inventories: AGARO Branch ledger account.
AFOVI ................................................................ 30,000
Cost of Goods Sold .............................. 22,500
Inventory .............................................. 7,500
(b) To increase income of Home Office by portion of merchandise markup that was realized by
branch sales.
Unrealized Gross Profit .................................... 22,500
Realized Income: AGARO Branch ............ 22,500
(c) To eliminate reciprocal ledger account balances
Home Office..................................................... 56,000
Investment in AGARO Branch .................. 56,000
 Chapter Two: Accounting for Sales Agency, Branch, and Division
The working paper above differs from the working paper when merchandise shipped at Home Office cost by
the inclusion of an elimination to restate the ending inventories of the branch to cost. Also, the income
reported by the Home Office is adjusted by the Br 22,500 of merchandise markup that was realized as a
result of sales by the branch. This amount in the Eliminations column appears only in the working paper. The
amounts represent a mechanical step to aid the preparation of combined financial statements and are not
entered in the accounting records of either the Home Office or the branch.

Combined Financial Statements

Because the amounts in the Combined column of the working paper are the same as in the working paper
prepared when the merchandise shipments to the branch were billed at Home Office cost, the combined
financial statements are identical to those illustrated when merchandise is shipped at Home Office cost.

Home Office Adjusting and Closing Entries and Branch Closing Entries
The adjusting and closing entries are different. The December 31, 2005, adjusting and closing
entries of the Home Office are illustrated below assuming the merchandise is shipped 50% above
Home Office cost:

Home Office Accounting Records

Adjusting and Closing Entries
1. Income: AGARO Branch (loss) .................................................. 10,500
Investment in AGARO Branch......................................... 10,500
To record net loss reported by branch
2. AFOVI: AGARO Branch ........................................................... 22,500
Realized Gross Profit ........................................................ 22,500
To reduce allowance to amount by which ending inventories of branch exceed cost
3. Realized Gross Profit: AGARO Branch Sales ............................ 22,500
Income: AGARO Branch ................................................. 10,500
Income Summary.............................................................. 12,000
To close branch net loss and realized gross profit to Income Summary account

After the forgoing journal entries have been posted, the ledger accounts in the Home Office general
ledger used to record branch operations are as follows:

Investment in AGARO Branch a/c

Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
2005 Cash sent to branch................................................................ 1,000 1,000 Dr
Merchandise billed to branch at 50% markup over cost........ 90,000 91,000 Dr
Equipment acquired by branch, carried in HO ...................... 500 90,500 Dr
Cash received from branch .................................................... 37,500 53,000 Dr
Operating expenses billed to branch...................................... 3,000 56,000 Dr
Net loss for 2005 reported by branch .................................... 10,500 45,500 Dr
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

End-of-Period Balance in Accounting Records of the Home Office

Allowance for Overvaluation of Inventories: AGARO Branch
Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
2005 Markup on merchandise shipped to branch
During 2005 (50% of cost) .................................................... 30,000 30,000 Cr
Realization of 50% markup on merchandise
Sold by branch during 2005 ..................................................
22,500 7,500 Cr

Realized Gross Profit: AGARO Branch Sales

Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
2005 Realization of 50% markup on merchandise
sold by branch during 2005 ................................................... 22,500 22,500 Cr
Closing Entries ......................................................................
22,500 -0-

Income: AGARO Branch

Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
2005 Net loss for 2005 reported by branch .................................... 10,500 10,500 Dr
Closing Entries ...................................................................... 10,500 -0-.

In the separate balance sheet for the Home Office, the Br 7,500 credit balance of the Allowance for
Overvaluation of Inventories: AGARO Branch ledger account is deducted from the Br 45,000 debit
balance of the Investment in AGARO Branch account, thus reducing the carrying amount of the
investment account to a cost basis with respect to shipments of merchandise to the branch. In the
separate income statement for the Home Office, the Br 22,500 realized gross profit on AGARO
Branch sales may be displayed following gross margin on sales, Br 165,000 (Br 400,000 sales – Br
235,000 cost of goods sold = Br 165,000).

The closing entries for the branch at the end of 2005 are as follows:
AGARO Branch Accounting Records
Closing Entries
Sales .......................................................................................
80,000
Income Summary ................................................................... 10,500
Cost of Goods Sold ...................................................... 67,500
Operating Expenses ..................................................... 23,000
To close revenue and expense ledger accounts
Home Office .......................................................................... 10,500
Income Summary ........................................................ 10,500
To close the net loss in the Income Summary account to the HO account.

After these closing entries have been posted by the branch, the following Home Office ledger
account in the accounting records of AGARO Branch has a credit balance of Br 45,500, the same as
the debit balance of the Investment in AGARO Branch account in the accounting records of the
Home Office:
 Chapter Two: Accounting for Sales Agency, Branch, and Division

Home Office
Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
2005 Cash received from the office ................................... 1,000 1,000 Cr
Merchandise received from Home Office cost ......... 90,000 91,000 Cr
Equipment acquired .................................................. 500 90,500 Cr
Cash sent to Home Office ......................................... 37,000 53,000 Cr
Operating expenses billed to branch ......................... 3,000 56,000 Cr
Net loss for 2005 .......................................................
10,500 45,500 Cr

2.7) Treatment of Beginning Inventories Priced above Cost

The working paper shows how the ending inventories and the related allowance for overvaluation of
inventories were handled. However, because 2005 was the first year of operations for AGARO
Branch, no beginning inventories were involved.

Perpetual Inventory System

Under the perpetual inventory system, no special problems arise when the beginning inventories of
the branch include an element of unrealized gross profit.

Periodic Inventory System

To continue the illustration for JIMMA TRADING Company for a second year of operations
(2006) to demonstrate the handling of beginning inventories carried by AGARO Branch at an
amount above Home Office cost, assume that both the Home Office and AGARO Branch adopted
the periodic inventory system in 2006. When the periodic inventory system is used, the Home
Office credits Shipments to Branch (an offset account to Purchases) for the Home Office cost of
merchandise shipped and Allowance for Overvaluation of Inventories for the Markup over
Home Office cost. The branch debits Shipments from Home Office (analogous to a Purchase
account) for the billed price of merchandise received.

The beginning inventories for year 2006 were carried by AGARO Branch at Br 22,500, or 150% of
the cost of Br 15,000 (Br 15,000 @ 1.50 = Br 22,500). Assume that during 2006 the Home Office
shipped merchandise to AGARO Branch that cost Br 80,000 and was billed at Br 120,000, and that
AGARO Branch sold for Br 150,000 merchandise that was billed at Br 112,500. The journal entries
to record the shipments and sales under the periodic inventory system are illustrated below:

Home Office Accounting Records AGARO Branch Accounting Records

Journal Entries Journal Entries
Investment in AGARO Branch ..........
120,000 Shipments from HO ................................. 120,000
Shipment to Mete Branch ......... 80,000 Home Office................................ 120,000
AFOVI: AGARO Branch ............. 40,000
None Cash or Trade Accounts Rec. ...................150,000
Sales ................................................ 150,000

The inventories in a branch at the end of 2006 amounted to Br 30,000 at billed prices, representing
cost of Br 20,000 plus a 50% markup on cost (Br 20,000 @ 1.5 = Br 30,000). The flow of
merchandise for AGARO Branch during 2000 is summarized below:
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

JIMMA TRADING COMPANY

Flow of Merchandise for AGARO Branch
During 2006
Billed Price HO Markup (50% of cost;
Cost 33.33% of Billed Price)
Beginning inventories ..........................
Br 22,5000 Br 15,000 Br 7,500
Add: Shipments from HO .........................................
120,000 80,000 40,000
Available for sale ...............................
Br 142,500 95,000 Br 47,500
Less: Ending inventories ..........................................
(30,000) (20,000) (10,000)
Cost of goods sold .......................................
Br 112,500 Br 75,000 Br 37,500

The activities of the branch for 2006 and end-of-period adjusting and closing entries are reflected in
the four Home Office ledger accounts below.

 Investment in Branch Account

Investment in AGARO Branch Account
Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
2006 Balance, Dec. 31, 2005 ............................................. 45,500 Dr
Merchandise billed to branch at markup of 50% ...... 120,000 165,500 Dr
Cash received from branch ....................................... 113,000 52,500 Dr
Operating expenses billed to branch ......................... 4,500 57,000 Dr
Net income for 2006 reported by branch .................. 10,000 67,000 Dr

 Allowance for Over Valuation of Inventories

Allowance for Overvaluation of Inventories: AGARO Branch
Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
2006 Balance, Dec. 31, 2005 .......................................................... 7,500 Cr
Markup on merchandise shipped to branch
During 2005 (50% of cost) .................................................... 40,000 47,500 Cr
Realization of 50% markup on merchandise
Sold by branch during 2006 ..................................................
37,500 10,000 Cr

 Realized Gross Profit

Realized Gross Profit: AGARO Branch Sales
Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
2006 Realization of 50% markup on merchandise
sold by branch during 2005 ................................................... 37,500 37,500 Cr
Closing Entries ......................................................................
37,500 -0-
 Investment Income
Investment Income: AGARO Branch
Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
2006 Net income for 200 reported by branch ................................. 10,000 10,000 Cr
Closing Entries ......................................................................
10,000 -0-
 Chapter Two: Accounting for Sales Agency, Branch, and Division
In the accounting records of the Home Office at the end of 2006, the balance required in the
Allowance for Overvaluation of Inventories: AGARO Branch ledger account it Br 10,000, that is,
the billed price of Br 30,000 less cost of Br 20,000 for merchandise in the branch‟s ending
inventories. Therefore, the allowance account balance is reduced from Br 47,500 to Br 10,000. This
reduction of Br 37,500 represents the 50% markup on merchandise above cost that was realized by
AGARO Branch during 2006 and is credited to the Realized Gross Profit: AGARO Branch Sales
account.
Home Office a/c
Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
2005 Balance, Dec. 31, 2005 ............................................. 45,500 Cr
Merchandise received from HO................................ 120,000 165,500 Cr
Cash sent to Home Office .........................................
113,000 52,500 Cr
Operating expenses billed by HO ............................. 4,500 57,000 Cr
Net income for 2006 ................................................. 10,000 67,000 Cr

The working paper for combined financial statements under the periodic inventory system, which
reflects pre-adjusting and pre-closing balances for the reciprocal ledger accounts and the Allowance
for Overvaluation of Inventories are as follows:
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

JIMMA TRADING COMPANY

Working Paper for Combined Financial Statements of Home Office and AGARO
Branch
For Year Ended December 31, 2006
(Periodic Inventory System: Billings above Cost)
Adjusted Trial Balance
Home Office Branch Elimination Combined
Dr (Cr) Dr (Cr) Dr (Cr) Dr (Cr)
Income Statement
Sales ................................................ (500,000) (150,000) (650,000)
Inventories, Dec.31, 2005 ............... 45,000 22,500 b (7,500) 60,000
Purchases ........................................ 400,000 400,000
Shipments to AGARO Branch ....... (80,000) a 80,000
Shipments from Home Office......... 120,000 a (120,000)
Inventories, Dec.31, 2006 ............... (70,000) (30,000) c 10,000 (90,000)
Operating Expenses ........................ 120,000 27,500 147,500
Net Income (loss)............................ 85,000 10,000 d 37,500 132,500
Totals .............................................. -0- -0- -0- -0-
Statement of Retained
Earnings
Retained Earnings, Dec.31, 2005 ... (117,000) (117,000)
Net Income from above .................. (85,000) (10,000) d (37,500) (132,500)
Dividends Declared ........................ 60,000 60,000
Retained Earnings, Dec.31,2005 .... (189,500)
Totals .............................................. -0-
Balance Sheet
Cash ................................................ 30,000 9,000 39,000
Trade Accounts Receivables(net) 64,000 28,000 92,000
Inventories (Dec.31, 2006) ............. 70,000 30,000 c (10,000) 90,000
AFOVI: AGARO Branch ............... (47,500) a 40,000
b 7,500
Investment in AGARO Branch ....... 57,000 e (57,000)
Equipment ....................................... 158,000 158,000
Accumulated Depreciation ............. (15,000) (15,000)
Trade Accounts Payable ................. (24,500) (24,500)
Home Office ................................... (57,000) e 57,000
Common Stock, Br 10 par .............. (150,000) (150,000)
Retained Earnings from above ....... (189,500)
Totals .............................................. -0- -0- -0- -0-
(a) To eliminate reciprocal ledger accounts for merchandise shipments
(b) To reduce beginning inventories of branch to cost
(c) To reduce ending inventories of branch to cost
(d) To increase HO income of by portion of merchandise markup that was realized by branch sales
(e) To eliminate reciprocal ledger account balances
 Chapter Two: Accounting for Sales Agency, Branch, and Division

2.8) Reconciliation of Reciprocal Ledger Accounts

At the end of an accounting period, the balance of the Investment in Branch ledger account in the
accounting records of the Home Office may not agree with the balance of the Home Office account
in the accounting records of the branch because certain transactions may have been recorded by one
office but not by the other office. The situation is comparable to that of reconciling the ledger
account for Cash in Bank with the balance in the Monthly Bank Statement. The lack of agreement
between the reciprocal ledger account balances causes no difficulty during an accounting period,
but at the end of each period the reciprocal account balances must be brought into agreement before
combined financial statements are prepared.

Illustration 2.3:
As an illustration of the procedure for reconciling reciprocal ledger account balances at year-end,
assume that the Home Office and branch accounting records of Mercy Company and its branch
Arvin Branch contain the following data on December 31, 2003:
Accounting Records of Home Office
Investment in Arvin Branch
Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
2003
Nov. 30 Balance (BBF) .......................................................... 62,500 Dr
Dec. 10 Cash received from branch ....................................... 20,000 42,500 Dr
27 Collection of branch trade accounts receivable ........ 1,000 41,500 Dr
29 Merchandise shipped to branch ............................... 8,000 49,500 Dr
Accounting Records of Arvin Branch
Home Office Account
Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
2003
Nov. 30 Balance (BBF) ........................................................... 62,500 Cr
Dec. 10 Cash sent to Home Office ......................................... 20,000 42,500 Cr
27 Acquired equipment .................................................3,000 39,500 Cr
29 Collection of HO trade accounts receivable .............. 2,000 41,500 Cr

There might be a number of reconciling items between Investment in Branch and Home Office
accounts. These are: -
 Inventories may be in-transit
 Trade Accounts Receivables of Branch may be collected by Home Office
 Branches may acquire plant assets to be maintained by HO without the knowledge of HO
 Trade Accounts Receivables of the Home Office may be collected by the Branches

Comparison of the two reciprocal ledger accounts discloses four reconciling items, describing as
follows:
1. A debit of Br 8,000 in the Investment in Arvin Branch ledger account without a related
credit in the Home Office account.
On December 29, the Home Office shipped merchandise costing Br 8,000 to the branch. The Home
Office debits its reciprocal ledger account with the branch on the date merchandise is shipped, but
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
the branch credits its reciprocal ledger account with the branch on the date merchandise is shipped,
but the branch credits it reciprocal account with the Home Office when the merchandise is received
a few days later. The required journey entry on December 31, 2003, in the branch accounting
records, assuming use of the perpetual inventory system, appears below:
Inventories in Transit ....................................................
8,000
Home Office .................................................. 8,000
To record shipment of merchandise in transit from Home Office
In taking a physical inventory on December 31, 2003, the branch must add to the inventories on
hand the Br 8000 of merchandise in transit. When the merchandise is received in 2004, the branch
debits Inventories and credits Inventories in Transit.
2. A credit of Br 1,000 in the Investment in Arvin Branch ledger account without a related
debit in the Home Office account.
On December 27, trade accounts receivables of the branch were collected by the Home Office. The
collection was recorded by the Home Office by a debit to Cash and a credit to Investment in Arvin
Branch. No journal entry was made by Arvin Branch; therefore, the following journal entry is
required in the accounting records of Arvin Branch on December 31, 2003:
Home Office ......................................................................1,000
Trade Accounts Receivable ................................. 1,000
To record collection of account receivable by Home Office
3. A debit of Br 3,000 in the Home Office ledger account without a related credit in the
Investment in Arvin Branch account.
On December 28, the branch acquired equipment for Br 3,000. Because the equipment used by the
branch is carried in the accounting records of the Home Office. The journal entry made by the
branch was a debit to Home Office and a credit to Cash. No journal entry was made by the Home
Office; therefore, the following journal entry is required on December 31, 2003, in the accounting
records of the Home Office:
Equipment: Arvin Branch ......................................................3,000
Investment in Arvin Branch ..................................... 3,000
To record equipment acquired by branch.
4. A credit of Br 2,000 in the Home Office ledger account without a related debit in the
Investment in Arvin Branch account.
On December 30, trade accounts receivables of the Home Office were collected by Arvin Branch.
The collection was recorded by Arvin Branch by a debit to Cash and a credit to Home Office. No
journal entry was made by the Home Office; therefore, the following journal entry is required in the
accounting records of the Home Office on December 31, 2003:
Investment in Arvin Branch................................................... 2,000
Trade Accounts Receivable ..................................... 2,000
To record collection of accounts receivable by Arvin Branch.
The effect of the foregoing end-of-period journal is to update the reciprocal ledger accounts, as
shown by the following reconciliation:
 Chapter Two: Accounting for Sales Agency, Branch, and Division

MERCY COMPANY-HOME OFFICE AND ARVIN BRANCH

Reconciliation of Reciprocal Ledger Accounts
December 31, 2003
Investment in Arvin Home Office
Branch Account Account
Balances before adjustments ..................................... Br 49,500 Dr Br 41,500 Cr
Add: (1) Merchandise shipped to branch by HO ....... 8,000
(4) HO trade A/Rec collected by Branch........ 2,000
Less: (2) Branch A/Rec collected by HO ................ (1,000)
(3) Equipment acquired by branch ................. (3,000)
Adjusted balances .................................................... Br 48,500 Dr Br 48,500 Cr

2.9) Transactions between Branches

Efficient operations may on occasion require that merchandise or other assets be transferred from
one branch to another. Generally, a branch does not carry a reciprocal ledger account with another
branch but records the transfer in the Home Office ledger account. For example, if MODJO Branch
ships merchandise to ADAMA Branch, MODJO Branch debits Home Office and credits
Inventories (assuming that the perpetual inventory system is used). On receipt of the merchandise,
ADAMA Branch debits Inventories and credits Home Office. The Home Office records the
transfer between branches by a debit to Investment in ADAMA Branch and a credit to Investment
in MODJO Branch.

The transfer of merchandise form one to another does not justify increasing the carrying amount of
inventories by the freight costs incurred because of the indirect routing. The amount of freight costs
properly included in inventories at a branch is limited to the cost of shipping the merchandise
directly from the Home Office to its present location. Excess freight costs are recognized as
expenses of the Home Office.
Illustration 2.4:
To illustrate the accounting for excess freight costs on inter-branch transfers of merchandise,
assume the following for excess freight costs on interbranch transfers of merchandise, assume the
following data. The Home Office shipped merchandise costing Br 6,000 to Dana Branch and paid
freight costs of Br 400. Subsequently, the Home Office instructed Dana Branch to transfer this
merchandise to Evan Branch. Freight costs of Br 300 were paid by Dana Branch to carry out this
order. If the merchandise had been shipped directly from the Home Office to Evan Branch, the
freight costs would have been Br 500. The journal entries required in the three sets of accounting
records (assuming that the perpetual inventory system is used) as follows:
1. In the Accounting Records of Home Office:
Investment in Dana Branch ........................................6,400
Inventories ...................................................... 6,000
Cash ................................................................ 400
To record shipment of merchandise and payment of freight costs
Investment in Evan Branch ........................................................6,500
Excess Freight Cost–Interbranch Transfer Expense ......... 200
Investment in Dana Branch ............................................... 6,700
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
To record transfer of merchandise from Dana Branch to Evan Branch under instruction of Home
Office

Interbranch freight of Br 300 paid by Dana Branch caused total freight costs on this merchandise to
exceed direct shipment cost by Br 200 (Br 400 + Br 300 – Br 500 = Br 200).
2. In the Accounting Records of Dana Branch:
Inventories .................................................................................
6,000
Freight-In ................................................................................... 400
Home Office ................................................................... 6,400

To record receipt of merchandise from Home Office with freight costs paid in advance by Home
Office.
Home Office .............................................................................. 6,700
Inventories ................................................................... 6,000
Freight In ..................................................................... 400
Cash ............................................................................. 300
To record transfer of merchandise to Evan Branch under instruction of Home Office and payment
of freight costs of Br 300.
3. In Accounting Records of Evan Branch:
Inventories ................................................................................. 6,000
Freight In ................................................................................... 500
Home Office ................................................................ 6,500
To record transfer of merchandise to Evan Branch under instruction of Home Office and Normal
freight costs billed by Home Office.

Recognized excess freight costs on merchandise transferred from one branch to another as expenses
of the Home Office is an example of the accounting principle that expense and losses should be
given prompt recognition. The excess freight costs from such shipments generally result from
inefficient planning of original shipments and should not be included in inventories.

In recognizing excess freight costs of interbranch transfer as expenses attributable to the Home
Office, the assumption was that the Home Office makes the decisions directing all shipments. If
branch managers are given authority to order transfers of merchandise between branches, the excess
freight costs are recognized as expenses attributable to the branches whose managers authorized the
transfers.
 Chapter Three: Accounting for Installment Sales and Consignment Contracts

Chapter Three
Installment Sales and Consignment Contracts
Chapter outlines:
 Characteristics and principles of installment sales
 Methods of recognition of profit on installments sales
 Accounting for installment sales
 Defaults and repossession
 Definitions of consignment sales
 Distinguishing sales on consignment and regular sales
 Accounting for consignee
 Accounting for consignor
 Allocating costs on partial sales
Chapter objectives:
After completing this chapter, you would be able:
 Differentiate regular sales from installment and consignment
 Comprehend the concepts of installment and consignment
 Compute profit from installment sales under different alternative methods
 Record transactions involving installment sales
 Account for consignment sales from consignee point of view
 Account for consignment transaction for the consignor and understand how profit or loss
is determined from the consignment
 Learn how to prepare account sales
 Learn how cost is allocated on partial sales for Home Office and Branches
Chapter Prerequisite: Financial Accounting II
Time Required: 6 Hours

3.1 Installment Sales

3.1.1 Special Characteristics of Installment Sales
An installment sale is a sale of real or personal property or services which provides for a service of
payments over a period of months or years. A down payment usually, but not always, is required.
Since, the seller must wait a considerable period of time to collect the full sales price, it is
customary to provide interest on the unpaid balances and to add carrying charges to the listed
selling price.

The risk of non-collection to the seller is greatly increased when sales are made on the installment
plan. Customers generally are in weaker financial condition then those who buy or open account;
furthermore, the credit rating of the customers and their ability to pay may change significantly
during the period covered by installment contract. The risk of non-collection is guaranteed by
security agreement which enables them to repossess the property if the buyer falls to make
payments.

The seller‟s right to protect their security interest (uncollected balance of a sale contract) and to
repossess the property varies by type of industry, the form of the contractual arrangement, and the
statutes relating to repossessions. For the service-type business, repossession obviously is not
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
available as a safeguard against the failure to collect. In reality, for many types of personal property
as well, the sellers‟ right to repossess may be more a threat than a real assurance against loss. The
product sold may have been damaged or may have depreciated to a point that it is worth less than
the balance due on the installment contract. A basic rule designed to minimize losses from non-
payments of installment contracts is to require a sufficient down payment, payment to cover the loss
of value when property moves out of the “new Merchandise” category. A corollary rule is that the
payment schedule should not be outstripped by the projected decline in value of the property. For
example, if a customer buying an automobile on the installment plan finds after a year or so that the
car is currently worth less than the balance still owed on the contract, the customer‟s motivation to
continue the payments may be reduced.

Competitive pressures within an industry often will not permit a business to adhere to these
standards. Furthermore, repossession may be a difficult and expensive process, especially if the
customer is non-cooperative or necessary to make the merchandise salable, and the resale of such
merchandise may be difficult. For these reasons, doubtful accounts expense is likely to be
significantly higher on installment sales than regular credit sales.

A related problem is the increased collection expenses when payments are spread over an extended
period. Accounting expenses also are multiplied by the use of installment sales, and large amounts
of working capital are tied up in installment receivables. In recognition of these problems, many
business executives have concluded that the handling of installment receivables is a separate
business, and they therefore sell their installment receivable to finance companies which specialize
in credit and collection activities.

From the above discussion, it is understood that installment sales pose some challenging problems.
The most basic problems are:
 Difficulty of matching costs with related revenue
 Greater risk of non-collection or higher doubtful accounts expense
 Repossession of highly damaged or depreciated property
 Higher collection expenses
 Reconditioning and repairing costs for repossessed property
 Substantial amount of working capital is tied up in receivables

3.1.2 Methods for Recognition of Profits on Installment Sales

The determination of net income on installment sales is complicated by the fact that the amounts of
revenue and related costs and expenses are seldom known in the period when the sale is made.
Substantial expenses such as collection, accounting, repairs, and repossession are likely to be
incurred in subsequent periods. In some business, the risk of non-collection may be go great as to
raise doubts as to the recognition of any revenue or profit at the point of sale. The first objective in
development of accounting policies for installment sales should be reasonable matching of costs
and revenue. However, in recognition of the diverse business conditions under which installment
sales are made, three approaches are used:
1. Recognition of Gross Profit at the Time of Sale (Accrual Method)
2. Cost Recovery method; and
3. Recognition of Gross Profit through the use of installment method of accounting.
 Chapter Three: Accounting for Installment Sales and Consignment Contracts

1. Accrual Method of Gross Profit Recognition (At the Time of Sale)

To recognize the entire gross profit at the time of an installment sale is to say in effect that
installment sales should be treated like regular sales on credit. The merchandise has been delivered
to the customer and an enforceable receivable of definite amount has been acquired. The excess of
the receivable contract over the cost of merchandise delivered is realized gross profit in the
traditional meaning of the term. The journal entry consists of a debit of installment contracts
receivable and a credit to installment sales. If a perpetual inventory system is maintained, another
journal entry is needed to transfer the cost of merchandise from the inventories account to the cost
of installment sales account. No recognition is given to the seller’s retention of title to the
merchandise because the normal expectation is completion of the contract through collection of
receivable. Implicit in this recognition of gross profit at the time of sale is the assumption that all
expenses relating to the sale will be recognized in the same period so that the determination of net
income consists of matching realized revenue with expired costs.

These expenses include collection expenses and doubtful expenses. The journal entries to record
such expenses would consist of debits to expense accounts and credits to asset valuation accounts
such as Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and Allowance for Collection Costs. The Allowance
accounts would be debited in later periods as uncollectible installment contracts become known and
as collection costs are incurred.

2. Cost Recovery Method Gross Profit Recognition

In some cases accounts receivable may be collectible over a long period of time. In addition the
terms of sale may not be definite, and the financial position of customers may be extremely
unpredictable, thus making it virtually impossible to find a reasonable basis for estimating the
degree of collectiblity of the receivable. In such cases, either the installment method or the cost
recovery method of accounting may be used for installment sales. Under the cost recovery method,
no profit is recognized unit all costs of the item sold have been fully recovered. After all costs have
been recovered, additional collections on the installment receivables would be recognized as
revenue (profit), and only current collection expenses would be charged to such revenue. The cost
recovery method of accounting is rarely used.

3. Installment Method of Gross Profit Recognition

The third approach to the measurement of income from installment sales is to recognize gross profit
in installments over the term of the contract on the basis of cash collections.

Collection of receivables rather than sales is used as the basis for realization of gross profit. In other
words, a modified cash basis of accounting is substituted for the accrual basis. This modified cash
basis of accounting is known as the installment method of accounting.
Example 3.1: At the beginning of Year 3, SANCHO Company sold merchandise on installment
basis for Br 200,000 that have cost of Br 130,000. The first payment is to be collected at the end of
Year 3. The cash collection performances are as follows:

Year 1.......................................................................................... Br 90,000

Year 2.......................................................................................... Br 60,000
Year 3.......................................................................................... Br 50,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Instruction: Determine the realized gross profit to be reported each year under Accrual Method;
Cost Recovery Method; and Installment Method

1. Accrual Method
Year 1 Installment Sales Br 200,000 100%
Cost of Installment Sales 130,000 65%
Realized Gross Profit Br 70,000 35%
Year 2 Realized Gross Profit -0-
Year 3 Realized Gross Profit -0-
The Br 70,000 gross profit is realized in Year 1. Therefore, there is no gross profit to be realized in
Year 2 and Year 3 from this installment sale.

2. Cost Recovery Method

The gross profit to be realized is the difference between the cash collection and unrecovered cost:
Collection Cost Realized GP Remark
Year 1 90,000 130,000 Br0 40,000 cost is not recovered (90,000–130,000)
Year 2 60,000 40,000 Br20,000 20,000 profit after the cost is fully recovered
Year 3 50,000 0 Br50,000 The entire collection is a profit
Total 200,000 Br70,000

3. Installment Method
Under installment method of gross profit and revenue recognition, each cash collection consists of
certain percentage of gross profit and certain percentage of cost recovery

Collection Gross Profit %age Realized Gross Profit

Year 1 90,000 35% 90,000 @ 35% = 31,500
Year 2 60,000 35% 60,000 @ 35% = 21,000
Year 3 50,000 35% 50,000 @ 35% = 17,500
Total 200,000 70,000

3.1.3 The Installment Method of Accounting

Under the installment method of accounting, each cash collection on the contract is regarded as
including both a return of costs and a realization of gross profit in the ratio in which these two
elements were included in the selling price. The gross profit is deferred and credited to Deferred
Gross Profit. At each collection the gross profit is realized and the realization is debited and
credited to Deferred Gross Profit and Realized Gross Profit, respectively.

The installment method is acceptable under income tax regulations. In fact, the opportunity to
postpone the recognition of taxable income has been responsible for the popularity of the
installment method of accounting for income tax purposes. Although the income tax advantages are
readily apparent, the theoretical support for the installment method of accounting is less imperative.
 Chapter Three: Accounting for Installment Sales and Consignment Contracts
Objection to Installment Method of Accounting
There is no sound accounting reason for the use of the installment method for financial
accounting purposes in the case of closed transactions in which collection is dependent upon lapse
of time and the probabilities of realization are properly evaluated. The postponement of recognition
of revenues until they can be measured by actual cash receipt is not in accordance with the concept
of an accrual accounting. Any uncertainty as to collectibles should be expressed by a separately
calculated and separately disclosed estimate of uncollectible rather than by a postponement of the
recognition of revenue.

The circumstances in which the use of the installment method of accounting was permitted were:
1. Collection of installment receivables is not reasonably assumed
2. Receivables are collectible over an extended period of time; and
3. There is no reasonable basis for estimating the degree of collectibles.
In such situations, either the installment method or the cost Recovery method of accounting may be
used.

Illustration 3.1: Single Sale of Real Estate on the installment plan

On November 1, Year 1, ZF Real Estate, which maintained accounting records on a calendar year
basis, sold a building for Br 215,000 whose construction cost was Br 140,000. Commission and
other expenses pertaining to the sale was Br 15,000. The Br 15,000 was an expense treated as
deductions in determining the gross profit on the sale rather than as charges to specific expense
accounts. The net amount of receivable from the sale was therefore Br 200,000, of which 70%
represented the cost i.e. the return on the investment and 30% represented deferred gross gain. All
collections from the buyer including the down payment were regarded as consisting of 70% cost
recovery of 30% realization of Gross Profit or gain. The contract of sale called for a down payment
of Br 65,000 and a promissory note, with payment every six months in the amount of Br 30,000
plus interest (finance charges) of the annual interest rate of 10% on the unpaid balance. Instruction:
Record the transaction under the installment method.

Transaction of Year 1:
ZF Real Estate
Journal Entries to Record Sale of Building on Installment Plan
Year 1 Cash........................................................................................ 50,000
Nov. 1 Notes Receivable ...................................................................150,000
Building .............................................................. 140,000
Deferred Gain on Sale of Building ..................... 60,000
Recording building on installment plan. Net cash is the difference between the Br
65,000 down payment and the Br 15,000 commission expense (65,000 – 15,000)
Dec.31 Deferred Gain on sale of Building .........................................15,000
Realized Gain on sale of building ........................... 15,000
Realized Gain Computed at 30% of cash collected on the contract during Year1
Dec.31 Interest Receivables.......................................................................2,500
Interest Revenue ............................................................ 2,500
To accrue interest for two months at 10% on notes receivables of Br 150,000. Br
150,000 @ 10% @ 2/12 = 2,500
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Transaction of Year 2:
Year 2 Cash ................................................................................................ 37,500
May.1 Interest Receivable........................................................ 2,500
Interest Revenue ........................................................... 5,000
Notes Receivable .......................................................... 30,000
Collected Semiannual installment on notes receivable plus interest for six months
at 10% on Br 150,000
Nov. 1 Cash ................................................................................................ 36,000
Interest Revenue ........................................................... 6,000
Notes Receivable .......................................................... 30,000
Collected Semiannual installment on notes receivable plus interest for six months at
10% on unpaid balance of Br 120,000 (Br 150,000 – 30,000)
Dec.31 Deferred Gain on sale of Building .................................................18,000
Realized Gain on sale of building .................................. 18,000
Realized Gain Computed at 30% of cash collected on the contract during Year2 (Br
60,000 @ 30% = Br 18,000)
Dec.31 Interest Receivables........................................................................1,500
Interest Revenue ............................................................ 1,500
To accrue interest for two months at 10% on notes receivables of Br 90,000. Br
90,000 @ 10% @ 2/12 = 1,500

Transaction of Year 3:
Year 3 Cash........................................................................................ 34,500
May.1 Interest Receivable................................................. 1,500
Interest Revenue .................................................... 3,000
Notes Receivable ................................................... 30,000
Collected Semiannual installment on notes receivable plus interest for six
months at 10% on Br 90,000
Nov. 1 Cash........................................................................................ 33,000
Interest Revenue .................................................... 3,000
Notes Receivable ................................................... 30,000
Collected Semiannual installment on notes receivable plus interest for six
months at 10% on unpaid balance of Br 60,000 (Br 90,000 – 30,000)
Dec.31 Deferred Gain on sale of Building .........................................18,000
Realized Gain on sale of building ........................... 18,000
Realized Gain Computed at 30% of cash collected on the contract during Year2 (Br
60,000 @ 30% = Br 18,000)
Dec.31 Interest Receivables ...............................................................500
Interest Revenue ..................................................... 500
To accrue interest for two months at 10% on notes receivables of Br 30,000.
Br 30,000 @ 10% @ 2/12 = 500
Transaction of Year-4:
Year 4 Cash ................................................................................................ 31,500
May 1 Interest Receivable........................................................ 500
Interest Revenue ........................................................... 1,000
Notes Receivable .......................................................... 30,000
Collection of the final Semiannual installment plus interest for six months at 10%
on Br 30,000
 Chapter Three: Accounting for Installment Sales and Consignment Contracts
Note: If a sale on the installment plan results in a loss, the entire loss must be recognized in the year
of the sale.

