Today is Sunday, September 04, 2022

Republic of the Philippines

SUPREME COURT
Manila

EN BANC

G.R. No. L-35925 January 22, 1973

CHARITO PLANAS, petitioner,

vs.
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, et al., respondents.

G.R. No. L-35929 January 22, 1973

PABLO C. SANIDAD, petitioner,

vs.
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, et al., respondents.

G.R. No. L-35940 January 22, 1973

GERARDO ROXAS, etc., et al. petitioners,

vs.
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, et al., respondents.

G.R. No. L-35941 January 22, 1973

EDDIE B. MONTECLARO, petitioner,

vs.
THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, et al., respondents.

G.R. No. L-35942 January 22, 1973

SEDFREY A. ORDOÑEZ, et al., petitioners,

vs.
THE NATIONAL TREASURER OF THE PHILIPPINES, et al., respondents.

G.R. No. L-35948 January 22, 1973

VIDAL TAN, et al., petitioners,

vs.
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, et al., respondents.

G.R. No. L-35953 January 22, 1973

JOSE W. DIOKNO, et al., petitioners,

vs.
THE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, respondents.

G.R. No. L-35961 January 22, 1973

JACINTO JIMENEZ, petitioner,

vs.
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, et al., respondents.
G.R. No. L-35965 January 22, 1973

RAUL M. GONZALES, petitioner,

vs.
THE HONORABLE COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, et al., respondents.

G.R. No. L-35979 January 22, 1973

ERNESTO HIDALGO, petitioner,

vs.
COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, et al., respondents.

Ramon A. Gonzales for petitioner Charito Planas.

Pablito V. Sanidad and Gerardo L. Catipon for petitioner Pablo C. Sanidad.

Jovito R. Salonga and Associates and Rodrigo Law Office for petitioners Gerardo Roxas, etc., et al.

Quijano and Arroyo for petitioner Eddie B. Monteclaro.

Sedfrey A. Ordonez and Associates for petitioners Sedfrey A. Ordonez, et al.

Lorenzo M. Tañada for petitioners Vidal Tan, et al.

Francis E. Garchitorena for petitioners Jose W. Diokno, et al.

Jacinto Jimenez in his own behalf.

Raul M. Gonzales in his own behalf.

Ernesto Hidalgo in his own behalf.

Office of the Solicitor General Estelito P. Mendoza, Assistant Solicitor General Conrado T. Limcaoco, Solicitor Vicente V.
Mendoza and Solicitor Reynato S. Puno for respondents.

CONCEPCION, C.J.:

On March 16, 1967, Congress of the Philippines passed Resolution No. 2, which was amended by Resolution No. 4 of said bo
adopted on June 17, 1969, calling a Convention to propose amendments to the Constitution of the Philippines. Said Resolutio
No. 2, as amended, was implemented by Republic Act No. 6132, approved on August 24, 1970, pursuant to the provisions of
which the election of delegates to said Convention was held on November 10, 1970, and the 1971 Constitutional Convention
began to perform its functions on June 1, 1971. While the Convention was in session on September 21, 1972, the President
issued Proclamation No. 1081 placing the entire Philippines under Martial Law. On November 29, 1972, the Convention
approved its Proposed Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. The next day, November 30, 1972, the President of the
Philippines issued Presidential Decree No. 73, "submitting to the Filipino people for ratification or rejection the Constitution of t
Republic of the Philippines proposed by the 1971 Constitutional Convention, and appropriating funds therefor," as well as sett
the plebiscite for said ratification or rejection of the Proposed Constitution on January 15, 1973.

Soon after, or on December 7, 1972, Charito Planas filed, with this Court, Case G. R. No. L-35925, against the Commission o
Elections, the Treasurer of the Philippines and the Auditor General, to enjoin said "respondents or their agents from
implementing Presidential Decree No. 73, in any manner, until further orders of the Court," upon the grounds, inter alia, that sa
Presidential Decree "has no force and effect as law because the calling ... of such plebiscite, the setting of guidelines for the
conduct of the same, the prescription of the ballots to be used and the question to be answered by the voters, and the
appropriation of public funds for the purpose, are, by the Constitution, lodged exclusively in Congress ...," and "there is no pro
submission to the people of said Proposed Constitution set for January 15, 1973, there being no freedom of speech, press and
assembly, and there being no sufficient time to inform the people of the contents thereof."

Substantially identical actions were filed, on December 8, 1972, by Pablo C. Sanidad against the Commission on Elections (C
G.R. No. L-35929); on December 11, 1972, by Gerardo Roxas, et al., against the Commission on Elections, the Director of
Printing, the National Treasurer and the Auditor General (Case G.R. No. L-35940), by Eddie B. Monteclaro against the
Commission on Elections and the Treasurer of the Philippines (Case G.R. No. L-35941), and by Sedfrey A. Ordoñez, et al.
against the National Treasurer and the Commission on Elections (Case G.R. No. L-35942); on December 12, 1972, by Vidal T
et al., against the Commission on Elections, the Treasurer of the Philippines, the Auditor General and the Director of Printing
(Case G.R. No. L-35948), and by Jose W. Diokno and Benigno S. Aquino against the Commission on Elections (Case G.R. N
L-35953); on December 14, 1972, by Jacinto Jimenez against the Commission on Elections, the Auditor General, the Treasure
of the Philippines and the Director of the Bureau of Printing (Case G.R. No. L-35961), and by Raul M. Gonzales against the
Commission on Elections, the Budget Commissioner, the National Treasurer and the Auditor General (Case G. R. No. L-3596
and on December 16, 1972, by Ernesto C. Hidalgo against the Commission on Elections, the Secretary of Education, the
National Treasurer and the Auditor General (Case G.R. No. L-35979).

In all these cases, except the last (G.R. No. L-35979), the respondents were required to file their answers "not later than 12: 0
(o'clock) noon of Saturday, December 16, 1972." Said cases were, also, set for hearing and partly heard on Monday, Decemb
18, 1972, at 9:30 a.m. The hearing was continued on December 19, 1972. By agreement of the parties, the aforementioned la
case - G.R. No. L-35979 — was, also, heard, jointly with the others, on December 19, 1972. At the conclusion of the hearing,
that date, the parties in all of the aforementioned cases were given a short period of time within which "to submit their notes on
the points they desire to stress." Said notes were filed on different dates, between December 21, 1972, and January 4, 1973.

Meanwhile, or on December 17, 1972, the President had issued an order temporarily suspending the effects of Proclamation N
1081, for the purpose of free and open debate on the Proposed Constitution. On December 23, the President announced the
postponement of the plebiscite for the ratification or rejection of the Proposed Constitution. No formal action to this effect was
taken until January 7, 1973, when General Order No. 20 was issued, directing "that the plebiscite scheduled to be held on
January 15, 1973, be postponed until further notice." Said General Order No. 20, moreover, "suspended in the meantime" the
"order of December 17, 1972, temporarily suspending the effects of Proclamation No. 1081 for purposes of free and open deb
on the proposed Constitution."

In view of these events relative to the postponement of the aforementioned plebiscite, the Court deemed it fit to refrain, for the
time being, from deciding the aforementioned cases, for neither the date nor the conditions under which said plebiscite would
held were known or announced officially. Then, again, Congress was, pursuant to the 1935 Constitution, scheduled to meet in
regular session on January 22, 1973, and since the main objection to Presidential Decree No. 73 was that the President does
have the legislative authority to call a plebiscite and appropriate funds therefor, which Congress unquestionably could do,
particularly in view of the formal postponement of the plebiscite by the President — reportedly after consultation with, among
others, the leaders of Congress and the Commission on Elections — the Court deemed it more imperative to defer its final act
on these cases.

In the afternoon of January 12, 1973, the petitioners in Case G.R. No. L-35948 filed an "urgent motion," praying that said case
decided "as soon as possible, preferably not later than January 15, 1973." It was alleged in said motion, inter alia:

6. That the President subsequently announced the issuance of Presidential Decree No. 86 organizing the so-
called Citizens Assemblies, to be consulted on certain public questions [Bulletin Today, January 1, 1973];

7. That thereafter it was later announced that "the Assemblies will be asked if they favor or oppose —

"[1] The New Society;

"[2] Reforms instituted under Martial Law;

"[3] The holding of a plebiscite on the proposed new Constitution and when (the tentative new
date given following the postponement of the plebiscite from the original date of January 15 are
February 19 and March 5);

"[4] The opening of the regular session slated on January 22 in accordance with the existing
Constitution despite Martial Law." [Bulletin Today, January 3, 1973.]

8. That it was later reported that the following are to be the forms of the questions to be asked to the Citizens
Assemblies: —

"[1] Do you approve of the New Society?

"[2] Do you approve of the reform measures under martial law?

"[3] Do you think that Congress should meet again in regular session?

"[4] How soon would you like the plebiscite on the new Constitution to be held?" [Bulletin Today
 January 5, 1973;

9. That the voting by the so-called Citizens Assemblies was announced to take place during the period from
January 10 to January 15, 1973;

10 That on January 10, 1973, it was reported that one more question would be added to the four (4) questions
previously announced, and that the forms of the questions would be as follows: —

"[1] Do you like the New Society?

"[2] Do you like the reforms under martial law?

"[3] Do you like Congress again to hold sessions?

"[4] Do you like the plebiscite to be held later?

"[5] Do you like the way President Marcos is running the affairs of the government?" [Bulletin
Today, January 10, 1973; additional question emphasis.]