Sales of merchandise on the installment plan by a dealer (Merchandising Businesses)

Assume a large volume of installment sales of merchandise by company which used the installment
method of accounting because the collectibles of the receivable cannot be estimated. The first
requirement is to keep separate all sales made on the installment plan as distinguished from
ordinary sales. The accounting records for installment receivables usually are maintained by
contract rather than by customer; if several articles are sold on the installment plan to one customer;
it is convenient to account for each contract separately. However, it is not necessary to compute the
rate of gross profit on each individual installment sales or to apply a different rate to collections on
each individual contract. The average rate of gross profit on all installment sales during a given year
generally is computed and applied to all collections received (net of interest and carrying charges)
on installment receivables originating in that year.
Illustration 3.2:
View Company sells merchandise on the installment plan as well as on regular terms i.e. on cash or
30-day open accounts and uses a perpetual inventory system. For the installment sale the customer‟s
account is debited for the full amount of the selling price, including interest and carrying charges,
and is credited for the amount of the down payment. At the beginning of Year 5, View Company‟s
ledger included the following accounts.
Installment contracts receivable – Year 3 .....................................................Br 20,000 debit
Installment contracts receivable – Year 4 ..................................................... 85,000 debit
Deferred interest and carrying charges on installment sales ......................... 17,500 credit
Deferred gross profit – year 3 installment sales ............................................ 4,500 credit
Deferred gross profit – year 4 installment sales ............................................ 19,460 credit
The gross profit rate on installment sales (excluding interest and carrying charges) uses 25% in
Year 3 and 28% in Year 4. During Year 5, the following transactions relating to installment sales
were completed by View Company:
1. Installment sales, cost of installment sales and deferred gross profit for Year 5 are listed below:
Installment sales not including Br 30,000 deferred interest and
Carrying charges (Installment Contract Receivable) ...................................Br 200,000 debit
Cost of installment sales................................................................................ 138,000 debit
Deferred gross profit – Year 5 installment sales ........................................... 62,000 credit
Rate of gross profit on installment sales (62,000 / 200,000)......................... 31%

2. Cash collection on installment contract during Year 5 are summarized below:

Sales Price Interest and Total Cash
Carrying Charges Collected
Installment Receivable Year 5 80,000 10,000 90,000
Installment Receivable Year 4 44,500 12,500 57,000
Installment Receivable Year 3 17,000 1,850 18,850
Total 141,500 24,350 165,850
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
3. Customers who purchased merchandise in Year 3 were unable to pay the balance of their
contracts, Br 1,150. The contracts consisted of Br 1,000 sales price and B150 in interest and
carry charges, and included Br 250 of deferred gross profit (Br 1000 @ 25% = Br 250). The
current fair value of the merchandise repossessed was Br 650.
4. Deferred Gross Profit was Realized in Year 5 on cash collected during the year
Relating to Year 5 sales, Br 80000 @ 31% ............................................... Br 24,800
Relating to Year 4 sales, Br 44,500 @ 28% .............................................. 12,460
Relating to Year 3 sales, Br 17000 @ 25% ............................................... 4,250
Total ...........................................................................................................
Br 41,510

Recording Transactions: the journal entries to record the transactions for View Company
relating to installment sales for Year 5 are given below:
View Company
General Journal
Installment Sales Receivable Year 5.................................................... 230,000
Installment Sales ....................................................................... 200,000
Deferred interest & carrying charges on installment sales ....... 30,000
To record installment sales during Year 5
Cost of installment sales ...................................................................138,000
Inventories ........................................................................ 138,000
To record cost of installment sales
Cash......................................................................................................165,850
Installment Receivable Year 5 ............................................. 90,000
Installment Receivable Year 4 ............................................. 57,000
Installment Receivable Year 3 ............................................. 18,850
To record cash collections on installment accounts during Year 5
Inventories (repossessed merchandise) ................................................ 650
Deferred gross profit Year 3 installment sales ..................................... 250
Deferred interest & carrying charges on installment sales .................. 150
Doubtful Accounts Expense ................................................................ 100
Installment Sales Receivables ................................................ 1,150
To record default on installment contracts originating in Year 3 and repossession of
merchandise
 Chapter Three: Accounting for Installment Sales and Consignment Contracts
Adjusting Entries: the adjusting journal entries for View Company at December 31, Year 5, are as
follows:
View Company
General Journal
Installment sales ...................................................................................... 200,000
Cost of installment sales .............................................................. 138,000
Deferred Gross Profit ................................................................... 62,000
To record deferred gross profit on Year 5 installment sales
Deferred Gross Profit – Year 5 installment sales....................................24,800
Deferred Gross Profit – Year 4 installment sales....................................12,460
Deferred Gross Profit – Year 3 installment sales.................................... 4,250
Realized Gross Profit on installment sales................................ 41,510
To record realized gross profit
Deferred interest and carrying charges on installment sales ...................24,350
Revenue from interest and carrying charges .......................... 24,350
To record interest and carrying charges earned during Year 5
The Realized Gross Profit on Installment Sales and Revenue from interest and carrying accounts
would be closed to the Income Summary account at the end of Year 5. The accounts relating to
installment sales appear in the general ledger at the end of Year 5 as follows:
Account Balances at end of Year 5
Installment Contract Receivables – Year 4 ................................................... Br 28,000 debit
Installment Contract Receivable – Year 5 .................................................... 140,000 debit
Deferred interest and carrying charges on installment.................................. 23,000 credit
Deferred Gross Profit – Year 4 installment sales .......................................... 7,000 credit
Deferred Gross Profit – Year 5 installment sales .......................................... 37,200 credit
These amounts may be rearranged in slightly different form to test the accuracy of the deferred
gross profit on installment contracts at the end of Year 5:
View Company
Proof of Deferred Gross Profit
December 31, Year 5
Contract Deferred Net Contract Gross Deferred
Receivables Interest & CC Receivables Profit % GP
Year 4 accounts Br 28,000 Br 3,000 Br 25,000 28 Br 7,000
Year 5 accounts 140,000 20,000 120,000 31 37,200
Totals 168,000 23,000 145,000 44,200

Note: Instead of separating the collections applicable to the sales price and to the interest and
carrying charges, it would be possible to determine the gross profit rate by inclusion of the interest
and carrying charges in the selling price in the computation of the gross profit rate.

Financial statement presentation of installment sales accounts

The presentation of accounts relating to installment sales in the financial statements raises some
interesting theoretical issues, regardless of whether the accrual basis or the installment method of
accounting is used.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Income Statement
A partial income statement for Year 5 for View Company, which uses the installment method of
accounting, is presented below. This statement is based on the installment sales information
illustrated, plus additional assumed data for regular sales.

View Company
Partial Income Statement
For Year Ended December 31, Year 5
Installment Sales Regular Sales Combined
Sales ............................................................... Br 200,000 Br 300,000 Br 500,000
Cost of goods sold ......................................... 138,000 222,000 360,000
Gross profit on sales....................................... Br 62,000 Br 78,000 140,000
Less: Deferred GP on Year 5 sales ................ 37,200 37,200
Realized GP on Year 5 sales .......................... Br 24,800 Br 78,000 Br 102,800
Add: Realized GP on Prior Year Sales*........ 16,710
Total Realized Gross Profit ........................... Br 119,510
*Sales= Prior Year Installment Sales

If the accrual basis of accounting were used for all sales, a gross profit of Br 140,000 would be
reported in Year 5. Revenue from interest and carrying charges on installment contracts may be
added to sales to arrive at total revenue; in a classified income statement, such revenue generally is
reported as Other Revenue.
Balance Sheet
Installment contracts receivable, net of deferred interest and carrying charges, are classified as
current assets, although the collection period often extends more than a year beyond the balance
sheet date. This rule is applicable whether the accrual basis or the installment method of accounting
is used. The definition of current assets specifically includes installment accounts and notes
receivable if they conform generally to normal trade practices and terms within the industry. This
classification is supported by the concept that current assets include all resources expected to be
realized in cash or sold or consumed during the normal operating cycle of the business.
The classification of deferred gross profit on installment sales in the balance sheet when installment
method of accounting is used for financial accounting purposes is controversial. A common practice
for many years was to classify it as a deferred credit at the end of the liability section. Critics of this
treatment pointed out that no obligation to an outsider existed and that the liability classification
was improper.
The existence of a deferred gross profit account is based on the argument that the profit element of
an installment sale has not yet been realized. Acceptance of this view suggest that the related
installment receivable will be overstated unless the deferred gross profit account is shown as a
deduction from installment contracts receivable.

3.1.4 Defaults and Repossessions

If a customer defaults on an installment contract for services and no further collection can be made,
it is a default without the possibility of repossession. A similar situation exists for certain types of
merchandise which have no significant resale value. The journal entry required in such cases it to
 Chapter Three: Accounting for Installment Sales and Consignment Contracts
write off the uncollectible installment contract receivable, cancel the deferred gross profit related to
the receivable, and debit Doubtful Accounts Expense for the difference. In other words, the
Doubtful Accounts Expense is equal to the Unrecovered Cost contained in the installment contract
receivable.
 Doubtful Accounts Expense = Unrecovered Cost = Installment Receivables – Deferred GP –
Deferred interest and Carrying Charges
However, in most cases a default by a customer leads to repossession of merchandise. The doubtful
accounts expense is reduced by the current fair value of the property repossessed, and it is possible,
though not likely, for repossession to result in a gain. The principal difficulty in accounting for
defaults followed by repossession is estimation of the current fair value of the merchandise at the
time of repossession. The current fair value should allow for any necessary reconditioning costs and
provide for a normal gross profit on resale.
 Doubtful Accounts Expense = Unrecovered Cost = Installment Receivables – Deferred GP –
Deferred interest and Carrying Charges – Current fair value repossessed inventory
 Current fair value = expected resale value – reconditioning cost – normal gross profit

In the previous example of repossession by View Company, the following are accomplished:
1. It eliminated the defaulted installment contracts receivable of Br1,150
2. It cancelled deferred gross profit of Br 250 and deferred interest and carrying charges of Br 150
3. It recognized an asset equal to Br 650 current fair value of the repossessed merchandise; and
4. It recognized doubtful accounts expense of Br 100, the difference between the unrecovered cost
in the defaulted receivable Br 750 and the current fair value of the repossessed merchandise Br
650

3.1.5 Other accounting issues relating to installment sales

Special accounting issues arise in connection with:
1. Acceptance of used property as a trade-in
2. Computation of interest on installment contracts receivable
3. The use of the installment method of accounting solely for income tax purposes, and

1. Trade-in
Trade-in is acceptance of a used property as partial payment for a new one. An accounting problem
is raised only if there is an over allowance. An over allowance is the excess of the trade-in
allowance over the current fair value of the used property. An over allowance on trade-ins is
significant as it actually represents a reduction in the stated selling price of the new merchandise.
Example 3.2:
Assume that an article with a cost of Br 2,400 is sold on an installment contract for Br 3,300. Used
merchandise is accepted as a trade-in at a “value” of Br 1,100, but the dealer expects to spend Br 50
in reconditioning the used merchandise before reselling it for only Br 1,000. Assume further that the
customary gross profit rate on used merchandise of this type is 15%, which will cover the selling
costs, various overhead costs, and also provide a reasonable gross profit on the resale of the used
merchandise. The current fair value of the trade-in and the amount of the Over Allowance may be
computed as follows:
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Trade-in Allowance given to customer ............................................................ Br 1,100
Deduct current fair value of trade-in
Estimated reseal value of article traded-in .................................. Br 1,000
Less: Reconditioning Costs ............................................. Br 50
Gross Profit Margin (Br 1,000 @ 15%) .......................... 150 200
Current fair value of article traded in .................................................... 800
Over Allowance on trade-in ............................................................................. Br 300

Assuming that a perpetual inventory system is used, the journal entry to record the installment sale
and the merchandise traded in follows:
Inventories (Trade-in) ............................................................................. 800
Installment Contracts Receivable (Br 3,300 – 1,100) ............................. 2,200
Cost of Installment Sales ........................................................................ 2,400
Installment sales (3,300 – 300) ................................................. 3,000
Inventories (new) ...................................................................... 2,400
To record sale of merchandise for Br 3,000, consisting of gross sales price of Br 3,300 minus
an over allowance of Br 300 given on the trade-in

2. Interest on Installment Contracts Receivable

Installment contracts usually provide for interest and other so-called “carrying charges” to be paid
concurrently with each installment payment. Such deferred payment charges, regardless of the label
placed on them, represent a cost of borrowing to the buyer and logically may be referred to as
“Interest”. However, only the portion of the payment which is applied to reduce the principal of the
contract is considered in the measurement of realized gross profit under the installment method of
accounting. The interest revenue for financial accounting purpose should be computed periodically
by the application of the effective interest rate to the unpaid balance of the installment contracts
receivable.
3. Installment Method for Income Tax Purposes Only
The popularity of the installment method for income tax purposes is explained by its capacity for
postponing the recognition of taxable income and the payment of income taxes.

3.2 Consignment Contract (External Sales Agent)

3.2.1 Definition of Consignment Sales
Consignment represents a bailment i.e. a contract for delivery of goods to a bailee. That is a person
or party to whom goods are delivered for a purpose (such as sale, safekeeping, repairs, etc) without
transfer of ownership. It is a transfer of merchandise from the owner to another person who acts as
the sales agent of the owner. There are two parties to consignment contract: consignor and
consignee
 Consignor (bailor) is the owner who retains title to the merchandise
 Consignee (bailee) is the sales agent who has physical possession to the merchandise
Consignees are responsible to consignors for merchandise placed in their custody until it is sold or
returned. Because consignees do not acquire title to the merchandise, they neither include it in
inventories nor record an accounts payable or other liability. The only obligation of the consignee is
to give reasonable care to the consigned merchandise to account for it to consignors. When
merchandise is sold by a consignee, the resulting accounts receivable is the property of the
 Chapter Three: Accounting for Installment Sales and Consignment Contracts
consignor. At this point the consignor records a sale, gross profit or loss. The shipment of
merchandise on consignment may be referred to by the consignor as a Consignment-Out and by
the consignee as a Consignment-In

3.2.2 Distinction between a Consignment and a Sale

A clear distinction between the two is necessary for proper measurement of income. Regular sales
and consignment, both, involve the shipment of merchandise. Title does not pass when merchandise
is shipped under consignment agreement. Thus, no revenue and profit should be recognized at the
time of the consignment shipment, because there is no change in ownership of merchandise. If the
consignee‟s business should fail, the consignor would not be in a position of a creditor, instead the
consignor is the owner of unsold merchandise that was initially consigned. Some reasons why a
manufacturer or wholesaler prefers to consign merchandise rather than to make outright sales are:
 The consignor may be able to persuade dealers to stock the items on a consignment basis where
they will not be willing to purchase the merchandise out right (regular sales)
 The consignor avoids the risk inherent in selling on account to credit customers of questionable
financial strength
 From the stand point of a consignee the acquisition on consignment rather than by out right
purchase requires less amount of capital investment and avoids the risk of loss if the
merchandise can not be sold and become obsolete.

3.2.3 Right and Duties of the Consignee

When merchandise is shipped on consignment, a contract is needed on such points as:
 Credit terms to be granted to customers by the consignee
 Expenditures of the consignee to be reimbursed by the consignor
 Commission allowed to the consignee – that may be 5% or 10%, etc
 Frequency of reporting and payment by the consignee
 Handling and care of the consigned merchandise
The general rights and duties of the consignee may be summarized as follows:

Rights of Consignee Duties of Consignee

1.To receive compensation or commission for 1.To give reasonable care and protection in relation
merchandise sold for the account of the consignor to the nature of the consigned merchandise
2.To receive reimbursement for expenditures such as 2.To keep the consigned merchandise separate
freight & insurance made in connection with from owned inventories or be able to identify the
consignment consigned merchandise. Similarly, the consignee
must identify and segregate the consignment
accounts receivable from other receivables.
3.To sell consigned merchandise on credit if the 3.to use care in extending credit on sales of
consignor has not forbidden credit sales consigned merchandise and to be diligent in setting
prices on consigned on consigned merchandise and
in collecting consignment Accounts Receivables
4.to make the usual warranties as to the quality of the 4.to render complete report of sales of consigned
consigned merchandise and to bind the consignor merchandise and to make appropriate and timely
honor such warranties payments to the consignor
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
In granting credit as in caring for the consigned merchandise, the consignee is obliged to act
prudently and to protect the property rights of the consignor of consigned merchandise are the
property of the consignor.
 Because the receivables from the sale of consigned merchandise are the property of the
consignor, the consignor bears any credit losses provided that the consignee has exercised due
care in granting credit and making collections.
 However, the consignee may guarantee fee collection of consignment account receivable; under
this type of consignment contract, the consignee is said to be a del credere agent
The consignee also must follow any special instructions by the consignor as to care of the consigned
merchandise. If the consignee acts prudently in providing appropriate care and protection for the
consigned merchandise, the consignee is not liable for any damage to the merchandise that may
occur.

3.2.4 The Account Sale (Report of Sales)

The report rendered by the consignee to the consignor is called an Account Sale which includes
information such as:
 The quantity of merchandise received and sold
 Expenditures made by the consignee that must be reimbursed by the consignor
 Cash advances made by the consignor to the consignee
 Amounts owed or remitted to the consignor
The consignee makes payments to the consignor as portions of the merchandise are sold or
payments may not be required until all the consigned merchandise either has been sold or has been
returned to the consignor.
Example 3.3: ABC Electronics Trading (located in Addis Ababa) ships 10 units of Television Sets
to SHEREFA Trading at HAWASSA on consignment basis on August 1, 2006. Each unit is to be
sold at Br 400. The consignee is to be reimbursed for freight costs Br 135 and it to receive a
commission of 20% of the authorized selling price. After selling all the consigned merchandise,
SHEREFA Trading has to send to the consignor an account sale.

3.2.5 Accounting for the Consignee

The receipt of the consignment shipment could be recorded by the consignee in several ways. The
objective is to create a memorandum record of the consigned merchandise; no purchase has been
made and no liability exists. Therefore the receipt of the consignment could be recorded by a
memorandum notation in the general journal, or by an entry in a separate ledger of consignment
shipments, or by a memorandum entry in a general ledger account entitled Consignment In. The
journal entries to record different transactions by Consignee are as follows:
a) To record the payment of freight costs on the shipment from the consignor
Consignment-in – ABC Electronics ...................................... 135
Cash.............................................................................. 135
b) Sold 10 TV Sets at a stipulated selling price
Cash ...................................................................................... 4,000
Consignment-in – ABC Electronics ............................ 4,000
 Chapter Three: Accounting for Installment Sales and Consignment Contracts
c) Commission of 20% earned on TV sets sold
Consignment-in – ABC Electronics ...................................... 800
Commission Revenue – Consignment Sales................ 800
d) Payment in full to Consignor
Consignment-in – ABC Electronics ..................................... 3,065
Cash ............................................................................. 3,065

After posting all the four journal entries above; the consignment-in account in the accounting
records of the consignee appears as follows:

Consignment In – ABC Electronics

Date Explanation Debit Credit Balance
Received 10 units of TV Sets to be sold for Br
400 each at a commission of 20% of selling
price ...........................................................................
Fright Costs paid by consignee ................................. 135 135 Dr
Sales of the merchandise (Br 400 @ 10 units) .......... 4,000 3,865 Cr
Commission revenue (Br 4,000 @ 20%) .................. 800 3,065 Cr
Payment to Consignor ............................................... 3,065 -0-

After selling all the consigned merchandise SHEREFA Trading sends ABC Electronics an Account
Sales which is presented in the following manner:
SHEREFA Trading
HAWASSA
ACCOUNT SALES
August 31, 2006
Sales for account & risk of:
ABC Electronics
Addis Ababa
Sales: 10 TV sets @ Br 400 ................................................... Br 4,000
Charges:
Freight Costs .......................................................................... Br 135
Commission (20% @ Br 4,000) ............................................ Br 800 935
Balance (Payment to Consignor) ........................................... Br3,065
Consigned TV sets on hand ................................................... None

There might be several variations from the pattern of journal entries illustrated above:
 If a freight cost on consigned goods is charged to Freight in account, it should later be
reclassified by a debit to Consignment In and a credit to Freight In
 If an advance is made by the consignee to the consignor, it is recorded as a debit to the
Consignment In account, and the final payment is reduced by the amount of advance
 If merchandise is received on consignment from several consignors, a controlling account
entitled Consignments In may established in the general ledger, and a supporting account for
each consignment set up in a subsidiary consignments ledger.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
 Consignment In may have debit balance or credit balance. A debit balance will exist in a
Consignment In account if the total of expenditures, commissions, and advances to the
consignor is larger than the proceeds of sales of that particular lot of consigned merchandise. A
credit balance will exist if the proceeds of sales are in excess of the expenditures, commissions,
and advances to the consignor. The total of the Consignment In accounts with debit balance
should be included among the current assets in the balance sheet; the total of the Consignment
In accounts with credit balance should be classified as a current liability

3.2.6 Accounting for Consignors

When a consignor ships merchandise to the consignees, it is essential to have a record of the
location of this portion of inventories. Therefore, the consignor may establish in the general ledger a
Consignment Out account for every consignee. If consignment shipments are numerous, the
consignor may prefer to use a controlling account for subsidiary Consignment-Out ledger account.
The Consignment-Out ledger account represents a special category of inventories.
Should gross profit on consignments be determined separately?
There are different alternatives as an accounting method for consignors: A separate determination
of net income on consignment sales and a separate determination of gross profits on consignment
sales. Another possibility to consider is a separate determination of consignment revenue apart from
other sales revenue. Determination of a separate net income from consignment sales seldom is
feasible, because this would require allocations of many operating expenses on a rather arbitrary
basis. Thus, determination of net income from the consignment sales cannot be justified.

The determination of gross profits from consignment sales as distinguished from gross profits on
other sales is much simpler, because it is based on the identification of direct costs associated with
the consignments.
Illustration of Accounting Methods for Consignor
The choice of accounting methods by the consignor depends on whether
1. Consignment gross profit are measured separately from the gross profit on regular sales; or
2. Sales on Consignment are merged with regular sales with out any effort to measure gross profit
separately for the two categories of sales
The journal entries required under these alternative methods of accounting for consignment
shipments now will be illustrated, first under the assumption that gross profits on consignment sales
are to be determined separately and second under the assumption that consignment sales are to be
merged with regular sales
Example 3.4:
ABC Electronics Trading (located in Addis Ababa) ships 10 units of Television Sets which has cost
Br 250 each to SHEREFA Trading at HAWASSA on consignment basis on August 1, 2006. Each
unit is to be sold at Br 400. The cost of packing the merchandise for shipment was Br 30; all costs
incurred in the packing department are charged to the Packing Expense account. The consignee paid
freight charges of Br 135 to an independent truck line to deliver the shipment. All 10 TV sets were
sold by the consignee for Br 400 each. After deducting the commission of 20% and the freight
charges of Br 135, the Consignee sent the Consignor a check for Br 3,065. The Consignor uses
perpetual inventory system.
 Chapter Three: Accounting for Installment Sales and Consignment Contracts
Instruction: Make the necessary journal entries and determine the balance of consignment out
account assuming that:
1. Gross profit on consignment sales are determined separately; and
2. Gross profits on consignment sales are not determined separately
1. Gross profit on consignment sales are determined separately
a) Shipment of merchandise costing Br 2,500 Consignment out – ST ................. 2,500
on consignment Inventories .......................... 2,500
b) Packing expenses of Br 30 allocated to Consignment out – ST ................. 30
consigned merchandise. It is recorded as Packing Expenses ............... 30
packing expense
c) Consignment sales of Br 4,000 reported by Cash ............................................. 3,065
consignee and payment of Br 3,065 Consignment out – ST ................. 135
received after the consignee deducts Br 135 Commission Expense .................. 800
freight charges and commission of Br 800 Consignment Sales ............... 4,000
d) Cost of consignment sales recorded, Br 2,665 Costs of Consignment sales ......... 2,665
(Br 2,500 + Br 135 + Br 30 = Br 2,665) Consignment out -ST.......... 2,665
e) Summary of Consignment Out Account
Consignment-Out: SHEREFA Trading
Cost of goods shipped 2,500
Packing Expenses 30
Freight Costs 135
2,665 Consignment costs
2,665 2,665

f) Presentation in income statement:

Consignment Sales............................................................... Br 4,000
Less: Cost of consignment sales .......................................... Br 2,665
Commission ............................................................... 800 3,645
Gross Profit on consignment sales ....................................... Br 535
2. Gross profits on consignment sales are not determined separately
a) Shipment of merchandise costing Br 2,500 Consignment-Out: ST .................. 2,500
on consignment Inventories .......................... 2,500
b) Packing expenses of Br 30 allocated to No journal entry required, total packing
consigned merchandise. It is recorded as expense is reported among
packing expense
c) Consignment sales of Br 4,000 reported by Cash ............................................. 3,065
consignee and payment of Br 3,065 Freight Expense ........................... 135
received after the consignee deducts Br 135 Commission Expense .................. 800
freight charges and commission of Br 800 Sales ...................................... 4,000
d) Cost of consignment sales recorded, Br Costs of goods sold ...................... 2,500
2,500 Consignment out -ST.......... 2,500
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
e) Summary of Consignment-Out Account
Consignment-Out: SHEREFA Trading
Cost of goods shipped 2,500
2500 Consignment costs

2,500 2500

f) Presentation in income statement:

Included in total sales ...........................................................Br 4,000
Included in cost of all merchandise sold ..............................Br 2,500
Included in total packing expense ........................................ 30
Included in total freight expense .......................................... 135
Included in total commission expense ................................. 800

3.2.7 Accounting for partial sale of consigned goods

Determining the gross profit assuming that the entire consignment had been sold by the consignee is
relatively simple. When there is a partial sale of consigned goods, the consignor must determine the
amount of gross profit realized on the partial sale rather than the entire sale. Example: take the
previous illustration except that only four of the 10 TV sets consigned by ABC Electronics had been
sold by the end of the accounting period. The account sales received at the end of the current period
includes the following information:
SHEREFA Trading
ACCOUNT SALES to ABC Electronics
August 31, 2006
Sales for account & risk of:
ABC Electronics
Addis Ababa
Sales: 4 TV sets @ Br 400 ..................................................... Br 1,600
Charges:
Freight Costs .......................................................................... Br 135
Commission (20% @ Br 1,600) ............................................ Br 320 455
Balance payable to consignor ................................................ Br 1,145
Check enclosed ...................................................................... Br 500
Balance due to consignor ....................................................... 645 1,145
Consigned TV sets on hand ................................................... 6 TV sets
 Chapter Three: Accounting for Installment Sales and Consignment Contracts

1. Gross profit on consignment sales are determined separately

a) Shipment of merchandise costing Br 2,500 on Consignment-Out: ST....................... 2,500
consignment Inventories ............................... 2,500
b) Packing expenses of Br 30 allocated to Consignment-Out: ST....................... 30
consigned merchandise. It is recorded as Packing Expenses .................... 30
packing expense
c) Consignment sales of Br 1,600 reported by Cash .................................................. 500
consignee and payment of Br 500 received. Accounts Receivable ........................ 645
Charges by consignee: Br 135 freight charges; Consignment-Out: ST....................... 135
and commission of Br 800 Commission Expense-CS ................. 320
Consignment Sales .................... 1,600
d) Cost of consignment sales recorded, Br 1,066 (4 Costs of Consignment sales .............. 1,066
@ (Br 250 + Br 3 + Br 13.5) ) Consignment-Out: ST.............. 1,066
e) Direct cost relating to unsold merchandise in
hands of consignee deferred when profits are
not determined separately: No journal entry is required
Packing costs, 6 @ Br 3 ...................... Br 18
Freight costs, 6 @ Br 13,50................. 81
Total ................................................... Br 99

f) Summary of Consignment Out Account

Consignment-Out: SHEREFA Trading
Cost of goods shipped 2,500 1,066
Packing Expenses 30 1,599 Balance
Freight Costs 135
2,665 2,665
Balance 1,599

g) Presentation in balance sheet

Current Assets:
Inventories on Consignment ................................................ Br 1,599
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

2. Gross profit on consignment sales are not determined separately

a) Shipment of merchandise costing Br 2,500 on Consignment-Out: ST....................... 2,500
consignment Inventories ............................... 2,500
b) Packing expenses of Br 30 allocated to No journal entry is required; total packing expense
consigned merchandise. It is recorded as is reported among operating expenses
packing expense
c) Consignment sales of Br 1600 reported by Cash .................................................. 500
consignee and payment of Br 500 received. Accounts Receivable ........................ 645
Charges by consignee: Br 135 freight charges; Freight Expense ................................ 135
and commission of Br 800 Commission Expense -CS ................ 320
Sales........................................... 1,600
d) Cost of consignment sales recorded, Br 1,000 (4 Costs of Goods sold .......................... 1,000
@ Br 250 = Br 1,000 ) Consignment out –ST .............. 1,000
e) Direct cost relating to unsold merchandise in
hands of consignee deferred when profits are Consignment-Out: ST....................... 99
not determined separately: Packing Expense ................. 18
Packing costs, 6 @ Br 3 ...................... Br 18 Freight Expense................... 81
Freight costs, 6 @ Br 13,50................. 81
Total ................................................... Br 99

f) Summary of Consignment Out Account

Consignment-Out: SHEREFA Trading
2,500 1,000
99 1,599 Balance
2,599
Balance 1,599 2,599
g) Presentation in balance sheet
Current Assets:
Inventories on consignment ................................................. Br 1,599

3.2.8 Other issues in Consignment Contracts

 Return of unsold merchandise by consignee
The costs of packing and shipping merchandise to a consignee, whether paid directly by the
consignor or by the consignee, properly are included in inventories. However, if the consignee for
any reason returns merchandise to the consignor, the packing and freight costs incurred on the
original outbound shipment should be written off as expense of the current period. The place utility
originally created by these costs is lost when the merchandise is returned. Any charges borne by the
consignor on the return of shipment also should be treated as expense, along with any repair
expenditures necessary to place the merchandise in salable condition.

A clear distinction should be made between freight costs on consignment shipments and outbound
freight on regular sales. The latter is a current expense, because the revenue from sale of the
merchandise is recognized in the current period. The freight costs on consignment shipment create
an increment in value of the merchandise which is still the property of the consignor. This
increment, along with the cost of acquiring or producing the merchandise, is to be offset against
revenue in a future period when the consigned merchandise is sold.
 Chapter Three: Accounting for Installment Sales and Consignment Contracts
 Advances from consignees
Although cash advances from a consignee sometimes are credited to the Consignment Out account,
a better practice is to credit a liability account, Advances from consignees. The Consignment Out
account will then continue to show the carrying amount of the merchandise on consignment rather
than being shown net of a liability to the consignee.

 Nature of the consignment out account

There is a need to understand where Consignment Out belongs in the basic five types of accounts:
assets, liabilities, owners‟ equity, revenue, and expenses. The Consignment Out account belongs in
the asset category. The account is debited for the cost of merchandise shipped to a consignee; when
the consignee reports sale of all or a portion of the merchandise, the cost is transferred from
Consignment Out to Cost of Consignment Sales. To be even, more specific, Consignment Out is a
current asset, one of the inventories group to be listed on the balance sheet as Inventories on
Consignment, or perhaps combined with other inventories if the amount is not material. The costs
of packing and transporting consigned merchandise constitute costs of inventories, and these costs
should be debited to the Consignment Out account.
 Chapter Four: Business Combinations

Chapter Four
Business Combinations
Chapter Outline:
 Definition, Classes, and Types of Business Combinations
 Reasons for business combinations
 Methods for Arranging Business Combination
 Establishing the Price for a Business Combination
 Accounting Methods for Business Combinations

Chapter objectives:
After completing this chapter, you would be able to:
 Understand the economic motivations underlying business combinations
 Learn about the alternative forms of business combinations, from both the legal and
accounting perspectives
 Understand alternative approaches to the financing of mergers and acquisitions
 Introduce concepts of accounting for business combinations emphasizing the purchase
method
 See how firms make cost allocations in a purchase method combination
Chapter Prerequisite: Intermediate Financial Accounting II (Acct 302)
Time Required: 10 Hours

4.1 Business of Combination: An Overview

4.1.1 Definition of Business Combination
Business combinations are events or transactions in which two or more business enterprises, or their
net assets, are brought under common control in a single accounting entity. According to the
Financial Accounting Standards Board, a business combination is an event or a procedure, in which,
an entity acquires net assets that constitute a business or acquires equity interests of one or more
other entities and obtains control over that entity or entities ( SFAS No. 141). Commonly, business
combinations are often referred to as mergers and acquisitions.

Amalgamation – two or more firms may amalgamate, either by taking over or by the formation of a
new firm. A decision to amalgamate shall be taken by each of the firms concerned. Special meetings
of shareholders of different classes or meetings of debenture holders shall approve the taking over
or being taken over (Art.549 & 550, Commercial Code of Ethiopia)
The Financial Accounting Standards Board has suggested the following definitions for terms used
in business combinations:
 Combined Enterprise: The accounting entity that results from a business combination.
 Constituent Companies: The business enterprises that enter into a combination.
 Combinor A constituent company entering into a combination whose owners as a group
ends up with control of the ownership interests in the combined enterprise.
 Combinee a constituent company other than the combinor in a business combination. The
term acquired, acquiree and combinee can be used interchangeably.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
The following are the assertions relating to business combinations as per SFAS No.141
1. Business combination is a transaction or other event in which an acquirer obtains control of one
or more businesses.
2. An acquirer can be identified in every business combination.
3. The business combination acquisition date is the date the acquirer obtains control of the
acquiree.
4. A business combination is accounted for by applying the acquisition method.
5. By obtaining control of an acquiree, an acquirer becomes responsible and accountable for all of
the acquiree‟s assets, liabilities, and activities, regardless of the percentage of its ownership in
the acquiree.

Business Combinations

Friendly Takeovers Hostile Takeovers

4.1.2 Classes of Business Combinations

Business combinations are classified into two classes based on nature: friendly takeovers and
unfriendly (hostile) takeovers.
Friendly Takeover
 The Board of Directors of all constituent companies amicably (friendly) determine the terms
of the business combination.
 The proposal is submitted to share holders of all constituent companies for approval.
Hostile Takeovers
In this type of takeovers, the target combinee typically resists the proposed business combination.
Thus, the target combinee uses one or more of the following defensive tactics.
1. Pac-man Defense: a threat to undertake in a hostile takeover of the prospective
combinor.
2. White Knight: a search for a candidate to be the combinor in a friendly takeover.
3. Scorched Earth: the disposal of one or more business segments that attracts the
combinor. The profitable segment can be disposed through sale or spin-off. This is
sometimes called selling the crown jewels: The sale of valuable assets to others to make
the firm less attractive to the would-be acquirer. The negative aspect is that the firm, if it
survives, is left without some important assets
4. Shark Repellent: an acquisitions of substantial amounts of outstanding common stock
for the treasury or for retirement, or the incurring of substantial long-term debt in
exchange for outstanding common stock.
5. Poison Pill: an amendment of the articles of incorporation or bylaws to make it more
difficult to obtain stockholder approval for a takeover.
6. Greenmail: an acquisition of common stock presently owned by the prospective
combinor at a price substantially in excess of the prospective combinor‟s cost, with the
stock thus acquired placed in the treasury or retired
 Chapter Four: Business Combinations

4.1.3 Types of Business Combinations

There are three types of business combinations: Horizontal Combination, Vertical Combination,
and Conglomerate Combination:
1. Horizontal Combination: is a combination involving enterprises in the same industry. E.g.
assume combination of BEDELE Brewery and HARAR Brewery
2. Vertical Combination: A Combination involving an enterprise and its customers or
suppliers. It is a combination involving companies engaged in different stages of production
or distribution. It is classified into two: Backward Vertical Combination – combination with
supplier and Forward Vertical Combination – combination with customers. E.g.1: A
Tannery Company acquiring a Shoes Company - Forward
E.g.2: Weaving Company acquiring both Ginning and Spinning Company - Backward
3. Conglomerate (Mixed) Combination: is a combination involving companies that are
neither horizontally nor vertically integrated. It is a combination between enterprises in
unrelated industries or markets.

Antitrust Considerations
Antitrust litigations are one obstacle faced by large corporations that undertake business
combinations. A business combination that leads to lessen the competition or tend to create a
monopoly is not allowed by the government. Government on occasion has opposed concentration of
economic power in large business enterprises as the formation of monopoly discourages
competition. Antitrust is a law that encourages perfect competition and discourages monopoly.
Business combinations may lead to formation of monopoly so that they are challenged department
of government. The type of combination determines the degree of concentration of economic
power. Horizontal combinations create the largest concentration of economic power and play a
negative role in discouraging competition than the other two types of business combinations.

4.2 Business Combinations: Why?

Why do business enterprises enter into a business combination? There are a number of reasons for
business combinations which are discussed as follows:

1. Growth
In recent years Growth has been main reason for business enterprises to enter into a business
combination. Firms can achieve growth through external and internal methods. The external (e.g.
business combination) method of achieving growth is more rapid than growth through internal
methods, as per advocates of external method. There is no question that expansion and
diversification of product lines, or enlarging the market share for current products, is achieved
readily through a business combination with another enterprise. Combinations enable satisfactory
and balanced growth of an enterprise. The company can cross many stages of growth at one time
through combination. Growth through combination is also cheaper and less risky. By acquiring
other enterprises, a desired level of growth can be maintained by an enterprise. When an enterprise
tries to enter new line of activities, it may face a number of problems in production, marketing,
purchasing. Business combination enables to acquire or merge with an enterprise already operating
indifferent lines that have crossed many obstacles and difficulties. Combination will bring together
experiences of different persons in varied activities. So combination will be the best way of Growth.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
2. Economies of Scale
A combined enterprise will have more resources at its command than the individual enterprises.
This will help in increasing the scale of operations so that economies of large scale will be availed.
The economies of scale will occur as a result of more intensive utilization of production facilities,
distribution network, research and development facilities, etc. The economies of scale will lead to
financial synergies.

3. Operating Economies
A number of operating economies will be available with the combination of two or more
enterprises. Duplicating facilities in accounting, purchasing, marketing, etc will be eliminated.
Operating inefficiencies of small concerns will be controlled by superior management emerging
from the combinations. The acquiring company will be in a better position to operate than the
acquired companies individually. Whether the horizontal or vertical business combinations, it may
provide operating synergies when the duplicated facilities are eliminated

4. Better Management
Combinations results in better management. Combinations result running the large scale enterprises.
A large enterprise can offer to use the service of expertise. Various managerial functions can be
efficiently managed by those persons who are qualified for such jobs. This is not possible for small
individual enterprises.

5. Monopolistic Ambitions
One of the important reasons behind business combination is monopolistic ambitions. The
combined enterprises try to control more and more enterprises in the same line so that they may be
able to detect their terms (E.g. set their price). But, the antitrust law is against such type of business
combination.

6. Diversification of Business Risk

When one company involves business combination, it can diversify risks of operations. A Company
involving business combination can minimize risks as the enterprise is diversifying operation or line
of their activity. Since different companies are already dealing in their respective lines, there will be
risk diversification.

7. Tax Advantages
When an enterprise with accumulated losses merges with a profit making enterprise, it is able to
utilize tax shields (benefits). An enterprise having losses will not be able to set-off losses against
future profits, because it is not a profit earning unit. On the other hand, if it merges with an
enterprise earning profits then the accumulated losses of one unit will be set-off against future profit
of the other unit. In this way, combinations will enable an enterprise to avail tax benefits. The tax
law that permits setting off losses is either Loss Carry Forward or Loss Carry Back.