11. That on January 11, 1973, it was reported that six (6) more questions would be submitted to the so-called
Citizens Assemblies: —

"[1] Do you approve of the citizens assemblies as the base of popular government to decide
issues of national interests?

"[2] Do you approve of the new Constitution?

"[3] Do you want a plebiscite to be called to ratify the new Constitution?

"[4] Do you want the elections to be held in November, 1973 in accordance with the provisions
the 1935 Constitution ?

"[5] If the elections would not be held, when do you want the next elections to be called?

"[6] Do you want martial law to continue?" [Bulletin Today, January 11, 1973; emphasis supplie

12. That according to reports, the returns with respect to the six (6) additional questions quoted above will be o
form similar or identical to Annex "A" hereof;

13. That attached to page 1 of Annex "A" is another page, which we marked as Annex "A-1", and which reads:

"COMMENTS ON

QUESTION No. 1

In order to broaden the base of citizens' participation in government.

QUESTION No. 2

But we do not want the Ad Interim Assembly to be convoked. Or if it is to be convened at all, it

should not be done so until after at least seven (7) years from the approval of the New
Constitution by the Citizens Assemblies.

QUESTION No. 3

The vote of the Citizens Assemblies should already be considered the plebiscite on the New
Constitution.

If the Citizens Assemblies approve of the New Constitution, then the new Constitution should b
deemed ratified.
 QUESTION No. 4

We are sick and tired of too frequent elections. We are fed up with politics, of so many debates
and so much expenses.

QUESTION No. 5

Probably a period of at least seven (7) years moratorium on elections will be enough for stabilit
be established in the country, for reforms to take root and normalcy to return.

QUESTION No. 6

We want President Marcos to continue with Martial Law. We want him to exercise his powers w
more authority. We want him to be strong and firm so that he can accomplish all his reform
programs and establish normalcy in the country. If all other measures fail, we want President
Marcos to declare a revolutionary government along the lines of the new Constitution without th
ad interim Assembly."

Attention is respectfully invited to the comments on "Question No. 3", which reads: —

"QUESTION No. 3

The vote of the Citizens Assemblies should be considered the plebiscite on the New Constitutio

If the Citizens Assemblies approve of the New Constitution, then the new Constitution should b
deemed ratified.

This, we are afraid, and therefore allege, is pregnant with ominous possibilities.

14. That, in the meantime, speaking on television and over the radio, on January 7, 1973, the President
announced that the limited freedom of debate on the proposed Constitution was being withdrawn and that the
proclamation of martial law and the orders and decrees issued thereunder would thenceforth strictly be enforce
[Daily Express, January 8, 1973];

15. That petitioners have reason to fear, and therefore state, that the question added in the last list of question
be asked to the Citizens Assemblies, namely: —

Do you approve of the New Constitution?" —

in relation to the question following it: —

"Do you still want a plebiscite to call to ratify the new Constitution?" —

would be an attempt to by-pass and short-circuit this Honorable Court before which the question of the validity
the plebiscite on the proposed Constitution is now pending;

16. That petitioners have reason to fear, and therefore allege, that if an affirmative answer to the two questions
just referred to will be reported then this Honorable Court and the entire nation will be confronted with a fait
accompli which has been attained in a highly unconstitutional and undemocratic manner;

17. That the fait accompli would consist in the supposed expression of the people approving the proposed
Constitution;

18. That, if such event would happen, then the case before this Honorable Court could, to all intents and
purposes, become moot because, petitioners fear, and they therefore allege, that on the basis of such suppose
expression of the will of the people through the Citizens Assemblies, it would be announced that the proposed
Constitution, with all its defects, both congenital and otherwise, has been ratified;

19. That, in such a situation, the Philippines will be facing a real crisis and there is likelihood of confusion if not
chaos, because then, the people and their officials will not know which Constitution is in force.

20. That the crisis mentioned above can only be avoided if this Honorable Court will immediately decide and
 announce its decision on the present petition;

21. That with the withdrawal by the President of the limited freedom of discussion on the proposed Constitution
which was given to the people pursuant to Sec. 3 of Presidential Decree No. 73, the opposition of respondents
petitioners' prayer that the proposed plebiscite be prohibited has now collapsed and that a free plebiscite can n
longer be held.

At about the same time, a similar prayer was made in a "manifestation" filed by the petitioners in L-35949, "Gerardo Roxas, et
v. Commission on Elections, et al.," and
L-35942, "Sedfrey A. Ordonez, et al. v. The National Treasurer, et al."

The next day, January 13, 1973, which was a Saturday, the Court issued a resolution requiring the respondents in said three (
cases to comment on said "urgent motion" and "manifestation," "not later than Tuesday noon, January 16, 1973." Prior thereto
on January 15, 1973, shortly before noon, the petitioners in said Case G.R. No. L-35948 filed a "supplemental motion for
issuance of restraining order and inclusion of additional respondents," praying —

... that a restraining order be issued enjoining and restraining respondent Commission on Elections, as well as
the Department of LocaI Governments and its head, Secretary Jose Rono; the Department of Agrarian Reform
and its head, Secretary Conrado Estrella; the National Ratification Coordinating Committee and its Chairman,
Guillermo de Vega; their deputies, subordinates and substitutes, and all other officials and persons who may b
assigned such task, from collecting, certifying, and announcing and reporting to the President or other officials
concerned, the so-called Citizens' Assemblies referendum results allegedly obtained when they were suppose
to have met during the period comprised between January 10 and January 15, 1973, on the two questions quo
in paragraph 1 of this Supplemental Urgent Motion.

In support of this prayer, it was alleged —

3. That petitioners are now before this Honorable Court in order to ask further that this Honorable Court issue a
restraining order enjoining herein respondents, particularly respondent Commission on Elections as well as the
Department of Local Governments and its head, Secretary Jose Rono; the Department of Agrarian Reforms an
its head, Secretary Conrado Estrella; the National Ratification Coordinating Committee and its Chairman,
Guillermo de Vega; and their deputies, subordinates and/or substitutes, from collecting, certifying, announcing
and reporting to the President the supposed Citizens' Assemblies referendum results allegedly obtained when
they were supposed to have met during the period between January 10 and January 15, 1973, particularly on
two questions quoted in paragraph 1 of this Supplemental Urgent Motion;

4. That the proceedings of the so-called Citizens' Assemblies are illegal, null and void particularly insofar as su
proceedings are being made the basis of a supposed consensus for the ratification of the proposed Constitutio
because: —

(a) The elections contemplated in the Constitution, Article XV, at which the proposed constitutio
amendments are to be submitted for ratification, are elections at which only qualified and duly
registered voters are permitted to vote, whereas, the so-called Citizens' Assemblies were
participated in by persons 15 years of age and older, regardless of qualifications or lack thereo
as prescribed in the Election Code;

(b) Elections or plebiscites for the ratification of constitutional amendments contemplated in Art
XV of the Constitution have provisions for the secrecy of choice and of vote, which is one of the
safeguards of freedom of action, but votes in the Citizens' Assemblies were open and were cas
by raising hands;

(c) The Election Code makes ample provisions for free, orderly and honest elections, and such
provisions are a minimum requirement for elections or plebiscites for the ratification of
constitutional amendments, but there were no similar provisions to guide and regulate
proceedings of the so-called Citizens' Assemblies;

(d) It is seriously to be doubted that, for lack of material time, more than a handful of the so-cal
Citizens' Assemblies have been actually formed, because the mechanics of their organization
were still being discussed a day or so before the day they were supposed to begin functioning:

"Provincial governors and city and municipal mayors had been meeting with ba
captains and community leaders since last Monday (January 8, 1973) to thresh
out the mechanics in the formation of the Citizens' Assemblies and the topics fo
 discussion," (Bulletin Today, January 16, 1973).

It should be recalled that the Citizens' Assemblies were ordered formed only at the beginning of the year (Daily
Express, January 1, 1971), and considering the lack of experience of the local organizers of said assemblies, a
well as the absence of sufficient guidelines for organizations, it is too much to believe that such assemblies co
be organized at such a short notice.

5. That for lack of material time, the appropriate amended petition to include the additional officials and
government agencies mentioned in paragraph 3 of this Supplemental Urgent Motion could not be completed
because, as noted in the Urgent Motion of January 12, 1973, the submission of the proposed Constitution to th
Citizens' Assemblies was not made known to the public until January 11, 1973. But be that as it may, the said
additional officials and agencies may be properly included in the petition at bar because: —

(a) The herein petitioners have prayed in their petition for the annulment not only of Presidentia
Decree No. 73, but also of "any similar decree, proclamation, order or instruction"

so that Presidential Decree No. 86, insofar at least as it attempts to submit the proposed Constitution to a
plebiscite by the so-called Citizens' Assemblies, is properly in issue in this case, and those who enforce,
implement, or carry out the said Presidential Decree No. 86, and the instructions incidental thereto clearly fall
within the scope of this petition;

(b) In their petition, petitioners sought the issuance of a writ of preliminary injunction restraining
not only the respondents named in the petition but also their "agents" from implementing not on
Presidential Decree No. 73, but also "any other similar decree, order, instruction, or proclamati
in relation to the holding of a plebiscite on January 15, 1973 for the purpose of submitting to the
Filipino people for their ratification or rejection the 1972 Draft or proposed Constitution approve
by the Constitutional Convention on November 30, 1972'; and finally,

(c) Petitioners prayed for such other relief which may be just and equitable. (p. 39, Petition).

"Therefore, viewing the case from all angles, the officials and government agencies mentioned in paragraph 3
this Supplemental Urgent Motion, can lawfully be reached by the processes of this Honorable Court by reason
this petition, considering, furthermore, that the Commission on Elections has under our laws the power, among
others, of: —

"a) Direct and immediate supervision and control over national, provincial, city, municipal and
municipal district officials required by law to perform duties relative to the conduct of elections o
matters pertaining to the enforcement of the provisions of this Code ... ." (Election Code of 197
Sec. 3).

6. That unless the petition at bar is decided immediately and the Commission on Elections, together with the
officials and government agencies mentioned in paragraph 3 of this Supplemental Urgent Motion are restraine
or enjoined from collecting, certifying, reporting or announcing to the President the results of the alleged voting
the so-called Citizens' Assemblies, irreparable damage will be caused to the Republic of the Philippines, the
Filipino people, the cause of freedom and democracy, and the petitioners herein because:

(a) After the result of the supposed voting on the questions mentioned in paragraph 1 hereof shall have been
announced, a conflict will arise between those who maintain that the 1935 Constitution is still in force, on the o
hand, and those who will maintain that it has been superseded by the proposed Constitution, on the other,
thereby creating confusion, if not chaos;

(b) Even the jurisdiction of this Court will be subject to serious attack because the advocates of the theory that
proposed Constitution has been ratified by reason of the announcement of the results of the proceedings of the
so-called Citizens' Assemblies will argue that, General Order No. 3, which shall also be deemed ratified pursua
to the Transitory Provisions of the proposed Constitution, has placed Presidential Decrees Nos. 73 and 86
beyond the reach and jurisdiction of this Honorable Court.

On the same date — January 15, 1973 — the Court passed a resolution requiring the respondents in said case G.R. No. L-
35948 to "file an answer to the said motion not later than 4 P.M., Tuesday, January 16, 1973," and setting the motion for heari
"on January 17, 1973, at 9:30 a.m." While the case was being heard, on the date last mentioned, at noontime, the Secretary o
Justice called on the writer of this opinion and said that, upon instructions of the President, he (the Secretary of Justice) was
delivering to him (the writer) a copy of Proclamation No. 1102, which had just been signed by the President. Thereupon, the
writer returned to the Session Hall and announced to the Court, the parties in G.R. No. L-35948 — inasmuch as the hearing in
connection therewith was still going on — and the public there present that the President had, according to information convey
by the Secretary of Justice, signed said Proclamation No. 1102, earlier that morning. Thereupon, the writer read Proclamation
No. 1102 which is of the following tenor:

BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES

PROCLAMATION NO. 1102

ANNOUNCING THE RATIFICATION BY THE FILIPINO PEOPLE OF THE CONSTITUTION PROPOSED BY

THE 1971 CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.

WHEREAS, the Constitution proposed by the nineteen hundred seventy-one Constitutional Convention is subj
to ratification by the Filipino people;

WHEREAS, Citizens Assemblies were created in barrios, in municipalities and in districts/wards in chartered
cities pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 86, dated December 31, 1972, composed of all persons who are
residents of the barrio, district or ward for at least six months, fifteen years of age or over, citizens of the
Philippines and who are registered in the list of Citizen Assembly members kept by the barrio, district or ward
secretary;

WHEREAS, the said Citizens Assemblies were established precisely to broaden the base of citizen participatio
in the democratic process and to afford ample opportunity for the citizenry to express their views on important
national issues;

WHEREAS, responding to the clamor of the people and pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 86-A, dated Janu
5, 1973, the following questions were posed before the Citizens Assemblies or Barangays: Do you approve of
New Constitution? Do you still want a pIebiscite to be called to ratify the new Constitution?

WHEREAS, fourteen million nine hundred seventy-six thousand five hundred sixty-one (14,976,561) members
all the Barangays (Citizens Assemblies) voted for the adoption of the proposed Constitution, as against seven
hundred forty-three thousand eight hundred sixty-nine (743,869) who voted for its rejection; while on the quest
as to whether or not the people would still like a plebiscite to be called to ratify the new Constitution, fourteen
million two hundred ninety-eight thousand eight hundred fourteen (14,298,814) answered that there was no ne
for a plebiscite and that the vote of the Barangays (Citizens Assemblies) should be considered as a vote in a
plebiscite;

WHEREAS, since the referendum results show that more than ninety-five (95) per cent of the members of the
Barangays (Citizens Assemblies) are in favor of the new Constitution, the Katipunan ng Mga Barangay has
strongly recommended that the new Constitution should already be deemed ratified by the Filipino people;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers in me
vested by the Constitution, do hereby certify and proclaim that the Constitution proposed by the nineteen hund
and seventy-one (1971) Constitutional Convention has been ratified by an overwhelming majority of all the vot
cast by the members of all the Barangays (Citizens Assemblies) throughout the Philippines, and has thereby
come into effect.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Republic of the Philippines
be affixed.

Done in the City of Manila, this 17th day of January, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and seventy-thr

(Sgd.) FERDINAND E. MARCOS

President of the Philippines

By the President:

ALEJANDRO MELCHOR
Executive Secretary

Such is the background of the cases submitted for Our determination. After admitting some of the allegations made in the peti
in L-35948 and denying the other allegations thereof, respondents therein alleged in their answer thereto, by way of affirmative
defenses: 1) that the "questions raised" in said petition "are political in character"; 2) that "the Constitutional Convention acted
freely and had plenary authority to propose not only amendments but a Constitution which would supersede the present
Constitution"; 3) that "the President's call for a plebiscite and the appropriation of funds for this purpose are valid"; 4) that "ther
is not an improper submission" and "there can be a plebiscite under Martial Law"; and 5) that the "argument that the Proposed
Constitution is vague and incomplete, makes an unconstitutional delegation of power, includes a referendum on the proclamat
of Martial Law and purports to exercise judicial power" is "not relevant and ... without merit." Identical defenses were set up in
other cases under consideration.

Immediately after the hearing held on January 17, 1973, or since the afternoon of that date, the Members of the Court have be
deliberating on the aforementioned cases and, after extensive discussions on the merits thereof, have deemed it best that eac
Member write his own views thereon and that thereafter the Chief Justice should state the result or the votes thus cast on the
points in issue. Hence, the individual views of my brethren in the Court are set forth in the opinions attached hereto, except tha
instead of writing their separate opinions, some Member have preferred to merely concur in the opinion of one of our colleagu

What follows is my own view on these cases.

The first question for Our determination is whether We have authority to pass upon the validity of Presidential Decree No. 73,
view of the Solicitor General's allegation to the effect that said question is a political one. I am of the opinion — on which the
Members of the Court are unanimous — that the contention of the Solicitor General is untenable and that the issue
aforementioned is a justiciable one. Indeed, the contested decree purports to have the force and effect of a legislation, so that
the issue on the validity thereof is manifestly a justiciable one, on the authority, not only of a long list of cases in which the Cou
has passed upon the constitutionality of statutes and/or acts of the Executive, but, also, of no less than that of Subdivision (1)
1

Section 2, Article VIII of the 1935 Constitution, which expressly provides for the authority of this Court to review cases involvin
2

said issue.

Petitioners in G.R. No. L-35948 maintain that the 1971 Constitutional Convention had exceeded its authority in approving
Sections 2, 3 (par. 2) and 12 of Article XVII of the proposed Constitution. Regardless of the wisdom and moral aspects of the
contested provisions of the proposed Constitution, it is my considered view that the Convention was legally free to postulate a
amendment it may deem fit to propose — save perhaps what is or may be inconsistent with what is now known, particularly in
international law, as Jus Cogens — not only because the Convention exercised sovereign powers delegated thereto by the
people — although insofar only as the determination of the proposals to be made and formulated by said body is concerned —
but, also, because said proposals cannot be valid as part of our Fundamental Law unless and until "approved by the majority o
the votes cast at an election at which" " said proposals "are submitted to the people for their ratification," as provided in Sectio
of Art. XV of the 1935 Constitution.

As regards the authority of the President to issue Presidential Decree No. 73, "submitting to the Filipino people (on January 15
1973) for ratification or rejection the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines proposed by the 1971 Constitutional
Convention and appropriating funds therefor," I find it unnecessary, for the time being, to pass upon such question, because th
plebiscite ordained in said Decree has been postponed. In any event, should the plebiscite be scheduled to be held at any tim
later, the proper parties may then file such action as the circumstances may justify.

With respect to the question whether or not martial law per se affects the validity of a submission to the people for ratification o
specific proposals for amendment of the Constitution, I consider this matter as one intimately and necessarily related to the
validity of Proclamation No. 1102 of the President of the Philippines. This question has not been explicitly raised, however, in a
of the cases under consideration, said cases having been filed before the issuance of such Proclamation, although the
petitioners in L-35948 maintain that the issue on the referral of the Proposed Constitution to the Citizens' Assemblies may be
deemed and was raised in their Supplemental Motion of January 15, 1973. At any rate, said question has not been adequately
argued by the parties in any of these cases, and it would not be proper to resolve such a transcendental question without the
most thorough discussion possible under the circumstances. In fairness to the petitioners in L-35948 and considering the
surrounding circumstances, I believe, therefore, that, instead of dismissing the case as moot and academic, said petitioners
should be given a reasonable period of time within which to move in the premises.

Recapitulating the views expressed by the Members of the Court, the result is this:

1. There is unanimity on the justiciable nature of the issue on the legality of Presidential Decree No. 73.

2. On the validity of the decree itself, Justices Makalintal, Castro, Fernando, Teehankee, Esguerra and myself, or six (6)
Members of the Court, are of the opinion that the issue has become moot and academic, whereas Justices Barredo, Makasiar
and Antonio voted to uphold the validity of said Decree.