8. Elimination of Fierce Competition

Combination of two or more enterprises will eliminate competition among them. The enterprises
will be able to save their advertising expenses. This enables the combined enterprise to reduce
prices. The consumer will also benefit in the form cheaper goods being made available to them.
 Chapter Four: Business Combinations
9. Better Financial Planning
A combined enterprise will be able to plan their resources in a better way. The collective finance of
merged enterprises will be more and their utilization may be better than in separate enterprises. It
may happen that one of the merging enterprises has short Gestation period (A period of time from
making investment to collecting the returns) while the other has longer Gestation period. The profits
with short gestation period will be utilized to finance the other enterprise with long gestation period.
When the enterprise with longer gestation period starts earning profits then it will improve financial
position as a whole.

10. Getting financial gains

Critics have alleged that the foregoing reasons attributed to the “urge to merge” (business
combinations) do not apply to unfriendly takeovers. These critics complain that the “Sharks” who
engage in unfriendly takeovers need financial benefits after assessing the prospect of substantial
gains resulting from the sale of business segments of a combine following the business
combination.

4.3 Methods for Arranging Business Combinations

The four common methods for carrying out a business combination are:
 Statutory Merger
 Statutory Consolidation,
 Acquisition of Common Stock, and
 Acquisition of Assets

1. Statutory Merger
Statutory Merger is a merger in which one of the merging companies continues to exist as a legal
entity while the other or other are dissolved. A business combination in which one company (the
survivor) acquires all the outstanding common stock of one or more other companies that are then
dissolved and liquidated, with their net assets owned by the survivor. The survivor can effect the
transaction by exchanging voting common stock or preferred stock, cash, or long-term debt ( or a
combination of these) for all of the outstanding voting common stock of the acquired company or
companies. It is executed under provisions of applicable state laws. The boards of directors of the
constituent companies normally negotiate the terms of a plan of merger, which must then be
approved by the stockholders of each company involved. In a statutory merger, one or more of the
combinee companies are liquidated and thus cease to exist as separate legal entities, and their
activities often are continued as divisions of the survivor, which now owns the net assets (assets
minus liabilities), rather than the outstanding common stock, of the liquidated corporations.
E.g. ABC Company acquires all the outstanding common stock (net assets) of XYZ Company
where XYZ Company is legally liquidated

ABC Company
ABC Company
XYZ Company
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
2. Statutory Consolidation
Statutory Consolidation is a business combination in which a new corporation issues common stock
for all outstanding common stock of two or more other corporations that are then dissolved and
liquidated, with their net assets owned by the new corporation. It is a merger in which a new
corporate entity is created from the two or more merging companies, which cease to exist. It differs
from statutory merger, in which one survives as a legal entity from two or more constituent
companies. The combination of Chrysler Corporation and Daimler-Benz to form DaimlerChrysler
is an example of this type of consolidation.
E.g. ABC Company acquires XYZ Company; but a new Company AYZ is created to
issue common stocks for the two companies which are now defunct.
ABC Company
AYZ Company
XYZ Company
3. Acquisition of Common Stock
One corporation (the investor) may issue preferred or common stock, cash, debt, or a combination
thereof to acquire a controlling interest in the voting common stock of another corporation (the
investee). This stock acquisition program may be accomplished through direct acquisition in the
stock market, through negotiations with the principal stockholders of a closely held corporation or
through a tender offer to stockholders of a publicly owned corporation. A tender offer is a publicly
announced intention to acquire, for a stated amount of consideration, a maximum number of shares
of the combinee‟s common stock “tendered” by holders thereof to an agent, such as an investment
banker or a commercial bank. The price per share stated in the tender offer usually is well above the
prevailing market price of the combinee‟s common stock. If a controlling interest in the combinee‟s
voting common stock is acquired, that corporation becomes affiliated with the combinor (parent
company) as a subsidiary but is not dissolved and liquidated and remains a separate legal entity.
The business combination through this method requires authorization by the combinor‟s board of
directors and may require ratification by the combinee‟s stockholders. Most hostile takeovers are
accomplished by this means.

E.g. ABC Company acquires over 50% of the voting stock of XYZ Company, a parent–subsidiary
relationship results and XYZ Company is now a subsidiary of ABC Company (Parent)
ABC Company ABC Company Parent
Business Company
Combination
XYZ Company XYZ Company Subsidiary
Company

4. Acquisition of Assets
A business enterprise may acquire all or most of the gross assets or net assets of another enterprise
for cash, debt, preferred or common stock, or a combination thereof. The transaction generally must
be approved by the boards of directors and stockholders of the constituent companies. The selling
 Chapter Four: Business Combinations
enterprise may continue its existence as a separate entity or it may be dissolved and liquidated; it
does not become an affiliate of the combinor.

Summary of Methods for Arranging Business Combinations

Type of Combination Action of Acquiring Company Action of Acquired Company
Statutory Acquires all stock or net assets Dissolves & goes out of business. It
Merger and then transfers assets & may also remain as separate
liabilities to its own books. division of the acquiring company
Statutory Newly created to receive assets Both original companies may
Consolidation or capital stock of original dissolve while remaining as
companies separate divisions of newly created
company.
Acquisition of Acquires more than 50% stock Remains in existence as legal
Common Stock that is recorded as an corporation, although now a
investment. Controls decision subsidiary of the acquiring
making of acquired company. company.
Acquisition of Acquires all or most of the The acquiree company may remain
Assets gross assets in existence or may be liquidated
but not a subsidiary of the acquiring
company

The last two methods for carrying out a business combination, the combinor issues its common stock, cash,
debt, or a combination thereof, to acquire the common stock or the net assets of the combinee. These two
methods do not involve the liquidation of the combinee.

4.4) Determination of the Price for a Business Combination

Establishing the price for a business combination is a very important early step in planning a
business combination. The price for a business combination consummated for cash or debt
generally is expressed in terms of the total dollar amount of the consideration issued. When
common stock is issued by the combinor in a business combination, the price is expressed as a ratio
of the number of shares of the combinor‟s common stock to be exchanged for each share of the
combinee‟s common stock

Illustration of Exchange Ratio The negotiating officers of Palmer Corporation have agreed with
the shareholders of Simpson Company to acquire all 20,000 outstanding shares of Simpson
common stock for a total price of Br 1,800,000. Palmer‟s common stock presently is trading in the
market at Br 65 a share. Stockholders of Simpson agree to accept 30,000 shares of Palmer‟s
common stock at a value of Br 60 a share in exchange for their stock holdings in Simpson. The
exchange ratio is expressed as 1.5 shares of Palmer‟s common stock for each share of Simpson‟s
common stock, in accordance with the following computation:
Number of shares of Palm corporation common stock to be issued .............. 30,000
Number of shares of Simpson company stock to be exchanged ....................20,000
Exchange ratio: 30,000 / 20,000 .................................................................... 1.5:1
The amount of cash or debt securities, or the number of shares of common or preferred stock, to be
issued in a business combination generally is determined by variations of two methods:
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
1. Capitalization of expected average annual earnings of the combinee at a desired rate of
return. Expected average income is calculated by taking the incomes earned during the
recent years. The abnormal items, if any, included in the income of any year should be
eliminated.
2. Determination of current fair value of the combinee‟s net assets (including goodwill).

Capitalization of Expected Average annual earnings

Example 4.1: Assume that the business earned the following profit for the last five years:
Year Net Income
2001 ....................................... Br 90,000
2002 ....................................... 110,000
2003 ....................................... 120,000
2004 ....................................... 140,000
2005 ....................................... 130,000

Note: the Br 140,000 profit in the Year 2004 included extraordinary gain of Br 40,000 which is
required to be excluded in the computation of expected average profit, and thus the profit for that
same year is Br 100,000. The average operating income of the five years is expected to continue in
the future and in this industry the average return on asset is 10% of the fair market value of the
identifiable assets. Instruction: Determine the fair value of the assets under capitalization method.
 Calculation of Average expected future Income (earnings)
Average Expected Income = 90,000 + 110,000 + 120,000 + 100,000 + 130,000 = Br 110,000
5
 Capitalized Fair Value of Assets = Br 110,000 / 10% = Br 1,100,000

4.5) Accounting Methods for Business Combinations

There were two methods of accounting for business combinations: Pooling-of-Interest and Purchase
Method. Some business combinations were accounted for under Pooling-of-Interest while some
business combinations were accounted for under purchase accounting method, in the past.

1. Pooling-of-Interest Accounting
The original premise of the pooling-of-interests method was that certain business combinations
involving the issuance of common stock between an issuer and the stockholders of a combinee
were more in the nature of a combining of existing stockholder interests than an acquisition of
assets or raising of capital. Combining of existing stockholder interests was evidenced by
combinations involving common stock exchanges between corporations of approximately equal
size. The shareholders and managements of these corporations continued their relative interests and
activities in the combined enterprise as they previously did in the constituent companies. Because
neither of the like-size constituent companies could be considered the combinor under the criteria
set forth to determine combinor, the pooling-of-interests method of accounting provided for
carrying forward to the accounting records of the combined enterprise the combined assets,
liabilities, and retained earnings of the constituent companies at their carrying amounts in the
accounting records of the constituent companies. The current fair value of the common stock issued
to effect the business combination and the current fair value of the combinee‟s net assets are
disregarded in a pooling of interests Under Pooling-of-Interest (Uniting Interest) accounting
 Chapter Four: Business Combinations
method, the balance sheet items of the two companies are simply added together. Pooling of
interests was the preferable method to use because it doesn't result in the creation of goodwill. This
in turn leads to higher reported earnings. Pooling of interests required the following 12 criteria to be
met:

Attributes of the Combining Companies

1. Autonomous (two-year rule)
2. Independent (10% rule)
Manner of Combining Interest
3. Single transaction (completed in one year following the initiation)
4. Exchange of common stock (90% "substantially all" rule)
5. No equity changes in contemplation of combination (two-year rule)
6. Shares reacquired only for purposes other than combination
7. No change in proportionate equity interests
8. Voting rights immediately exercisable
9. Combination resolved at consummation (no pending provisions)
Absence of Planned Transactions
10. Issuing company does not agree to reacquire shares
11. Issuing company does not make deals to benefit former stockholders
12. Issuing company does not plan to dispose of assets within two years

Using the pooling-of-interests method, companies could add together the book values of their net
assets without indicating which entity was the “purchaser” and which was the “purchased.” When
this method was used, investors often had difficulty identifying who was buying whom or
determining how to evaluate the transactions. Thus, FASB ruled out Pooling-of-Interests through
FASB Statement No. 141 in 2001 for new business combinations. FASB unanimously voted to
eliminate pooling of interests as an acceptable method of accounting for business combinations.

2. Purchase Accounting
Because the majority of business combinations involve an identified combinor and one or more combinees,
many accountants consider it logical to account for business combinations, regardless of how consummated,
as the acquisition of assets. Thus, assets (including goodwill) acquired in a business combination for cash
would be recorded at the amount of cash paid, and assets acquired in a business combination involving the
issuance of debt, preferred stock, or common stock would be recorded at the current fair value of
the assets or of the debt or stock, whichever was more clearly evident.
Under purchased method change in the basis of accounting occurs, thus acquired entity‟s assets are
to be recorded at their current fair values not at book value and goodwill is also created. This
approach is known as purchase accounting for business combination, and was widely used prior to
the increase in popularity of pooling-of-interests accounting. According to SFAS No. 141, the
following principles should be used for applying Acquisition (Purchase) Method of Accounting for
business combinations:
 Recognition Principle - in a business combination accounted for under purchase accounting, the
acquirer recognizes all of the assets acquired and all of the liabilities assumed.
 Fair Value Measurement Principle - in a business combination, the acquirer measures each
recognized asset acquired and each liability assumed and any non-controlling interests at its
acquisition date fair value.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

 Disclosure Principle – the acquirer should include the information in its financial statement so
as to help users of financial statements evaluate the nature and financial effect of business
combinations recognized by the acquirer. The disclosure should include primary reasons for the
business combination; the allocation of purchase price paid to the assets acquired and liabilities
assumed by major balance sheet caption; and when significant, disclosure of other information
such as amount of goodwill by reportable segment and the amount of purchase price assigned to
each major intangible asset class

Procedures under Purchase Method of Accounting for Business Combinations

1. Determination of the Combinor or the Acquiring Company – this steps deals with
identification of the combinor
2. Determination of the Acquisition Cost – assets to be acquired and liabilities to be assumed are
identified and then, like other exchange transactions, measured on the basis of the fair values
exchanged. The Cost of combinee includes also some other costs as discussed below.
3. Allocation of the Acquisition Cost – when assets are acquired in groups, it requires not only
ascertaining the cost of the asset (or net asset) group but also allocating that cost to the
individual assets (or individual assets and liabilities) that make up the group.
4. Determination of Goodwill –The goodwill should be determined and recorded under
purchased method
5. Recording the Acquisition– the transaction is recorded as of the date of business combination
6. Consolidation of Financial Statement and Accounting after business combinations - the
nature of an asset and the manner of its acquisitions determines an acquiring entity‟s
subsequent accounting for the asset (This will be discussed in chapter five)

1. Determination of the Combinor

To use the purchase method, one company must be designated as the “acquiring company or
combinor”. Because the carrying amounts of the net assets of the combinor are not affected by a
business combination, the combinor must be accurately identified. Thus, FASB provided the
following guidelines in SFAS No. 141 for identifying the combinor (acquiring company):
 The FASB stated that in a business combination effected solely by the distribution of cash or
other assets or by incurring liabilities, the constituent company that distributes cash or other
assets or incurs liabilities is generally the acquiring entity [SFAS 141, Par. 17].
 For combinations effected by the issuance of equity securities, the common theme is that the
combinor is the constituent company whose stockholders as a group retains or receives the largest
portion of the voting rights of the combined enterprise and thereby can elect a majority of the
governing board of directors or other group of the combined enterprise. The company that issues the
equity interest is generally the acquiring company. [SFAS141, Par. 18]

2. Determination of the Acquisition Cost

The acquisition cost in a business combination accounted for by the purchase method is the total of:
 The amount of purchase consideration paid by the combinor.
 The combinor‟s direct out-of-pocket costs of the combination.
 Any contingent consideration that is determinable on the date of the business
combination
 Chapter Four: Business Combinations
A. Amount of Consideration - this is the total amount of cash paid, the current fair value of other
assets distributed, the present value of debt securities issued, and the current fair (or market) value
of equity securities issued by the combinor.
B. Out-of-Pocket Costs - included in this category are legal fees and finder‟s fees. A finder’s fee is
paid to the investment banking firm or other organizations or individuals that investigated the
combine, assisted in determining the price of the business combination, and otherwise rendered
services to bring about the combination. Costs of registering and issuing debt securities in a
business combination are debited to Bond Issue Costs; they are not part of the cost of the combinee.
Costs of registering and issuing equity securities are not direct costs of the business combination,
but are offset against the proceeds from the issuance of the securities. Indirect out-of-pocket costs of
the combination, such as salaries of officers involved in the combination, are expensed as incurred
by the constituent companies.
Out-of-Pocket Costs of Business Combinations
Direct out-of-Pocket Costs Indirect out-of-Pocket Costs
Finders fees Salary and overhead costs incurred in negotiation
Travel costs Allocation of general expenses
Accounting fees Fees associated with registering securities with SEC
Legal fees Cost of issuing equity securities
Investment banker advisory fees Cost of debt securities
Direct out-of-Pocket Costs are added to the Cost of Acquisition of Combinee where as indirect out-
of-pocket costs are immediately expensed by the constituent companies.
C. Contingent Consideration
Contingent consideration is additional cash, other assets, or securities that may be issuable in the
future, contingent on future events such as a specified level of earnings or a designated market price
for a security issued to complete the business combination.
 Contingent consideration that is determinable on the consummation date of a combination is
recorded as part of the cost of the combination.
 Contingent consideration not determinable on the date of the combination is recorded when
the contingency is resolved and the additional consideration is paid or issued (or becomes payable
or issuable).

Illustration of Contingent Consideration - the contract for Norton Company’s acquisition of the
net assets of Robinson Company provided that Norton would pay Br 800,000 cash for Robinson‟s
net assets (including goodwill), which would be included in the Robinson Division of Norton
Company. The following contingent consideration also was included in the contract:
1. Norton was to pay Robinson Br 100 a unit for all sales by Robinson Division of a slow-moving
product that had been written down to scrap value by Robinson prior to the business combination.
No portion of the Br 800,000 price for Robinson‟s net assets involved the slow-moving product.
2. Norton was to pay Robinson 25% of any pre-tax accounting income in excess of Br 500,000
(excluding income from sale of the slow-moving product) of Robb Division for each of the four
years subsequent to the business combination.

On January 2, Year 1, the date of completion of the business combination, Robinson Company had
firm, non-cancelable sales orders for 500 units of the slow-moving product. The sales orders and all
units of the slow-moving product were transferred to Norton by Robinson. Norton‟s cost of the net
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
assets acquired from Robinson should include Br 50,000 (500 @ Br 100 = Br 50,000) for the
determinable contingent consideration attributable to the backlog of sales orders for the slow-
moving product. However, because any pre-tax accounting income of Robb Division for the next
four years cannot be determined on January 2, Year 1, no provision for the 25% contingent
consideration is included in Norton‟s cost on January 2, Year 1.

Subsequent Issuance of Contingent Consideration

Contingent consideration that is determinable on the date of a purchase-type business combination
is included in the measurement of cost of acquisition. Any other contingent consideration is
recorded when the contingency is resolved and the additional consideration becomes issuable or is
issued. Returning to the Norton Company illustration, assume that by December 31, Year 1, the end
of the first year following Norton‟s acquisition of the net assets of Robinson Company, another 300
units of the slow-moving product had been sold, and Norton‟s Robb Division had pre-tax
accounting income of Br 580,000 (exclusive of income from the slow-moving product). On
December 31, Year 1, Norton would prepare the following journal entry to record the resolution of
contingent consideration:
Goodwill ............................................................................... 50,000
Payable to Robinson Company ................................. 50,000
To record payable contingent consideration applicable to January2, 1999, business combination
as follows:
Sale of slow-moving product (300 @ Br100) .................................................. 30,000
Pre-tax income of Robinson division [(580,000 – 500,000 @.25] .................. 20,000
Total payable .................................................................................................... 50,000
The additional goodwill in the foregoing journal entry is amortized over the remaining economic
life of the goodwill recorded in the business combination. Some purchase-type business
combinations involve contingent consideration based on subsequent market prices of debt or equity
securities issued to effect the combination. Unless the subsequent market price equals at least a
minimum amount on a subsequent date or dates, additional securities, cash, or other assets must be
issued by the combinor to compensate for the deficiency.

3. Allocation of the Acquisition Cost

According to SFAS No. 141, the following principles for allocating cost of a combine in a
purchase-type business combination are applicable:
 The cost of a combinee in a business combination must be allocated to assets (other than
goodwill) acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values on the date of
the combination.
 Any excess of total costs of the acquired company over the amounts allocated to identifiable
assets acquired less liabilities assumed is assigned to goodwill

Identifiable Assets and liabilities

As per SFAS No.141, methods for determining fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities of a
purchased combinee included:
 Present values for receivables and liabilities;
 Net realizable values for marketable securities, finished goods and goods-in-process
inventories, and for plant assets held for sale or for temporary use;
 Chapter Four: Business Combinations

 Appraised values for intangible assets, land, natural resources, and non-marketable
securities; and
 Replacement cost for inventories of material and plant assets held for long-term use.

In addition, the Financial Accounting Standards Board has provided the following guidelines:
1. The following combinee intangible assets were to be recognized individually and valued at fair
value:
 Assets arising from contractual or legal rights, such as patents, copyrights, and franchises.
 Other assets that are separable from the combinee entity and can be sold, licensed,
exchanged, and the like, such as customer lists and non-patented technology.
2. A part of the cost of a combinee is allocable to identifiable tangible and intangible assets that
resulted from research and development activities of the combined enterprise. Subsequently, such
assts are to be expensed, as required by FASB Statement No. 2, unless they may be used for other
than research and development activities in the future.
3. In a business combination, leases of the combinee-lessee are classified by the combined
enterprise as they were by the combinee unless the provisions of the lease are modified to the extent
it must be considered a new lease. Thus, unmodified capital leases of the combinee are treated as
capital leases by the combined enterprise, and the leased property and related liability are
recognized in accordance with the guidelines of FASB statement No. 141.
4. A combinee in a business combination may have pre-acquisition contingencies, which are
contingent assets (other than potential income tax benefits of a loss carry forward), contingent
liabilities, or contingent impairments of assets, that existed prior to completion of the business
combination. If so, an allocation period, generally not longer than one year from the date the
combination is completed, may be used to determine the current fair value of a pre-acquisition
contingency. A portion of the cost of a purchased combinee is allocated to a pre-acquisition contingency
whose fair value is determined during the allocation period. Otherwise, an estimated amount is assigned to a
pre-acquisition contingency if it appears probable that an asset existed, a liability had been incurred, or an
asset had been impaired at the completion of the combination. Any adjustment of the carrying amount of a
pre-acquisition contingency subsequent to the end of the allocation period is included in the measurement of
net income for the accounting period of the adjustment.

4. Determination of Goodwill
Goodwill: Goodwill frequently is recorded in purchase-type business combinations because the total cost of
the combinee exceeds the current fair value of identifiable net assets of the combinee. That is, goodwill is the
difference between the total acquisition costs less current fair value of the net assets (the current fair value of
the assets less current fair value of liabilities). The amount of goodwill recorded on the date the business
combination may be adjusted subsequently when contingent consideration becomes issuable. The goodwill
can be determined into two ways: Goodwill as payment for super profit (extra profit or excess income)
and Goodwill as excess cost of acquisition over the current fair value of net assets
1. Goodwill as payment for super profit (extra profit or excess income)
The purchaser (Combinor) may attempt to forecast the future income of the target company
(combinee) in order to arrive at a logical purchase price. Goodwill is a payment for above normal
expected future earnings. Earnings above the normal return are taken as the base for calculating the
value of Goodwill.
Example 4.2: You are given the following data:
Total Current Fair Value of Gross Assets ..................................................... Br 85,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Industry Normal rate of return is ................................................................... 10%
Expected average future earning ................................................................... 10,500
Required:
A. Calculate the goodwill at four years‟ excess income
B. Calculate goodwill if the combinor expects the excess income for ever
C. Calculate goodwill when the combinor expects the excess income only for 10 years
D. Calculate goodwill if the current fair value of liabilities Br 10,000 and total acquisition cost of
Br 90,000
Determination of the Extra Profit:
Expected Profit ................................................................................. Br 10,500
Less: Normal Profit (= Br 85,000 @ 10%) ...................................... (8,500)
Extra profit ........................................................................................ 2,000
Calculation of Goodwill
A. Calculate the goodwill at four years‟ excess income
 Goodwill = Extra Profit @ 4
 Goodwill = Br 2,000 @ 4= Br 8,000
B. Calculate goodwill if the combinor expects the excess income for ever
 Goodwill = Extra profit / industry normal rate of return = Br 2,000 / 10% = Br 20,000
C. Calculate goodwill when the combinor expects the excess income only for 10 years
 Goodwill = Extra profit @ PVIF of Ordinary Annuity (10% for 10 Years)
 Goodwill = Br 2,000 @ 6.145 = Br 12,290
D. Calculate goodwill if the current fair value of liabilities Br 10,000 and total acquisition cost of
Br 90,000
 Goodwill = Total Acquisition Cost – Current Fair Value of Net Assets
 Current Fair Value of Net Assets = Total CFV of Assets – CFV of Liabilities
 Current Fair Value of Net Assets = Br 85,000 – 10,000 = Br 75,000
 Goodwill = Br 90,000 – 75,000 = Br 15,000
2. Goodwill as excess cost of acquisition over the current fair value of net assets
When goodwill is determine as excess cost of acquisition over the current fair value of net assets
one of the following circumstances may occur:
 If total Acquisitions Cost = FMV of the net Assets, no goodwill is recognized
 If Total Acquisitions Cost > FMV of the net Assets, it will result in a positive goodwill
 If Total Acquisitions Cost < FMV of the net Assets, it will result in a Negative Goodwill
Negative Goodwill
 In some purchase-type business combinations (known as bargain purchases), the current fair
values assigned to the identifiable net assets acquired exceed the total cost of the combinee
(acquisition cost).
 A bargain purchase is most likely to occur for a combinee with a history of losses or when
common stock prices are extremely low.
 The excess of the current fair values over total cost is applied pro rata to reduce (but not below
zero) the amounts initially assigned to non-current assets other than investments accounted for
by the equity method; assets to be disposed of by sale; deferred tax assets; prepaid assets
relating to pension or other postretirement benefits; and any other current assets.
 If the foregoing proration does not extinguish the bargain-purchases excess, a deferred credit,
sometimes termed negative goodwill, is established. Negative goodwill means an excess of
 Chapter Four: Business Combinations
current fair value of the combinee‟s identifiable net assets over their cost to the combinor.
Negative Goodwill is recognized as an extraordinary gain by the combinor. (SFAS No. 141)

Example 4.3: Green Company is considering acquiring the assets of Gold Company by assuming
Gold‟s liabilities and by making cash payment. Gold Company has the following balance sheet on
the date of negotiations:
Gold Company
Balance Sheet
December 31, 1994
Assets: Liabilities and Equity:
Accounts Receivable .................................. 100,000 Total Liabilities ................................... 200,000
Inventory .................................................... 100,000 Capital Stock (Br10 Par) ...................... 100,000
Land ........................................................... 100,000 Additional PIC .................................... 200,000
Building (Net) ............................................ 220,000 Retained Earnings ............................... 300,000
Equipment (Net)......................................... 280,000
Total Asset ................................................. 800,000 Total Liabilities and Equity ................. 800,000
Appraisal indicates that the inventory is undervalued by Br 25,000; building is undervalued by Br
80,000; the equipment is overstated by Br 30,000; and the liability is overstated by Br 10,000.
Determine the Goodwill that is recognized if Green Company pays Br 900,000 cash for the net
assets of Gold Company.
Calculation of Net Assets:
Particulars Birr
Accounts Receivable ........................................ 100,000
Inventory........................................................... 125,000
Land .................................................................. 100,000
Building (Net) ................................................... 300,000
Equipment (Net) ............................................... 250,000
Gross Identifiable Assets .................................. 875,000
Less: CFV of total Liabilities ...........................(210,000)
Net Assets at CFV ............................................ 665,000

Calculation of Goodwill:
Total Acquisition Cost ................................. Br 900,000
Less: Net Assets at CFV ..............................(665,000)
Goodwill ......................................................
Br 235,000

5. Recording the Acquisition

Under purchase accounting, both the combinor and combinee record transactions relating to the
business combination. The combinee that is dissolved and liquidated passed the following journal
entries:
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Books of Combinee Company (Acquired Company)
General journal entry passed For Liquidation of the Combinee
Liabilities (Individually) ....................................................
xxxxx
Common Stock ...................................................................
xxxxx
Additional PIC – CS...........................................................
xxxxx
Retained Earnings ..............................................................
xxxxx
All Assets (Individually) ........................................ xxxxx

Books of Combinor Company (Acquiring Company)

General Journal Entry to be passed in the Books of the Combinor
1. Recording the payment (the purchase consideration or purchase price)
Investment in Combinee Company .......................................... xxxxx
Cash ........................................................................... xxxxx
Common Stock .......................................................... xxxxx
Additional PIC – CS.................................................. xxxxx
Bonds ......................................................................... xxxxx
2. Recording direct out-of-pocket costs (legal and finder’s fee)
Investment in Combinee Company .......................................... xxxxx
Cash ........................................................................ xxxxx
3. Recording the Indirect Out-of-Pocket Costs
Indirect out of pocket costs first are debited to the indirect expenses account for all the Indirect out
of pocket costs and then closed to the Additional PIC account. The other alternative is to directly
debit Additional PIC for the amount of indirect out of pocket costs as just below.
Addition PIC – CS ................................................................... xxxxx
Cash ........................................................................ xxxxx
4. Recording Assets and Liabilities (the Investment Account is replaced with assets and
liabilities)
All Assets, Individually, at CFV .............................................. xxxxx
Goodwill ................................................................................... xxxxx
Liabilities (Individually) at CFV ............................... xxxxx
Investment in Combinee Company ........................... xxxxx

Illustration on Purchase Method of Accounting for Statutory Merger with Positive Goodwill
Example 4.4: Combinor Company acquired Combinee Company On December 31, 2002 with the
following balance sheet items:
Combinee Company
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2002
Assets: Liabilities and Equity:
Cash ...................................................... 60,000 Current Liabilities............................ 180,000
Other Current Assets ............................ 420,000 Long-term debt ................................ 250,000
Land...................................................... 400,000 Capital Stock (Br 10 Par) ................ 200,000
Building (net) ....................................... 240,000 PIC in Excess of Par ....................... 320,000
Equipment (net) .................................... 280,000 Retained Earnings ........................... 450,000
Total Asset ........................................... 1,400,000 Total Liabilities and Equity ........ 1,400,000
 Chapter Four: Business Combinations
After in depth study, Combinor Company‟s BOD established the following Current Fair Value for assets and
liabilities:
Other Current Assets .......................................................500,000
Land ................................................................................450,000
Building (Net) .................................................................300,000
Equipment (Net) ..............................................................250,000
Long-term debt ................................................................240,000
Accordingly on December 31, 2002 Combinor issued 100,000 shares of its Br 10 Par (Current Fair
Value of Br 13) Common Stock for all the net asset of Combinee on a purchase type of business
combination. Also on December 31, 2002 Combinor paid the following out-of-pocket costs in
connection with the combination:
 Finder‟s Fees and Legal Fees .......................................... 180,000
 Costs associated with issuance of shares......................... 120,000

Required: Prepared General Journal Entries for Combinor Company on December 31, 2002
Calculation of Total Acquisition Cost:
Common Stock (Br 13 @ 100,000 Shares).....................................1,300,000
Finder‟s Fees and Legal Fees ..........................................................
180,000
Total Acquisition Cost ....................................................................
1,480,000

Calculation of Net Assets at CFV:

Cash.................................................................................................
60,000
Other Current Assets .......................................................................
500,000
Land ................................................................................................
450,000
Building (net) ..................................................................................
300,000
Equipment (net) ..............................................................................
250,000
Total Assets at CFV ........................................................................
1,560,000
Less: Liabilities at CFV (180,000 + 240,000) ................................ (420,000)
Net Assets at CFV ...........................................................................
1,140,000

Calculation of Goodwill:
Total Purchase Cost ........................................................................
1,480,000
Less: Net Assets at CFV .................................................................
(1,140,000)
Goodwill .........................................................................................
(340,000)

Journal Entries:
1. Recording the payment (the purchase consideration)
Investment in Combinee Company ................................................ 1,300,000
Common Stock .......................................................... 1,000,000
PIC in excess of Par .................................................. 300,000

2. Recording Direct out-of-pocket costs (legal and finder’s fee)

Investment in Combinee Company................................................. 180,000
Cash ............................................................................... 180,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
3. Recording indirect out-of-pocket costs
Additional PIC – CS ...................................................................... 120,000
Cash .............................................................................. 120,000

4. Recording Assets and liabilities (Allocation)

Cash ..................................................................................... 60,000
Other Current Assets............................................................ 500,000
Land ..................................................................................... 450,000
Building (net) ....................................................................... 300,000
Equipment (net) ................................................................... 250,000
Goodwill .............................................................................. 350,000
Current Liabilities ............................................ 180,000
Long-term debt ................................................ 240,000
Investment in Combinee Company ................. 1,480,000

Example 4.5: On December 31, Year 1, META Company (the combinee) was merged into
SAXON Corporation (the combinor or surviving company). Both companies used the same
accounting principles for assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses and both had a December 31
fiscal year. SAXON exchanged 150,000 shares of its Br 10 par common stock (Current Fair Value
Br 25 a share) for all 100,000 issued and outstanding shares of META’s no-par, Br 10 stated value
common stock. In addition, Saxon paid the following out-of-pocket costs associated with the
business combination:
Accounting fees:
For investigation of META Company as prospective combinee ......................... Br 5,000
For SEC registration statement for Saxon common stock ..................................... 60,000
Legal Fees:
For the business combination ................................................................................. 10,000
For SEC registration statement for Saxon common stock ..................................... 50,000
Finder’s fee........................................................................................................................ 51,250
Printing charges for securities and SEC registration statement ......................................... 23,000
SEC registration statement fee ........................................................................................... 750
Total out –of- pocket costs of business combination ......................................................... 200,000

There was no contingent consideration in the merger contract. Immediately prior to the merger,
META Company‟s condensed balance sheet was as follows:
 Chapter Four: Business Combinations

META COMPANY (Combinee)

Balance sheet (Prior to Business Combination)
December 31, Year 1
Assets:
Current assets ........................................................... Br1,000,000
Plant assets (net) ......................................................... 3,000,000
Other assets ................................................................. 600,000
Total assets .................................................................. 4,600,000
Liabilities & Stockholder Equity:
Current liabilities ........................................................... 500,000
Long-term debt .............................................................. 1,000,000
Common stock, no par Br 10 stated value ..................... 1,000,000
Paid in capital................................................................. 700,000
Retained Earnings .......................................................... 1,400,000
Total ............................................................................... 4,600,000

Using the guidelines in SFAS No. 141, “Business Combinations,” the board of directors of Saxon
Corporation determined the current fair values of META Company‟s identifiable assets and
liabilities (identifiable net assets) as follows:
Current asset ...................................................................
Br1,150,000
Plant assets......................................................................
3,400,000
Other assets .....................................................................600,000
Current liabilities ............................................................
(500,000)
Long-term debt (present value) ...................................... (950,000)
Identifiable net assets of combinee ................................. 3,700,000

The condensed journal entries that follow are required for SAXON Corporation (the Combinor) to
record the Merger with META Company on December 31, Year 1, as a Purchase-type business
combination. SAXON uses an investment ledger account to accumulate the total cost of META
Company prior to assigning the cost to identifiable net assets and goodwill.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

SAXON Corporation (Combinor)

Journal Entries
December 31, Year 1
To record merger with META Company as a purchase.
Investment in META Company Common Stock (150,000 X Br 25) ........... 3,750,000
Common Stock (150,000 X Br 10) ........................................... 1,500,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of par ............................................... 2,250,000
To record payment of direct costs incurred in merger with META Company. Legal and
finder's fees in connection with the merger are recorded as an investment cost: other out-of-
pocket costs are recorded as a reduction in the proceeds received from issuance of common
stock.
Investment in META Company Common Stock
(Br5,000+Br10,000+ Br 51,250)................................................................... 66,250
Paid-in Capital in Excess .............................................................................. 133,750
Cash ..................................................................... 200,000
To allocate cost of META Company investment to identifiable assets and liabilities, with the
remainder to goodwill. Amount of goodwill is computed as follows:
Current Assets ............................................................................................... 1,150,000
Plant Assets .................................................................................................. 3,400,000
Other Assets .................................................................................................. 600,000
Discount on Long-Term Debt ....................................................................... 50,000
Goodwill ........................................................................................................ 116,250
Current Liabilities ....................................................................... 500,000
Long-Term Debt ......................................................................... 1,000,000
Investment in META Company Stock ........................................ 3,816,250
Determination of Goodwill:
Total cost of investment (Br 3,750,000 + Br 66,250) ................................ Br 3,816,250
Less: Net Assets (NAs) at CFV
Carrying amount of META‟s identifiable NAs (4,600,000–1,500,000) .... 3,100,000
Excess (Deficiency) of current fair values assets and liabilities
Current assets .............................................. 150,000
Plant assets ................................................. 400,000
Long-term debt ........................................... 50,000
Total Net Assets at CFV ............................................................................ (3,700,000)
Amount of goodwill ................................................................................... Br 116,250

NOTE: No adjustments are made in the foregoing journal entries to reflect the current fair values
of Saxon‟s identifiable net assets or goodwill, because SAXON is the Combinor in the business
combination. META Company (the combinee) prepares the condensed journal entry below to
record the dissolution and liquidation of the company on December 31, Year 1:
 Chapter Four: Business Combinations
META COMPANY (Combinee)
Journal Entry
December 31, Year 1
Current Liabilities .................................................... 500,000
Long-Term Debt ...................................................... 1,000,000
Common Stock, Br 10 stated value ......................... 1,000,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated value ................ 700,000
Retained Earnings .................................................... 1,400,000
Current Assets .............................................. 1,000,000
Plant Assets (net) .......................................... 3,000,000
Other Assets ................................................. 600,000
To record liquidation of company in conjunction with merger with
Saxon Corporation

Exercise 4.1: Grant Company has been looking to expand its operations and has decided to
acquire the assets of TURNER Company and MURPHY Company. GRANT Company will
issue 25,000 shares of its Br 10 par common stock to acquire the net assets of Turner Company
and will issue 12,000 shares to acquire the net asset of Murphy Company. The Balance Sheet of
the acquired companies (combinees) is as follows:
Turner Murphy
Company Company
Assets: In Birr In Birr
Accounts Receivables ................................................ 200,000 80,000
Inventory .................................................................... 150,000 85,000
Land ........................................................................... 150,000 50,000
Building...................................................................... 500,000 300,000
Accumulated Depreciation......................................... (150,000) (110,000)
Total Assets ................................................................ 850,000 405,000
Liabilities and SH Equity:
Current liabilities ....................................................... 160,000 55,000
Bonds payable ............................................................ 100,000 100,000
Common Stock (Br 10 par) ....................................... 300,000 100,000
Retained earnings ....................................................... 290,000 150,000
Total liabilities and equity ......................................... 850,000 405,000