3. On the authority of the 1971 Constitutional Convention to pass the proposed Constitution or to incorporate therein the
provisions contested by the petitioners in
L-35948, Justices Makalintal, Castro, Teehankee and Esguerra opine that the issue has become moot and academic. Justices
Fernando, Barredo, Makasiar, Antonio and myself have voted to uphold the authority of the Convention.

4. Justice Fernando, likewise, expressed the view that the 1971 Constitutional Convention had authority to continue in the
performance of its functions despite the proclamation of Martial Law. In effect, Justices Barredo, Makasiar and Antonio hold th
same view.

5. On the question whether the proclamation of Martial Law affected the proper submission of the proposed Constitution to a
plebiscite, insofar as the freedom essential therefor is concerned, Justice Fernando is of the opinion that there is a repugnanc
between the election contemplated under Art. XV of the 1935 Constitution and the existence of Martial Law, and would,
therefore, grant the petitions were they not moot and academic. Justices Barredo, Antonio and Esguerra are of the opinion tha
that issue involves question of fact which cannot be predetermined, and that Martial Law per se does not necessarily preclude
the factual possibility of adequate freedom for the purposes contemplated.

6. On Presidential Proclamation No. 1102, the following views were expressed:

a. Justices Makalintal, Castro, Fernando, Teehankee, Makasiar, Esguerra and myself are of the opinion that
question of validity of said Proclamation has not been properly raised before the Court, which, accordingly, sho
not pass upon such question.

b. Justice Barredo holds that the issue on the constitutionality of Proclamation No. 1102 has been submitted to
and should be determined by the Court, and that the "purported ratification of the Proposed Constitution ... bas
on the referendum among Citizens' Assemblies falls short of being in strict conformity with the requirements of
Article XV of the 1935 Constitution," but that such unfortunate drawback notwithstanding, "considering all other
related relevant circumstances, ... the new Constitution is legally recognizable and should be recognized as
legitimately in force.

c. Justice Zaldivar maintains unqualifiedly that the Proposed Constitution has not been ratified in accordance w
Article XV of the 1935 Constitution, and that, accordingly, it has no force and effect whatsoever.

d. Justice Antonio feels "that the Court is not competent to act" on the issue whether the Proposed Constitution
has been ratified by the people or not, "in the absence of any judicially discoverable and manageable standard
since the issue "poses a question of fact.

7. On the question whether or not these cases should dismissed, Justices Makalintal, Castro, Barredo, Makasiar, Antonio and
Esguerra voted in the affirmative, for the reasons set forth in their respective opinions. Justices Fernando, Teehankee and the
writer similarly voted, except as regards Case No. L-35948 as to which they voted to grant to the petitioners therein a reasona
period of time within which to file appropriate pleadings should they wish to contest the legality of Presidential Proclamation No
1102. Justice Zaldivar favors the granting of said period to the petitioners in said Case No.
L-35948 for the aforementioned purpose, but he believes, in effect, that the Court should go farther and decide on the merits
everyone of the cases under Consideration.

WHEREFORE, all of the aforementioned cases are hereby dismissed, without special pronouncement as to costs.

It is so ordered.

Makasiar, J., concur.

Separate Opinions

MAKALINTAL and CASTRO, JJ., concurring:

The principal relief prayed for in the petition in G.R. NO. L-35948 is to declare "Sections 2, 3 (par 2), and 12 of Article XVII, of
1972 Draft on proposed Constitution approved by the 1971 Constitutional Convention on November 30, 1972 as well as
Presidential Decree No. 73 or any similar decree, proclamation, order or instruction unconstitutional, null and void, ..." Basicall
although couched in different language, it is the same relief sought in the other petitions.

Article XVII contains the transitory provisions. Section 2 thereof refers to the membership of the interim National Assembly, wh
includes, among others, "those Delegates to the (1971) Constitutional Convention who have opted to serve therein by voting
affirmatively for this Article." Section 3 (par. 2) provides that "(A)ll proclamations, orders, decrees, instructions, and acts
promulgated, issued, or done by the incumbent President shall be part of the law of the land, and shall remain valid, legal,
binding, and effective even after lifting of martial law or the ratification of this Constitution, unless modified, revoked, or
superseded by subsequent proclamations, orders, decrees, instructions, or other acts of the incumbent President, or unless
expressly and explicitly modified or repealed by the regular National Assembly." And Section 12 states in part: "All treaties,
executive agreements, and contracts entered into by the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof,
including government-owned or controlled corporations, are hereby recognized as legal, valid, and binding ..."

Presidential Decree No. 73, issued on December 1, 1972, called for a plebiscite to be held on January 15, 1973, wherein the
proposed Constitution would be submitted for ratification. At the same time it appropriated the sum of P15,000,000.00 for that
purpose. It was primarily to stop the said plebiscite from being held that these petitions were filed.

The specific grounds alleged in the petition in G.R. No. L-35948 to support the relief prayed for which are fairly representative
the others, read as follows:

I. The President of the Philippines has no power to call a plebiscite for the ratification or rejection of the 1972
Draft; neither has he the power to appropriate funds for the holding of the said plebiscite.

II. The 1972 Draft is vague and incomplete. It makes an unconstitutional delegation of power. And it contains
provisions which were beyond the power of the convention to enact. All these have made the 1972 Draft unfit f
"proper submission" to the people.

III. The period of time between November 30, 1972 when the 1972 Draft was approved, and January 15, 1973
the date the plebiscite will be held, is too inadequate for the people to be informed of the contents of the 1972
Draft, and to study and discuss them so that they could thereafter intelligently cast their vote.

Towards the end of December 1972 it was announced in the newspapers that the President had postponed the plebiscite to a
date to be fixed later, although tentatively February 19 and March 5, 1973 were mentioned. The announcement was made
officially in General Order No. 20, dated January 7, 1973. Then on January 17, 1973 the President issued Proclamation No 11
certifying that the proposed Constitution had been ratified by the Citizens Assemblies created under Presidential Decree No. 8
issued on December 31, 1972, and that therefore it had become effective.

In view of the foregoing developments which supervened after the petitions herein and the answers thereto were filed and the
cases argued by the parties, the issues raised in grounds Nos. I and III abovequoted have become moot. The plebiscite sough
to be enjoined did not take place on January 15, 1973. Indeed, its postponement to some indefinite date in the future rendered
the petition also premature. But of course whether the petition is moot or premature makes no material difference as far as the
cases are concerned, since the announced ratification of the proposed Constitution by the Citizens Assemblies has made it
unlikely that any plebiscite will be held.

With respect to ground No. II we are of the opinion that the question of whether or not the proposals referred to by the petition
specifically Secs. 2, 3 (par. 2) and 12, were proper for submission to the people for ratification has likewise become moot
because of the President's Proclamation No. 1102 certifying that such ratification has already taken place. If they may be
assailed at all as invalid it should be not as mere proposals by the Convention but already as provisions of the Constitution, an
certainly not in the present cases in the state in which they have been submitted for decision.

There was an attempt on the part of counsel for the petitioner in G.R. No. L-35948 during the oral argument on his urgent mot
for early decision to question the validity of Proclamation No. 1102. This question is not within the purview of the petition and
involves issues which have neither been raised nor argued herein, having arisen in a new and different setting and frame of
reference, and hence may only be ventilated, if at all, in an appropriate case or at least through appropriate pleadings so that t
parties may be duly heard.

We therefore vote to dismiss the petitions.

TEEHANKEE, J., concurring:

Without prejudice to the filing of a separate extended opinion, I concur with the Chief Justice in his separate opinion and add t
following brief comments.

The Solicitor General's Office on behalf of respondents manifested as of its last comment of January 16, 1973 that "(W)ith
respect to the statement in the Joint Manifestation that Presidential Decree No. 73 which calls for the holding of the plebiscite
January 15, 1973 still stands, the plebiscite scheduled to be held on January 15, 1973 has been postponed until further notice
virtue of General Order No. 20, dated January 7, 1973, of President Ferdinand E. Marcos."

On the other hand, Presidential Proclamation No. 1102 issued on January 17, 1973 recites as a premise thereof, inter alia, tha
"since the referendum results show that more than ninety-five (95) per cent of the members of the Barangays (Citizens
Assemblies) are in favor of the New Constitution, the Katipunan ng Mga Barangay has strongly recommended that the new
1

Constitution should already be deemed ratified by the Filipino people." 2

Under the circumstances of record from which it appears that no election (or plebiscite) for the purpose has been called and
held, it would be premature for now to hold that the averred ratification of the Constitution proposed by the 1971 Constitutiona
3

Convention has met the requirements of Article XV of the Constitution that "(S)uch amendments shall be valid as part of this
Constitution when approved by a majority of the votes cast at an election at which the amendments are submitted to the peop
for their ratification" or of section 16 of Article XVII of the proposed Constitution itself that "(T)his Constitution shall take effect
immediately upon its ratification by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite called for the purpose."

With the result reached by the Court, and the rendering moot of the issues raised against the validity of Presidential Decree N
73, I do not deem it necessary to reach and pass upon the grave constitutional question in its two aspects (a) whether the
Constitutional Convention may assume the power to call the plebiscite (a power historically exercised by Congress) and to
appropriate funds therefor against the Constitutional mandate lodging such power in Congress and (b) whether the
4

Constitutional Convention may delegate such assumed power to the President — absent any showing of willful default or
incapacity on the part of Congress to discharge it.