The following current fair values (CFV) are agreed upon by the BODs of the combinees companies
and Grant Company while the others have the same book values and current fair values:
Turner Murphy
Company Company
Inventory .................................................................... 200,000 100,000
Land ............................................................................ 200,000 60,000
Building (net) ............................................................. 400,000 350,000
Bonds payable ............................................................ 80,000 95,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Grant’s stock is currently traded at Br 40 per share. Grant will incur Br 5,000 direct acquisition
cost in Turner Company and Br 4,000 of direct acquisition cost in Murphy Company. Grant also
incurred Br 13,000 other indirect cost of acquisition and Br 15,000 registration and issue cost.
Required: Record the acquisition cost on the books of Grant Company using Purchase Accounting
principles (Purchase Method)
Checking Figures: Turner Company Murphy Company
Total Acquisition Cost ................................... Br 1,005,000 Br 484,000
Net assets ....................................................... 760,000 440,000
Goodwill ........................................................ 245,000 44,000

Example 4.6: Purchase Accounting for Acquisition of Assets, with “Negative Goodwill”
On December 31, Year 1, Davis Corporation acquired the net assets of Fairmont Corporation for
Br 400,000 cash, in a purchase-type business combination. Davis paid legal fees of Br 40,000 in
connection with the combination. The condensed balance sheet of Fairmont prior to the business
combination, with related current fair value data, is presented below:
FAIRMONT CORPORATION (Combinee)
Balance Sheet (Prior to Combination)
December 31, Year 1
Carrying Market
Amounts Values
Assets:
Current assets ........................................................................ Br190,000 Br 200,000
Investment in marketable securities ...................................... 50,000 60,000
Plant assets (net) .................................................................... 870,000 900,000
Intangible assets (net) ............................................................ 90,000 100,000
Total assets ............................................................................ 1,200,000 1,260,000
Liabilities &Stockholders' Equity:
Current Liabilities ................................................................. 240,000 240,000
Long-term debt ...................................................................... 500,000 520,000
Total Liabilities ..................................................................... 740,000 760,000
Common stock, Br 1 par ...................................................... 600,000
Deficit (Dr. balance in Retained earnings) ............................ (140,000)
Total stockholders' equity ..................................................... 460,000
Total liabilities & stockholders' equity ...................... 1,200,000

Thus, Davis Corporation acquired identifiable net assets with a current fair value of Br 500,000
(Br 1,260,000 – Br 760,000 = Br 500,000) for a total cost of Br 440,000 (i.e. Br 400,000 + Br
40,000). The Br 60,000 excess of current fair value of the net assets over their cost to Davis
Corporation (500,000 – 440,000 = 60,000) is prorated to the plant assets and intangible assets in
the ratio of their respective current fair values as follows:
 Prorated to plant assets: (900,000 / 1,000,000) @ 60,000 = 54,000
 Prorated to intangible assets: (100,000 /100,000) @ 60,000 = 6,000
No part of the Br 60,000 bargain-purchase excess is allocated to current assets and to the investment
in marketable securities. The journal entries for by Davis Corporation for acquisition of the net
assets of Fairmont Corporation and payment of Br 40,000 legal fees are shown below:
 Chapter Four: Business Combinations
To record acquisition of net assets of Fairmont corporation
Investment in net assets of Fairmont Corporation ............................. 400,000
Cash ................................................................................... 400,000
To record payment of legal fees incurred in acquisition of net assets
Investment in net assets of Fairmont Corporation ............................. 40,000
Cash ........................................................................................ 40,000
To allocate total cost of net assets acquired to identifiable net assets, with excess of current fair
value of the net assets over their cot prorated to noncurrent assets other than investments in
marketable debt securities.(income tax effects are disregarded)
Current assets ...................................................................................................... 200,000
Investment in marketable debt securities ............................................................ 60,000
Plant assets (900,000- 54,000) ............................................................................ 846,000
Intangible assets (100,000 -6,000) ...................................................................... 94,000
Current liabilities ..................................................................................... 240,000
Lon-term Debt ......................................................................................... 500,000
Premium on long-term debts (520,000- 500,000) ................................... 20,000
Investment in net assets of Fairmont Corporation (400,000+ 40,000) ... 400,000

Exercise 4.2: Thompson Company is purchasing the net assets of Green Company on December
31, 2003, when Green Company has the following B/Sheet
Green Company (Combinee)
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2003
Assets: Liabilities and Equity:
Other Current Assets ............................ 100,000 Current Liabilities .......................................90,000
Land ...................................................... 50,000 Common Stock (Br 10 Par) . 200,000
Building (Net) ...................................... 200,000 Retained Earnings ................ 140,000
Equipment (Net) ................................... 60,000 Total stockholders‟ Equity ......................... 340,000
Goodwill ............................................... 20,000
Total Asset............................................ 430,000 Total Liabilities and Equity ........................
430,000

Thompson Company has obtained the following Current Fair Values for Green Company
accounts:
Assets: Birr
Other Current Assets ..................................................... 120,000
Land .............................................................................. 100,000
Building (Net) ............................................................... 250,000
Equipment (Net) ............................................................ 150,000
Current Liabilities ......................................................... 92,000
Direct acquisition costs are Br 18,000 and indirect acquisition costs are Br 5,000. Determine the
Negative Goodwill and show the proration to noncurrent assets and prepare journal entries to record
the purchase of Green Company assuming the cash payment by Thompson Company is Br
450,000. Thompson Company will assume the liabilities.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Checking Figures:
Total Acquisition Cost ..................................................... Br 468,000
Net Assets ........................................................................ 528,000
Negative Goodwill ........................................................... Br 60,000

Exercise 4.3: the Combinor Company acquires the Combinee at a total acquisition cost of Br
1,800,000 where the Current Fair Value of Net Assets is Br 2,000,000. The only Noncurrent Assets
that can be used to prorate negative Goodwill is a Building (net) with CFV of Br 130,000.
Determine the Negative Goodwill that is recorded in the books of Combinor Company

6. Financial Statement and Accounting after business combinations

Under both purchase accounting, the balance sheet for the combined enterprise issued as of the date
of the business combination accomplished through statutory merger, statutory consolidation, or
acquisition of assets includes all the assets and liabilities of the constituent companies. The
consolidated balance sheet issued immediately following a combination that results in a parent-
subsidiary relationship will be described in the next chapter. In a balance sheet following a purchase
type business combination, assets and liabilities of the combinor are at carrying amounts, assets
acquired from the combinee are at current fair values (adjusted for any bargaining purchase excess),
and retained earnings is that of the combinor only. The income statement of the combined enterprise
for the accounting period in which a purchase type business combination occurred includes the
operating results of the combinee after the date of the combination only.

Disclosure of Business Combinations in a Note to the Financial Statements

Because of the complex nature of business combinations and their effects on the financial position
and operating results of the combined enterprise, extensive disclosure is required for the periods in
which they occur.

Disclosures under the Purchase Method

The Accounting Principles Board required disclosure of the following aspects of a purchase – type
business combination in a note to the financial statements for the period in which the business
combination took place: name and brief description of the combinee; period for which combinee‟s
operating results are included in the income statement of the combined enterprise; cost of the
combinee, including number of shares and value per share of common stock issued, and nature of
and accounting treatment for contingent consideration; amortization policy for goodwill recorded in
the combination; and pro forma operating results for the combined enterprise for the current and
preceding accounting periods as though the combination had occurred at the beginning of the
preceding period. Subsequently, the Financial Accounting Standards Board waived the pro forma
disclosures for nonpublic enterprises whose debt and equity securities are not publicly traded.

The following note to the financial statement of a publicly owned company illustrates the required
disclosures for a purchase-type business combination:

Purchase On April 1, Year 2, the company acquired substantially all the assets, including
inventories, of Combine Company of Br 8,400,000 cash and an agreement to make future payments
through July, Year 5, contingent on sales of one of the acquired brands. The acquisition has been
 Chapter Four: Business Combinations
accounted for as a purchase, and the excess (Br 399,000) of the consideration paid on acquisition
over the current fair value of the identifiable tangible and intangible net assets acquired is being
amortized over 15 years. Contingent payments are also being recorded as intangible assets and
amortized over the then remaining economic life. The results of operations of Combinee are
included in the consolidated income statement since the date of acquisition. Had the acquisition
taken place on January 1, Year 1, unaudited pro forma sales for the years ended December 31, Year
2 and Year 1 would be Br 793,627,000 and Br 777,715,000, respectively, and unaudited pro forma
data reflect adjustment for amortization of intangible assets and imputed interest.

Purchase Accounting for Statutory Consolidation

Because a new corporation issues common stock to effect a statutory consolidation, one of the
constituent companies must be identified as the combinor, under the criteria described to identify
combinor. Once the combinor has been identified, the new corporation recognizes net assets
acquired from the combinor at their carrying amount in the combinor‟s accounting records;
however, net assets acquired from the combinee are recorded by the new corporation at their
current fair values. To illustrate, assume the following condensed balance sheets of the constituent
companies involved in a purchase-type statutory consolidation on December 31, Year 1999:
Lamson Corporation & Donald Company
Balance Sheet (Prior to Combination)
December 31, 1999
Asset LAMSON DONALD
Company Company
Current assets..........................................................Br 600,000 400,000
Plant asset (net)....................................................... 1,800,000 1,200,000
Other assets ............................................................. 400,000 300,000
Total assets ............................................................. 2,800,000 1,900,000
Liabilities & Shareholders Equity
Current liabilities .................................................... 400,000 300,000
Long-term debt ....................................................... 500,000 200,000
Common stock, Br10 .............................................. 430,000 620,000
Paid in capital ......................................................... 300,000 400,000
Retained Earning .................................................... 1,170,000 380,000
Total........................................................................ 2,800,000 1,900,000

The current fair values of both companies‟ liabilities were equal to carrying amounts. Current fair
values of identifiable assets were as follows for Lamson and Donald, respectively: current assets,
Br 800,000 and Br 500,000; plant assets, Br 2,000,000 and Br 1,400,000; other assets, Br 500,000
and Br 400,000.

On December 31, Year 1999, in a statutory consolidation approved by shareholders of both

constituent companies, a new corporation, LamDon Corporation, issued 74,000 shares of no stated
value common stock with an agreed value of Br 60 a share, based on the following valuations
assigned to the two constituent companies‟ identifiable net assets and goodwill.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

LAMSON DONALD
Corporation Company
Current Fair Value of Identifiable Net Assets:
Lamson: Br 800,000 + 2,000,000+500,000-400,000-500,000 ...... 2,400,000
Donald: Br 500,000 +1,400,000+400,000-300,000 -200,000 ....... 1,800,000
Goodwill assigned to determine number of shares issued ............ 180,000 60,000
Net assets‟ current fair value ......................................................... 2,580,000 1,860,000
Number of shares of LamDon to be issued to constituent
companies‟ Stockholders, at Br 60 a share agreed value .............. 43,000 31,000
58% 42%

Because the former shareholders of Lamson Corporation receive the largest interest in the common
stock of LamDon Corporation (43/74 or 58%), Lamson is the combinor in the purchase-type
business combination. Assuming that LAMDON paid a Br 200,000 out-of-pocket cost which
comprises Br 110,000 direct and Br 90,000 indirect for the statutory consolidation after it was
consummated on December 31, Year 1999; LAMDON‟s journal entries would be as follows:

To record consolidation of Lamson corporation and Donald company as a purchase

Investment in Lamson and Donald Company (74,000 @ 60)............................. 4,440,000
Common Stock, no-par .......................................................................... 4,440,000

To record payment of costs incurred in consolidation of Lamson Corporation and Donald

Company. Accounting legal and finder’s fee in connection with the consolidation are recorded as
investment cost; pother out-of-pocket costs are recorded as a reduction in the proceeds received
from the issuance of common stock.
Investment in Lamson and Donald Company common stock...................... 110,000
Common stock, no par ................................................................................. 90,000
Cash .................................................................................... 200,000

To allocate total cost of investment to identifiable assets and liabilities, at carrying mount for
combinor Lamson corporation’s net assets and at current fair value for combinee Donald
company’s net assets.(income tax effects are disregarded).
Assume Lamson Corporation was identified as Combinor and valued Current Assets at Br 500,000;
Plant assets at Br 1,400,000; and Other assets at Br 400,000 of Donald Company:
Current assets (600,000 + 500,000) .................................................................... 1,100,000
Plant assets (1,800,000 + 1,400,000) .................................................................. 3,200,000
Other assets (400,000 +400,000) ........................................................................ 800,000
Goodwill .............................................................................................................. 850,000
Current liabilities (400,000 +300,000) ........................................................... 700,000
Long-term Debt (500,000+ 200,000) ........................................................... 700,000
Investment in Lamson and Donald Co common tock (4,440,000+110,000) . 4,550,000

Note in the foregoing journal entry that because of the combinor‟s net assets‟ being recorded at
carrying amount and because of the Br110,000 direct costs of the business combination, the amount
of goodwill is Br850,000, rather than Br240,000 (Br180,000+Br60,000=Br240,000), the amount
 Chapter Four: Business Combinations
assigned by the negotiating directors to goodwill in the determination of the number of shares of
common stock to be issued in the combination.
Amount of Goodwill is computed as follows:
Total cost of investment (4,440,000 + 110,000) ....................................... Br4,550,000
Less: Carrying amount of Lamson‟s Identifiable net Assets ..................... (1,900,000)
Current Fair Value of Donald‟s Identifiable net assets ............................. (1,800,000)
Amount of Goodwill .................................................................................. Br850,000

Appraisal of Accounting Standards for Business Combinations

The accounting standards for business combinations described and illustrated in the preceding pages
of may be criticized on grounds that they are not consistent with the conceptual framework for
financial accounting and reporting.

Criticism of Purchase Accounting:

The principal criticisms of purchase accounting center on the recognition of goodwill. Many
accountants take exception to the residual basis for valuing goodwill established in APB Opinion
No. 16. These critics contend that part of the amount thus assigned to goodwill probably apply to
other identifiable intangible assets. Accordingly, goodwill in a business combination should be
valued directly by use of methods as described in your Intermediate Accounting course. Any
remaining cost not directly allocated to all identifiable tangible and intangible assets and to
goodwill would be apportioned to those assets based on the amounts assigned in the first valuation
process or recognized as loss. The accounting described for the excess of current fair values over
total cost in a bargain-purchase business combination also has been challenged. Critics maintain
there is no theoretical support for the arbitrary reduction of previously determined current fair
values of assets by an apportioned amount of the bargain-purchase excess. They suggest the
amortization treatment described on page 6 for the entire bargain-purchase excess. Other
accountants question whether current fair values of the combinor’s net assets-especially goodwill-
should be disregarded in accounting for a current fair values for net assets of the combine only, in
view of the significance of many combinations involving large constituent companies.

Exercise 4.4: On January 31, 2004, EDGET Corporation acquired for Br five hundred forty
thousands (540,000) cash all the net assets except cash of HIBRET Company and paid Br 60,000 to
a law firm for legal services in connection with the business combination. The balance sheet of
HIBRET Company on January 31, 2004 was as follows:
HIBRET Company
Balance Sheet
January 31, 2004
Assets: Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Cash .......................................... 40,000 Liabilities ................................. 620,000
Other Current Assets ................. 280,000 Common Stock......................................... 250,000
Plant Assets (net) ....................... 760,000 Retained Earning ......................................
330,000
Intangible Assets ....................... 120,000
Total Assets .............................. 1,200,000 Total Liab. & SHEs ..................................
1,200,000

The present value of HIBRET Company‟s liabilities on January 31, 2004 was Br 620,000, the
current fair values of its non-cash assets were as follows on January 31, 2004:
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Other current assets ..........................................................300,000
Plant Assets ......................................................................874,000
Intangible Assets .............................................................. 76,000
Instruction: Prepare journal entries for EDGET Corporation on January 31, 2004 to record the
acquisition of net assets of HIBRET Company‟s except cash
Checking Figures:
Total Acquisition Cost ........................................................... 600,000
Net Assets .............................................................................. 630,000
Goodwill (Negative) .............................................................. 30,000
Adjusted Plant Assets (874,000 – 27,600) ............................. 846,400
Adjusted Intangible Assets (76,000 – 2,400) ......................... 73,600

Exercise 4.5:
The balance sheet and the current fair values of EXCEL Corporation on March 31, 2002 were as
follows:
EXCEL Corporation
Balance Sheet
March 31, 2002
Assets Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
BV CFV BV CFV
Other Current Assets ................................
500,000 575,000 Current liabilities .....................................
300,000 300,000
Plant Assets (net) .......... 1,000,000 1,200,000 Liabilities ................................ 400,000 450,000
Patent (net) .............................
100,000 50,000 Common Stock (10 par) ...........................
100,000
Retained Earning......................................
800,000
Total Assets ..........................
1,600,000 Total Liab. & SHEs .................................
1,600,000

On April 1, 2002, VALUE Corporation issued 50,000 shares of its no-par, no stated value common
stock (CFV Br 14 a share) and Br 225,000 cash for the net assets of EXCEL Corporation in a
purchase type business combination. Of the Br 125,000 out-of-pocket costs paid by VALUE
Corporation on April 14, 2002, Br 50,000 were legal fees and finder‟s fees related to the business
combination and the remaining related to the issuance of common stock. Required: prepare journal
entries for VALUE Corporation on March 31, 2002 to record the business combination with
EXCEL Corporation
Checking Figures:
Total Acquisition Cost ............................................................975,000
Net Assets ...............................................................................
1,075,000
Goodwill, Negative.................................................................100,000
Adjusted Plant Assets (1,200,000 – 96,000) .......................... 1,104,000
Adjusted Patent (50,000 – 4,000) ........................................... 46,000
 Chapter Four: Business Combinations

Exercise 4.6: MOON Corporation agreed to purchase net assets of SUN Corporation. Just prior
to the acquisition, SUN‟s Balance Sheet is as follows:
SUN Corporation
Balance Sheet
January 31, 2001
Assets: Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity:
Accounts Receivable ................................
200,000 Current Liabilities ....................................
80,000
Inventory ..................................................
270,000 Mortgage Payable ....................................
250,000
Equipment (net) .......................................
100,000 Common Stock (Br 10 par)......................
100,000
_______ Retained Earnings ....................................
140,000
Total Assets .............................................
570,000 Total Liab. & SHEs .................................
570,000
The market values agree with Book Values except for the equipment which has an estimated market
value of Br 40,000. MOON Corporation paid Br 10,000 for direct acquisition costs and Br 15,000
for indirect acquisition cost to consummate the transaction. Record the purchase on the MOON
Corporation assuming the cash paid to SUN Corporation is:
1. Br 180,000
2. Br 140,000
Also give the journal entry to liquidation of SUN Corporation
Checking Figures: Case 1 Case 2
Total Acquisition Cost ..............................................................Br 190,000 Br 150,000
Net Assets .................................................................................180,000 180,000
Goodwill....................................................................................10,000 (30,000)

Problem 4.1:
On December 31, 2006, Alpha Corporation issued 18,000 shares of its Br 2 par (current fair value
of Br 10 per share) common stock for all the outstanding common stock of Beta Corporation in a
statutory merger. Out-of-pocket costs of the business combination paid by Alpha on December 31,
2006 are:
Direct costs of the business combination .............................. Br 22,000
Cost of registering and issuing common stock ...................... 15,000
Total out-of-pocket costs of business combination ............... Br 37,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Beta had the following balance sheet on December 31, 2006:
Beta Corporation
Balance Sheet
December 31, 2006
Book Market
Value Value
Assets: In Birr In Birr
Inventories ................................................................................. 96,000 110,000
Other current assets .................................................................... 52,000 52,000
Plant assets (net) ........................................................................ 172,00 195,000
Total assets ................................................................................. 320,000 357,000
Liabilities & Stockholders' Equity:
Liabilities ................................................................................... 175,000 175,000
Common Stock, Br 5 par ........................................................... 20,000
Additional paid-in capital .......................................................... 50,000
Retained earnings ....................................................................... 75,000
Total liabilities & Stockholders' equity ..................................... 320,000

Additional Information: a special copyright was not previously recorded on Beta‟s records. The
copyright has a current fair market value of Br 2,000. Beta had also Goodwill from previous
business combinations that amounts Br 5,000 on the date of business combination.
Required: Record the business combination under purchasing accounting. Show the calculation
that backs up the entries
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements

Chapter Five
Consolidation of Financial Statements under Purchase
Accounting
Chapter outlines:
 Consolidated Financial statements on the date of business combinations under Purchase
Accounting
 Consolidation on the date of business combination for wholly owned subsidiary
 Consolidation on the date of business combination for partially owned subsidiary
 Consolidated Financial statements subsequent to date of business combinations
 Consolidation subsequent to date of business combination under equity method of
investment for wholly owned subsidiary
 Consolidation subsequent to date of business combination under cost method of investment
for wholly owned subsidiary

Chapter objectives:
After completing this chapter, you would be able to:
 Recognize investors‟ varying levels of influence or control based on the level of stock
ownership.
 Anticipate how accounting adjusts to reflect the economics underlying varying levels of
investor influence
 Apply the fair value/cost and equity methods of accounting for stock investments
 Identify factors beyond stock ownership that affect an investor‟s ability to exert influence or
control
 Apply the equity method to purchase price allocations
 Recognize the benefits and limitations of consolidated financial statements
 Understand the requirements for inclusion of a subsidiary in consolidated financial
statements
 Apply the consolidations concepts to parent company recording of the investment in a
subsidiary company at the date of acquisition
 Allocate the excess of the investment cost over the book value of the subsidiary at the date
of acquisition
 Prepare a consolidated balance sheet at the date of acquisition, including preparation of
eliminating entries
 Learn the concept of minority interest when the parent company acquires less than 100% of
the subsidiary‟s outstanding common stock
 Prepare consolidated balance sheets subsequent to the date of acquisition, including
preparation of eliminating entries
 Apply the concepts underlying preparation of a consolidated income statement
 Amortize the excess of the investment cost over the book value in periods subsequent to the
acquisition
 Prepare consolidated working papers for the year of acquisition when the parent company
uses the full equity method to account for its investment in a subsidiary.
 Prepare consolidated working papers for the year subsequent to acquisition
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
 Allocate excess of purchase price over book value to include identifiable net assets.
 Understand the impact of intercompany profit for inventories on preparation of
consolidation working papers
Chapter Prerequisite: Financial Accounting II and Accounting for Business Combination
Time Required: 14 Hours

5.1) Basic Concepts of Consolidated Financial Statements

The Parent prepares Parent Financial Statements while the Subsidiary prepares Subsidiary Financial
Statements. However, Consolidated Financial Statements is prepared by the Parent by combining
separate financial statements of the parent and the subsidiary as the Parent Company is the
Reporting Entity

The Parent and Subsidiary Relationships

 If the Parent Company owns more than 50% voting stock of another company, that company is
an Affiliate
 The combinor‟s acquisition of common stock of a combinee corporation resorts to
investor-investee (parent-subsidiary) relationship.
 If the investor acquires a controlling interest, a parent-subsidiary relationship is established.
The investee becomes a subsidiary of the acquiring parent company (investor) but remains a
separate legal entity.
 Strict adherence to the legal aspect would require issuance of separate financial statements for
the parent company and the subsidiary on the date of combination and for all subsequent
periods.
 But strict adherence to the legal form disregards the substance of most parent-subsidiary
relationship. A parent company and its subsidiary are a single economic entity.
 Hence, consolidated financial statement are issued to report the financial position and operating
results of a parent company and its subsidiaries as thought they comprised a single accounting
entity.
Nature of consolidated financial statements
They are similar to the combined financial statements for a Home Office and its branches. Assets,
liabilities, revenue, and expenses of the parent company and its subsidiaries are totaled; inter-
company transactions and balances are eliminated; and the final consolidated amounts are reported
in the balance sheet, income statements, statement of stockholders‟ equity, and statement of cash
flows. However, the separate legal entity status of the parent and subsidiary corporations
necessitates eliminations that are generally more complex.
Should all subsidiaries be consolidated?
There is no reason for excluding from consolidation any subsidiary that is controlled. This is
because the purpose of consolidation is to present for a single entity the combined resources,
obligations and operating results of a family of related corporations. In FASB statement No.94
Consolidation of all majority-owned subsidiaries issued in 1987, FASB required the consolidation
of nearly all subsidiaries. Only subsidiaries not actual controlled were excluded from consolidation.
The Meaning of Controlling Interest
Traditionally, an investor‟s direct or indirect ownership of more than 50% of an investee‟s
outstanding common stock has been required to evidence the controlling interest underlying a
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements
parent-subsidiary relationship. However, even though such a common stock ownership exists,
other circumstances may negate the parent company‟s actual control of the subsidiary.

For Example:
1. Subsidiary in liquidation or reorganization in court and supervised by bankruptcy proceedings
is not controlled by its parent.
2. A foreign subsidiary in a country having severe production, monetary or income tax
restrictions may be subject to the authority of the foreign country rather than the parent company.
3. If minority shareholders of a subsidiary have the right to participate effectively in the financial
and operating activities of the subsidiary in the ordinary course of business, the subsidiary‟s
financial statements should not be consolidated with those of the parent company.

Example of Controlling Interest

 Direct Controlling Interest = Father – Son Relationship

ABC Company 80% Inv‟t KLM Company

 Indirect Controlling Interest = Father – Son – Grandson Relationship
Father and Son together control Grandson
ABC Company Over 80%
XYZ Company

40% Inv’t
40% Investment
KLM Company

Father controls Son; Son controls Grandson

90% 80%
ABC Company KLM Company XYZ Company

Parent Company’s control of a subsidiary might be achieved indirectly as follows:

Example: If ABC Company owns 80% of outstanding common stock of XYZ Company and 40%
of KLM Company‟s common stock and also XYZ Company owns 40% of KLM Company‟s
common stock, ABC Company controls both XYZ and KLM Company. ABC Company owns 72%
of KLM Company (40% directly and 32% indirectly).

Criticism of Traditional concept of control

 Many accountants criticize the traditional definition of control described above which
emphasizes legal form.
 They argue that an investor owning less than 50% of an investee’s voting common stock in
substance may control the affiliate, especially if the remaining stock is scattered among a large
number of shareholders who do not attend shareholder‟s meetings or give proxies
 Effective control of an investee is also possible if individuals comprising management of the
investor corporation own a substantial number of shares of the investee or successfully solicit
proxies from the investee‟s other shareholders.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
 The SEC in financial reporting Release No 25 required companies to emphasize economic
substance over legal form in adopting a consolidation policy.
 The FASB also issued a discussion memorandum which dealt at length with the question of
ownership (legal form) versus control (economic substance) as a basis for consolidation.

FASB’S proposed redefinition of Control

 Based on the discussion memorandum FASB issued a proposed statement that would have
defined control of an entity as power over its assets. That is power to use or direct the use of the
individual assets of another entity in essentially the same way as the controlling entity can use
its own assets.
 In 1999, the FASB issued a revised proposed statement that would define control as a parent
company‟s non-shared decision-making ability that enables it to guide the ongoing activities
of its subsidiary and to use that power to increase the benefits that it derives and limit the losses
that it suffers from the activities of that subsidiary.
 The proposed statement further stated that in the absence of evidence that demonstrated
otherwise, the existence of control of a corporation shall be presumed if an entity (including its
subsidiaries):
1. Has a majority voting interest in the election of a corporation‟s governing body or a right
to appoint a majority of the members of its governing body.
2. Has a large minority voting interest in the election of a corporation‟s governing body and
no other party or organized group of parties has a significant voting interest.
3. Has a unilateral ability to (1) Obtain a majority voting interest in the election of a
corporation‟s governing body or (2) Obtain a right to appoint a majority of the corporation‟s
governing body through the present ownership of convertible securities or other rights that are
currently exercisable at the option of the holder and the expected benefit from converting
those securities or exercising that right exceeds its expected cost.
 By the latter proposal, the FASB planned to repeal the long standing requirement of majority
ownership of an investee‟s outstanding common stock as a prerequisite for consolidation.
 Objectively determined legal form was to be replaced by subjectivity determined economic
substance as the basis for consolidated financial statements.

Steps for Consolidation

1. Update the balances of accounts affected by business combination transaction
2. Record the financial information for both Parent and Subsidiary on the worksheet
3. Remove the Investment in Subsidiary balance
4. Remove the Subsidiary‟s equity account balances
5. Remove Intercompany transactions (e.g. payables and receivables)
6. Adjust the Subsidiary‟s net assets to CFV
7. Allocate any excess of cost over CFV to identifiable intangible assets or goodwill
8. Combine all account balances
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements

5.2) Consolidation of Wholly Owned Subsidiary on the Date of Business

Combination under Purchase Accounting
Example 5.1: There is no question of control of a wholly owned subsidiary. Thus, as an
illustration assume that on December 31, 2002, PALM Corporation issued 10,000 shares of its 10
par common stock (current fair value Br45 a share) to shareholder of STARR Company for all the
outstanding Br 5 par common stock of Starr. There was no contingent consideration. Out of pocket
costs of the business combination paid by Palm Corp on December 31, 2002 consisted of the
following;
Finder‟s fees and legal fees of the combination ............................................ Br 60,000
Costs of issuing common stock ................................................... 35,000
Total costs ................................................................................... Br 95,000

Assume also that the combination qualified for purchase accounting. Starr Company was to
continue its corporate existence as a wholly owned subsidiary of Palm Corporation. Both
companies had a December 31 fiscal year and use the same accounting policies. Income tax rate for
both companies was 40%. Financial statements of the two companies as of December 31, 2002
prior to combination are presented below follow:
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Palm Starr
Corporation Company
Income statement
Net sales .......................................................... Br 990,000 Br 600,000
Interest revenue ............................................... 10,000 - 0-
Total Revenues ................................................ 1,000,000 600,000
Cost & expenses:
Cost of goods sold ........................................... 635,000 410,000
Operating expense ........................................... 158,333 73,333
Interest expense ............................................... 50,000 30,000
Income tax Expense......................................... 62,667 34,667
Total Costs and expenses ................................ (906,000) (548,000)
Net income ...................................................... 94,000 52,000
Statement of RES
Retained Earnings beginning of year .............. 65,000 100,000
Add: Net income ............................................. 94,000 52,000
Less: dividends ................................................ (25,000) (20,000)
Retained Earnings ending of year ................... 134,000 132,000
Balance sheet
Assets:
Cash ................................................................. Br100, 000 Br 40,000
Inventories ....................................................... 150,000 110,000
Other current assets ......................................... 110,000 70,000
Receivable from Starr Co ................................ 25,000
Plant asset (net) ............................................... 450,000 300,000
Patent (net) ...................................................... -0- 20,000
Total ............................................................... 835,000 540,000
Liability and SHE:
Payable to Palm Corp ...................................... 25,000
Income taxes payable ...................................... 26,000 10, 000
Other liabilities ................................................ 325,000 115,000
Common stock Br 10 par................................. 300,000
Common stock for Br 5 par ............................. 200,000
Additional Paid in capital ............................... 50,000 58,000
Retained Earnings ........................................... 134,000 132,000
Total liabilities and SHE ................................. 835,000 540,000

On Dec, 31, 2002 current fair values of Starr Company‟s identifiable assets and liabilities were the
same as their carrying amount, except for the following 3 assets:
Fair Values:
Inventories ......................................... Br 135,000
Plant assets (net) .............................. Br 365,000
Patent (net) ...................................... Br 25,000

Because Starr was to continue as a separate corporation and generally accepted principles do not
sanction write-ups of assets of a going concern, Starr didn‟t prepare journal entries for the
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements
combination. Palm Corporation recorded the combination as a purchase on December 31, 2002
with the following journal entries.
1. Issuance of 10,000 common stocks to stockholders of Starr Company
Investment in Starr Company ..................................................... 450,000
Common Stock .................................................... 100,000
Additional PIC – Common Stock ........................ 350, 000
2. Out of pocket costs
Investment in Starr Company ..................................................... 60,000
Additional PIC - CS .................................................................... 35,000
Cash....................................................................... 95,000
The above entries are the same as the entries for a statutory merger accounted for using Purchase
Method but they do not include any debit or credit, to record individual assets and liabilities of
Starr Company in the records of Palm Corporation. This is because the investee was not
liquidated as in a merger; it remains a separate legal entity.