By the same token, it is unnecessary to resolve the equally grave question of whether certain matters adopted and proposed b
the 1971 Constitutional Convention were ultra vires, e.g. sections 2 and 15 of Article XVII (Transitory Provisions) providing for
delegates of said Convention to constitute the majority of an interim National Assembly and empowering such Assembly "upon
special call by the interim Prime Minister ..., by a majority vote of all its members, (to) propose amendments to this Constitutio
(which) shall take effect when ratified in accordance with Article Sixteen hereof", which would appear to be in violation of the
accepted principles governing constitutional conventions that they become functus officio upon completion of their function to
formulate and adopt amendments to the Constitution for the people's ratification or rejection in the manner ordained in the
5

Constitution — since such convention controlled interim National Assembly may continue proposing Constitutional amendmen
6

by mere majority vote in contrast to the regular national assembly which would require "a vote of three-fourths of all its membe
to propose such amendments. 7

ANTONIO, J., concurring:

The historical events of the last few days have rendered the petitions (G.R. Nos. L-35925, L-35929, L-35940, L-35941, L-3594
L-35948, L-35953, L-35961, L-35965 and L-35979), including the supplemental petition moot and should be dismissed.

Without prejudice to a more extended opinion later, I concur in the view that implicit in the power of the Constitutional Convent
to propose amendments to the Constitution is its authority to order an election at which such amendments are to be submitted
the people for ratification and, within the narrow range implied as necessary for the business of submitting the amendments to
the people, the capacity to appropriate money for the expenses necessary to make such submittal effective. Independently
therefore of the question, whether or not the President may legislate during martial law, it was certainly within the authority of t
President to issue such measures, acting as agent for and in behalf of the Constitutional Convention to call for a plebiscite,
prescribe its terms and appropriate money for said purpose.

The opinion that the President, as agent of the Convention, could device other forms of election to determine the will of the
majority of the people on the ratification of the proposed Constitution, establishes a principle that is, not entirely devoid of
precedent. The present Constitution of the United States was ratified in a manner not in accord with the first Constitution of the
United States, which was the Articles of Confederation. The violation was deliberate, but Madison, however defended the met
provided for the adoption of the new Constitution by saying that it was a case "of absolute necessity" which forced the framers
the new Constitution to resort "to the great principle of self-preservation; to the transcendental law of nature and of nature's Go
which declares that the safety and happiness of society are the objects at which all political institutions aim, and to which all su
institutions must be sacrificed." While I agree that this precedent is never one that would justify governmental organs in ignorin
constitutional restraints, the fact is the people themselves had already acted by adopting the procedure devised in the express
of their sovereign will.

To the contention of one of the petitioners, that the draft of the Constitution contains provisions beyond the power of the
Constitutional Convention to submit for ratification, suffice it to state that there is nothing that can legally prevent a convention
from actually revising the entire Constitution for, in the final analysis, it is the approval of the people that gives validity to any
proposal of amendment or revision.

I concur in the opinion that martial rule per se, in the light of contemporary events, does not warrant the presumption that the
results of the plebiscite of ratification is not a genuine and free expression of the popular will.

It poses a question of fact which, in the absence of any judicially discoverable and manageable standards, or where the acces
to relevant information is insufficient to assure the correct determination of the issue, I do not feel that this Court is competent
act.

If the ratification of the new Constitution and the new government erected thereon, is not what it is represented to be, the
expression of the will of the majority or the people are dissatisfied, they have ample remedy. The instrument itself provides
amendment and change. For the only and proper way in which it should be remedied, is the people acting as a body politic.
These questions relate to matters not to be settled on strict legal principles. For the new Constitution has been promulgated an
great interests have already arisen under it. The political organ in the government has recognized it and has commenced the
implementation of its provisions. Under such circumstances the Court should therefore refrain from precipitating impossible
situations which might otherwise rip the delicate social and political fabric.

The theory of presumptive collective duress under martial rule is perhaps valid in any other clime. In the case at bar, it flies
against the stark reality of the factual setting. To insist upon it is to ignore the historical facts that culminated in the national
referendum. The people wanted a revolutionary change. They were aware of the manifold problems of the nation — its povert
corruption, injustice, subversion and insurgency and criminality. The sweeping and dramatic reforms during the last few month
buoyed up the hopes of the people that thru the instrumentality of a new charter these gains of the commonweal may be
conserved and further enlarged. In the ambience of such a historical setting, it would have been presumptuous to assume tha
the qualified voters in the reportedly more than fourteen million Filipinos who voted for the new charter, did so not with freedom
but from fear. Such a posture, I cannot accept, for that would demean the courage, integrity and wisdom of the people
themselves.

In all other respects, the opinion of Justice Barredo, merits my concurrence.

ESGUERRA, J., concurring:

I vote to deny all petitions seeking to prohibit the holding of the plebiscite on January 15, 1973, on the Constitution of Novemb
30, 1972, as provided for in Presidential Decree No. 73 of December 1, 1972. Specifically, I vote to deny the supplemental
petition in G.R. No. L-35948 seeking to restrain the Citizens Assemblies' referendum in connection with that ratification of said
Constitution.

My reasons are simple and need no elaborate and lengthy discussion.

1. In the first place, these cases have been moot and academic as the holding of the plebiscite scheduled for January 15, 197
has been indefinitely postponed under General Order No. 20 dated January 7, 1973. Consequently, there is nothing more to
prohibit or restrain.

2. In the second place, the supplemental petition in G.R. No. L-35948 to restrain the respondents, including three additional
parties, namely Secretary Jose Rono as head of the Department of Local Governments; Secretary Conrado Estrella, as head
the Department of Agrarian Reforms and Secretary Guillermo de Vega, as Chairman of the National Ratification Coordinating
Committee, who were not duly served with summons and have never been heard, has been rendered futile as the Citizens
Assemblies have expressed their decisions to ratify the 1972 Constitution and said officers have reported to the President and
the basis thereof he has announced the ratification of said Constitution by Proclamation No. 1102, dated January 17, 1973,
effective 12: 00 o'clock noon of said date. Hence there is also nothing more to restrain or prohibit as the acts sought to be
stopped have been fully accomplished.

I do not attempt to assail the validity of Proclamation No. 1102 as the Court is not in possession of any evidence to overthrow
veracity of the facts therein related, there being no case formally filed with the Court attacking the validity of said Proclamation
and, moreover, the parties responsible for the holding of the referendum or plebiscite by the Citizens Assemblies, which ratifie
the proposed Constitution, have not being impleaded and afforded a chance to be heard. In brief, there is absolutely no basis
making a pronouncement on the validity of the said proclamation, and to do so would be simply tiding rough shod over the we
beaten road of due process of law which basically requires notice and full and fair hearing.

Without any competent evidence I do not pretend to know more about the circumstances attending the holding of said
referendum or plebiscite and I cannot say that it was not plainfully held. I assume that what the proclamation says on its face i
true and until overcome by satisfactory evidence, of which there is absolutely nothing before Us, I cannot subscribe to the claim
that such plebiscite was not held accordingly.

At this stage, whether or not there was a valid ratification of the 1972 Constitution cannot be resolved without raising the legali
of the Government under which we are now operating as of January 17, 1973. Hence We would be confronted with a political
question which is beyond the jurisdiction of this Court to settle. I accept as a fait accompli that the Constitution adopted on
November 30, 1972, has been duly ratified, and I consider that any assault against it as well as the manner of its ratification ha
been innocuous. Having been invested with full force and effect by the approval of an overwhelming majority of the people, to
mount an attack against it now would be nothing less than fighting the windmills in Don Quijote fashion. I do not wish to emula
that unique literary character and I prefer to take things in the light of the stark realities of the present. I have always adhered t
the idea that the practical approach to any question yields the happiest solution, instead of soaring in flights of fantasies and
losing one's self in idle metaphysical adventures.

FERNANDO, J., concurring and dissenting:

While I am in agreement with the resolution of the Court dismissing the petitions for their being moot and academic, I feel that
brief separate opinion expressing my views on certain legal issues would not be amiss, considering the transcendental charac
of the suits before us. Indisputably, they involve the crucial role assumed by the Executive in the proposed submission of the n
Constitution, perhaps unavoidably thrust upon him in view of the declaration of martial law. It is reassuring that there is a
reiteration of the principle that the amending process, both as to proposal and ratification, raises a judicial question.
Notwithstanding the vigor and plausibility with which the Solicitor-General stressed what for him is the political nature of the
controversy, with considerable support from authorities on constitutional law partial to the judicial restraint approach, it would b
for me, a plain abdication of the trust reposed in this Court, if it would rule itself as devoid of authority to inquire into the validity
the steps taken towards the ratification of the proposed amendments. The most that I can concede is that where the effect of t
nullification sought is to prevent the sovereign people from expressing their will, the utmost caution and circumspection should
exercised.

Now, as to the merits of the issues that would have called for resolution, were it not for the matter becoming moot and academ
While not squarely raised, the question of whether or not a constitutional convention could go on meeting with martial law in fo
has a prejudicial aspect. Following the ruling in Duncan v. Kahanamoku that Legislature and courts continue to function even
1

under such period, being not merely cherished governmental institutions but indispensable to the operation of government, the
is no doubt in my mind that the same principle should likewise apply to a constituent body. To the contention pressed by Sena
Tanada, as counsel, in Tan v. Commission on Elections, that the proposed Constitution contains provisions beyond the power
the Constitutional Convention to submit for ratification, it seems to me a sufficient answer that once convened, the area open f
deliberation to a Constitutional Convention and thereafter to be embodied in proposed amendments if approved by the majorit
is practically limitless. In that sense, it can be truly stated that the Convention can propose anything but conclude nothing. As
2

was intimated by Justice Makasiar, speaking for the Court in Del Rosario v. Comelec, "whether the Constitutional Convention
3

only propose amendments to the Constitution or entirely overhaul the present Constitution and propose an entirely new
Constitution based on an ideology foreign to the democratic system, is of no moment; because the same will be submitted to t
people for ratification. Once ratified by the sovereign people, there can be no debate about the validity of the new
Constitution." Once its work of drafting has been completed, it could itself direct the submission to the people for ratification a
4

contemplated in Article XV of the Constitution. Here it did not do so. With Congress not being in session, could the President,
the decree under question, call for such a plebiscite? Under such circumstances, a negative answer certainly could result in th
work of the Convention being rendered nugatory. The view has been repeatedly expressed in many American state court
decisions that to avoid such undesirable consequence, the task of submission becomes ministerial, with the political branches
devoid of any discretion as to the holding of an election for that purpose. Nor is the appropriation by him of the amount
5

necessary to be considered as offensive to the Constitution. If it were done by him in his capacity as President, such an object
would indeed have been formidable, not to say insurmountable. If the appropriation were made in his capacity as agent of the
6

Convention to assure that there be the submission to the people, then such an argument loses force. The Convention itself co
have done so. It is understandable why it should be thus. If it were otherwise, then a legislative body, the appropriating arm of
7

the government, could conceivably make use of such authority to compel the Convention to submit to its wishes, on pain of be
rendered financially distraught. The President then, if performing his role as its agent, could be held as not devoid of such
competence. That brings me to the argument as to the absence of proper submission, developed with the customary learning
and persuasiveness by Senators Tanada and Salonga. With all due recognition of their forensic skill, I prefer to rely on what, f
me, is the correct principle announced in the opinion of the Chief Justice in Gonzales v. Commission on Elections: "A 8

considerable portion of the people may not know how over 160 of the proposed maximum of representative districts are actua
apportioned by R.B.H. No. 1 among the provinces in the Philippines. It is not improbable, however, that they are not interested
the details of the apportionment, or that a careful reading thereof may tend in their simple minds, to impair a clear vision thereo
Upon the other hand, those who are more sophisticated, may enlighten themselves sufficiently by reading the copies of the
proposed amendments posted in public places, the copies kept in the polling places and the text of contested resolutions, as
printed in full on the back of the ballots they will use. It is, likewise, conceivable that as many people, if not more, may fail to
realize or envisage the effect of R.B.H. No. 3 upon the work of the Constitutional Convention or upon the future of our Republi
But, then, nobody can foretell such effect with certainty. From our viewpoint, the provisions of Article XV of the Constitution are
satisfied so long as the electorate knows that R.B.H. No. 3 permits Congressmen to retain their seats as legislators, even if the
should run for and assume the functions of delegates to the Convention. We are impressed by the factors considered by our
distinguished and esteemed brethren, who opine otherwise, but, we feel that such factors affect the wisdom of Republic Act N
4913 and that of R.B.H. Nos. 1 and 3, not the authority of Congress to approve the same. The system of checks and balances
underlying the judicial power to strike down acts of the Executive or of Congress transcending the confines set forth in the
fundamental laws is not in derogation of the principle of separation of powers, pursuant to which each department is supreme
within its own sphere. The determination of the conditions under which the proposed amendments shall be submitted to the
people is concededly a matter which falls within the legislative sphere. We do not believe it has been satisfactorily shown that
Congress has exceeded the limits thereof in enacting Republic Act No. 4913." 9

Nonetheless, were it not for the fact that the matter had become moot and academic, I am for granting the petitions in view of
what, for me, is the repugnancy between an election contemplated under Article XV of the Constitution in herein the voters can
freely register their will, whether it be for approval or disapproval, and the existence of martial law, with its connotation that
dissent may be fraught with unpleasant consequences. While it is to be admitted that the Administration has done its best to
alleviate such a state of mind, I cannot in all honesty say, although I am prepared to concede that I may labor under a sense o
undue pessimism, that the momentum of fear necessarily incident to such a regime has been reduced to a minimum. I fail to s
then the existence of that indispensable condition of freedom that would validate the ratification process as contemplated by th
Constitution. As to the validity of Proclamation No. 1102, adherence to what for me are fundamental concepts of judicial review
precludes it this state the expression of any opinion. It would, at the very least, be premature. 10

BARREDO, J., concurring and dissenting:

With full consciousness of the transcendental consequences of the action the Court is taking in these cases, not only upon me
personally and as a member of the Supreme Court but upon the Court itself as the guardian of the Constitution, which all its
members have solemnly sworn in the name of God to uphold and defend, and after long and serious consideration of all aspe
and angles of the issues submitted for resolution by the parties, I have come to the sincere conviction that the petitions herein
should be dismissed, including the supplemental petition filed by petitioners in G.R. No. L-35948, with the consequent denial o
the motion for the issuance of a writ of preliminary injunction or a temporary restraining order enjoining in effect any act which
would imply giving force and effect to the 1972 Constitution which President Ferdinand E. Marcos proclaimed as ratified in
Proclamation No. 1102 as of twelve o'clock noon on January 17, 1973. Without prejudice to a more extended opinion later, my
reasons for this conclusion are as follows:

As of today, two matters present themselves for Our immediate resolution, namely, (1) the petitions in all of these cases prayin
for a writ of prohibition against the implementation of Presidential Decree No. 73 calling for and setting the date and the mann
of holding the plebiscite for the ratification of the Constitution proposed by the 1971 Constitutional Convention, the date set be
January 15, 1973, and (2) the supplemental petition, with prayer for the issuance of a writ of preliminary injunction or a
restraining order, in G.R. No. L-35948 to enjoin whatever ratification of the said Constitution would be proposed by the Citizen
Assemblies, established under Presidential Decrees Nos. 86, 86-A, and 86-B, and, correspondingly, any act which would give
force and effect to such ratification, should it be proclaimed, which, by the way, everybody knows was already done at about
11:00 o'clock A.M. on January 17, 1973.

As to No. (1), I vote to dismiss the original petitions in all these cases for the simple reason that the alleged grounds thereof ar
either untenable or have been premature, if not somehow moot and academic, at least, meanwhile that the plebiscite had not
been reset.1

(a) There is no question that the matter of whether or not Presidential Decree No. 73 is valid is a justiciable one and not politic
hence within the jurisdiction of this Court to resolve. Tolentino v. Comelec, G.R. No. L-34150, October 16, 1971, 41 SCRA 702
sufficient authority for this pose.

(b) On the other hand, I am of the considered view that it is not within the competence of this Court to pass on the propriety or
wisdom of any part or provision of the Constitution as proposed by the Convention. The Convention was called for the purpose
proposing amendments to the Constitution, and like any Constitutional Convention it was completely and absolutely free to ma
any proposal, whether or not consonant with the 1935 Constitution. The theory of ultra-vires proposals advanced by petitioner
to me without sufficient legal basis.

(c) Much less can I accept the view that the Convention's task was limited to proposing specific amendments to become eithe
new parts of the existing Constitution or as replacements of corresponding portions thereof, for even if there were any theoreti
basis for petitioners' posture in this regard, I feel safe in saying that when the people elected the delegates to the Convention
when the delegates themselves were campaigning such limitation of the scope of their function and objective was not in their
minds. Withal, considering the number and nature of the proposals already being publicly discussed before and after said
election, to follow petitioners' suggestion would have produced confusion and probably insurmountable difficulties even in the
framing and phrasing alone of the amendments so that they may easily and clearly jibe with the other parts of the existing
Constitution.

(d) Regarding the alleged lack of legislative power of the President to issue Presidential Decree No. 73, I maintain that
independently of the issue of whether or not the President may legislate during martial law relative to matters not connected w
the requirements of suppressing the armed insurgency and the maintenance of peace and order, it was within the prerogative
the President to issue said decree, considering that in doing so he merely acted as agent for and on behalf of the Constitution
Convention, which, in my opinion written for the Court in the Tolentino case, I individually held, had the power to call for a
plebiscite, prescribe its terms and appropriate money for the purpose. Disregarding immaterial niceties of form and language,
and looking to its obvious intent and purpose, I hold that Resolution No. 5843 of the Convention, approved on November 22,
1972, delegated to the President in plenary terms the calling of the plebiscite, and since the ordinary rules requiring the laying
down of standards in the delegation of legislative functions binding Congress do not, to my mind, apply to the Convention, if on
because the latter occupies a higher plane of legislative authority than Congress in matters related to the accomplishment of it
objectives, it follows that Presidential Decree No. 73 was validly issued.

(e) All the other objections to said decree were rendered premature, if not somehow moot and academic for the time being,
because under General Order No. 20, dated January 7, 1973, the President postponed the plebiscite until further notice. Such
being the case, nobody could positively say that the President would not allow Congress to pass a plebiscite law or that he wo
not lift martial law by then or that the contracts, executive orders, treaties, proclamations, decrees, etc. that are supposed to b
ratified together with the Constitution itself would not be published, for the proper information of all concerned before the next
date to be fixed for the plebiscite. In other words, no one could say that appropriate steps would not be taken to meet the
objections alleged in the petitions before the plebiscite would be actually held. It is, indeed, judicially improper to pass upon an
issue the factual setting whereof may still be materially altered.