Preparation of Consolidated Balance Sheet

Purchase accounting for the business combination of Palm Corporation and Starr Company
requires a fresh start for the consolidated entity. This reflects the theory that a business
combination that meets the requirement of purchase accounting is an acquisition of the combines‟
net assets (assets less liabilities) by the combinor.
1. The operating results of the two companies prior to combination are those of two separate
economic- as well as legal – entities. Accordingly, a consolidated balance sheet is the only
consolidated financial statement issued by the investor (Palm Corporation) on the date of the
business combination. This can be done with the use of a working paper.
2. The parent company‟s investment account and the subsidiary‟s stockholder‟s equity accounts do
not appear in the consolidated Balance sheet because they are reciprocal or intercompany
accounts.
3. Under purchase accounting theory, the parent company (combinor) assets and liabilities are
reflected at carrying amount and that of the subsidiary (the combinee‟s) at current fair values
except inter company accounts, in the consolidated balance sheet.
4. Goodwill is recognized to the extent the cost of the parent company‟s investment in 100% of
the subsidiary‟s outstanding common stock exceeds the current fair value of the subsidiary‟s
identifiable net assets.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Based on the foregoing data, the following consolidated Balance sheet is prepared
Palm Corporation and Subsidiary
Consolidated Balance Sheet
December 31, 2002
Assets:
Cash (5,000 + 40,000) ................................................................................ 45,000
Inventories (150,000 + 135,000) ................................................................ 285,000
Others (110,000 + 70,000) .......................................................................... 180,000
Plant assets (net) (450,000 + 365,000) ....................................................... 815,000
Patent (net) (0+25,000) ............................................................................... 25,000
Good will .................................................................................................... 25,000
Total assets.................................................................................................. 1,375,000
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity:
Liabilities:
Income taxes payable (26,000 + 10,000) .................................................... 36,000
Others (325,000 + 115,000) ........................................................................ 440,000
Stock holder‟s equity:
Common stock, Br 10 par ........................................................................... 400,000
Additional Paid in capital ........................................................................... 365,000
Retained Earnings ....................................................................................... 134,000
Total liabilities & shareholder‟s equity ...................................................... 1,375,000

Goodwill = Investment in Starr Company - Values of Starr Company‟s net assets at CFV
Goodwill = 510,000 – (Br 635,000 – 150,000) = Br510,000 – 485,000 = 25,000
Working Paper for Consolidated Balance Sheet
 Preparation of consolidated balance sheet on the date of purchase type business combination
usually requires the use of a working paper for consolidated balance sheet, even for a parent
company and a wholly owned subsidiary.
 A consolidated balance sheet is prepared using a working paper for Palm Corporation a shown
below.
 The working paper for consolidated balance sheet on the date of purchase-type business combination has
the following features:
1. The elimination is not entered in either the parent company‟s or the subsidiary‟s accounting records; it is
only a part of the working paper for preparation of the consolidated balance sheet.
2. The elimination is used to reflect differences between current fair values and carrying amounts of the
subsidiary‟s identifiable net assets because the subsidiary did not write up its assets to current fair values
on the date of the business combination.
3. The Elimination column in the working paper for consolidated balance sheet reflects increases and
decreases, rather than debits and credits. Debits and credits are not appropriate in a working paper
dealing with financial statements.
4. Intercompany receivables and payables are placed on the same line of the working paper for consolidated
balance sheet and are combined to produce a consolidated amount of zero.
5. The respective corporations are identified in the working paper elimination. The reason for precise
identification is to deal with the eliminations of intercompany profits (or gains).
6. The consolidated paid-in capital amounts are those of the parent company only. Subsidiary‟s Paid-in
capital amounts always are eliminated in the process of consolidation.
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements
7. Consolidated retained earnings on the date of purchase-type business combination include only the
retained earnings of the parent company. This treatment is consistent with the theory that purchase
accounting reflects a fresh start in an acquisition of net assets (assets less liabilities), not a combining of
existing stockholder interest.
8. The amounts in the consolidated column of the working paper for consolidated balance sheet reflects the
financial position of a single economic entity comprising two legal entities, with all intercompany
balances of the two entities eliminated

Palm Corporation and Subsidiary

Working Paper for Consolidated Balance Sheet
December 31, 2002
Palm Starr Elimination Consolidated
Corporation Company
Assets: ↑ (↓)
Cash ..........................................................................................
5,000 40,000 45,000
Inventories ................................................................................
150,000 110,000 25,000 285,000
Other current assets ..................................................................
110,000 70,000 180,000
Intercompany receivables 25,000 (25,000)
(payables)
Investment in Starr Co ..............................................................
500,000 . . . . . (500,000)
Plan asset (net)..........................................................................
450,000 300,000 65,000 815,000
Patent (net)................................................................................
-0- 20,000 5,000 25,000
Goodwill (net) ..........................................................................
-0- __-0- 25,000 25,000
Total asset ................................................................................
1,250,000 515,000 (390,000) 1,375,000
Liabilities & SHE:
Income taxes Payables ..............................................................
26,000 10,000 – 36,000
Other Liabilities .......................................................................
325,000 115,000 – 440,000
Common stock Br 10 par ..........................................................
400,000 – – 400,000
–
Common stock Br 5 par ............................................................ 200,000 (200,000) –
Additional Paid in capital .........................................................
365,000 58,000 ( 58,000 ) 365,000
Retained Earnings .....................................................................
134,000 132,000 (132,000) 134,000
Total Liab. & SHE ....................................................................
1,250,000 515,000 (390,000) 1,375,000

Working Paper Elimination Journal Entries shown below:

Debit Credit
Common stocks Br 5 par-Starr ...................... 200,000
Reciprocal Ledger Accounts (390,000)
Additional paid in capital-Starr ..................... 58,000
Retained Earnings-Starr ................................ 132,000
Inventories (135,000-110,000) ...................... 25,000
Plant assets (net) (365,000-300,000) ............. 65,000 Increase in Assets (95,000)
Patent (net) (25,000-20,000) ......................... 5,000
Goodwill (net) (500,000-485,000) ................ 25,000 Excess Cost
Investment in Starr Company.............. 510,000

Br 390,000 represents the carrying amounts of the net assets of Star Company. Br 110,000 (500,000
– 390,000) is attributable to the excess of current fair values over carrying amounts of certain
identifiable assets of Starr and Goodwill.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Example 5.2:
XYZ Corporation issued 20,000 shares of its Br 10 par Common Stock (CFV of Br 45 a share) to
the stockholders of ABC Company for all the outstanding Br 5 Common Stock of ABC Company.
The out-of-pocket cost of the business combination paid by XYZ Company on December 31, 2002,
consisted of the following:
1. Finder‟s fees and legal fees ............................................................ 100,000
2. Registration expenses .................................................................... 70,000
Total ................................................................................................... 170,000
The Business Combination qualified for purchase accounting. ABC Company is to continue its
corporate existence as a wholly owned subsidiary of XYZ Corporation. The Balance Sheet of XYZ
Corporation and ABC Company for the year ended December 31, 2002 prior to Consummation of
the business combination are below:

XYZ Corporation and ABC Company

Balance Sheet
December 31, 2002
Assets: Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity:
XYZ ABC XYZ ABC
Company Company Company Company
Cash ..........................................................................
200,000 80,000 Payable to XYZ Co ...................................................
50,000
Inventories .................................................................
300,000 220,000 Income tax payable ...................................................
52,000 20,000
Other Current Assets .................................................
220,000 140,000 Other liabilities .........................................................
650,000 230,000
Receivable from ABC ...............................................
50,000 Common Stock (10 Par)............................................
600,000 ─
Plant Assets (net) ......................................................
900,000 ─
600,000 Common Stock (5 par) ..............................................
400,000
––
Patent (net) ................................................................
40,000 Additional PIC ..........................................................
100,000 116,000
Retained Earning ......................................................
268,000 264,000
Total Assets ...............................................................
1,670,000 1,080,000 Total Liab. & SHEs ..................................................
1,670,000 1,080,000
The December 31, 2002 CFVs of ABC Company identifiable assets and liabilities were the same as
carrying amount except for the three assets listed below:
1. Inventories ...................................................................................... 270,000
2. Plant assets (net) ............................................................................. 730,000
3. Patent (net) ..................................................................................... 50,000
Pass necessary journal entries in the books of XYZ Corporation and prepare the Consolidated
Balance sheet of XYZ Corporation and its subsidiary ABC Company on December 31, 2002
1. Issuance of 20,000 shares of common stocks
Investment in ABC Company (20,000@45) ............................900,000
Common Stock (20,000 shares @ Br 10) ....................... 200,000
Additional PIC (20,000 shares @ 35) ....................... 700,000

2. Out-of-Pocket Costs
Investment in ABC Company .................................................. 100,000
Additional PIC (Indirect Expenses) ............................................. 70,000
Cash .......................................................................... 170,000
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements
Calculation of Goodwill:
Total acquisition cost (investment cost) ........................................ 1,000,000
Net Assets of ABC Company
Cash .......................................................................... 80,000
Inventories ................................................................ 270,000
Other Current Assets ................................................ 140,000
Plant (net) ................................................................. 730,000
Patent (net) ............................................................... 50,000
Total.......................................................................... 1,270,000
Less: Liabilities
Payable to XYZ Corporation ..................... 50,000
Income Tax Payable ................................... 20,000
Other Liabilities ....................................... 230,000
Total liabilities .......................................................... (300,000)
Net Assets ................................................................. 970,000
Goodwill ................................................................... 30,000

Consolidated Balance sheet

XYZ Corporation and ABC Company
Consolidated Balance sheet
December 31, 2002
Assets:
Cash (200,000 – 170,000 + 80,000) ............................................ 110,000
Inventories (300,000 + 270,000) ................................................. 570,000
Others Current Assets (220,000 + 140,000) ................................ 360,000
Plant assets (net) (900,000 + 730,000) ........................................ 1,630,000
Patent (net) (0+50,000)................................................................ 50,000
Good will ..................................................................................... 30,000
Total assets .................................................................................. 2,750,000
Liabilities and SHE:
Liabilities:
Income taxes payable (52,000 + 20,000) .................................... 72,000
Others (650,000 + 230,000) ........................................................ 880,000
Common stock, Br 10 Par ........................................................... 800,000
Additional Paid in capital ............................................................ 730,000
Retained Earnings........................................................................ 268,000
Total liabilities & shareholder‟s equity ....................................... 2,750,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Working Paper Elimination in the form of Journal Entries:

Debit Credit
Common stocks Br 5 par ............................... 400,000
Additional paid in capital ............................. 116,000 Reciprocal Ledger Accounts (780,000)
Retained Earnings ......................................... 264,000
Inventories (270,000 – 220,000) ................... 50,000
Plant assets (net) (730,000 – 600,000) .......... 130,000 Increase in Assets (190,000)
Patent (net) (50,000 – 40,000) ....................... 10,000
Goodwill (net) (1,000,000 – 970,000)........... 30,000 Excess Cost
Investment in Starr Company..... 1,000,000

Exercise 5.1 On July 1, 2000 LEE Company exchanged 18,000 of its Br 30 market value shares
(Br 10 par) for all the outstanding shares of BLACK Company. LEE paid direct acquisition costs of
Br 20,000 and paid Br 5,000 in stock issuance costs. The two companies had the following Balance
sheet on July 1, 2002
LEE and BLACK Company
Balance Sheet (Prior to Business Combination)
July 1, 2002
Assets: Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity:
LEE BLACK LEE BLACK
Corporation Company Corporation Company
Cash .......................... 50,000 70,000 Current Liabilities ................ 180,000 60,000
Inventories................. 120,000 60,000 Common Stock (10 Par) ....... 400,000
Land .......................... 100,000 40,000 Common Stock (5 par) ......... 200,000
Building (net) ............ 300,000 120,000 Retained Earnings ................ 420,000 140,000
Equipment (net .......... 430,000 110,000
Total Assets ............... 1,000,000 400,000 Total Liab. & SHEs .............. 1,000,000 400,000

The following market values differ from book values for BLACK Company‟s Assets:
Inventories ...................................................................... 65,000
Land ................................................................................ 100,000
Building (net) ................................................................. 150,000
Equipment (net) .............................................................. 75,000
Instructions:
1.Record the investment in BLACK Company and any other entry necessitated by the purchase
method
2. Prepare a consolidated Balance Sheet as of July 1, 2006, on the date of purchase
Checking Figures:
Total Acquisition Cost (18,000@30 + 20,000) ................................. 560,000
Net Assets (460,000 – 60,000)........................................................... 400,000
Goodwill ............................................................................................
160,000
Consolidated cash ..............................................................................
95,000
Consolidated inventories ................................................................... 185,000
Consolidated Current liabilities ......................................................... 240,000
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements

Exercise 5.2:
Balance Sheet of PELLMAN Corporation and SHIRE Company on May 31, 2004, together with
current fair values of SHIRE identifiable Net Assets are shown below:

PELLMAN and SHIRE Company

Balance Sheet (Prior to Combination)
May 31, 2004
Assets: Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity:
PELLMAN SHIRE PELLMAN SHIRE
Company Company Company Company
Cash ..........................................................................................
500,000 10,000 Current Liabilities .....................................................................
500,000 80,000
Trade A/Receivable ...................................................................
700,000 60,000 Long-term Debt.........................................................................
1,000,000 400,000
Inventories .................................................................................
1,450,000 120,000 Common Stock (10 Par) ...........................................................
1,500,000 100,000
Plant Assets (net) .......................................................................
2,850,000 610,000 Additional PIC ..........................................................................
1,200,000 40,000
Retained Earnings .....................................................................
1,300,000 180,000
Total Assets ...............................................................................
5,500,000 800,000 Total Liab. & SHEs ..................................................................
5,500,000 800000

The following current fair values differ from book values for SHIRE Company‟s Assets and
Liabilities:
Inventories ................................................................ 140,000
Plant Assets (net)...................................................... 690,000
Long-term Debt ........................................................ 440,000
On May 31, 2004, PELLMAN acquiring all 10,000 shares of SHIRE‟s outstanding common stock
by paying Br 300,000 cash to SHIRE‟s shareholders and Br 50,000 cash for finders and legal fees
related to the business combinations. There was no contingent consideration and SHIRE became a
subsidiary of PELLMAN Corporation

Instruction:
1. Prepare journal entries for PELLMAN Corporation to record business combination with SHIRE
Company on May 31, 2004 as a purchase
2. Prepare a consolidated balance sheet on May 31, 2004 showing the workings

Checking Figures:
Total Acquisition Cost................................................... 350,000
Net Assets (900,000 – 520,000) .................................... 380,000
Goodwill (negative) ....................................................... 30,000
Consolidated cash .......................................................... 160,000
Consolidated total assets................................................6,020,000
Consolidated Long-term debt ........................................1,440,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

5.3) Consolidation of Partially Owned Subsidiary on the Data of Business

Combination Under Purchase Accounting
Consolidation of a parent company and its partially owned subsidiary differs from the consolidation
of a wholly owned subsidiary in one major respect - the recognition of minority interest (non-
controlling interest).
 Minority interest or no controlling interest is a term applied to the claims of stockholders other
than the parent company (controlling interest) to the net income or losses and net assets of the
subsidiary. The minority interest in the subsidiary‟s net income or losses is displayed in the
consolidated income statement, and the minority interest in the subsidiary‟s net assets is displayed
in the consolidated balance sheet.

Example 5.3: To illustrate the consolidation techniques for a purchase type business
combination involving a partially owned subsidiary, assume the following facts:
On December 31,2003 Post Corporation issued 57,000 shares of its Br 1 par common stock
(Current fair value Br 20 a share ) to stockholders of Sage Company in exchange for 38,000 of the
40,000 outstanding shares of Sage’s Br 10 par common stock Thus Post acquired 95% of the
interest in Sage (38/40). There was no contingent consideration. Out-of-pocket costs of the
combination paid in cash by Post on December 31, 2003 were as follows:
 Finder‟s and legal fees of Combination ................................... Br 52, 250
 Cost of issuing shares ............................................................... 72,750
 Total ......................................................................................... 125,000

Financial statements of the two companies before the combination are as follows:
Income statement Post Sage
Corporation Company
Net sales ..................................................................
Br 5,500,000 Br 1,000,000
Costs & Expenses:
Cost of goods sold ....................................................
3,850,000 650,000
Operating expense ....................................................925,000 170,000
Interest expense ........................................................
75,000 40,000
Income tax Expense.................................................. 260,000 56,000
Total Costs and expenses .........................................
(5,110,000) (916,000)
Net income ...............................................................
390,000 84,000
Statement of RES
Retained Earnings, beginning of year ...................... 810,000 290,000
Add: Net income ...................................................... 84,000
390,000
Sub-totals ..................................................................
1,200,000 374,000
Less: Dividends ........................................................
(150,000) (40,000)
Retained Earnings End of the year ........................... 1,050,000 334,000
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements

Balance Sheet
BALANCE SHEET
Post Sage
Corporation Company
Assets:
Cash .........................................................Br 200,000 Br 100,000
Inventories ................................................ 800,000 500,000
Other current assets .................................. 550,000 215,000
Plant asset, (net) ......................................3,500,000 1,100,000
Goodwill (net) .......................................... . 100,000 __-0-
Total ........................................................5,150, 000 1,915,000
Liability and SHE:
Income taxes payable ............................... 100,000 16,000
Other liabilities .........................................2,450,000 930,000
Common stock Br 1 par ...........................1,000,000
Common stock for Br 10 par.................... 400,000
Additional Paid in capital ......................... 550,000 235,000
Retained Earnings ...................................1,050,000 334,000
Total liabilities and SHE ..........................5,150, 000 1,915,000

On Dec, 31, 2003 current fair values of Sage company‟s identifiable assets and liabilities were the
same as their carrying amount, except for the following assets:
Market Values
Inventories ......................................... Br 526,000
Plant assets (net) .............................. Br1,290,000
Leasehold ........................................ Br30,000
Post Corporation records the combination with Sage Company as a purchase and thus, the
following journal entries are made:
1. Issuance of 57,000 shares to Sage company
Investment in Sage Company (57,000 shares @ Br 20) ............... 1,140,000
Common Stock .......................................................... 57, 000
Paid in capital ........................................................... 1,083,000
2. To record out-of-pocket cost
Investment in Sage Company ........................................................ 52,250
Paid in capital ................................................................................ 72,750
Cash l ........................................................................ 125,000
Investment in Subsidiary Account
Investment in Sage Company
1,140,000
52,250
1,192,250
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Working Paper for Consolidated Balance Sheet

As minority interest in net assets of a partially owned subsidiary& measurement of goodwill
acquired in the combination complicates the process, it is advisable to use a working paper.
Developing the Elimination
 Common stock –Sage Company ....................................................... 400,000
 Additional paid in capital- Sage Company......................................... 235,000
 RES, Sage Company .......................................................................... 334,000
 Intercompany accounts (net assets = A – L) ...................................... 969,000

The footing of Br 969,000 of the debit items of the partial elimination above represents the
carrying amounts of the net assets of Sage Company and is Br 223,250 less than the investment
in Sage Company of Br 1,192,250. Part of this Br 223,250 difference is the excess of the total cost
of Post Corporation’s investment in Sage Company plus the minority interest in Sage
Company‟s net assets over the carrying amounts of Sage‟s identifiable net assets. Difference
between current fair vales and carrying amount of combinee‟s identifiable assets are presented
below:
 Inventories (526,000 – 500,000) ........................................................ 26,000
 Plant assets (net) (1,290,000 – 1,100,000) .........................................190,000
 Leasehold ............................................................................................ 30,000
 Total ....................................................................................................246,000
Working Paper Elimination Journal Entry:
Common Stock – Sage Company ............................................ 400,000
Additional paid in capital – Sage Company ............................ 235,000
RES – Sage Company ............................................................ 334,000
Inventories (526,000 – 500,000) ............................................. 26,000
Plant assets, net (1,290,000 – 1,100,000) ................................ 190,000
Leasehold................................................................................. 30,000
Goodwill .................................................................................. 38,000
Investment in Sage Company .................................... 1,192,250
Minority Interest in Net Assets of Subsidiary............ 60,750
Computation of Goodwill and Minority Interest:
The revised footing of Br 1,215,000 (969,000 + 246,000) of the debit items of the above partial
elimination represents the current fair values of Sage Company‟s identifiable net assets on
December 31, 2003. Two items must be recorded to complete the elimination for Post Corporation
and Subsidiary. Thus, Minority Interest and Goodwill should be computed. First, computations of
Minority interest in combinee‟s identifiable net assets
Minority interest:
CFV of net assets................................................................. 1,215,000
Minority interest (100% – 95%) ........................................ 5%
Minority interest (5% @ 1,215,000) .................................. 60,750 – This is recorded by crediting
Minority Interest Account like liability
Alternative way of Calculating Net Assets at CFV:
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements

Cash ....................................................................................... 100,000

Inventories ............................................................................. 526,000
Other Current Assets ............................................................. 15,000
Plant (net) .............................................................................. 1,290,000
Leasehold .............................................................................. 30,000
Total Assets at CFV .............................................................. 2,161,000
Less: Liabilities at CFV (16,000 + 930,000)......................... 946,000)
Net Assets at CFV ................................................................. 1,215,000

Goodwill:
Second, the Goodwill acquired by Post Corporation in the business combination with Sage
Company is computed as follows and recorded:
Investment for 95% interest in Sage Company .......................................... 1,192,250
Less: CFV of 95% of Investment in net assets (1,215,000 @ 0.95) ......... 1,154,250
Goodwill acquired by Post Corporation .................................................... 38,000

The working paper for consolidated balance sheet is presented below:

Post Corporation and Subsidiary
Working Paper for Consolidated Balance Sheet
December 31, 2003
Post Sage
Elimination Consolidated
Corporation Company
Assets: ↑ (↓)
Cash ..................................................................................
75,000 100,000 175,000
Inventories ........................................................................
800,000 500,000 26,000 1,326,000
Other current assets 550,000 215,000 765,000
Investment in Sage Co ......................................................
1,192,250 (1,192,250)
Plan asset (net)..................................................................
3,500,000 1,100,000 190,000 4,790,000
Leasehold Assets (net) ......................................................
-0- -0- 30,000 30,000
Goodwill (net) ..................................................................
100,000 38,000 138,000
Total asset ........................................................................
6,217,250 1,915,000 (908,250 7,224,000
Liabilities & SHE:
Income taxes Payables ......................................................
100,000 16,000 – 116,000
Other Liabilities ................................................................
2,450,000 930,000 – 3,380,000
Minority Interest in NAs Sub 60,750 60,750
Common stock Br 1 par ....................................................
1,057,000 – 1,057,000
–
Common stock Br 10 par .................................................. 400,000 (400,000) –
Additional Paid in capital .................................................
1,560,250 235,000 ( 235,000) 1,560,250
Retained Earnings .............................................................
1,050,000 334,000 (334,000) 1,050,000
Total Liability & SHE .....................................................
6,217,250 1,915,000 (908,250) 7,224,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Consolidated Balance sheet of the parent company and partially owned subsidiary
Post Corporation and Subsidiary
Consolidated Balance Sheet
December 31, 2003
Assets:
Cash ......................................................................................................... Br 175, 000
Inventories ............................................................................................... 1,326,000
Other Current assets ................................................................................. 765,000
Total current assets .................................................................................. 2, 266,000
Plant assets, net ........................................................................................ 4,790,000
Leasehold ................................................................................................... 30,000
Goodwill .................................................................................................... 138,000
Total assets............................................................................................... 7,224,000
Liabilities and SHE:
Liabilities:
Income tax payable .................................................................................. 116,000
Other ........................................................................................................ 3,380,000
Minority Interest in net assets of subs...................................................... 60,750
Total liabilities ......................................................................................... 3,556,750
Stockholders‟ Equity:
Common stock Br 1par ............................................................................ 1,057,000
Additional PIC ......................................................................................... 1,560,250
Retained Earnings .................................................................................... 1, 050,000
Total Shareholders‟ Equity ...................................................................... 3,667,250
Total Liability and SHE ........................................................................... 7,224,000

Example 5.4:
On 31 October 2003, SELALE Company acquires 83% of the common stock of BIRITY Company
in exchange for 50,000 Br 2 Stated Value (Br 10 Current Fair Value a share) shares of common
stock. There was no contingent consideration. Out-of-pocket costs of the business combination paid
by SELALE Company on 31 October 2003 were as follows:
Legal and Finder‟s Fees ........................................................ 34,750
Stock Registration Costs ....................................................... 55,250
Total ...................................................................................... 90,000
There was inter-company transaction between the constituent companies prior to the business
combination. BIRITY was to be a subsidiary of SELALE Company. The separate balance sheet of
the constituent companies prior to the Business combination follows:
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements

SELALE AND BIRITY Company

Separate Balance Sheet (Prior to Business Combination)
October 31, 2003
Assets: Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity:
SELALE BIRITY SELALE BIRITY
Company Company Company Company
Cash 250,000 150,000 Income tax payable 40,000 60,000
Inventories 860,000 600,000 Current Liabilities 390,000 854,000
Other current asset 500,000 260,000 Long-term Debt 950,000 1,240,000
Plant Assets, net 3,400,000 1,500,000 CS, no-par (Br 2 Stated V) 1,5000,000 ––
Patent, net –– 80,000 Common Stock (10 Par) 100,000
Additional PIC 1,500,000 ––
Retained Earnings 630,000 336,000
Total Assets 5,010,000 2,540,000 Total Liab. & SHEs 5,010,000 2,540,000

The Current Fair Values of BIRITY‟s identifiable net assets were the same as the carrying amounts
on October 31, 2003; except for the following:
Inventories ................................................................................
Br620,000
Patent, net .................................................................................
95,000
Plant Assets, net .......................................................................
1,550,000
Long-term debt .........................................................................
1,225,000

Instructions:
1. Prepare journal entries in the books of SELALE Company on October 31, 2003 to record
the business combination as a purchase
2. Prepare a working paper elimination (in journal entry) on October 31, 2003 and
Consolidated Balance Sheet of SELALE Company and Subsidiary
Solution:
Calculation of total acquisition cost (investment):
Purchase consideration (50,000 Share @ Br 10) ....................................... 500,000
Direct out-of-pocket costs .......................................................................... 34,750
Total Investment ......................................................................................... 534,750
Calculation of Net Assets:
Cash ....................................................................................... 150,000
Inventories ............................................................................. 620,000
Other Current Assets.............................................................. 260,000
Plant Assets, net ..................................................................... 1,550,000
Patent, net .............................................................................. 95,000
Total Assets ........................................................................... 2,675,000
Less: Liabilities
Income tax payable .......................................................... 60,000
Other current liabilities .................................................... 854,000
Long-term debt ................................................................ 1,225,000
Total liabilities .................................................................... (2,139,000)
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Total Net Assets .................................................................. 536,000

Calculation of Goodwill:
 SELALE Company‟s share of net Assets = 83% @ 536,000 = 444,880
 Goodwill = Total Investment – share of Net Assets
 Goodwill = 534,750 – 444,880 = Br 89,870

Calculation of Minority Interest in Net Assets:

 Minority Interest = 17% of Net Assets of BIRITY Co
 Minority Interest = 536,000 @ 17% = Br 91,120 Reported as liability

1. Journal Entries:
Issuance of 50,000 shares to BIRITY Company
Investment in BIRITY Company (50,000 shares @ Br 10) ................. 500,000
Common Stock ................................................................ 100,000
Additional PIC ................................................................. 400,000
To record out-of-pocket cost
Investment in BIRITY Company.......................................................... 34,750
Additional PIC - CS .............................................................................. 55,250
Cash ................................................................................. 90,000

Working Paper Elimination Journal Entries:

Common Stock – BIRITY Company ................................................... 100,000
Retained Earnings- BIRITY Company ................................................. 336,000
Inventories (620,000 – 600,000) ........................................................... 20,000
Plant assets (net) (1,550,000-1,500,000) ............................................... 50,000
Patent, net ..............................................................................................
15,000
Long-term Debt ..................................................................................... 15,000
Goodwill ................................................................................................
89,870
Investment in BIRITY Company ..................................... 534,750
Minority Interest in Net Assets of Subsidiary .................. 91,120
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Preparation of Consolidated Balance Sheet

SELALE Company And BIRITY Company
Consolidated Balance Sheet
October 31, 2003
Assets:
Cash (250,000 + 150,000 – 90,000) ..................................................... Br310,000
Inventories (860,000 + 600,000 + 20,000) ........................................... 1,480,000
Other Current assets (500,000 + 260,000) ............................................ 760,000
Plant assets (net) (3,400,000 + 1,500,000 + 50,000) ............................ 4,950,000
Patents (net) (0 + 80,000 + 15,000) ...................................................... 95,000
Goodwill ............................................................................................... 89,870
Total Assets .......................................................................................... 7,684,870
Liabilities and SHE:
Liabilities:
Income tax payable (40,000 + 60,000) ................................................. 100,000
Other Current Liabilities (390,000 + 854,000) ..................................... 1,244,000
Long-term Debt (950,000 + 1,240,000 – 15,000) ................................ 2,175,000
Minority Interest in net assets of the Subsidiary .................................. 91,120
Stockholders’ Equity:
Common stock Br 2 Stated Value no-par stock................................... 1,600,000
Additional PIC ..................................................................................... 1,844,750
Retained Earnings ................................................................................ 630,000
Total Liability and SHE...................................................................... 7,684,870
Problem 5.2:
Great Company has been looking to expand its operations and has decided to acquire the assets of
TURE Company and MURAD Company. Great Company will issue 25,000 shares of its Br 10 par
common stock to acquire the net assets of TURE Company and 8,000 shares to acquire 98% of the
net asset of MURAD Company. The Balance Sheet of the three companies on December 31, 2005,
the scheduled date of business combination, is given as follows:
GREAT TURE MURAD
Company Company Company
Assets In Birr In Birr In Birr
Cash .................................................................................
300,000 80,000 30,000
Accounts Receivables ......................................................
525,000 120,000 50,000
Inventory ..........................................................................
340,000 150,000 135,000
Land .................................................................................
420,000 150,000 150,000
Building ...........................................................................
800,000 500,000 150,000
Accumulated Depreciation...............................................
(130,000) (150,000) (110,000)
Total Assets......................................................................
2,255,000 850,000 405,000
Liabilities and SH Equity:
Current liabilities .............................................................
75,000 160,000 55,000
Bonds payable ..................................................................
180,000 100,000 100,000
Common Stock (Br 10 par) .............................................
1,000,000 270,000 100,000
Additional PIC .................................................................
400,000 30,000 -0-
Retained earnings .............................................................
600,000 290,000 150,000
Total liabilities and equity ...............................................
2,255,000 850,000 405,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
The following current fair values (CFV) are agreed upon by the BODs of the combinee companies
and Great Company while the others have the same book values and current fair values
TURE MURAD
Company Company
Inventory 160,000 150,000
Land 200,000 240,000
Building, net 400,000 60,000
Bonds payable 80,000 95,000
Great Company‟s stock is currently traded at Br 40 per share. Great will incur Br 25,000 direct
acquisition cost in TURE Company and Br 14,000 of direct acquisition cost in MURAD Company.
Great also incurred Br 13,000 other indirect cost of acquisition and Br 15,000 stock registration and
issue cost in the acquisition of the two companies.
Required:
1. Prepare elimination journal entries assuming that purchased method is appropriate. Show the
necessary calculation that supports the recording and pass the journal entry of each combinee
separately.
2. Prepare Consolidated balance sheet on the date of business combination consolidating all the
combinees

5.4) Consolidations Concepts and Minority Interest

The appropriate classification and presentation of minority interest in consolidated financial
statements is a perplexing problem, due to the reason that it is:
 recognized only in the consolidation process
 does not result from the business transactions of either the parent or subsidiary
Different concepts of consolidation have been developed to account for minority interest: (1) Parent
Company Concept; (2) Economic Unit Concept (either with purchased or full goodwill); and (3)
Proportionate Share Concept

1. Parent Company Concept

The parent company concept emphasizes the interests of the parent‟s shareholders. This concept
treats the minority interest in net assets of a subsidiary as a liability. This liability is increased each
accounting period subsequent to the date of a business combination by an expense representing the
minority‟s share of the subsidiary’s net income. Consolidated financial statements reflect the
stockholders‟ interest in the parent itself plus their undivided interests in the net asset of the
subsidiaries. The consolidated balance sheet is essentially a modification of the parent‟s balance
sheet with assets and liabilities of all subsidiaries substituted for the parent‟s investment in
subsidiaries.

To summarize, the Parent Company Concept of Consolidation:

 Treats the minority interest in subsidiary‟s net assets as a liability
 The liability increases by minority‟s share of net income
 The liability decreases by minority‟s share of net losses
 Dividends declared by the subsidiary to minority stockholders decreases the liability
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements
2. Economic Unit Concept
In the economic unit concept, the minority interest in the subsidiary’s net assets is displayed in
the stockholders‟ equity section of the consolidated balance sheet. The consolidated income
statements display the minority interest in the subsidiary‟s net income as a subdivision of total
consolidated net income.

Economic Unit Concept:

 emphasizes control of the whole by a single management
 sometimes called the entity theory
 Consolidated financial statements are intended to provide information about a group of legal
entities – a parent and its subsidiaries – operating as a single unit.
 Both controlling and consolidated net income is net of the minority‟s share of the
subsidiary‟s net income.

In substance minority shareholders are special classes of creditors to the consolidated company
because they exercise no control of ownership over operations of either parent (subsidiary). If
consolidated financial statements are to present fairly the operating results and financial position of
a single economic entity the niceties of minority shareholder‟s ownership of part of the subsidiary
should be disregarded. The display of minority interest in the liability section is consistent with the
parent company concept of consolidated statements. There is no ledger account for minority interest
in net assets of subsidiary, in either the parent company‟s or subsidiary‟s records.

Example: Economic Unit Concept with Purchased Goodwill

The previous computation of minority interest and goodwill was based on two the following
premises: (i) identifiable net assets of a partially owned subsidiary should be valued on a single
basis at CFV; and (ii) only subsidiary goodwill acquired by the parent Company should be
recognized, in accordance with the cost method of valuing assets.
Subsidiary‟s Net Assets .............................................................. 969,000
Excess of CFV over Book Value ................................................ 246,000
CFV of Net Assets ..................................................................... 1,215,000
Parent Company‟s Share in Subsidiary ...................................... 95%
Minority Interest in Subsidiary ................................................... 5%
Acquisition Cost ......................................................................... 1,192,250
Solution:
Minority Interest = 5% @ Net Assets
Minority Interest = 5% @ 1,215,000
Minority Interest = Br 60,750
Goodwill= Acquisition Cost – Share of Net Assets
Goodwill= 1,192,250 – (95% @ 1,215,000)
Goodwill= 1,192,250 – 1,154,250
Goodwill=Br 38,000
Alternative Method of Valuing Minority Interest & Good Will
Two other alternatives procedures for computing minority interest and goodwill have been
suggested:
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
3. Economic Unit Concept of Consolidation with Full Goodwill
CFV is assigned to total net assets of Subsidiary including goodwill through independent implied or
inferred value. This is to value minority interest in net assets of subsidiary and goodwill is to obtain
a CFV for 100% of a partially owned purchased subsidiary‟s total net assets, either through
independent measurement of minority interest or by inference from the cost of the parent
company’s investment in subsidiary. Independent measurement of the minority might be
accomplished by reference to quoted market price of publicly traded common stock owned by
minority stockholders of subsidiary. By inference from the cost of post corporation‟s investment is
as follows:
Total cost of investment of Post corporation in Sage Company ............................ 1,192,250
Post Corporation‟s percentage of ownership in Sage Company ............................ 95%
Implied CFV of 100% of Sage‟s total net assets (1,192,250/0.95) ........................ 1,255,000
Minority Interest: (5% @1,255,000) ......................................................................
62,750
Goodwill (1,255,000 – 1,215,000), which is CFV Sage Company‟s NA .............. 40,000

4. Proportionate Concept of Consolidation

The first alternative would assign Fair Values to a partially owned purchased subsidiary’s
identifiable assets only to the extent of the Parent Company‟s Ownership Interest therein. For
example; 95% in the example above; 95%@246,000=233,700 which is the total difference between
CFV and Carrying Amounts of Sage Company‟s identifiable net assets. The minority interest in net
assets of the subsidiary would be based on the carrying amounts of the subsidiary‟s identifiable net
assets rather than CFV.
 Minority Interest = 5% @ 969,000 carrying value of net assets = 48,450
 Goodwill =1,192,250 – [(95% @ 969,000) + (95% @ 246,000)]=38,000
Acquisition Cost ...................................................................................... 1,192,250
Book value of subsidiary ......................................................................... 969,000
Minority interest (5%@969,000) ............................................................ (48,450) 920,550
Cost in-excess of the book value ............................................................. 271,700
Allocation based on CFV in-excess of book value (246,000@95%) ...... 233,700
Goodwill .................................................................................................. 38,000

The Goodwill would be the same as computed previously. The 233,700 would be reflected in the
aggregate debits to inventories, plant assets, and leasehold in the working paper elimination.
Supporters argue that CFV of combinee’s identifiable net assets of the subsidiary should be
reflected in consolidated financial statements only to the extent that they have been acquired by the
combinor.

5.5) Other Issues of Consolidations and Push Down Accounting

Bargain Purchases: There may be excess of CFV of subsidiary‟s net assets over the cost of parent
Company‟s investment in the subsidiary‟s Common Stock (negative goodwill). The same principle
as the previous chapter (pro rata reduction) is applied.

Disclosure of Consolidation Policy: In notes to financial statements, a description of consolidation

policy shall be reflected in consolidated financial statements.
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements
Advantages and Shortcomings of Consolidated Financial Statement
 They are useful principally to stockholders and prospective investors of the parent company.
These users are given comprehensive financial information for the economic unit represented by
the parent company and its subsidiaries, without regard for legal separateness of the individual
companies.
 Creditors of each consolidated company and minority shareholders of subsidiaries have only
limited use from consolidated financial statements because they do not show individual
financial position and operating results. In addition creditors of constituent companies can‟t
ascertain the asset coverage of their claims
 The major criticism of consolidated statements comes from financial analysts. They argue that
consolidated statements of diversified companies (conglomerates) are impossible to classify in a
single industry. Hence, they stat that such statements can‟t be used for comparative purposes or
for financial analysis.

Push-Down Accounting for a Purchased Subsidiary

Significant problem (question) is the appropriate basis of accounting for assets and liabilities of
purchased subsidiaries that issue separate statements to outsiders. Some accountants argue that they
should report in their separate statement based on carrying values before the combination because
GAAPs do not allow writing up of assets by a going concern. Others recommend that the values
assigned to purchase subsidiary‟s net assets in the consolidated statements shall be pushed down to
the subsidiary for incorporation in its separate statements. They argue the combination is an event
warranting recognition of current fair values. The SEC sanctioned (requires use of) push down
accounting for purchased subsidiaries.

In some situations when common stock is acquired, the subsidiary will adjust its books to reflect the
current values at date of acquisition. In other words, adjusting entries are made on the subsidiaries
books rather than just working paper entries. Therefore, subsequent working papers will not have
to deal with the excess value elements as they will be taken care of by the subsidiary‟s accounting
department (depreciation, amortization, etc.). SEC Staff Bulletin No. 54 requires push-down
accounting in the separate financial statements of a subsidiary acquired in a purchase transaction

Parent’s Ownership % Guidelines

 90% or more Substantially owned – push-down accounting is required
 80 to 89% Push-down accounting is encouraged but not required
 Below 80% Push-down accounting may not be appropriate (e.g., subsidiary
has substantial preferred stock or public debt outstanding

5.6) Consolidated Financial Statements: Subsequent to Date of Business

Combination under Purchase Accounting
Subsequent to date of a business combination the parent company accounts for operating results
of subsidiary. That is it accounts for:
 Net income or net loss, and
 Dividends declared paid by subsidiary
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
In addition, a number of intercompany transactions and event that frequently occur in a Parent-
Subsidiary relationship shall be recorded. All the three basic financial statements must be
consolidated for accounting periods subsequent to the date of purchase type business combination.
The items that must be included in the elimination are:
1. The Subsidiary‟s beginning-of-year stockholder‟s Equity and its dividends,
2. The parent‟s investment, and the parent‟s investment income accounts;
3. Unamortized Current Fair Value excesses of the subsidiary‟s net assets; and
4. Certain operating expenses of the subsidiary

A parent company may choose the Equity Method or the Cost Method to account for the
operating results of consolidated purchased subsidiaries.

1. Equity Method
 The Parent company records its share of subsidiary‟s net income or net loss, adjusted for
depreciation and amortization of differences between current fair values and carrying amounts of a
purchased subsidiary‟s net asset on the date of business combination, as well as its share of
dividends declared by subsidiary.
 Proponents of the equity method of accounting maintain that the method is consistent with
accrual accounting, because it recognizes increases or decreases in the carrying amounts of parent
company‟s investment in the subsidiary when they are realized by the subsidiary as net income or
net loss, not when they are paid by the subsidiary as dividends.
 Proponents claim that it stresses the economic substance of the parent-subsidiary relationship
because the two companies constitute a single economic entity for financial accounting.
 They also claim that dividends declared by subsidiary are not revenues to the parent (as claimed
by cost methods): instead, they are liquidations (reduction) of investment in subsidiary.

2. Cost Method
 Parent Company accounts for the operations of a subsidiary only to the extent that dividends
are decrared by subsidisry.
 Dividends declared by the subsidiry subsequent to the business combination are revenue to
parent company
 Dividends declared by the subsidiary in excess of postcombination net income are reduction in
carrying amount of the investrment in subsidiary. (Liquidating Dividend).
 Net income or net loss of subsidiary is not recorded by parent company when the cost method
of accounting is used.
 Supporters argue that the cost method appropriatly recoginizes legal form of the parent
company – subsidiary relationship.
 Parent company and subsidiry are sparate legal entities; accounting for a subsidiary‟s
operations should recognize the separatness, according to proponents of cost method.

Choosing Between the Two Metheds

 Consolidated financial statement amounts are the same regadless of the mehods used. But
the working paper eliminations are different
 The equity method is appropriate for pooled subsidaries as well purchased subsidiaries.
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements

5.7) Accounting for Operating Results of Wholly Owned Purchased

Subsidiaries: Subsequent to Date of Business Combination
Illustration of eqiuity method for wholly owned purchased subsidiary for first year after business
Combination.
Example 5.5:(A Continuation of Example 5.1)
1. Assume that Starr Company had net income of Br 60,000 for the year ended December 31,
2003, and dividends of Br 24,000 are declared on December 20, 2003.
December 20, 2003:
Dividends Declared................................................................
24,000
Intercompany Dividends Payable ......................... 24,000
Intercompany dividends payable will be eliminated when preparing consolidated statement.

Palm corporation will record the follwing entry:

December 20, 2003:
Intercompany Dividend Receivable....................................... 24,000
Inv‟t in Starr Company Common 24,000
Stock .....................................................................
December 31, 2003:
Investment in Starr Company Common Stock ...................... 60,000
Intercompany Investment Income ........................ 60,000
2. Adjustment of purchased subsidiary’s net income:
Palm must prepare a third equity method journal entry on December 31,2003 to adjust Starr‟s net
income for depreciation and amortization attributable to the difference between CFV and carrying
values of Starr‟s Company net assets on December 31,2002, the date of combination. Because such
differences were not considered by the subsidiary, the subsidiary‟s 2003 net income is overstated
from the point of view of the consolidated entity. Assume that on December 31, 2002 (date of
combination), differences between CFV& carrying values of Starr company‟s net assets were as
follow:
December December
31, 2002 31, 2003
Inventories (FIFO) ..................................................... Br 25,000 ─
Plant Assets, net:
Land ..................................................................... 15,000 15,000
Building (10 Years) ............................................. 30,000 27,000
Machinery (10 Years).......................................... 20,000 18,000
Patent (5 Years) ......................................................... 5,000 4,000
Goodwill (No Impairment) ........................................ 25,000 25,000
Total ........................................................................... 120,000 89,000
 Plant Assets, net (December 31, 2002) = 15,000 + 30,000 + 20,000 = Br65,000
 Plant Assets, net (December 31, 2003) = 15,000 + 27,000 = Br60,000
Palm Corporation prepares the following additional equity method journal entry to reflect the
effects of depreciation and amortization of the differences between the CFV and carrying amounts
of Starr Company‟s net assets on Starr's net income for the year ended Dec.31.2003.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
The amount of amortization, which the difference between CFVs and carrying amounts of Starr
Company’s net assets on December 31, 2003 is determined as follows:
Inventories sold and included in the COGS ............. Br25,000
Building - depreciation (30,000 /10) ........................ 3,000
Machinery – depreciation (20,000/ 15) .................... 2,000
Patent-amortization (5,000/ 5) ................................. 1,000
Total ......................................................................... 31,000

December 31, 2003:

Intercompany Investment Income .........................................
31,000
Investment in Starr Company....................................... 31,000
Note: Intercompany Investment Income = 60,000 - 31,000 = 29,000

The working paper elimination subsequent to combination must include accounts that appear in the
constituent companies‟ income statement, Retained Earnings statement and balance sheet because
all the three statement are to be consolidated. A consolidated statement of cash flows is prepared
from the three basic consolidated financial statements and their information.

Developing the Elimination Journal Entries:

The working paper eliminations are as follows:
A. Removing Subsidiary’ Equity Account and Increase in Assets
Common stock–Starr Company ..................................200,000
Add paid in capital–Starr Company ............................ 58,000
Retained Earnings–Starr Company .............................132,000
Inter-company Investment Income .............................. 29,000
Plant asset, net–Starr Company ................................... 60,000
Patent (net)–Starr Company ........................................ 4,000
Goodwill (net)–Starr Company ................................... 25,000
COGS–Starr Company ................................................ 25,000
Operating Expenses–Starr Company .......................... 6,000
Investment in Starr Company ...................... 515,000
Dividends–Starr Company ........................... 24,000

The above working paper elimination journal entry is to eliminate intercompany investment and
equity accounts of subsidiary at beginning of year, and subsidiary dividend.
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements
B. For year 2003 depreciation and amortization on differences between fair values and carrying
amounts of Starr's net assets based on the following assumptions:
COGS Expenses
Inventories sold ......................................................... Br 25,000
Building depreciation ............................................... 3,000
Machinery depreciation ............................................. 2,000
Patent amortization .................................................... ______ 1,000
Total ...................................................................... 25,000 6,000
C. Allocate unamortized differences between the combination date CFVs and carrying amounts of
Starr‟s net asset.

Working Paper Eliminations for Equity Method

 Three components of the subsidiary‟s stockholders‟ equity are reciprocal to the parent
company‟s Investment Ledger Account.
 The subsidiary‟s beginning-of-year retained earnings amount is eliminated.
 Subsidiary‟s dividends are an offset to the subsidiary‟s retained earnings.
 The balance of the parent company‟s Investment Ledger Account is net of the dividends
received from the subsidiary.
 The elimination of the subsidiary‟s beginning-of-year retained earnings makes beginning-of-
year consolidated retained earnings identical to the end-of-previous-year consolidated retained
earnings.
 The debits to the subsidiary‟s plant assets, patent, and goodwill bring into the consolidated
balance sheet the un-amortized differences between current fair values and carrying amounts
of the subsidiary‟s assets on the date of the business combination.
 The amount of the parent company‟s inter-company investment income is an element of the
balance of the parent‟s Investment Ledger Account.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Palm Corporation and Subsidiary

Working Paper For Consolidated Financial Statements
For Year Ended Dec.31,2003
Palm Starr Conso-
Elimination
Types of financial statements: Corporation Company lidated
Income statement
Revenue:
Net Sales .................................................. 1,100,000 680,000 1,780,000
Intercompany Investment Income ........... 29,000 a (29,000)
Total Revenue 1,129,000 680,000 (29,000) 1,780,000
Cost of goods sold.................................... 700,000 450,000 a 25,000 1,175,000
Operating expenses .................................. 217,667 130,000 a 6,000 353,667
Interest expense........................................ 49,000 49,000
Income tax expenses ................................ 53,333 40,000 93,333
Total Costs and Expenses ...................... 1,020,000 620,000 *31,000 1,671,000
Net income 109,000 60,000 (60,000) 109,000
Statement of Retained Earnings
Retained Earnings Jan.1, 2003 ................. 134,000 132,000 a (132,000) 134,000
Net income for the year ........................... 109,000 60,000 (60,000) 109,000
Subtotal .................................................... 243,000 192,000 (192,000) 243,000
Dividend Declared ................................... 30,000 24,000 **a (24,000) 30,000
Retained Earnings end of year ................. 213,000 168,000 (168,000) 213,000
Balance Sheet
Cash ......................................................... 5,900 72,100 78,000
Intercompany Receivables (Payables) ..... 24,000 (24,000) –
Inventories ............................................... 136,000 115,000 251,000
Other current assets .................................. 88,000 131,000 219,000
Investment in Starr Company .................. 515,000 – a (515,000) –
Plant asset, net.......................................... 440,000 340,000 a 60,000 840,000
Patent, net................................................. – 16,000 a 4,000 20,000
Goodwill, net ........................................... – – a 25,000 25,000
Total Asset .............................................. 1,208,900 650,100 (426,000) 1,433,000
Liability and SHE
Income tax payable .................................. 40,000 20,000 60,000
Other liabilities ........................................ 190,900 204,100 395,000
Common stock Br 10 par ......................... 400,000 – 400,000
Common stock Br 5 par ........................... – 200,000 a (200,000) –
Additional paid-in capital ........................ 365,000 58,000 a (58,000) 365,000
Retained Earnings .................................... 213,000 168,000 a (168,000) 213,000
Total Liability & SHE .......................... 1,208,900 650,100 (426,000) 1,433,000
*Br 31,000 is an increase in total costs and expenses and a decrease in net income; **Br
24,000 is a decrease in dividends and an increase in retained earnings.
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements
Note: Use the working paper and prepare consolidated financial statements (Consolidated income
statement, statement of retained Earning and balance sheet)
 Income Statement
PALM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY
Consolidated Income Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 2003
Net sales ............................................................................................ Br1,780,000
Cost and expenses:
Cost of goods sold .................................................................. 1,175,000
Operating expenses................................................................. 353,667
Interest Expense...................................................................... 49,000
Income Taxes Expense ........................................................... 93,333
Total costs and expenses ........................................................ (1,671,000)
Net Income ........................................................................................ Br109,000
Basic earnings per share (40,000 shares outstanding) ....................... Br2.74
 Statement of Retained Earnings
PALM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY
Consolidated Statement of Retained Earnings
For year ended December 31, 2003
Retained earnings, beginning of year........................................................... Br134,000
Add: Net Income .......................................................................................... 109,000
Subtotal ........................................................................................................ Br243,000
Less: Dividends (Br 0.75 a share) ................................................................ 30,000
Retained earnings, end of year ..................................................................... Br213,000
 Balance Sheet
PALM CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARY
Consolidated Balance Sheet
December 31, 2003
Assets:
Cash ........................................................................................................................... 78,000
Inventories ................................................................................................................. 251,000
Other Assets ............................................................................................................... 219,000
Plant Assets, net ......................................................................................................... 841,000
Patent, net .................................................................................................................. 20,000
Goodwill .................................................................................................................... 25,000
Total Assets............................................................................................................... 1,433,000
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity:
Liabilities:
Income taxes payable ................................................................................................. 60,000
Other liabilities .......................................................................................................... 395,000
Stockholders’ Equity:
Common stock, Br10 par ........................................................................................... 400,000
Additional paid-in capital .......................................................................................... 365,000
Retained earnings....................................................................................................... 213,500
Total liabilities and stockholders‟ equity ................................................................... 1,433,000
The following point are noticeable in the consolidated financial statements and the working paper:
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
 In effect, the elimination of the inter-company investment income comprises a reclassification
of the inter-company investment income to the adjusted components of the subsidiary‟s net
income in the consolidated income statement.
 The increases in the subsidiary‟s cost of goods sold and operating expenses, in effect, reclassify
the comparable decrease in the parent company‟s Investment ledger account under the equity
method of accounting.
 The inter-company receivable and payable, placed in adjacent columns on the same line, are
offset without a formal elimination.
 The elimination cancels all inter-company transactions and balances not dealt with by the offset
described above.
 The elimination cancels the subsidiary‟s retained earnings balance at the beginning-of-year, so
that each of the three basic financial statements may be consolidated in turn.
 The first-in, first-out method is used by subsidiary to account for inventories; thus the difference
attributable to subsidiary‟s beginning inventories is allocated to cost of goods sold for the year
ended.
 Income tax effects of the elimination‟s increase in subsidiary‟s expenses are not included in the
elimination.
 One of the effects of the elimination is to reduce the differences between the current fair values
and the carrying amounts of the subsidiary‟s net assets, except land and goodwill, on the
business combination date.
 The parent company‟s use of the equity method of accounting results in the equalities described
below:
 Parent Company Net Income = Consolidated Net Income
 Parent Company Retained Earnings = Consolidated Retained Earnings
 Despite the equalities, consolidated financial statements are superior to parent company
financial statements for the presentation of financial position and operating results of parent
and subsidiary companies.

CLOSING ENTRIES:
After consolidated financial statements have been completed, both the parent company and its
subsidiaries prepare closing entries and post to ledger accounts, to complete the accounting cycle
for the year. The subsidiary‟s closing entries are prepared in the usual fashion. However, the parent
company‟s use of equity method of accounting necessitates specialized closing entries. The equity
method of accounting disregards legal form in favor of economic substance. However, state
corporation laws generally require separate accounting for retained earnings available for dividends
to stockholders.
For the Parent Company (Palm Corporation), the December 31, 2003 closing entries under the
Equity method of accounting for purchased subsidiary are as follows:
To close revenue accounts:
Net Sales ...............................................................................1,100,000
Investment Income from subsidairy .......................... 29,000
Income Summary ...................................................... 1,129,000
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements
To close expense accounts:
Income Summary ..................................................................
1,020,000
Cost of Goods Sold..................................................... 700,000
Operating Expenses .................................................... 217,667
Interest Expense ......................................................... 49,000
Income Tax Expense .................................................. 53,333
To close income summary accounts; to transfer net income legally available for dividends to
retained earnings; and to segregate 100% share of adjusted net income of subsidiary not
distributed as dividends by the subsidiary:
Income Summary .................................................................................
109,000
Retained Earnings of Subsidiary (29,000 – 24,000)................. 5,000
Retained Earnings (109,000- 5,000) ......................................... 104,000
To close dividends declared accounts:
Retained Earnings 30,000
Dividend 30,000
Problem 5.3:
Assume that SRS Company is a wholly owned purchased subsidiary of RSR Company. SRS had net
income of Br 80,000 for the year ended December 31, 2003 a year after business Combination and
dividends of Br 50,000 are declared on December 20, 2003. The Parent decided to amortize Br
35,000 excess acquisition cost in 2003.
1. Determine by how much the investment in subsidiary account decreases or increases
2. Record each of the foregoing event under equity method of accounting
3. Determine the investment of income

5.8) Accounting for Operating Results of partially Owned purchased

Subsidiaries Subsequent to Date of Business Combination
This requires computation of the minority interest in net income or net loss of the subsidiary. Under
the parent concept of the consolidated financial statements, the consolidated income statement of a
parent company and its partially owned subsidiary includes an expense: minority interest in net
income (loss) of subsidiary. In the consolidated balance sheet, the minority interest in net assets of
subsidiary is displayed among liabilities.

Illustration of Equity method for partially owned purchases subsidiary for first year after
Business Combination (Continuing with Post-Sage company relationship)
Example 5.6: Assume that on December 5, 2004 Sage Company declared dividend of Br 1 per
Share Payable on December 19, 2004 and net income of Sage for the year was Br 90,000.
Sage records the following journal entries.
December 5, 2004: To record declaration of dividend payable
Dividends Declared (40,000 @ 1) ....................................................... 40,000
Dividends Payable (Br 40,000 @ 0.05) ................................... 2,000
Intercompany Dividends Payable (40,000 @ 0, 95) ................ 38,000
December 19, 2004: To record payment of dividend declared
Dividends Payable ................................................................................ 2,000
Intercompany Dividends Payable ........................................................ 38,000
Cash ................................................................................... 40,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Post Corporation record the following journal entries for 2004, under the equity method in relation
with subsidiary
1. December 5, 2004: to record dividend declared by Sage Company for proportionate Share
of Dividend
Intercompany Dividend Receivable ......................................................38,000
Investment in Sage Company .......................................... 38,000

2. December 19, 2004: To record receipt of dividend from Sage Company

Cash.......................................................................................................38,000
Intercompany Dividend Receivable. ............................... 38,000
(Proportionate Share of Dividend)

3. December 31, 2004:

Investment in Sage Company ............................................................... 85,500
Intercompany Investment Income (95% @ 90,000 =85,500) .... 85,500
To record 95% of net income of sage company for the year ended dec.31, 2004 Adjustment of
purchased Subsidiary’s net income. Assume the following CFV and carrying values:
Excess Dec.31,
Cost Expense Balance
Inventories (FIFO) ..................................... 26,000 (26,000) ─
Plant Assets, net:
Land ...................................................... 60,000 ─ 60,000
Building (20 Years) .............................. 80,000 (4,000) 76,000
Machinery (5 Years)............................. 50,000 (10,000) 40,000
Leasehold (6Years) .............................. 30,000 (5,000) 25,000
Total ........................................................... 246,000 (45,000) 201,000
Plant Assets, net (December 31, 2003) = 60,000 + 80,000 + 50,000 = 190,000
Plant Assets, net (December 31, 2004) = 60,000 + 76,000 + 40,000 = 176,000

4. Post Corporation prepares the following additional entry to record the amortization of excess
cost:
Intercompany Investment Income (95% @ 45,000) .............................
42,750
Investment in Sage Company Common Stock ........................ 42,750

The Investment in Sage Company

Investment in Sage Company
1,192,250 38,000 Dividend
85,500 42,750 Amortization of Excess Cost

1,197,000

Note: Goodwill in a business combination involving a partially owned subsidiary is attributable

to the parent company in a partially owned subsidiary rather than the subsidiary. Consequently,
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements
amortization of goodwill is debited to the amortization Expense ledger account of the parent
company.

Developing the Elimination Entries

 Post Corporation uses the equity method of accounting for its investment in Sage Company
results in balance the Investment ledger account that is a mixture of three components.
i. The carrying amount of Sage's identifiable net assets
ii. the "current fair value excess or Excess Cost over CFV: which is attributable to Sage's
identifiable assets: and
iii. the goodwill acquired by post in the business combination with Sage

A. The Eliminations column of the working paper is presented below:

Common Stock –Sage Company ...................................................400,000
Add paid in capital – Sage Company ............................................235,000
Retained Earning – Sage Company ...............................................334,000
Investment Income from the Subsidiary ....................................... 42,750
Plant Assets (net) – Sage Company ..............................................176,000
Leasehold – Sage Company .......................................................... 25,000
Goodwill – Sage Company............................................................ 38,000
CGS – Sage Company ................................................................... 26,000
Operating Expenses- Sage Company ............................................ 19,000
Investment in Sage Company ........................................ 1,197,000
Dividends – Sage Company ........................................... 40,000
Minority Interest in Net Asses of the sub ...................... 58,750
* Minority interest in dividend declared by the subsidiary Br 40,000 @ 0.05 = Br 2000. Thus the
Minority Interest in Net Assets of the Subsidiary would be 60,750 – 2000 = Br58,750.
**For year 2004 depreciation and amortization on differences between CFVs and carrying
amounts of Sage’s net assets are as follows:
Operating
COGS
Expenses
Inventories Sold ...................................................... 26,000
Building Depreciation ............................................ 4,000
Machinery Depreciation ......................................... 10,000
Leasehold Amortization ......................................... 5,000
Total ........................................................................ 26,000 19,000
B. Minority Interest in Net Income and Net Assets
Minority Interest in Net Income of Subsidiary ..................................... 2,250
Minority Interest in Net Assets of Subsidiary .................... 2,250
Minority interest in subsidiary's adjusted net income for year 2000 is computed as
follows:
Net Income of Subsidiary ....................................................................... Br 90,000
Net reduction of elimination (A) (43,000 + 2000) .................................. (45,000)
Adjusted Net Income of subsidiary ......................................................... 45,000
Minority Interest in Adjusted Income (45,000 x 0.05) ........................... (2,250)
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Post Corporation and Subsidiary

Working paper for consolidated Financial statements
For year Ended Dec.31,2004
Post Sage
Elimination Consolidated
Corporation Company
Income Statement
Revenue:
Net Sales...................................................................
5,611,000 1,089,000 6,700,000
Intercompany Investment Income ............................. 42,750 a (42,750)
5,653,750 1,089,000
Total Revenue .......................................................... (42,750) 6,700,000
Cost of goods sold .....................................................
3,925,000 700,000 a 26,000 4,651,000
Operating expenses ................................................... 556,000 129,000 a 19,000 704,000
Interest and income tax expense .............................. 710,000 170,000 880,000
Minority Interest in the net income of Sub................................ b 2,250 2,250
Total costs and Expenses ........................................ 5,191,000 999,000 *47,250 6,237,250
Net income ................................................................
462,750 90,000 (90,000) 462,750
Statement of Retained Earrings
Retained Earnings Jan.1.2004 ................................... 1,050,000 334,000 a (334,000) 1,050,000
Net income for the year ............................................. 462,750 90,000 (90,000) 462,750
Subtotal .............................................................1,512,750 424,000 (424,000) 1,512,750
Dividend Declared .................................................... 158,550 40,000 **a ( 40,000) 158,550
Retained Earnings end of year .................................. 1,354,200 384,000 (384,000) 1,354,200
Balance Sheet
Assets:
Inventories .................................................................
861,000 439,000 1,300,000
Other Current Assets ................................................. 639,000 371,000 1,010,000
Investment in Sage Company CS ............................. 1,197,000 a (1,197,000)
Plant asset( net) .........................................................
3,600,000 1,150,000 a 176,000 4,926,000
Leasehold(net) ........................................................... a 25,000 25,000
Goodwill ( net) ..........................................................
95,000 a 38,000 133,000
Total Asset .................................................................
6,392,000 1,960,000 (958,000) 7,394,000
Liability and SHE:
Liabilities.................................................... 2,420,550 941,000 3,361,550
Minority Interest in the Net Asset a 58,750
Subsidiary.................................................................. b 2,250 61,000
Common stock Br 1 par ............................................ 1,057,000 1,057,000
Common stock Br 10 par .......................................... 400,000 a (400,000)
Additional paid-in capital .......................................... 1,560,250 235,000 a (235,000) 1,560,250
Retained Earnings .....................................................
1,354,200 384,000 (384,000) 1,354,200
Total Liability & SHE ............................................... 6,392,000 1,960,000 (958,000) 7,394,000
* An increase in total costs and expenses and a decrease in net income ** A decrease in
dividends and an increase in retained earnings
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Financial statements

The consolidated income statement, statement of retained earnings and balance sheet of Post
Corporation and subsidiary for the year ended Dec.31, 2004 are shown below:
 Income Statement
Post Corporation and Subsidiary Sage Company
Consolidated Income statement
For the year ended December 31, 2004
Net Sales .............................................................................................. Br 6,700,000
Costs and Expenses:
Cost of Goods Sold............................................................................... 4,651,000
Operating Expense ............................................................................... 704,000
Interest and Income Tax Expense ......................................................... 880,000
Minority Interest in Net Income of The Subsidiary.............................. 2,250
Total Costs and Expenses ..................................................................... (6,237,250)
Net Income ........................................................................................... Br462,750
Earning per share of common stock (462,750 / 1,057,000 shares) Br 0.44
 Retained Earning Statement
Post Corporation and Subsidiary Sage Company
Consolidated Retained Earning Statement
For year ended Dec.31 2004
Retained earnings, beginning of the year .................................................................... Br 1,050,000
Add: Net income ......................................................................................................... 462,750
Subtotal ....................................................................................................................... 1,512,750
Less: Dividends (Br 0.15 a share) ............................................................................... (158,550)
Retained Earnings, Ending of the Year ....................................................................... 1,354,200
 Balance Sheet
Post Corporation and Subsidiary Sage Company
Consolidated Balance Sheet
For year ended Dec.31, 2004
Assets:
Inventories ................................................................................................ 1,300,000
Other Assets ............................................................................................. 1,010,000
Plant Assets, net ....................................................................................... 4,926,000
Leasehold, net........................................................................................... 25,000
Goodwill, net ............................................................................................ 133,000
Total assets ............................................................................................... 7,394,000
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity:
Liabilities:
Liabilities Other Than Minority Interest .................................................. 3,361,550
Minority interest in net assets of subsidiary ............................................. 61,000
Stockholders' Equity:
Common stock, Br 1par............................................................................ 1,057,000
Additional Paid In Capital ........................................................................ 1,560,250
Retained Earnings..................................................................................... 1,354,200
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity .................................................. 7,394,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
CLOSING ENTRIES:
Parent's Dec.31 2004 closing entries under the Equity method of accounting for purchased
subsidiary are as follows:
To close revenue accounts
Net Sales................................................................................ 5,611,000
Intercompany investment income ......................................... 42,750
Income summary ................................................... 5,653,750
To close expense accounts:
Income Summary .................................................................. 5,191,000
Cost of Goods Sold ............................................... 3,925,000
Operating Expenses 556,000
Interest and Income tax expense ........................... 710,000
To close income summary accounts; to transfer net income legally available for dividends to
retained earnings; and to segregate 95% share of adjusted net income of subsidiary not
distributed as dividends:
Income Summary ...........................................................................462,750
Retained Earnings of Subsidiary (42,750 – 38,000) ...... 4,750
Retained Earnings (462,750 – 4,750) ............................. 458,000
To close dividends declared accounts:
Retained Earnings.................................................................. 158,550
Dividend Declared ................................................. 158,550

5.9) Cost Method for Partially Owned Purchased Subsidiary

To illustrate the cost method of accounting for the operating results of a purchased Subsidiary, the
Post Corporation-Sage Company business combination, which involves a partially owned
subsidiary, is used. Post acquired 95% of Sage‟s outstanding common stock at a total cost
(including out-of-pocket costs) of Br1, 192.250 on December 31, 2003 Sage‟s operations for the
first two years following the business combination included the following:
Year Ended Net Dividends
December 31 Income Declared
2004 Br90,000 Br 40,000
2005 105,000 50,000

Illustration of Cost Method for partially Owned Purchased Subsidiary for First Year after
Business Combination
If Post Corporation used the cost method, rather than the equity method, of accounting for Sage
company‟s operating results for the year ended December 31, 2004, Post Corporation would not
prepare journal entries to record Sage‟s net income for the year. Post would record Sage‟s dividend
declaration as follows on November 24, 2004:
Intercompany Dividends Receivable ........................................... 38,000
Intercompany Dividends Revenue ............................... 38,000
To record dividend declared by Sage Company

Post‟s journal entry for receipt of the dividend from Sage would be the same under the cost method
as under the equity method of accounting.
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements
Working Paper for Consolidated Financial Statements
The working paper for consolidated financial statements and the related working paper for consolidated
financial statements and the related working paper eliminations (in journal entry format) for Post corporation
and subsidiary for the year ended December 31,2004 follow:
Post Corporation and Subsidiary
Working paper for consolidated Financial statements
For year Ended Dec.31,2004
Post Sage Elimination Consolidated
Income statement
Revenue:
Net Sales....................................................... 5,611,000 1,089,000 6,700,000
Intercompany Investment Income ................ 38,000 c (38,000)
Total Revenue .............................................. 5,649,000 1,089,000 (38,000) 6,700,000
Cost of goods sold ......................................... 3,925,000 700,000 a 26,000 4,651,000
Operating expenses ....................................... 556,000 129,000 a 19,000 704,000
Interest and income tax expense ................... 710,000 170,000 880,000
Minority interest in net income of Sub ...... b 2,250 2,250
Total costs and Expenses ............................... 5,191,000 999,000 *47,250 6,237,250
Net income .................................................... 458,000 90,000 (85,250) 462,750
Statement of Retained Earrings
Retained Earnings Jan.1.2004 ....................... 1,050,000 334,000 a (334,000) 1,050,000
Net income for the year ................................. 458,000 90,000 (85,250) 462,750
Subtotal ......................................................... 1,508,000 424,000 (419,250) 1,512,250
Dividend Declared......................................... 158,550 40,000 ** a ( 40,000) 158,550
Retained Earnings end of year ....................... 1,349,450 384,000 (379,250) 1,354,200
Balance sheet
a 26,000
Inventories ..................................................... 861,000 439,000 b (26,000) 1,300,000
Other Current Assets ..................................... 639,000 371,000 1,010,000
Investment in Sage Company ....................... 1,192,250 a (1,192,250)
a 190,000
Plant asset, net ............................................... 3,600,000 1,150,000 b (14,000) 4,926,000
a 30,000
Leasehold, net ............................................... b (5,000) 25,000
Goodwill, net ................................................. 95,000 a 38,000 133,000
Total Asset.................................................... 6,387,250 1,960,000 (953,250) 7,394,000
Liability and SHE ........................................
Liabilities....................................................... 2,420,550 941,000 3,361,550
Minority Interest in Net Asset of the a 60,750
Subsidiary .................................................... c (2000)
d 2,250 61,000
Common Stock Br 1 par ................................ 1,057,000 1,057,000
Common Stock Br 10 par .............................. 400,000 (400,000)
Additional Paid In Capital ............................. 1,560,250 235,000 (235,000) 1,560,250
Retained Earnings ......................................... 1,349,450 384,000 (379,250) 1,354,200
Total Liability & SHE ................................. 6,387,250 1,960,000 (953,250) 7,394,000
*An increase in total costs and expenses, and a decrease in net income ** A decrease in dividends and
an increase in retained earnings
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Post Corporation and Subsidiary

Working Paper Eliminations (Cost method)
December 31, 2000
A. To eliminate intercompany investment and equity accounts of Subsidiary on date of business
combination (Dec.31,2003); to Allocate excess of cost over carrying amounts of identifiable
Assets acquired, with remainder to goodwill; and to establish Minority Interest in net assets of
subsidiary on date of business combination (Br1,215,000 @ 0.05 = Br 60.750).
Common Stock – Sage ............................................................................. 400,000
Additional Paid-in Capital-Sage............................................................... 235,000
Retained Earnings –Sage .......................................................................... 334,000
Inventories – Sage ....................................................................................26,000
Plant Assets, net-Sage ..............................................................................190,000
Leasehold, net – Sage ...............................................................................30,000
Goodwill, net – Post .................................................................................38,000
Investment in Sage Company Common Stock-post ................ 1,192,250
Minority Interest in Net Assets of Subsidiary .......................... 60,750

B. To provide for year 2004 depreciation and amortization on differences between business
combination date current fair Values and carrying amounts of Sage’s identifiable assets and to
amortize goodwill acquired in business combination
Cost of Goods Sold – Sage............................................................. 26,000
Operating Expenses – Sage ............................................................ 19,000
Inventories – Sage .............................................................. 26,000
Plant Assets, net – Sage...................................................... 14,000
Leasehold, net – Sage ......................................................... 5,000
 The Allocation as Follows:
COGS Operating
Expenses
Inventories Sold ...................................................... 26,000
Building Depreciation ............................................ 4,000
Machinery Depreciation ......................................... 10,000
Leasehold Amortization ......................................... 5,000
Total ........................................................................ 26,000 19,000
C. To eliminate Intercompany Dividends and minority interest share thereof (40,000 @ 0.05 =
2000)
Intercompany Dividends revenue-Post................................................ 38,000
Minority interest in net assets of subsidiary ........................................ 2,000
Dividend declared-Sage ..................................................... 40,000
D. To Record Minority Interest in Net Income of Subsidiary
Minority interest in net income of subsidiary ...................................... 2,250
Minority interest in net assets of subsidiary .................. 2,250
 Chapter Five: Consolidated Financial Statements
To establish minority interest in subsidiaries adjusted net income for year 2000 as follows:
Net income of subsidiary.................................................... Br 90,000
Net reduction in elimination (b) ......................................... (45,000)
Adjusted net income of subsidiary ..................................... 45,000
Minority interest share (45,000 @ 0.05) ............................ 2,250

The points that follow relative to the cost-method working papers for Post Corporation and
Subsidiary should be noted:
1. The consolidated amounts in the cost-method working paper for consolidated financial
statements are identical to the consolidated amounts in the equity method working paper (page
20). This outcome results from the use of different eliminations in the two methods.
2. Three cost-method elimination, (a), (b), and (c), are required to accomplish what single
equity-method elimination, (a) on page 19, does. The reason is that the parent company‟s
accounting records are used in the equity method to reflect the parent‟s share of the
subsidiary‟s adjusted net income or net loss.
3. Elimination (a) deals with the intercompany investment and subsidiary equity accounts on the
date of the business combination. This account technique is necessary because the parent‟s
investment in Sage company common stock method.
4. The parent company‟s cost-method net income and retained earnings are not the same as the
consolidated amounts. Thus, the consolidated amounts on December 31, 2000, may be proved
as follows, to assure their accuracy:

Consolidated Net Income:

Net income of Post Corporation .................................................. Br 458,000
Add: Post's share of Sage Company‟s adjusted net income not
Distributed as dividends [(Br 45,000- 40,000) x 0.95] ........... 4,750
Consolidated net income ............................................................ 462,750
Consolidated Retained Earning:
Retained earnings of Post Corporation........................................ Br 1,349,450
Add: Post's share of adjusted net increase in Sage Company's
Retained earnings [(Br 50,000-45,000) x0.95] .................... 4,750
Consolidated Retained Earnings ................................................. 1,354,200

CLOSING ENTRIES
There are no unusual features of closing entries for a parent company that uses the cost method of
accounting of a subsidiary's operating results. The Intercompany dividends revenue ledger account
is closed with other revenue accounts to the Income Summary account. Because the parent
company does not record the undistributed earnings of subsidiaries under the cost method, Retained
earnings Subsidiary ledger account is unnecessary.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Chapter Six
Foreign Subsidiaries and Consolidated Financial
Statements
Chapter outlines:
 Accounting for foreign currency transactions
 Transaction, Translation, and Economic exposures
 Foreign exchange rate and functional currency
 Basic translation methods: the current/non-current; the current; the monetary/non-monetary and
the temporal method
 Translation foreign currency financial statement under the current rate method
 Re-measurement foreign currency financial statements

Chapter objectives:
After completing this chapter, you would be able to:
 Introduce foreign currency and definitions.
 Understand quotation conventions for foreign currency and exchange rates
 Learn foreign-currency-denominated transactions accounting
 Understand the functional currency concept
 Determine a subsidiary‟s functional currency
 Produce financial statements using translation or re-measurement, or both
 Apply the current rate translation method.
 Apply the temporal translation method
Chapter Prerequisite: Intermediate Financial Accounting II (Acct 302) and Business
Combinations
Time Required: 8 Hours

6.1 Accounting for Foreign Currency Transactions

Businesses that involve in international trades or Multi-National Company (MNC) need foreign
currencies to enter into different transactions. A “Multi-National Company” is one that conducts its
business in more that one country via branches, joint ventures, subsidiaries etc. In most countries,
the foreign currency is treated as a commodity or a money-market instrument. Thus, different
Multi-National Companies (MNCs) involve buying and selling of foreign currency. The following
different Exchange Rates are applicable for buying and/or selling foreign currency:

Spot Rates: are rates used by banks for immediate delivery or receipts of a foreign currency. The
two spot rates are (i) Spot Selling Rate: The rate charged by the bank for current sales in foreign
currency; and (ii) Spot Buying Rate: The rate applied by the bank to acquire a foreign currency.
The spot buying rate is usually lower than the spot selling rate.

Forward Rates: are rates applied to foreign currency transactions to be consummated at a future
date. The two forward rates are (i) Forward Selling Rate: The rate charged by the bank for future
sales in foreign currency, and (ii) Forward Buying Rate: The rate applied by the bank to acquire a
foreign currency in the future. The forward buying rate is usually lower than forward selling rate.
 Chapter Six: Foreign Subsidiaries and Consolidated Financial Statements
Spread: is the difference between the selling and the buying spot rates and represent gross profit to
a foreign currency trader

The transactions engaged into by the multinational company must be recorded in the reporting
currency in the accounting records of the enterprise. The appropriate spot rate is used for this
purpose. If the spot exchange rate for the foreign currency changes on the date of financial
statement preparation prior to settlement of the transaction, or on the settlement date itself, a
foreign currency transaction gain or loss is recognized for display in the income statement of the
enterprise for the accounting period in which the rate changes. For MNC, if all its transactions are
accounted for in one currency, no problem arises, however often local currencies are used and thus,
MNCs are exposed to different risks as discussed in the next topic as a result of foreign exchange
rate fluctuations.

6.1.1 Economic, Transaction, and Translation Exposure

1. Economic Exposure
It is sometimes called operating exposure. This is an exposure that measures the extent to which a
firm's market value is sensitive to unexpected changes in foreign currency. Currency fluctuations
affect the value of the firms‟ cash flows, income statement and balance sheet by altering its
competitive position. Economic Exposure is the sensitivity of the future home currency value of the
firm‟s assets and liabilities and the firm‟s operating cash flow to random changes in exchange rates.
Economic exposures measures the change in the present value of the firm resulting from any change
in expected future operating cash flows caused by an unexpected change in exchange rates.

2. Transaction Exposure
Transaction Exposure measures gains or losses that arise from the settlement of existing financial
obligations whose terms are stated in foreign currency. Transaction exposure measures the extent to
which income from individual transactions is affected by fluctuations in foreign exchange values. It
is the risk of loss due to adverse foreign exchange rate movements that affect the home currency
value of import and export contracts denominated in a foreign currency. It is also the risk, faced by
companies involved in international trade that currency exchange rates will change after the
companies have already entered into financial obligations. Such exposure to fluctuating exchange
rates can lead to major losses for firms. It usually takes place from changes in exchange rates
between dates of inception of a contract denominated in foreign currency and settlement of the
contract. For example, the transaction exposure may arise from the following transactions:
 Purchasing or selling on credit when prices are stated in a foreign currency
 Borrowing or lending funds when repayment is to be made in a foreign currency
 Being a party to an unperformed foreign exchange forward contract
 Acquiring assets or incurring liabilities denominated in a foreign currency

Foreign Currency Transaction Gains and Losses

During the period liabilities are open, if the selling spot rate decreases (foreign currency weakens
against the domestic currency), it results in a foreign currency transaction gain; if the selling spot
rate increases (foreign currency strengthens against the domestic currency), it will result in a foreign
currency transaction loss. Gains and losses are reported in a firm‟s income statement in the period
in which they occur.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Example 6.1:
Ethio Trading Company purchased goods on account from US Company on December 21, 2010
at $100,000 terms n/30. The spot selling rate for a dollar is Br 16.60

Inventories ............................................................................. 1,660,000

Accounts Payable ................................................... 1,660,000
To record purchase on 30-day open account from US supplier for $100,000, translated at the spot
selling rate $1 = Br 16.60

Determine the foreign currency transaction gain or loss for the Ethio Trading Company assuming
that on December 31, 2010, the spot selling rate for a US dollar was Br 16.58

Liability on December 21, 2010 ........................................................ Br 1,660,000

Less: Liability on December 31, 2005 ($100,000 @ 16.58) ............. 1,658,000
Foreign currency transaction gain ..................................................... Br 2,000
Journal Entry:
Accounts Payable .............................................................................. 2,000
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain ................................ 2,000

Determine the foreign currency transaction gain or loss for the Ethio Trading Company assuming
that on maturity date, February 19, 2011, the spot selling rate for a US dollar was Br 16.61

Liability on December 31, 2010 ........................................................ Br 1,658,000

Less: Liability on December 31, 2005 ($100,000 @ 16.61) ............. 1,661,000
Foreign currency transaction loss...................................................... (Br3,000)
Journal Entry:
Accounts Payable .............................................................................. 1,658,000
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss .................................................. 3,000
Accounts Payable ............................................................ 1,661,000
Exercise 6.1: Ethio Trading Company purchased goods on account from US Company on
December 21, 2010 at $100,000 terms n/30. The spot selling rate for a dollar is Br16.60 on the date
of transaction. On December 31, 2010, the spot selling rate for a US dollar was Br 16.63. On
Maturity date, February 19, 2011, the spot selling rate for a US dollar was Br 16.59. Instruction:
Record the foreign currency transaction on each date.