(f) On whether or not the holding of the plebiscite during martial law would materially affect proper submission insofar as the
freedom supposed to attend it is concerned, I agree with the respondents that this is a question of fact which cannot be pre-
determined and that it would, therefore, be the burden of the petitioners to show by evidence that such freedom had been
actually and substantially impaired. When one recalls that measures were taken by the President precisely to provide the wide
opportunity for free debate and voting, consistent with the nature and purpose of the plebiscite but at the same time safeguard
the objectives of the martial law proclaimed by him, which measures he had to withdraw only when in his judgment he deemed
to be so required by public safety, it does not seem altogether logical to assume that the existence of martial law per se depriv
the people of the essence of free suffrage. Martial law implemented Philippine style, to use an apt expression, does not carry
with it necessarily all the implications thereof as these are known in other lands and in the recorded precedents.

Coming now to No. (2), it is evident that under the theory above-referred to that as agent of the Convention, the President cou
devise other forms of plebiscite to determine the will of the majority of the people vis-a-vis the ratification of the proposed
Constitution, I believe that the establishment of the Citizens' Assemblies as a mode of such plebiscite cannot be said to be
clearly beyond the contemplation of Article XV of the Constitution of 1935. It must be observed, however, that under Article X o
the same Constitution, it is the Commission on Elections that is supposed to "have exclusive charge of the enforcement and
administration of all laws relative to the conduct of elections ..." and this function cannot be removed from the Commission
whether by Congress or by the President. This constitutional point seems to have been overlooked in the proceedings in the
2

Assemblies, since it does not appear from any of the official documents relative thereto that the same have been undertaken o
held under the charge of the Commission.

Besides, I feel I cannot bear evidence to history and the future generations of our people that in fact, the answering of the
questions and the canvassing and reporting of the referendum in the Assemblies throughout the country were done exactly in
manner and form that they should have been done, in the light of traditional concepts related to plebiscites as we know them.
Otherwise stated, I am not satisfied that Article XV of the 1935 Constitution has been fully complied with. By this, I do not mea
that it was not right to use the Assemblies; what I am saying is that, on the basis of facts I am taking judicial notice of, the
procedure of answering, canvassing and reporting adopted, which, by the way, was far from being uniform in all the Assemblie
was not up to standard in many places, judged on the basis of the requirements of the prevailing election laws.

On the other hand, in spite of these considerations, I do not find myself in a position to deny the factual assertion in Proclamat
1102 that more than 14 million Filipinos have manifested approval of the proposed Constitution and would consider the same
already ratified by them. I understand that this number was determined on the basis of sworn reports of the respective heads o
the Assemblies. Such being the case, I am faced with proof which I have no way of duly controverting that our people have
spoken. I consider it undemocratic, impractical and unrealistic to close my eyes to that vital fact. And since in a democracy the
will of the people is the supreme law, I hold that it would be improper for the Court to enjoin any act done or to be done pursua
to the proclamation in dispute. I believe that whatever legal flaws there might have been in the procedure pursued leading to th
issuance of said proclamation may be deemed already cured by the apparent will of the people however imperfectly, under leg
and technical standards, the same has been expressed. To grant the prayer of petitioners now would be tantamount to defying
the very sovereign people by whom and for whom the Constitution has been ordained, absent any demonstrated facts showin
that they prefer the status quo, which the Convention was precisely called to change meaningfully, to the wide-range reforms
everybody can see are being effected in practically all levels of the government and all sectors of society. Withal, to issue any
such injunctive writ at this stage of denouncement of national events is to court consequences too horrible to imagine.

To the possible stricture that persons less than twenty-one years of age were allowed to participate and vote in said Assemblie
my reaction is that I am not sure that Article V of the 1935 Constitution, viewed in the light of the perceptible universal drift
towards the enfranchisement of the youth, may not be construed as permitting legislative enlargement of the democratic base
government authority, since the said Article does not say that those thereby qualified are the only ones who can vote - the
language being simply that "suffrage may be exercised by male citizens of the Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law, w
are twenty-one years of age or over and are able to read and write, and who shall have resided in the Philippines for one year
and in the municipality wherein they propose to vote for at least six months preceding the election. ...," which, to me, strictly
speaking, only guarantees the right of suffrage to those enumerated but does not deny to the legislature the power to include
others who in its wisdom it believes should also enjoy such right. In any event, it is elementary under our election law and
jurisprudence that should it appear that disqualified persons have succeeded in voting in an election, such election is not there
necessarily rendered wholly illegal, but the votes of such persons are only correspondingly deducted after being duly identified
Accordingly, on the premise that the inclusion of those below 21 is illegal, their votes may be deducted from the 14,000,000 or
aforementioned, and I am certain no one will deny that the remainder would still be substantially sufficient to constitute a
recognizable mandate of the people, for under normal circumstances which must be presumed, and making the most liberal
estimate, the votes of the under aged voters among them could not have been more than one-third of said number. Indeed, at
the most, if this point had been considered before the issuance of Proclamation 1102, an injunction might have issued to restr
the under aged persons from participating in the referendum, but now that the result thereof is a fait accompli, I cannot see ho
such a possible flaw can be of any material consequence.

As may be noted, I have taken it upon myself to rule on the legal issues surrounding Proclamation 1102. Indeed, I feel very
strongly that, as a member of the Supreme Court, it is my duty to our people to enlighten them as to said issues. The eyes of t
whole country have been pinned on Us since the Convention approved the draft of the Constitution in question on November 3
1972, and the President called, on December 1, 1972, thru Presidential Decree No. 73, for a plebiscite scheduled to be held o
January 15, 1973, for its ratification. Concerned citizens purporting to speak for the people have precisely come to the Court
challenging the legality of the procedure thus pursued as not being in consonance with the amending process specified in the
1935 Constitution and praying that the Court enjoin the continued adoption of said procedure. Everybody knows that they cam
to Us with the conviction that the Court would not hesitate to play its role as the final authority designated by the Constitution
itself to interpret and construe its provisions.

Accordingly, We gave due course to their petitions, and for two days, December 18 and 19, We heard brilliant and learned
counsel of both sides argue eloquently, even with obvious patriotic fervor but in view of the circumstances related in the separ
opinion of the Chief Justice, We were unable to decide the cases even as late as January 13, 1973. Petitioners then came wit
motions urgently seeking an early decision, and soon after, or, on January 15, 1973, petitioners in G.R. No. L-35948 filed a
supplemental petition relative to the latest developments involving the creation of Citizens Assemblies and the persistent repo
indicating almost to a certainty that a proclamation would be issued doing away with the usual plebiscite procedure and alread
proclaiming the proposed Constitution as ratified and in force, on the basis alone of the favorable result of a referendum in sai
Assemblies. Their main prayer was for Us to issue a writ of prohibition against the submission and approval of the reports of th
results of said referendum. We immediately required the respondents to answer the supplemental petition not later than Janua
16 and set the case for hearing on January 17 at 9:30 o'clock in the morning.

In closing his arguments before the Court that fateful morning, Senator Lorenzo Tanada, the tenacious counsel for petitioners,
pleaded earnestly, even after the Chief Justice had read to him in open session the text of Proclamation 1102 which had just
been delivered by the Secretary of Justice, that the Court rule squarely on the issues petitioners have raised. He told Us that i
secondary whether Our judgment should be favorable or unfavorable to petitioners, what is most important is for the people to
know whether or not the provisions of the Constitution have been observed.

Indeed, no graver responsibility rests on the shoulders of the Court. And as I see it, We cannot shirk that responsibility by
alleging technical excuses which I sincerely believe are at best of controversial tenability.

I cannot share the view that the validity and constitutionality of Proclamation 1102 have not been submitted to Us for resolution
these proceedings. I maintain that for all intents and purposes, the supplemental motion of Senator Tanada of January 15 plac
those transcendental issues before Us. Not only in his pleading but more so in his oral argument, Senator Tanada, with all the
vigor of his mind and the sincere patriotism of his heart, contended that with the creation of the Citizens Assemblies and the
referendum being conducted therein, and particularly in view of the two questions to be answered, namely, "Do you approve o
the proposed constitution?" and "Do you want the plebiscite to be held?", there was no doubt that Article XV of the Constitution
was being bypassed and that this Court was being "short-circuited." In terms that could not have been plainer, he pointed to th
impending probability of the issuance of a proclamation of the nature of Proclamation 1102, and he prayed eloquently, that We
should act without loss of time to stop the purported reports of the referendum so as to remove the basis for such feared
eventuality. So much so, that after the Chief Justice read the proclamation to him, he dramatically exclaimed, "I have been
confirmed." Others would have said, "Consummatum est!"