3. Translation Exposure or Accounting Exposure

Translation exposure is a risk attributed to change in a firm's financial position when the firm's
consolidated financial statements are affected by changes in foreign exchange rates. Translation
involves converting financial statements of foreign subsidiaries from the local currency to the home
currency. It is also known as Accounting Exposure. Translation exposure or accounting exposure
measures the potential losses or gains that would appear on the consolidated financial statements
following a change in exchange rates. It is a risk that a company's equities, assets, liabilities or
income will change in value as a result of changes in exchange rate. This occurs when a firm
denominates a portion of its equities, assets, liabilities or income in a foreign currency. The
translation adjustments are an inherent result of the process of translating a foreign entity's financial
 Chapter Six: Foreign Subsidiaries and Consolidated Financial Statements
statements from the functional currency to reporting currency. Translation adjustments are not
included in determining net income for the period but are disclosed and accumulated in a separate
component of consolidated equity until sale or until complete or substantially complete liquidation
of the net investment in the foreign entity takes place.

6.2 Accounting for Translation of Foreign Currency Financial Statements

6.2.1 Translation Terminology
 Functional Currency – SFAS No. 52 is the primary source of GAAP for translation of foreign
currency financial statements. Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 52 (SFAS 52)
introduced the concept of the Functional Currency. SFAS No. 52 defined the Functional
Currency of a foreign entity as the currency of the primary economic environment in which the
entity operates; normally, that is the currency of the environment in which an entity primarily
generates and expends cash. Functional currency is the monetary unit of account of the
Principal Economic Environment in which an economic entity operates. The functional
currency is used to differentiate between two types of foreign operations:
 Those that are self-contained and integrated into a local environment
 Those that are an extension of the parent and integrated with the parent
 Reporting Currency – is the currency in which the parent company prepares its financial
statements; that is the currency used in published reports and financial documents of the parent
company. It is a currency in which the parent firm prepares its own financial statements; that is,
US dollars for a US companies or Birr for Ethiopian companies.
 Foreign Currency – any currency other than the reporting currency of the parent company
 Local Currency is the currency unit used in a country referenced. Local currency is the
currency in the country where the foreign subsidiary is operating. For example, Birr is the local
currency in Ethiopia.
 Exchange Difference (Spread)– difference resulting from translating a given number of units
of one currency into another currency at different exchange rates
 Foreign Operation – a subsidiary, associate, joint venture, or branch whose activities are based
in a country other than that of the reporting enterprise

6.2.2 Identifying Functional Currency

The functional currency for a given foreign operation is a matter of fact. Management judgment is
required in the functional currency determination process. FASB provided that the salient (most
important) economic factors set forth below and possibly others, should be considered both
individually and collectively when determining the functional currency.
 Cash Flow Indicator – denomination of cash flows.
 Sales Price Indicator – responsiveness of selling prices to exchange rates on a short-term
basis.
 Sales Market Indicator - existence of an active local sales market for the product
 Expense Indicator – existence of a local source for operating costs
 Financing Indicator – denomination of the firm's primary financing
 Intercompany Indicator – the volume of intercompany transactions.

To determine the functional currency, the most heavily weighted factors are indicators related to
Cash Flows and Expense and Revenue Items . Based on the above six indicators, Multinational
company may use the reporting currency or local currency, or foreign currency other than local
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
currency for the operation of foreign subsidiary. The functional currency may be the currency of the
country in which the foreign entity is located (local currency), the reporting currency, or the
currency of other foreign country (foreign currency).
 If the foreign entity's operations are self-contained and integrated in a particular country and are
not dependent on the economic environment of the parent company, the functional currency is
the foreign currency (either local currency or foreign currency other than local currency).
 The functional currency of a foreign company would be the reporting currency if the foreign
operation is an integral component or extension of the parent company's operations. That is, the
daily operations and cash flows of the foreign operation of the foreign entity are dependent on
the economic environment of the parent company.
 An exception is required for subsidiaries located in environments in which the cumulative rate
of inflation during the preceding three years exceeds 100 percent. In such hyper inflationary
environments, the reporting currency becomes the functional currency. A Local Currency can be
a Functional Currency only in a Stable Economy if:
• Cash flows are local currency
• Sales prices are determined by local conditions / in local currency
• Expenses are paid in local currency / driven by local conditions
• Financing done in local currencies
• Inventory value liked to local conditions.

When a multinational enterprise prepares consolidated or combined financial statements that

include the operating results, financial position and cash flows of foreign subsidiaries or branches,
the enterprise must translate the amounts in the financial statements of the foreign entities from the
entities‟ functional currency to the reporting currency. Similar treatment must be given to
investments in other (foreign) investee‟s for which the parent company uses the equity method of
accounting. In addition, if foreign entity‟s accounting records are maintained in a local currency of
the foreign country that is not the entity’s functional currency; the foreign entity‟s account
balances must be re-measured to the functional currency from local currency

6.2.3 Translation Exchange Rates

In translation of foreign subsidiary financial statements, there needs to raise two questions:
1. How should translation gains and losses be reported in the financial statements or should be
accounted for? Should they be included in income?
2. What exchange rate should be used to translate each line of the foreign financial statements
into the domestic currency? That is which exchange rate should be used to translate foreign
currency account balances to reporting currency?
Translation methods may employ a single rate or multiple rates. There are three alternative
exchange rates for translation of foreign subsidiary financial statements: current rate, historical rate,
and average rate.
 Current Rate – exchange rate prevailing as of the financial statement date
 Historical Rate – exchange rate prevailing when a foreign currency asset was first
acquired or a foreign currency liability was first incurred
 Average Rate – is simple or weighted average exchange rate of either current or
historical exchange rates
 Chapter Six: Foreign Subsidiaries and Consolidated Financial Statements

6.2.4 Alternative Methods of Translation of Foreign Subsidiary's Financial Statement

If the exchange rate for the functional currency of a foreign subsidiary or branch remained constant
instead of fluctuating, translation of financial statements would be simple. All financial statement
amounts would be translated at the constant exchange rate. However, exchange rates fluctuate
frequently. Hence, a problem is faced which exchange rate to use. The several methods (translation
models) for foreign currency translation may be grouped into four basic classes as shown below:
1. Current / Non-current Method
2. Monetary/ Non monetary Method
3. Temporal Method
4. Current Rate Method

In general, all the four translation models agree on the translation of sales revenues & other
revenues and most operating expenses on the income statement except depreciation expense.
Typically, these are translated using the historical rate in effect when the revenue was earned or
the expense recognized. That may be an average rate for the period.

1. Current / Noncurrent Method

This method focuses on traditional accounting classification for assets and liabilities:
Balance Sheet Translation:
 Current items on the balance sheet (current assets and current liabilities) are translated at the
current rate.
 Long-term items on the balance sheet (all other assets & liabilities) and the elements of
owners „equity are translated at historical rates
Income statement Translation:
 Depreciation expense & amortization expenses are translated at historical rates applicable to
the related assets.
 All other revenues and expenses are recognized at an average exchange rate for the
accounting period.
This method was sanctioned by AICPA for many years. Today it has few supporters. The principal
objection of this method is with respect to inventories; it represents a departure from historical cost.
Inventories are translated at current rate, rather than at historical rates in effect when the
inventories were acquired, if the current/ noncurrent method of translating foreign currency
accounts is applied. Cost of Goods Sold is translated at the current rate because inventory is
translated at current rate as it is current asset. Translation gains and losses under this method are
generally included in Net Income, but treatment is flexible.

2. Monetary/ Non-monetary Method

This method focuses on the financial character of assets & liabilities of the foreign subsidiary
financial statement rather than on their balance sheet classifications to determine appropriate rate.
Foreign currency assets and liabilities expressed as a fixed number of currency units are defined as
monetary (receivables and payables). Other items are non-monetary.
Balance sheet translation:
 Monetary items are translated at the current rate – i.e. monetary assets & liabilities
representing claims & obligations expressed in a fixed monetary amount are translated at
the current rate.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

 Nonmonetary items are translated at the historical rate – i.e. all other assets and liabilities,
and owners' equity amounts are translated at historical rates. Non-monetary items include
fixed assets, long-term investments, and inventories.
Income statement translation:
 In the income statement, average exchange rates are applied to all revenues and expense
except depreciation expenses, amortization expense, and cost of goods sold, which are
translated at appropriate historical rates.
 Supporters of this method emphasized its retention of the historical cost principle in the
foreign entity‟s financial statements. It was sanctioned by FASB until the issuance of
FASB statement No 52.

Main difference between Current-Noncurrent and Monetary-Nonmonetary:

 Translation rates used for noncurrent receivables and payables is current rate
 Translation rates used for inventory, and prepaid items is historical rate

3. Temporal Method
The temporal model considers currency translation as a measurement conversion process. This
method cannot be used to change the attribute of an item being measured; it can only change the
unit of measure. The temporal method is very similar to Monetary / Nonmonetary unless there is
significant difference in GAAP. Both may present identical results. Differences occur for items that
have been revalued. If no revaluation is allowed, the two methods yield identical results. Temporal
method considers time dimensions and foreign balance sheet items are measured accordingly based
on three different values: Past exchange prices – Historical Cost, Current exchange prices - Current
Value, Future Values
 Cash, receivables, and payables are translated at the current rate
 Other assets and liabilities may be translated at current or historical rates, depending on
their characteristics
 Assets and liabilities carried at past exchange prices are translated at historical rates
 Assets and liabilities carried at current purchase or sales exchange prices or future
exchange prices would be translated at current rates
 This flexible method ensures that parent currency is the single unit of measure
 Cost of Goods Sold and Depreciation Expense are translated at their historical rate.
Exchange gains and losses from translation are included in current net income.

Criticisms of Temporal Method

 The results of translation frequently do not reflect the underlying economic reality of
foreign operations. This is underscored by the volatility of reported earnings using this
method
 Financial results and relationships are distorted. The use of the temporal method can cause
distortions such that a net income in the foreign currency translates to a net loss in the
home currency.
 Sources of these problems are the requirement for current recognition of the unrealized
exchange adjustment and translation of inventories and fixed assets at historical rates,
while the debt used to acquire these assets is translated at current rates.
 Chapter Six: Foreign Subsidiaries and Consolidated Financial Statements
4. Current Rate Method
 All balance sheet amounts other than owners‟ equity items are translated at the current rate.
 Owners' equity items are translated at the historical rates.
 Revenues and gains and expenses and losses are translated at the rates in existence during the
period when the transactions occurred (if practical); otherwise an average exchange rate is used
for all revenuers and expenses.
This method provides that all financial relationship remain the same in both local currency and
reporting currency. The translation adjustment which result from the application of these rules are
reported as a separate component in owners' equity of the parent company's consolidated balance
sheet (or parent – only balance sheet if consolidation was not deemed appropriate).

6.2.5 Translation and Remeasurement: Producing Financial Statements Using

Translation or Remeasurement, or Both.

Translation of Foreign Currency Financial Statements (SFAS No. 52)

Translation involves expressing functional currency measurements into the reporting currency.
FASB statement No 52 adopted the current rate method for translating a foreign entity‟s financial
statements, from the entity‟s functional currency to the reporting currency of the parent company.

Re-measurement of a Foreign Entity’s Records

When the foreign entity‟s books are not maintained in its functional currency, the foreign currency
financial statements must be remeasured into the functional currency. This is accomplished using
the Temporal Method or Monetary and Non-monetary method. FASB provided guidelines for re-
measurement. The re-measurement process should produce the same result as if the entity‟s books
or records had been initially maintained in the functional currency. To accomplish this result;
historical exchange rate is used for some items and current rate is used for others. The monetary
assets and liabilities are remeasured using the current exchange rates while the non-monetary items
are remeasured at historical rates. The gain /loss from re-measurement is recognized in income
measurement

1. Items remeasured using historical rate are:

 Marketable securities carried at cost like equity securities and debt securities not intended to
be held until maturity
 Inventories carried at cost
 Short term prepayment such as insurance, advertising, and rent
 Plant assets and accumulated depreciation
 Intangible assets and related accumulated amortization
 Deferred charges & credits
 Deferred revenue
 Common stock
 Preferred stock carried at issuance price
 Examples of revenue & expenses related to non-monetary items are Cost of good sold;
Depreciation of Plant assets; Amortization of intangibles; and Amortization of deferred
charges/ credits
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
2. All other items are re measured using the current rate – for example sales and operating
expenses
The appropriate historical or current exchange rate generally is the rate applicable to conversion of
the foreign currency for dividends remittances. For instance, a U.S. multinational enterprise having
foreign branches, investees, or subsidiaries typically uses the buying spot rate on the balance sheet
date or applicable historical date to re-measure the foreign currency financial statements.

As per law of the land (law of the country), financial statements are prepared in a currency of that
land regardless of the control existed. Accounting records and books are also maintained in local
currency. This determines whether to apply re-measurement or translation to produce foreign
financial statements.
1. If functional currency is the parent company‟s currency (reporting currency), no translation is
required but re-measurement of foreign subsidiary financial statements at monetary / non-
monetary method eliminates the need for translation.
2. If functional currency is local currency, translation of foreign currency financial statements
should be done.
3. If functional currency is a foreign currency other than local currency, first re-measurement is
undertaken at monetary / non monetary method (temporal method) from local currency to
functional currency and then translation is accomplished at current method from functional
currency to reporting currency. That is, if a foreign entity‟s accounting records are maintained in
a currency other than its functional currency, account balances shall be remeasured to the
functional currency before the statements are translated. If re-measurement is required, it must
precede translation.

Functional Currency Currency of Records Required Procedures

Case 1 Local Currency Local Currency Translation
Case 2 Reporting Currency Local Currency Remeasurement
Case 3 Other Foreign Currency Local Currency Remeasurement & Translation

Example: A US Company having subsidiary in UK

Functional Currency Currency of Records Required Procedures
Case 1 British Pounds British Pounds Translation
Case 2 US Dollar British Pounds Remeasurement
Case 3 Euro British Pounds Remeasurement & Translation

Example 6.2: Illustration of Re measurement of a foreign entity’s Account Balances

Assume the SPS Company whose HO is in US made investment by opening a branch in Ethiopia.
SPS Company bills merchandise to branch at cost and both use perpetual inventory system. The
functional currency is USD, although the Ethiopian Branch maintains its accounting records in
ETB.
 Chapter Six: Foreign Subsidiaries and Consolidated Financial Statements
Transactions of the Year 1999:
1. Cash of $1,000 was sent by Head Office to the Ethiopian Branch ($1= Br 8.55)
2. Merchandise of $100,000 was shipped at cost to Ethiopian Branch ($1 = Br 8.55)
3. Equipment of Br 8,400 was acquired by branch to be carried in HO records ($1 = Br 8.40)
4. Sales by the branch total Br 639,000 ($1 = Br 8.52) COGS = Br 383,400
5. Collection by branch Br 516,000 ($1 = Br 8.6)
6. Payments operating expenses by branch Br 172,000 ($1 = 8.6 Br)
7. Cash of Br 34,200 was remitted to the Ho ($1 = 8.55 Br)
8. Operating expenses incurred by HO & charged to branch $2,000 ($1= Br 8.55)

Additional Information:
 The exchange rate at the beginning was Br 8.55.......... (1)
 The exchange rate at the year was Br 8.47 ................... (2)
 Average rate = (8.47+8.55) / 2 = Br 8.51 ..................... (3)
Instruction: Record the above transaction by the Home Office and by Branch.
Home Office( US Dollar) Ethio Branch (Br)
1.Investment in Ethio branch ................ 1,000 Cash...................................
8,550
Cash ........................................... 1,000 Home Office............... 8,550
2.Investment in Ethio branch ................ 100,000 Inventories ................ 855,000
Inventories ................................ 100,000 Home Office...... 855,000
3.Equipment: Ethio Branch................... 1,000 Home Office................... 8,400
Investment in Ethio Branch ........ 1,000 Cash........................ 8,400
4.None Trade A/R ................. 639,000
COGS ....................... 383,400
Sales ................. 639,000
Inventories ......... 383,400
5.None Cash.......................... 516,000
Trade A/R .......... 516,000
6.None Operating Expense ... 172,000
Cash................... 172,000
7.Cash ................................................... 4,000 Home Office................34,200
Investment in Ethio Branch ......... 4,000 Cash.................. 34,200
8. Investment in Ethio Branch .............. 2,000 Operating Expense ......17,100
Operating expense........................ 2,000 Home Office.......... 17,100

The balance of Investment in Branch and Home Office Accounts are as follows:
Investment in Ethio Branch Home Office
1,000 1,000 8,400 8,550
100,000 4,000 34,200 855,000
2,000 17,100
98,000 838,050
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Branch Trial Balance
SPS Company
Ethio Branch Trial Balance
December 31, 1999
Debit Credit
Cash ...............................................................
Br 309,950
Accounts Receivable ..................................... 123,000
Inventories .....................................................471,600
Home Office .................................................. 838,050
Sales ............................................................... 639,000
Cost of Goods Sold ........................................ 383,400
Operation expenses ........................................ 189,100
Totals 1,477,050 1,477,050
Branch Trial Balance after Remeasurement
SPS Company
Remeasurement of Ethio branch Trial Balance
December 31, 1999
Balance (Br ) Exchange Balance ($)
Dr (Cr) Rates Dr (Cr)
Cash .................................................... Br 309,950 8.47 (1) $36,594
A/R..................................................... 123,000 8.47 (1) 14,522
Inventories ......................................... 471,600 8.55 (2) 55,158
Home Office ...................................... (838,050) (98,000)
Sales ................................................... (639,000) 8.51 (3) (75,088)
COGS................................................. 383,400 8.55 (2) 44,842
Operating expenses ............................ 189,100 8.51 (3) 22,221
Subtotal .............................................. -0- 249
Remeasurement Gain ......................... -0- (249)
Totals ................................................. -0- -0-

The transaction Gain is not a ledger account but used to reconcile the total debits and credits of the
branch's re-measured trial balance. It is used in measuring branch net income for the year. In a
review of the re-measurement of the Ethio branch trial balance, the following four features should
be noted:
1. Monetary assets are re-measured at the current rate; the single non-monetary asset- inventory- is
re-measured at the appropriate historical rate.
2. To achieve the same result as re-measurement of the Home Office ledger account at appropriate
historical rates, the balance of the Home Office's Investment in Ethio Branch account (in
dollars) is substituted for the Branch's Home Office account (in Birr). All equity ledger
accounts- regardless of legal form of the investee- are re-measured at historical rates
3. A simple average of beginning-of -year and end of year exchange rates is used to re-measure
revenue and expense accounts other than cost of goods sold, which is re-measured at the
appropriate historical rates. In practice, a quarterly, monthly or even daily weighted average
might be computed.
4. A balancing amount labeled foreign currency transaction loss, which is not a ledger account, is
used to reconcile the total debits and total credits of the branch's re-measured trial balance.
 Chapter Six: Foreign Subsidiaries and Consolidated Financial Statements
After the trial balance of Ethio branch has been re-measured from Birr to dollar, combined financial
statements for Home Office and branch may be prepared.

Example 6.3: Illustration on Translation of a Foreign Entity's Financial Statements

If a foreign entity's financial statements are expressed in a functional currency other than the parent
company's reporting currency, those amounts must be translated to the reporting currency by the
current rate method.

Translation of Financial Statements of Foreign Influenced Investee

To illustrate the translation of the financial statements of a foreign investee whose functional
currency is its local currency, assume that on May 31, 1999, Colossus Company, a U.S.
multinational company, acquired 30% of the outstanding common stock of a corporation in
Venezuela, which is termed Venezuela Investee. Although the investment of Colossus enabled it
to exercise influence (but not control) over the operations and financial policies of Venezuela
Investee, that entity‟s functional currency was the Bolivar (B). Colossus acquired its investment in
Venezuela Investee for B 600,000, which Colossus acquired at the selling spot rate of B1 = $0.25,
for a total cost of $150,000. Out-of-pocket costs of the investment may be disregarded.
Stockholders‟ equity of Venezuela investee on May 31, 1999, was as follows:
Common Stock ........................................................................................... B 500,000
Additional paid-in capital ........................................................................... 600,000
Retained earnings ........................................................................................ 900,000
Total stockholders‟ equity .......................................................................... B 2,000,000

There was no difference between the cost of Colossus Company’s investment and its equity in the
net assets of Venezuela Investee (B 2,000,000 @ 0.30 = B600,000, the cost of the investment). The
exchange rates for the Bolivar were as follows:
May 31, 1999 ....................................................................................................... $0.25 (1)
May 31, 2000 ....................................................................................................... 0.27 (2)
Average for year ended May 31, 2000 ................................................................ 0.26 (3)

Translation of Venezuela Investee‟s financial statements from the functional currency to the U.S
dollar reporting currency for the year ended May 31, 2000, is illustrated below:
Venezuela Investee
Translation of Income Statement & Retained Earning Statement to U.S dollar
For year ended May 31, 2000
Venezuela Exchange
Income statement Bolivars Rates USD
Net sales ............................................ B6,000,000 $0.26(3) 1,560,000
Costs and expenses............................ (4,000,000) 0.26(3) (1,040,000)
Net income ........................................ 2,000,000 $ 520,000
Statement of Retained Earnings
Retained earning, Beginning ............. B 900,000 0.25(1) $ 225,000
Add: net income ................................ 2,000,000 520,000
Subtotal ............................................. 2,900,000 745,000
Less: dividends* ................................ 600,000 0.27(2) 162,000
Retained Earnings, end of year ......... B 2,300,000 $583,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Balance Sheet
Venezuela Investee
Translation of Balance Sheet to U.S dollar
For year ended May 31, 2000
Venezuela B Exchange Rates USD
Assets
Current assets ................................................. B 200,000 0.27(2) $ 54,000
Plant assets (net) ............................................ 4,500,000 0.27(2) 1,215,000
Other assets .................................................... 300,000 0.27(2) 81,000
Total assets .................................................... B 5,000,000 1,350,000
Liabilities and SHE
Current liabilities ........................................ B 100,000 0.27(2) $27,000
Long-term debt ........................................... 1,500,000 0.27(2) 405,000
Common stock ............................................. 500,000 0.25(1) 125,000
Paid in capital ............................................. 600,000 0.25(1) 150,000
Retained earnings ....................................... 2,300,000 583,000
Foreign currency translation adjustments 60,000
Total liabilities and stockholders' Equity. B 5,000,000 $1,350,000
 Dividends were declared May 31, 2000
 Income tax effects are disregarded
 Average rate was given for the year ended May 31, 2000
 Historical rate was given for the year ended May 31, 1999, date of Colossus
Company’s investment
 Current rate was given for the year ended May 31, 2000
In a review of the translation of the foreign investee‟s financial statements above, the following
features may be emphasized:
1. All assets and liabilities are translated at the current rate.
2. The paid-in capital amounts and the beginning retained earnings are translated at the historical
rate on the date of Colossus Company’s acquisition of its investment in Venezuela Investee.
3. The average rate for the year ended may 31, 2000, is used to translate all revenue and expenses
in the income statement.
4. A balancing amount labeled foreign currency translation adjustments, which is not a ledger
account, is used to reconcile total liabilities and stockholders‟ equity with total assets in the
translated balance sheet of Venezuela Investee. Foreign currency translation adjustments are
displayed in the accumulated other comprehensive income section of the translated balance
sheet.

Following the translation of Venezuela Investee‟s financial statements from Bolivar's ( the
functional currency of Venezuela Investee) to U.S dollars (the reporting currency of Colossus
Company), on May 31, 2000, Colossus prepares the following journal entries in U.S dollars under
the equity method of accounting for an investment in common stock:

To record 30% of net income of Venezuela Invested (Income tax effects are disregarded):
Investment in Venezuela Investee Common Stock ($520,000 @ 0.30) ............. 156,000
Investment income ............................................................................ 156,000
 Chapter Six: Foreign Subsidiaries and Consolidated Financial Statements
To record 30% of other comprehensive income component of Venezuela Investee’s stockholders’
equity (Income tax effects are disregarded)(To record foreign currency translation adjustment):
Investment in Venezuela Investee Common Stock ($60,000 @ 0.3) ................. 18,000
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments ......................................... 18,000

To record dividends receivable from Venezuela Investee:

Dividends Receivable ($162,000 @ 0.30) .......................................................... 48,600
Investment in Venezuela Investee Common Stock ................................ 48,600

The $275,400 balance of the investment account is equal to Colossus Company’s share of the total
stockholders‟ equity, including foreign currency translation adjustments, in the translated balance
sheet of Venezuela Investee: [($125,000 + $150,000 + $583,000 + $60,000) @ 0.30 = $275,400].

Foreign currency translation adjustments, which are not operating revenues, gains, expenses, or
losses, do not enter into the measurement of the translated net income or dividends of Venezuela
Investee; however, the investor‟s share of the translation adjustments is reflected in the investor‟s
Investment ledger account as other comprehensive income. Foreign currency translation
adjustments are displayed in accumulated other comprehensive income in the stockholders‟ equity
section of Venezuela investee‟s translated balance sheet until sale or liquidation of all or part of
Colossus Company‟s investment in Venezuela Investee. At that time, the appropriate amount of the
foreign currency translation adjustment is included in the measurement of the gain or loss on sale or
liquidation of the investment in Venezuela Investee.

6.2.6 Other Aspects of Foreign Currency Translation

In addition to topics discussed thus far, FASB statement No 52 included the following:
1. Transaction Gains and Losses Excluded from Net Income
The FASB required that gains and losses from the following foreign currency transactions be
accounted for in the same manner as foreign currency translation adjustment:
 Foreign currency translation that are designated as, and are effective as, economic hedges of
a net investment in a foreign entity, commencing as of the designation date.
 Intercompany foreign currency transactions that are of a long term investment nature (i.e.
Settlement is not planned of anticipated in the foreseeable future), when the entities to the
transaction are consolidated, combined or accounted for the equity method.

2. Functional currency in Highly Inflationary Economies

The FASB required that the functional currency of a foreign entity in a highly inflationary economy
be identified as the reporting currency.
 Highly inflationary economy is one having cumulative inflation of 100% or more over a 3
year period. Thus financial statement of a foreign entity experiencing severe inflation is
remeasured in the reporting currency regardless of the criteria for determination of the
functional currency.

3. Income Taxes Related to Foreign Currency Translation

Conventional interperiod and intraperiod income tax allocation procedures were prescribed by
FASB for the income tax effects of foreign currency translation as follows:
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

 Interperiod tax allocation for temporary differences associated with foreign currency
transaction gains / losses that are reported in different periods for financial accounting and
income taxes.
 Interperiod tax allocation for temporary differences associated with foreign currency
translation adjustments that do not meet the criteria for non recognition of deferred tax
liabilities for undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries
 Interperiod tax allocation for foreign currency translation adjustment included in the owners'
equality section of the balance sheet.

4. Disclosure of Foreign Currency translation

The FASB required disclosures in the income statement or in a note to the financial statements, of
the aggregate foreign currency transaction gains / losses of an accounting period. Further, the FASB
required disclosure of changes in foreign currency translation adjustments (as well as other
components of accumulated other comprehensive income) during the accounting period. The FASB
also has specified additional disclosures for required contracts or other financial instruments
designated as hedges of the foreign currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation.

International Accounting Standard 21

The provisions of IAS 21 "the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates "dealing with translation
of foreign currency financial statements are compatible with those of FASB statement No 52
"Foreign currency translations". A difference is that IAS 21 states preference for applying price
level adjustment (covered in IAS 29, "financial Reporting in hyperinflationary economies") prior to
the translation of financial statements of foreign entities operating in highly inflationary economies.

Appraisal of Accounting Standards for Foreign Currency Translation

Among the criticisms of FASB statement No 52 are the following:
1. It established identifiable distinction b/n transaction gains/losses arising from re-measurement
and translation adjustments arising from translation. Both involve comparable activities
restatement of amounts in foreign currency to another currency should be treated alike.
2. It abandoned the historical - cost principle by sanctioning use of the current rare method for
translation of foreign currency financial statements.
 It appears that FASB statement No 52 has been accepted by the business community.
 FASB statement No 8 which was suppressed by FASB statement No52 was in effect for
little more thane 6 years, during which time it was subject to continuous controversy
 FASB statement No 8 was criticized for it requirements that translation adjustment be
included in met income and that the monetary/ non monetary method be used to translate
foreign entity's financial statement.
 Chapter Seven: Accounting for Segment and Interim Reporting

Chapter Seven
Accounting For Segment and Interim Reporting
Chapter outlines:
 Meaning and nature of industry segment
 Identifying reportable industry segment
 Determining segment profit or loss and allocating non-traceable expenses
 Reporting discontinue business segment
 Accounting for Interim reporting
 Disclosures of interim financial statements

Chapter objectives:
After completing this chapter, you would be able to:
 Understand Segment and Interim Financial Reporting
 Understand how non-traceable expenses are allocated to segments
 Apply reportable operating segment tests
 Understand the similarities and differences of interim reporting and annual reporting
 Compute segment profit or loss
 Compute interim-period income tax expense

Chapter Prerequisite: Intermediate Financial Accounting II

Time Required: 8 Hours

7.1 Accounting for Segment Reporting; Computation of segment profit and loss
What is Operating Segment?
An operating or industry segment is a component of an enterprise engaged in providing a product or
service or a group of related products and services primarily to outsiders or unaffiliated customers
for a profit.

Segment Reporting
Disaggregating financial information of an enterprise is known as segment reporting. It is
sufficient to disaggregate revenues, operating profit or loss and assets identified with particular
segment.
Uses of Segment Reporting
There are purposes for which segment reporting is prepared. These are:
1. It permits the users of financial statement to make better assessment of a Company‟s past
performance and future prospects.
2. Disaggregated information provides insight into the differences in segment like profitability,
degrees of risk, sources of risk, opportunity for growth, and demands for capital and there by
enables a better assessment of the uncertainness associated with the amounts and timings of
future cash flows.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
7.1.1 Identification of Reportable Industry Segment
The reportable industry segments are identified by the application of quantitative tests specified by
the standards of FASB. A reportable Operating segment is any industry segment meeting one of the
following three numerical tests:
 Revenue Test
 Operating Profit/Loss Test
 Identifiable Assets Test

Only one test has to be satisfied for a segment to be reportable.

 10% Revenue Test
A segment‟s total revenue must equal or exceed 10% of the combined revenue of all the industry
segments of the company. The total Revenues of the segment include both sales to unaffiliated and
inter segmental revenues.
 10% Operating Profit or Loss Test
The absolute amount of operating profit or loss for each segment must equal or exceed 10% of the
absolute value of the combined operating profit of all industry segments that did not incur an
operating loss OR the absolute value of the combined operating loss of all industry segments that
incurred an operating loss, respectively.
 10% Identifiable Assets Test
An identifiable asset of the segment must equal 10% or more of the combined identifiable assets of
all the industry segments.
 Other Guidelines
The combined sales revenues of the disclosed segments must equal or exceed 75% of the total
company sales. Intersegment sales are excluded from the total. Segments must be added until the
75% test is met, even if the additional segments do not meet the reportable segment criteria.

Example 7.1: Western Corporation is a conglomerate entity with operation in four industry
segments. The revenue, operating profit and losses, and identifiable asset attributable to each
segment are as follows:
Particulars A B C D
Revenues: Br Br Br Br
 Sales to unaffiliated customers .......... 7,500 2,000 1,000 10,000
 Inter-Segment Sales ...........................2,000 - 500 2,500
Operating Profit (Loss) .................................2,500 (500) (1,500) 3,500
Identifiable Assets.......................................... 80,000 30,000 20,000 120,000
Instruction: Determine a reportable segment from all the industry segments of Western
Corporation.
1. 10% Revenue Test
Total revenue of all the segments ............................................ Br 25,500
10% Revenue............................................................................ Br 2,550
 Segment A: 9,500 > 2,550 – It is a reportable segment.
 Segment B: 2,000 < 2,550 – Not a reportable segment.
 Segment C: 1,500 < 2,550 – Not a reportable segment.
 Segment D: 12,500 > 2,550 – It is a reportable segment
 Chapter Seven: Accounting for Segment and Interim Reporting
2. 10% Operating Profit (loss) Test
Total profits (2,500 + 3,500) ................................................... Br 6,000
10% profit (6,000 x 10%) ........................................................ Br 600
Segment B: 500 < 600 – it is not reportable segment
Segment C: 1,500 > 600 – it is reportable segment
3. 10% Identifiable Assets Test
Total identifiable asset ............................................................. Br 250,000
10% identifiable ....................................................................... 25,000
Segment B: 30,000 > 25,000 – Reportable Segment
Therefore, all the segments; A, B, C, D are reportable segments

7.1.2 Preparation of Segment Profit or Loss Statement

To calculate segment profit or loss, non-traceable expense has to be allocated to all the segments
according to some suitable basis.
Allocation of Non-Traceable Expenses:
Non-Traceable Expenses are those expenses of an enterprise not identifiable with operation of a
specific operating segment for measurement of segment profit or loss.
Allocation or Apportionment:
Non-traceable expenses are to be allocated among the segment on some reasonable basis. The
management of the enterprise should devise an appropriate method. The following are some of the
methods used in allocation:
1. Ratio of Segment Revenue (Sales Ratio),
2. Ratio of Payroll Total (Payroll Ratio)
3. Ratio of Average Plant Assets and inventories
4. Combined Ratio of all the above- they will take the weighted average of the above three (the
Three Factor Ratio).

Example 7.2: The following data are given to you for Multi-Product Corporation.

Operating segment
Company Chemical Food Product Total
Net Sales – 110,000 90,000 200,000
Traceable expense – 60,000 70,000 130,000
Non-Traceable expense 40,000 – – 40,000
Total expense – – – 170,000
Income Before Tax – – – 30,000
Income taxes (40%) – – – 12,000
Net Income – – – 18,000
Payroll totals 12,000 32,000 48,000 92,000
Average plant assets & inventories 16,000 124,000 276,000 416,000
Instruction: Prepare a statement showing segment profit or loss allocating non-traceable expenses
by three factor ratios.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Calculation of Three Factor Ratio:
1. Sales Ratio
Total Sales ................................................................................ 200,000
Sales of Chemical Product Segment ........................................ 110,000
Percentage of Chemical Product Segment = 110,000 / 200,000 = 55%
Sales of Food Products Segment .............................................. 90,000
Percentage of Food Products Segment = 90,000 / 200,000 = 45%

2. Payroll Totals Ratio

Total payroll .......................................................................... 80,000
Chemical Segment.......................... 32,000 / 80,000 @ 100 = 40%
Food Segment ................................. 48,000 / 80,000 @ 100 = 60%
3. Ratio of Plant Asset and Inventories
Total plant asset and inventories ........................................... 400,000
Chemical...................................... 124,000 / 400,000 @ 00 = 31%
Food............................................ 276,000 / 400,000 @ 100 = 69%
4. Calculation of the Three-Factor Ratio
Chemical products segment = (55 + 40 + 31) / 3 = 126 / 3 @ 100 = 42%
Food products segment = (45 + 60 + 69) / 3 = 174 / 3 @ 100 = 58%
Chemical Food Product Total
Statement Showing Profit or Loss Product Segment
Net Sales (A) .............................................................
110,000 90,000 200,000
Expenses:
Traceable expenses ....................................................
60,000 70,000 130,000
Non traceable expense allocated on the
basis of three factor ratio of 42% & 58% .................. 16,800 23,200 40,000
Total Expenses (B) ....................................................
76,800 93,200 170,000
Before Tax Segment Profit (A-B) ............................. 33,200 (3200) 30,000

Example 7.3:
Data for the three operating segments of Buna Company for the year ended June 30, 2003 were as
follows.
Operating Segment....................................................
Alpha Beta Gamma Total
Segment Revenues:
Sales to unaffiliated customers .................................
200,000 250,000 300,000 750,000
Intersegment sales .....................................................
25,000 20,000 15,000 60,000
Traceable expenses:
Inter segment purchase .............................................
30,000 10,000 20,000 60,000
Other traceable expenses...........................................
100,000 150,000 250,000 500,000
Non-traceable expenses ............................................– – – 75,000

Instruction: Prepare a working paper to compute segment profit (loss) of each of the operating
segment of Bunna company for the year ended June 30, 2003 assuming Bunna allocate non-
traceable expenses to operating segment in the ratio of segment sales to sales to unaffiliated
customers.
 Chapter Seven: Accounting for Segment and Interim Reporting
Calculating Ratio of Segment Sales to Sales to Unaffiliated Customers:
Alpha Segment = 200,000 / 750,000 @100=26.67%
Beta Segment = 250,000 / 750,000 @ 100=33.33 %
Gamma Segment=300,000@750,000@ 100= 40%
Total ratio .................................................... 4: 5: 6

Statement showing Segment Revenue and Operating Profit and Loss of Peacock Company for the
year ended June 30, 2003
Alpha Beta Gamma Total
Sales to unaffiliated customers ..................................200,000 250,000 300,000 750,000
Intersegment sales ......................................................
25,000 20,000 15,000 60,000
Segment Revenue (A) ................................................
225,000 270,000 315,000 810,000
Traceable Expenses:
Inter segment purchases .............................................
30,000 10,000 20,000 60,000
Others traceable expenses ..........................................
100,000 150,000 250,000 500,000
Total Purchase............................................................
130,000 160,000 270,000 560,000
Non-Traceable Expense (4: 5: 6) ............................... 20,000 25,000 30,000 75,000
Total Expense (B) ......................................................
150,000 185,000 300,000 635,000
Operating Profit (A-B) ..............................................
75,000 85,000 15,000 175,000

Example 7.4: ROBA Company operates in three different industries, each of which is
appropriately regarded as an operating segment. Segment A contributed 60% of ROBA’s total sales
in the year 2003. Sales for Segment A were Br 900,000 and traceable expenses were Br 400,000 in
the year 2003. ROBA’s total non-traceable expenses for the year 2003 were Br 600,000. ROBA
allocates non-traceable expenses based on the ratio of segment sales to total sales, an appropriate
method of allocation. Prepare a working paper to compute the segment profit or loss for ROBA
Company segment A for the year 2003.

Computation of Segment Profit or Loss for Segment A of ROBA Company for the year 2003
Sales of Segment A ................................................................ 900,000
Less: total expenses
Traceable Expenses ................................................................400,000
Non-traceable Expenses (60% @ 600,000) ...........................360,000
Total Expenses ....................................................................... 760,000
Segment A: Operating Profit................................................. 140,000

Example7.5:
The non-traceable expenses of PEACOCK Company for the year ended June 30, 2002 totaled Br
620,000. The net sales, payroll and average plant assets and inventories for the two operating
segments of PEACOCK Company were as follows:
Particulars Chemical Sporting Goods
Net sales.....................................................................
2,800,000 1,200,000
Payroll totals ..............................................................
300,000 200,000
Average Plant Assets and inventories ....................... 1,420,000 580,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Instruction: Prepare a working paper to allocate PEACOCK Company‟s non-traceable expenses
to the Chemical Segment and Sporting Goods Segment for the year ended June 30, 2002
assuming that such expenses are allocated on the basis of arithmetic average of the percentage of
net sales, payroll totals and average plant assets and inventories (the three factor ratio):

Calculation of Ratios:
1. Sales Ratio
 Chemical Segment = 2,800,000 / 4,000,000 @ 100 = 70%
 Sporting Goods Segment = 1,200,000 / 4,000,000 @100 = 30%
2. Payroll Ratio
 Chemical Segment = 300,000 / 500,000 @ 100 = 60%
 Sporting goods Segment = 200,000 / 500,000 @ 100 = 40%
3. Average Plant Assets and Inventories Ratio
 Chemical Segment = 1,420,000 / 2,000,000 @ 100 = 71%
 Sporting Goods Segment = 580,000 / 2,000,000 @ 100 = 29%
4. Arithmetic Average of the Three factor Ratio
 Chemical Segment = (70% + 60% + 71%) / 3 = 201 / 3 = 67%
 Sporting Segment = (30% + 40% + 29%) / 3 = 99 / 3 = 33%
 The Three Factor Ratio is 67:33
5. Allocation Non-Traceable Expenses to the two operating segments:
 Chemical Segment = (620,000 @ 67/100) = 415,400
 Sporting goods Segment = (620,000 @ 33/100) = 204,600

Exercise 7.1:
CAD Company allocates non-traceable expenses to its three operating segments in the ratio of net
sales to unaffiliated customers. For the year ended April 30, 2004, relevant data were as follows:
Particular A B C
Revenues (In ETB):
Net sales to unaffiliated customers................ 500,000 300,000 200,000
Inter segment transfers out (sales) ................. 80,000 40,000 20,000
Costs and Expenses (In ETB):
Traceable expenses ........................................ 400,000 100,000 200,000
Inter-segment transfers-in (purchase from) ... 30,000 60,000 50,000
The non-traceable expenses of CAD Company for the year ended then totaled Br 100,000. Prepare a
working paper to compute for each operating segment of CAD Company the following amount of
the year ended April 30, 2004:
 Revenue
 Expenses
 Segment profit or Loss (use column for each industry segment)
Checking Figures:
Segment A Segment B Segment C
Total Expenses ..........................................................
480,000 190,000 270,000
Operating profit or loss .............................................
100,000 150,000 (50,000)
 Chapter Seven: Accounting for Segment and Interim Reporting

Exercise 7.2:
Data with respect to the operating segment of AWASH Company for the year ended November 31,
2005 are as follows:
Particulars A B C D Total
 Net sales to outsiders ........................................
80,000 40,000 50,000 10,000 180,000
 Inter-segments sales (transfer out) ..................... 4,000 8,000 2,000 6,000 20,000
 Inter-segment purchases (transfers-in)............... 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 20,000
 Other transferable expenses ...............................18,000 12,000 10,000 20,000 60,000
 Non-traceable expenses ..................................... – – – – 40,000
Awash allocates non-traceable expenses to operating segments by the following reasonable
methods; 40% to A, 30% to B, 20% to C and 10% to D.
Instruction: Prepare a working paper to compute the segment profit or loss for Awash Company‟s
four operating segments for the year ended November 31, 2005:
Checking Figures:
Segments .......................................................
Segment A Segment B Segment C Segment D
Operating Expenses .......................................
42,000 30,000 22,000 26,000
Operating profit or loss..................................
42,000 18,000 30,000 (10,000)

Exercise 7.3:
CANON Company has 3 stores, each of which is an industry segment. The operating results for
each store, before allocating the non-traceable expenses, for the year ended 2004, were as shown
below:
Stores: GG FI DL Total
Net sales ................................................................416,000 353,600 270,400 1,040,000
Cost of goods sold .................................................215,700 183,300 140,200 539,200
Gross profit on sales ..............................................200,300 170,300 130,200 500,800
Less: Fixed Operating expenses ............................ 60,800 48,750 50,200 159,750
Variable Operating expenses........................ 54,700 64,220 27,448 146,368
Total Operating expenses ......................................115,500 112,970 77,648 306,118
Income before non-traceable expenses ................. 84,800 57,330 52,552 194,682

Non-traceable expenses in the year 2004 were as follows:

Warehouse and Delivery Expenses:
Warehouse Depreciation ..................................................................
20,000
Warehouse Operations .....................................................................
30,000
Delivery Expenses ...........................................................................
40,000
Total Warehouse and Delivery Expenses ........................................ 90,000
Corporate Office Expenses:
Advertising Expenses.......................................................................
18,000
Corporate Office Salaries .................................................................
37,000
Other Corporate Office Expenses ....................................................
28,000
Total Corporate Office Expenses ..................................................... 83,000
Total Non-Traceable Expenses ........................................................ Br173,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Additional Information:
Delivery expense varies with distance and the number of deliveries. The distances from the
warehouse to each store and the number of deliveries made in 2004 were as follows:
Store Miles No of Deliveries Total Miles
GG 150 112 16,800
FI 120 64 12,800
DL 100 104 10,400

Instructions:
A. Allocate company‟s non-traceable expenses under each of the following plans; and compute the
income or loss of each store.
Plan 1: allocate all non-traceable expenses on the basis of sales volume
Plan 2: First allocate corporate office salaries and other corporate expenses equally to warehouse
operations and each store; second allocate the resulting warehouse operations expenses, warehouse
depreciation and advertising expenses to each store on the basis of sales volume; and third allocate
delivery expenses on the basis of delivery miles times number of deliveries.
B. Which plan would you advice the management to adopt? Why?
Checking Figures:
GG Store FI Store DL Store Total
Non-traceable expenses Plan 1 ...................... 69,200 58,820 44,980 173,000
Operating Profit Plan 1 ..................................
15,600 (1,440) 7,572 21,682
Sales Volume Ratio ....................................... 40% 34% 26% 100%
Delivery miles Ratio ...................................... 42% 32% 26% 100%
Operating Profit Plan 2 ..................................18,050 (365) 3997 21,682
Answer for Instruction A:

PLAN 1: statement showing the segment income allocating all non-traceable expenses on the basis
of sales volume:
Stores GG Store FI Store DL Store Total
Income before non-traceable expenses (A) ......... 84,800 57,300 52,552 194,682
Non-traceable expenses:
Warehouse & delivery expenses: (40:34:26)....... 36,000 30,600 23,400 90,000
Corporate Office Expenses: (40:34:26) ............... 33,200 28,220 21,580 83,000
Total Non-traceable expenses (B) ....................... 69,200 58,820 44,980 173,000
Operating Profit or Loss ...................................... 15,600 (1,490) 7,572 21,682

PLAN 2: Workings:
First step: Allocation of corporate office salaries and other corporate expenses equally to warehouse
operation and stores
Corporate Office Salaries ..................................................................Br 37,000
Other corporate office expense .........................................................Br 28,000
Total .................................................................................................. 65,000
Equal allocation to stores & warehouse 65,000/4 = ......................... 16,250
Total Warehouse Operation Expenses (30,000 + 16,250) = ............. 46,250
 Chapter Seven: Accounting for Segment and Interim Reporting
Statement Showing the Segment Income or Loss
GG FI DL Total
Store Store Store
Income before allocation of non-traceable expense (A) ............... 84,800 57,330 52,552 194,682
Less: Non-traceable expenses:
FIRST: Equal allocation of corporate office expense and
corporate office salaries (37,000 + 28,000 = 65,000) ................... 16,250 16,250 16,250 48,750
SECOND:
(i) Warehouse Operations Expenses on sales basis (40:34:26)..... 18,500 15,725 12,025 46,250
(ii) Warehouse Depreciation (40:34:26) ....................................... 8,000 6,800 5,200 20,000
(iii) Advertising Expenses (40:34:26) ........................................... 7,200 6,120 4,680 18,000
THIRD: Delivery expenses on Delivery miles basis (42:32:26) . 16,800 12,800 10,400 40,000
Total Non-traceable expenses (B) ................................................. 66,750 57,695 45,555 173,000
Operating profit (loss) (A – B) ...................................................... 18,050 (365) 3,997 29,682

Answer for Instruction B: the management should adopt plan 2, because it is allocating expenses
on appropriate basis of allocation.

7.1.3 Reporting Disposal of a Business Segment

APB opinion No. 30, deals with the reporting of the disposal of a business segment of a business
that has been sold, abandoned, spin-off or otherwise disposed of or although still operating, is the
subject of a formal plan for disposal. According to APB Opinion No. 30:
1. The APB concludes that the results of continuing operations should be reported separately from
discontinued operations.
2. Any gain or loss from the disposal of a segment of a business should be reported in conjunction
with the related results of discontinued operations.
Form of Reporting the Disposal of a Business Segment:
Income fro continuing operation before income taxes .............................................. xxx
Less: Income tax........................................................................................................ xxx
Income from continuing operations .......................................................................... xxx
Discontinued operations:
Income (loss) from operations of discontinued segment, net of tax ......................... xxx
Loss or Gain on the disposal of the discontinued division, net of tax ...................... xxx
Net Income (Loss) ..................................................................................................... xxx

Income from Continuing Operations:

To facilitate comparison, the operating results of the discontinued segment of the enterprise must be
excluded from income from continuing operations for all accounting periods presented in
comparative income statements.
Example 7.6: A Company has 5 Segments:
 Comparative income statements for 3 years 2003, 2004 & 2005 are given
 One segment is disposed in 2004
 For all the three years, income from continuing operations exclude the operating results of
the discontinued segments so that comparison of the continued operation is possible
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
Income (loss) from Discontinued Operations:
Income (loss), net of applicable income taxes, of discontinued segment, for the year of disposal up
to the measurement data should be included.
Gain (loss) on Disposal of Discontinued Operations:
This includes the following items:
1. Income (loss) from discontinued operations during phase-out period
2. Gain (loss) on the sale of the segment
3. Income taxes allocated to 1 & 2 above
The following are useful information to determine gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued
operations:
 Measurement Date – it is the date on which the decision to dispose the segment is taken
 Disposal Date – it is the actual date of execution of disposal of the segment
 Phase out Period – it is the period between the measurement date and the disposal date. The
time gap between the measurement and actual disposal dates.
Note: If the actual disposal date is in the next accounting period, if a profit is expected, it will not
be recognized until the disposal date. But, if loss is anticipated, then such loss is to be included in
the period of measurement.

Example 7.7: BERUK Company, a diversified manufacturing enterprise had four operating
division engaged in the manufacturing of products in each of the following industries.
 Food products
 Health aids
 Textiles and
 Office equipment
Financial data for the two years ended Dec.31, 2004 and 2003 are shown below:
Particulars Net Sales Cost of Goods Sold Operating Expenses
Industry Segment 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004 2003
Food products ........................
3,500,000 3,000,000 2,400,000 1,800,000 550,000 275,000
Health Aids............................
2,000,000 1,270,000 1,100,000 700,000 300,000 125,000
Textiles ..................................
1,580,000 1,400,000 500,000 900,000 200,000 150,000
Office Equipments ................ 920,000 1,330,000 800,000 1,000,000 650,000 750,000
8,000,000 7,000,000 4,800,000 4,400,000 1,700,000 1,300,000
Total ......................................

On Jan.1st 2004 BRUKE Company adopted a plan to sell the assets and product line of office
equipment division at an anticipated gain. On September 1st, 2004, the division‟s assets and
products line were sold for Br 2,100,000 cash at a gain of 640,000 (exclusive of operations during
the phase out period).

BRUKE‟s textile‟s division has manufacturing plants that produced a variety of textile products. In
April 2004, BRUKE sold one of these plants and realized a gain of 130,000. After this sale the
operations at the plant that was sold were transferred to the remaining 5 textile plants that BRUKE
continued to operate.
In August 2004, the main warehouse of the food products division located on the banks of the larger
river was flooded when the river over flew. The resulting uninsured damage of Br 420,000 is not
 Chapter Seven: Accounting for Segment and Interim Reporting
included in the financial data above. Historical records indicate that the river normally over flows
every four to five years, causing flood damage to adjacent property. For the two years ended 31st
December 2003 & 2004, BRUKE realized interest revenue on investments of Br 70,000 and Br
40,000, respectively. For the two years ended Dec. December 31st, 2003 & 2004, BRUKE net
income was Br 960,000 and Br 670,000, respectively. Income tax expenses for each of the two
years should be completed at a rate of 40%.
Required: Prepare comparative income statements for BRUKE Company for the years ended
December 31, 2003 & 2004
Solution:
I. Calculation of profit before tax for 2004:
Particulars Food Health Textiles Office
Products Aids Equipment
Net sales .......................................... 3,500,000 2,000,000 1,580,000 920,000
Less: Cost of goods sold ................. 2,400,000 1,100,000 500,000 800,000
Gross Profit ..................................... 1,100,000 900,000 1,050,000 120,000
Less Operating expense .................. 550,000 300,000 200,000 650,000
Operating Profit (loss) .................... 550,000 600,000 880,000 (530,000)

II. Calculation of Income from Continuing Segments for 2004:

Food Products ...................................................................................... 550000
Health Aids .......................................................................................... 600,000
Textiles ................................................................................................ 880,000
Operating income before tax ............................................................... 2,030,000
Add: Gain on sale of Plant of textile segment ..................................... 130,000
Income before abnormal loss ............................................................... 2,160,000
Less: Abnormal loss due to flood damage in Food Segment .............. (420,000)
Income before tax from continuing operation ..................................... 1,740,000
Less: Income tax expense (40% @ 1,740,000) ................................... (696,000)
Income from continuing operation. ..................................................... 1,044,000
III. Calculation of profit before tax for 2003:
Particulars Food Health Textiles Office
Products Aids Equipment
Net sales ...............................................................
3,000,000 1,270,000 1,400,000 1,330,000
Less: Cost of goods sold....................................... 1,800,000 700,000 900,000 1,000,000
Gross Profit ..........................................................
1,200,000 570,000 500,000 330,000
Less Operating expense ........................................ 275,000 125,000 150,000 750,000
Operating Profit (loss) .......................................... 925,000 445,000 350,000 (420,000)
IV. Calculation of Income from Continuing Segment for 2003:
Food Products ........................................................................ 925,000
Health Aids ............................................................................ 445,000
Textiles .................................................................................. 350,000
Operating income before tax .................................................1,720,000
Less: Income tax expense (40% @ 1,740,000) .....................(688,000)
Income from continuing operation ........................................1,032,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
V. Calculation of income form discontinued Segment for 2004:
Operating profit (loss) .................................................................... (530,000)
Gain on sale of equipment segment ............................................... 640,000
Income from discontinued segment ............................................... 110,000
Less Income tax expense (0.4 @ 110000) ..................................... 44,000
Net income from discontinued operations ..................................... 66,000
VI. Other Income for 2004:
Interest on investment .................................................................... 70,000
Less: Income Tax expense at 40% .................................................... (28,000)
Net Income ....................................................................................... 42,000
VII. Calculation of Income (Loss) from Discontinued Operation for 2003:
Operating losses .......................................................................... (420,000)
Tax savings on loss @ 40% ....................................................... 168,000
Operating loss from Discontinue Segment .............................. 252,000

VIII. Calculation of Other Income for 2003:

Interest on Investment ................................................................ 40,000
Less: Income tax expense @ 40% ............................................ 16,000
Net Income ................................................................................... 24,000

BRUKE Co
Comparative Income Statement
For the years ended Dec. 31, 2003 and 2004
2003 2004
Income from continuing segment ................................ 1,044,000 1,032,000
Profit/loss from discontinued operation ....................... 66,000 (252,000)
Other income ................................................................ 42,000 24,000
Net Income ................................................................... 1,152,000 804,000

Example 7.8: CRESCENT Company had a net income of Br 600,000 for the year ended
December 31, 1998, after inclusion of the following events or transactions that occurred during the
year:
1. The decision was made on January 2nd, to dispose the Block operating segment
2. The Cinder Block operating segment was disposed on July 1st, 1998
3. Operating income from Jan 2nd to June 30th for the Block operating segment amounted to
Br 90,000 before income taxes
4. Cinder Block operating segments net assets with a carrying amount of Br 250,000 were
disposed of for Br 100,000.

CRESCENT Company was subject to income taxes at the rate of 40%.

Required:
A. Prepare a working paper to compute CRESCENT Company‟s income from continuing
operations for the year ended Dec. 31, 1998.
B. Prepare a working paper to compute current total income taxes for the year ended Dec. 31st,
1998
 Chapter Seven: Accounting for Segment and Interim Reporting

Solution:
A. Computation of income from continuing operations of CRESCENT Company for the year
ended Dec.31, 1998.
Net Income of the Company (i.e. after 40% tax)...................................................................... 600,000
Add: Income taxes (600,000/ 60%) @ 40% ............................................................................. 400,000
Income before taxes.................................................................................................................. 1,000,000
Less: Operating Income of the Cinder Block Segment during the phase out period ............... (90,000)
Sub-totals .................................................................................................................................. 910,000
Add: loss o the disposal of Cinder Block Segment (250,000 – 100,000) ................................. 150,000
Income from continuing operations before tax......................................................................... 1,060,000

B. Computation of total income taxes of CRESCENT Company for the year ended December 31,
1998.
Income from cont. operations .............................................................. 1,060,000
Less: Income tax @ 40% ..................................................................... (424,000)
Income from continuing operation ...................................................... 636,000
Income (loss) form discontinued operation .........................................
90,000
Loss on disposal of discontinued segment ..........................................
(150,000)
Loss from the discontinued segment ..................................................
(60,000)
Income tax saving at 40% (60,000 @ 40%) ........................................ 24,000 (36,000)
Net income of the company ................................................................. 600,000
Income tax for continuing operations .................................................. 424,000
Less: tax saving in disc co. operation ..................................................(24,000)
Total Income tax .................................................................................. 400,000

Example 7.9: TATA Company‟s accounting records for the year ended August 31, 2004 include
the following data with respect to Wallace division, an operating segment. Sale of net assets of that
division to Excel Enterprise for Br 300,000 was authorized by TATA‟s BODs on August 31st, 2004.
Closing date of disposal was expected to be February 28, 2005.
Wallace Davison
Net sales for the year ended August 2004 ............................................... 200,000
Cost & Expense ....................................................................................... 50,000
Estimated Operating losses for 6 months ending February 28, 2005...... 40,000
Estimated carrying amount of net assets Feb. 28, 2005 .......................... 330,000
TATA‟s income tax rate is 40%, for the year ended August 31st, 2004 and TATA had Br 640,000
income from continuing operations before income taxes
Instruction: Prepare a partial income statement for TATA Company for the year ended August
31st, 2004 to present for the foregoing information.
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Solution:
Partial income statement of TATA Company for the year ended August 31st,
2004
Income from continuing operation before tax ............................................. 640,000
Income tax expense @ 40% ........................................................................ (256,000)
Income from continuing operations ............................................................. 384,000
Discontinued operations (Wallace Division)
Income from operations discontinued segment
For the year ended August 31st, 2004 (200,000 – 150,000) = 50,000
Less: Tax................................................................................ (20,000)
Income from operations of Discontinued Segment .............. 30,000
Gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued segment
Operating loss during the phase-out period ........................... 40,000
Loss on disposal of dis. Segment (330,000 – 300,000) = 30,000
Gain (loss) on disposal of discontinued segment .................. (70,000)
Tax saving (70,000 @ 40%) .................................................. 28,000
Loss on disposal of discontinued segment ................................................ (42,000)
Net income ................................................................................................. 372,000

Exercise 7.4: For the year ended June 30, 2006 DISCO Company which has an income tax rate of
40% had the following pre-tax amount
1. Income from continuing operation Br 1,000,000
2. Loss from disposal of net assets of discontinued division “X” (an operating segment) of Br
60,000
3. Loss from operation of division X from July 1st through the measurement date march 31st 2007
amounted Br 150,000
4. Losses from operations of division X from April 1st, 2007 through the disposal date, May 31,
2007 is Br 20,000
Instruction: Prepare a partial income statement for DISCO Company for the year ended June 30,
2006 beginning with income from continuing operation
Exercise 7.5 CHIKO Company‟s accountant prepared the following comparative income statement
CHIKO Company
Income statement
December 31, 2001, 2002, 2003
Particulars 2003 2002 2001
Net sales ........................................................
10,000,000 9,600,000 8,8000,000
COGS ............................................................
6,200,000 6,000,000 5,400,000
Gross Profit ...................................................
3,800,000 3,600,000 3,400,000
Operating Expenses ...................................... 2,200,000 2,400,000 2,100,000
Income from Operations ............................... 1,600,000 1,200,000 1,300,000
Gain on disposal of a segment ......................900,000 – –
Income before income tax ............................. 2,500,000 1,200,000 1,300,000
Income tax expense ....................................... 1,000,000 480,000 520,000
Net income ....................................................
1,500,000 720,000 780,000
 Chapter Seven: Accounting for Segment and Interim Reporting
During the audit, it is discovered that CHIKO Company entered into contract on January 2nd, 2003
to sell for 3,200,000, the assets and product line of one of its operating segments. The sale was
completed on December 31, 2003, for a gain of Br 900,000 before income taxes. The discontinued
operations contribution to CHIKO‟s income before income taxes for each year was as follows:
2003 2002 2001
Br 640,000 loss Br 500,000 loss Br 200,000
Required: Prepare Correct Partial Comparative Income Statements for the three years ended
December 31, 2003 assuming that income from discontinued segment were ignored. Begin the
income statement with income from continuing operation before income taxes.

7.2 Interim Financial Reporting

Generally financial statements are issued at the end of the fiscal year. In APB Opinion No. 28, the
Accounting Principles Board adopted the integral theory for interim reports of a fiscal year. Under
this, each interim period is considered an integral part of the annual reporting period rather than a
discrete accounting period. Thus, many enterprises issue complete financial statements for interim
accounting periods during the course of a fiscal year. For example, a closely held company with
outstanding bank loans may be required to provide monthly or quarterly financial statements to the
lending bank. The Securities and Exchange Commission listing agreements require the listed
companies to publish quarterly interim financial statements. The APB established guidelines for
following components of interim financial reports: revenue, costs associated revenue, all other costs
and expenses, and income taxes expense
1. Revenue: Revenue from products sold or services rendered should be recognized for an interim
period on the same basis as followed for the full year.
2. Cost Associated with Revenue
Cost and expenses directly associated with or allocated to products sold or services rendered
required the same accounting in interim financial reports as in a fiscal-year financial statements.
The following are exceptions:
 Enterprise that uses Gross Margin Method to estimate cost should disclose this fact in
interim financial report. Material adjustments reconciling inventories with annual physical
inventories should be disclosed.
 Enterprise that use LIFO inventory method should include the estimated cost of replacing
the depleted LIFO base layer.
 Lower of cost or market write downs of inventories should be provided for interim periods
as for complete period unless decline in inventory on interim date is considered temporary.
 Enterprise using Standard Cost should report Standard Cost Variances for interim report.
Calculation of Cost of Goods Sold:

Example 7.10: LUNA Company sells a single product which it purchases from three different
vendors. On August 31, 2002, LUNA‟s inventory of the product consisted of 1,000 units at FIFO
Cost of Br 7,500. LUNA‟s merchandise transactions, for the year ended December August 31,
2003, were as follows:
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Units Cost Units End of Quarter

Quarter Ended
Purchased per unit Sold Replacement Cost
Nov. 30, 2003 5,000 Br 8.00 4,500 Br 8.50
Feb. 28, 2003 6,000 Br 8.50 7,000 Br 9.00
May 31, 2003 8,000 Br 9.00 6,500 Br 8.50
Aug. 31, 2003 6,000 Br 8.50 5,500 Br 9.50
Compute LUNA Company‟s COGS for each of the quarters of the year ended December 31, 2003
assuming that declines were not considered to temporary. Show your computations:
Quarter I: Sales 4,500 units
I. Cost of Goods Sold:
 1,000 units @ Br 7.50 ........................................................... 7,500
 3,500 units @ Br 8.00 ........................................................... 28,000
 4,500 units ............................................................................. 35,500
II. Ending (Closing) Inventory:
 Ending Inventory Units = (1,000 + 5,000 – 4,500) = ...... 1,000 units
 Inventory at FIFO Cost = (1,500 @ Br 8.0) .................... Br 12,000
 Inventory at Market Price (1,500 @ Br 8.50) ................. 12,750
 Ending Inventory at LCM ............................................... Br 12,000
Quarter II: Sales 7,000 units
I. Cost of Goods Sold:
 1,500 units @ Br 8.00 ..................................................... 12,000
 5,500 units @ Br 8.50 ..................................................... 46,750
 7,000 units ....................................................................... 58,750
II. Ending (Closing) Inventory:
 Ending Inventory Units = (1,500 + 6,000 – 7,000) ......... 500 units
 Inventory at FIFO Cost = (500 @ Br 8.50) ..................... Br 4,250
 Inventory at Market Price (500 @ Br 9.00) .................... 4,500
 Ending Inventory at LCM ............................................... Br 4,250
Quarter III: Sales 6,500 units
I. Cost of Goods Sold:
 500 units @ Br 8.50 ........................................................ 4,250
 6,000 units @ Br 9.00 ..................................................... 54,000
 6,500 units ....................................................................... 58,250
 Add: the excess of actual cost of Ending
Inventory Over the replacement cost
(500 + 8000 – 6500) = 2,000 @ Br 0.50 ......................... 1.000
 Ending Inventory at LCM ......................................... Br 59,250
II. Ending (Closing) Inventory:
 Ending Inventory Units = (500 + 8,000 – 6,500) = ... 2,000 units
 Inventory at FIFO Cost = (2,000 @ Br 9.0) .............. Br 18,000.00
 Inventory at Market Price (2,000 @ Br 8.50) ........... 17,000.00
 Ending Inventory at LCM ......................................... Br 17,000.00
 Chapter Seven: Accounting for Segment and Interim Reporting
Quarter IV: Sales 5,500 units
I. Cost of Goods Sold:
 2,000 units @ Br 9.00 ............................................... 18,000
 3,500 units @ Br 8.50 ............................................... 29,750
 5,500 units ................................................................. 47,750
 Less: Write-off in earlier Quarter as the
The market price has gone down...................... 1,000
 Cost of Goods Sold ............................................. Br 46,750
II. Ending (Closing) Inventory:
 Ending Inventory Units = (2,000 + 6,000 – 5,500) = 2,500 units
 Inventory at FIFO Cost = (2,500 @ Br 8.50) ............ Br 21,250
 Inventory at Market Price (2,500 @ Br 9.50) ........... 23,750.00
 Ending Inventory at LCM ......................................... Br 21,250

Example 7.11: PUBLIC Company, which uses the perpetual inventory and LIFO method of
valuing inventory, has temporarily depleted base layer of its inventory with a cost of Br 85,000
during the third Quarter of its fiscal year ending February 28, 2005. Replacement Cost of the
depleted inventory was Br 105,000 on November 30, 2004. On December 31, 2004 PUBLIC made
its first purchases of merchandise during the Fourth Quarter at a total cost of Br 180,000 on open
account (credit basis). Prepare journal entries for PUBLIC COMPANY on November 30 and
December 31, 2004
November 30, 2004: depleted LIFO Base layer is Br 105,000 – 85,000 = Br 20,000
Cost of Goods Sold ................................................................................................ 20,000
Liability Arising from Depletion of Base Layer of LIFO Inventories ....... 20,000
December 31, 2004:
Inventories .................................................................................................... 160,000
Liability Arising from Depletion of Base Layer of LIFO Inventories ......... 20,000
Trade Accounts Payable ........................................................... 180,000
3. All Other Cost and Expenses
 All other costs and expenses are allocated to interim periods as incurred or on the basis of
time expired, benefit received, or activity associated with the periods.
4. Income Taxes Expense
 To estimate income taxes expense for interim periods, a business enterprise must estimate an
effective income tax rate for the full fiscal year at the end of each interim period and
apply the estimated rate to year-to-date pre-tax income.
 The result is reduced by income taxes expense provided for prior interim periods to obtain
income taxes expense for the current interim period.

Example 7.12: MAXIMA Corporation‟s statutory income tax rate is 40%. MAXIMA forecasts
Pre-tax accounting income of Br 300,000 for the year ending April 30, 1997, and no temporary
differences exists between pre-tax accounting income and taxable income. MAXIMA forecasts the
following permanent differences between pre-tax accounting income and taxable income for the
year ending April 30, 1997.
Dividend Received ........................................................................................... Br 60,000
Goodwill Amortization .................................................................................... 30,000
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)

Instruction: Compute MAXIMA Corporation‟s estimated effective income tax rate (EEITR) for
the year ending April 30, 1997
Solution:
Pre-tax accounting income ............................................................... Br 300,000
Add: Amortization of Goodwill (non-deductible expense) ............. 30,000
Less: Dividend Received.................................................................. (60,000)
Estimated Taxable Income ............................................................... 270.000
Income tax expense (270,000 @ 40%) ............................................ 108,000
EEITR = Income tax / Pre-tax accounting income
EEITR = Br 108,000 / 300,000 = 36%

Example 7.13: BAKO Company has a fiscal year ending on April 30. On July 31, 2001, the end
of the 1st Quarter of 2002, BAKO had an effective income tax rate of 55% for 2002. On October 31,
2001, the end 2nd Quarter of 2002, BAKO estimated an Effective Tax Rate of 52%. Pre-tax
accounting income for BAKO was as follows:
 For the three months ended July 31, 2001 ........................................ Br 600,000
 For the three months ended October 31, 2001 .................................. Br 750,000
Instruction: Prepare Journal Entries for Income tax expenses of BAKO Company on July 31 and
October 31, 2001
Solution:
Income tax expense for Quarter ended July 31, 2001 (600,000 @ 55%) = Br 330,000
Journal Entry:
Income Tax Expense........................................................................330,000
Income Tax Payable ...................................................... 330,000
Income tax expense for Quarter ended October 31, 2001:
Cumulative Income for Quarters ending October 31, 2001 (600,000 + 750,000) = 1,350,000
Cumulative Income Tax Expense for two Quarters (1,350,000 @ 52%) ................. 702,000
Less: Income tax expense for the 1st Quarter ............................................................ (330,000)
Income tax expense for the 2nd Quarter ................................................................... 372,000
Journal Entry:
Income Tax Expense........................................................................372,000
Income Tax Payable ...................................................... 372,000

Example 7.14:
For its first two quarters of Calendar year 2006, this is its fiscal year; ENTOTO Company had the
following data:
Quarter Ended Pre-tax Financial Income EEITR for the Year
March 31, 2006 500,000 38.6%
June 30, 2006 600,000 41.2%
Prepare Journal Entries for ENTOTO Company to accrue income tax expenses for the 1st two
quarters of 2006
Solution:
Quarter 1:
Income tax expense for Quarter ended March 31, 2006 (500,000 @ 38.6%) = Br 193,000
 Chapter Seven: Accounting for Segment and Interim Reporting
Journal Entry:
Income Tax Expense........................................................................193,000
Income Tax Payable ...................................................... 193,000

Quarter 2:
Cumulative Income for two Quarters (500,000 + 600,000) ................................ 1,100,000
Cumulative Income Tax Expense for two Quarters (1,100,000 @ 41.2%) ........ 453,200
Less: Income tax expense for the 1st Quarter ...................................................... (193,000)
Income tax expense for the 2nd Quarter ............................................................. 260,200
Journal Entry:
Income Tax Expense........................................................................260,200
Income Tax Payable ...................................................... 260,200

Example 7.15: On January 31, 2002, the end of the 1st Quarter of its fiscal year ending October
31, 2002, KASCO Company had the following ledger account balances:
 Income tax expense ...................................................................................... Br 160,000
 Liability arising from depletion of Base layer of LIFO inventory ............... 30,000
On February 1, 2002 KASCO purchased merchandise costing Br 110,000 on account and on April
30, 2002, KASCO estimated total income tax expense of Br 340,000 for the six month ended on
that date. KASCO uses the perpetual inventory system. Prepare journal entries for KASCO
Company on February 1, and April 30, 2002, for the foregoing facts
February 1, 2002:
Inventories ..................................................................................................... 80,000
Liability Arising from Depletion of Base Layer of LIFO Inventories ......... 30,000
Trade Accounts Payable ................................................................. 110,000
April 30, 2002:
Cumulative Income Tax for two Quarters..................................................... 340,000
Less: Income tax expense for the 1st Quarter ................................................ (160,000)
Income tax expense for the 2nd Quarter ....................................................... 180,000
Journal Entry:
Income Tax Expense........................................................................180,000
Income Tax Payable ...................................................... 180,000

Disclosure of Interim Financial Data

As minimum disclosure, APB Opinion No. 28 provided that the following data should be included
in publicly owned enterprise‟s interim financial reports to stockholders. The data are to be reported
for the most recent quarter and the year to date, or 12 months to date of the quarter‟s end:
 Sales or gross revenue, income tax expenses, extraordinary items, cumulative effect of a
change in accounting principle or practice, and net income
 Basic and diluted earnings per share data for each period presented
 Seasonal revenue, costs, or expenses
 Significant changes in estimates or provisions for income taxes
 Disposal of a business segment and extraordinary, unusual, or infrequently occurring items
 Contingents items
 Changes in accounting principle or estimate
 Significant changes in financial position
 Advanced Accounting (ACCT-452)
The FASB has required the following additional disclosures for reportable operating segments in
interim reports: revenues from external customers; Intersegment revenues; segment profit or loss;
segment assets if material changes have occurred since the most recent year-end financial
statements; description of differences from last annual report in the basis for segmentation or for the
measurement of segment profit or loss; and reconciliation of total reportable segments‟ profit or loss
to the enterprise‟s pre-tax income from continuing operations. The minimum requirements are:
 Sales or gross revenue,
 Income taxes expense,
 Net income, and
 Basic and diluted earnings per share data

REPORTING FOR SEC

SEC has Enforcement Actions Dealing with Wrongful Application. SEC enforced numerous actions
for overstatements of quarterly earnings reported in Form 10-Q. Techniques used in such
overstatements are
 Premature recognition (“front-ending”) of revenues
 Creation of fictitious inventories
 Use of improper Gross Margin percentages
 Improper deferral of cost that should have be recognized as expense
 Overstatement of percentage of completion on construction-type contracts.

Problem 7.1:
AKT Company allocates non-traceable expenses to operating segments on the basis of sales ratio. It
is a diversified manufacturing enterprise had four operating division engaged in the manufacturing
of products in each of the following industries.
 Electronics Division
 Medical Equipments Division
 Office equipment
Financial data for the year ended December 31, 2004 are shown below:
Industry Segment Net Sales Cost of Goods Operating
Sold Expenses
Electronics Division .............. 2,400,000 1,650,000 215,000
Medical Equipments.............. 1,600,000 800,000 325,000
Office Equipment .................. 1,200,000 1,100,000 150,000
Total ...................................... 5,200,000 3,550,000 690,000

On December 31, 2004; AKT Company adopted a plan to sell the office equipment division at an
anticipated loss. The discontinued segment will be disposed at a loss of Br 70,000 and loss form
operating the discontinued segment during phase out period estimated to be Br 60,000. AKT
Company disposed one of the manufacturing plant assets of Medical Equipments division during
year 2004 and realized a gain of Br 80,000. Required: Prepare partial income statements for the
year ended December 31, 2004, assuming AKT Company‟s income tax rate is 40%, Br 120,000
non-traceable expense, and only the three industry segments. Back up the income statement with the
necessary computations
 Text Book and References
Text Book:
E. John Larsen (2003), Modern Advanced Accounting, 9th Edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc, USA

References:
Beams, Anthony, Clement, and Lowensohn (2003), Advanced Accounting, 8th Edition, Prentice
Hall Business Publishing, USA
Baker, Lembke, and King (1999), Advanced Financial Accounting, Fourth Edition, the McGraw-
Hill Companies, Inc., USA
Hoyle, Schaefer, and Doupnik (2004), Advanced Accounting, 7th Edition, The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc,USA,