Under these circumstances, I cannot see how it can be held that We can refrain from ruling on the legal and constitutional
significance of Proclamation 1102. At the very least, the present state of the case of Vidal Tan, et al. vs. Comelec, et al., G.R.
No. L-35948, imposes upon Us the ineludible obligation to rule whether or not We should have enjoined the submission of the
reports of the Assemblies, as demanded by petitioners, it being evident that as Senator Tanada contended said reports were t
be utilized as basis for the issuance of a proclamation declaring the proposed Constitution as ratified and already in force. In
similar past cases too numerous to cite, this Court and all courts in the country, I dare say, have always considered the
consummation of a threatened act, after the petition to enjoin it has been submitted to the court's jurisdiction, as fit subject for
disposition, within the same proceedings, to the extent that the courts even issue mandatory injunctions, in appropriate cases,
the respondents to undo what has already been done without having to hold any further hearing. It is claimed that the parties
must be fully heard — but have we not heard enough from them? Has not Senator Tanada presented all his arguments in
support of his supplemental petition? And if he has not, is it the fault of the Court? Is it fair to all concerned that such possible
omission be considered as a ground for Our withholding Our judgment on what under the law and the rules is already properly
before Us for resolution? Truth to tell, I cannot imagine a fuller ventilation of the cause of any other petitioner who has come to
this Court than petitioners in G.R. No. L-35948. Rarely has the Court held hearings for days and more unusually has it given a
counsel almost unlimited time to speak, but these We have done in these cases. Can any party ask for more? If at all, only the
respondents have not adequately presented their side insofar as the supplemental petition is concerned, but, again, it cannot b
said that they have not had the opportunity to do so. The Acting Solicitor General has unqualifiedly filed his answer on behalf o
all the respondents, and to me, his attempt to impress the Court that the new respondents have not been summoned and that
subject petition is premised on probabilities and conjectures is of no moment, considering the grave importance of the issues a
the urgent necessity of disposing them expeditiously and without unnecessary loss of fateful time. Of course, I respect the
reasons of my colleagues who cannot see it my way, but as far as I am concerned, this is as appropriate a case and an occas
as any can be to resolve all the fundamental issues raised by petitioners, and to leave them unresolved now would be practica
inviting some non-conformists to challenge the Constitution and to keep not only the wheels of the transition at a standstill, but
worse, also the animus of the people in suspended animation fraught with anxiety, with all the dire consequences such a
situation entails.

Some legalists would call the government under the proclaimed Constitution a revolutionary government, but the President
denies that it is, because, according to him, it is to operate under a Constitution ratified by the people. At this crucial moment i
the history of the nation, We need not bother about variant nomenclatures; these can be subjective and are, in any event,
unsubstantial. What is of supreme and utmost importance is that the people be told what exactly the situation is, sans the vene
of what might turn out after all to be an inaccurate appellation. The people must know the real score, and, as a member of the
Supreme Court, I do not hesitate to tell them that, as I have already explained above, in my honest opinion, the purported
ratification of the Constitution attested in Proclamation 1102 and based on the referendum among the Citizens Assemblies fall
short of being in strict conformity with the requirements of Article XV of the 1935 Constitution. I must hasten to add, however, t
such unfortunate drawback notwithstanding, and considering all other relevant circumstances, principally, the naked proof befo
Us indicating that the people approve of it, I earnestly and sincerely believe that the new Constitution is legally recognizable an
should be recognized as legitimately in force.

I reiterate I have no legal means of denying it to be a fact, as stated in the proclamation, that 14,000,000 Filipinos have
manifested in the referendum in the Citizens Assemblies their approval of this Constitution. And even if We considered that sa
referendum was held under the aegis of full implementation of the martial law proclaimed by the President under Proclamation
1081, as mandated by General Order No. 20, We would not be able to ignore that the government under this Constitution is w
organized and is in stable, effective and complete control of the whole Philippine territory, and what is more pertinently importa
that this Constitution purged as it is now of its Achilles heel, the Interim National Assembly, may fairly be said to be acceptable
generally to the people, embodying as it does meaningful reforms designed to check, if not to eradicate the then prevalent
causes of widespread popular restiveness and activism which has already assumed practically the proportions of an armed
insurgency or rebellion somehow endangering the security and safety of the constituted government, if not the integrity of the
nation. And in connection with the implementation of martial law thus ordered, as I have already noted earlier in this opinion, it
being done Philippine style may be of some relevance, since such enforcement is not characterized by the rigor that the usual
concept of martial law connotes, hence, any suggestion of constructive duress relative to the proceedings in the Assemblies a
the Barangays may not fully hold water. Upon these premises, it is my considered opinion that if in any sense the present
government and Constitution may be viewed as revolutionary, because they came into being, strictly speaking, extra-
constitutionally or outside the pale of the 1935 Constitution, they are nonetheless entitled to be accorded legitimate standing, f
all intents and purposes and for all concerned, under the universally accepted principle that a revolution, whether violent or
bloodless, is illegal only when it fails to gain the support of the people. Indeed, under these circumstances, I cannot resist the
temptation of asking, is it juridically possible for this Court to declare unconstitutional and without force and effect the very
Constitution under which it presently exists? I am inclined to hold that the answer to this question can only be in the negative.
Consequently, petitioners are not entitled to any judicial relief and, I have no alternative but to vote for the dismissal of the
supplemental petition of January 15, 1973.

In conclusion, I hold that the 1935 Constitution has pro tanto passed into history and has been legitimately supplanted by the
Constitution now in force by virtue of Proclamation 1102, issued pursuant to the certified results of the referendum in the Citize
Assemblies all over the country favoring its adoption and enforcement.

Long live our country, the Philippines! God bless our people, the Filipino people!

ZALDIVAR, J., dissenting:

I cannot agree with my worthy colleagues who hold the view that the petitions in all these have become moot and academic
simply because the relief prayed for by petitioners cannot be granted after Proclamation No. 1102 was issued by the Presiden
the Philippines. A case does not become moot where there remain substantial rights or issues that are controverted and which
are not settled. This Court has decided cases even if no positive relief, as prayed for by a party in the case, could be granted,
1

even if a party has withdrawn his appeal, if the case presented to the court for resolution is a clear violation of the Constitution
of fundamental personal rights of liberty and property. 2

In the present cases it is in the public interest that this Court renders a ruling on the transcendental issues brought about by th
petition — issues which must be resolved by this Court as the guardian of the Constitution of this Republic.

For a comprehensive appraisal of the facts and circumstances relevant to the resolution of the issues involved in these cases,
We shall narrate pertinent events, as shown in the record.

On December 1, 1972 the President of the Philippines, in his capacity as Commander-in-Chief of all the Armed Forces of the
Philippines and acting pursuant to Proclamation No. 1081, dated September 21, 1972, issued Presidential Decree No. 73,
submitting to the Filipino people for ratification or rejection the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines proposed by the
1971 Constitutional Convention, and appropriating funds for the purpose. The Decree states that the same was issued pursua
to Resolution No. 5843 of the 1971 Constitutional Convention proposing "to President Ferdinand E. Marcos that a decree be
issued calling a plebiscite for the ratification of the proposed new Constitution on such appropriate date as he shall determine
and providing for the necessary funds therefor." " The decree set the plebiscite for January 15, 1973 and appropriated the sum
3

of P15,000,000.00 to carry out the purpose of the decree. The Decree provided for the publication of the proposed Constitutio
the dissemination of information regarding the proposed Constitution, the application of the provisions of the Election Code of
1971 to the plebiscite insofar as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of the decree, specially stating that the provisions
said Code regarding the right and obligations of political parties and candidates shall not apply to the plebiscite. The Decree
further provided for a calendar for the plebiscite, for the registration of voters, for the constitution of the board of inspectors, for
watchers, for precincts and polling places, for the official ballots to be used, for the preparation and transmission of plebiscite
returns, for the canvass of the returns by the city, municipality, and the municipal district board of canvassers, for the canvass
the Commission on Elections and the proclamation of the results by said Commission, for supplies and services needed for th
holding of the plebiscite, and on the authority given to the Commission on Elections to promulgate rules and regulations
necessary to carry out the provisions of the Decree.

On December 1, 1972, the President of the Philippines also issued General Order No. 17, ordering and enjoining the Armed
Forces of the Philippines and all other departments and agencies of the Government to allow and encourage public and free
discussions and debates on the proposed Constitution before the plebiscite set for January 15, 1973.

During the first half of the month of December 1972, the petitioners, in the ten cases now before this Court, filed petitions for
prohibition with preliminary injunction, seeking to prevent the holding of the plebiscite on January 15, 1973. The petitioners
question the validity of Presidential Decree No. 73, principally upon the ground that it is not in the power of the President of the
Philippines to call a plebiscite for the ratification or rejection of the proposed Constitution and to appropriate public funds for th
purpose. The petitioners also maintain that the period of only about 45 days from the date of the approval of the proposed
Constitution by the Constitutional Convention on November 30, 1972 to January 15, 1973, was not a sufficient time for the
electorate of this country to be properly informed regarding the provisions of the proposed Constitution, and the electorate cou
not therefore vote intelligently on whether to ratify or to reject the proposed Constitution, and so there could be no proper
submission of the proposed Constitution to the electorate. The petitioners further maintain that the country being under martia
law there could not be a free submission of the proposed Constitution to the electorate. In some of the petitions, the petitioners
also maintain that the proposed Constitution contains provisions which are beyond the power of the Constitutional Convention
adopt or to propose. All the petitioners prayed this Court to issue a writ of preliminary injunction or restraining order to prevent
respondents in each of the petitions from implementing Presidential Decree No. 73. This Court, however, did not issue the
preliminary injunction, nor the restraining order, prayed for. This Court required the respondents in each petition to answer the
petition, and set the cases for hearing on the petition for preliminary injunction and on the merits of the case for December 18,
1972. Hearings were actually held for two days — on December 18 and 19, 1972.

On December 31, 1972, while these cases were pending before this Court, the President of the Philippines issued Presidentia
Decree No. 86 creating the Citizens Assemblies throughout the country. Among others, Decree No. 86 provides that there is
created a citizen assembly in each barrio in municipalities, and in each district in chartered cities, provided that in the case of
Manila and other chartered cities where there are no barrios there shall be a citizen assembly in every ward; that the citizen
assemblies shall consist of all persons who are residents of the barrio, district, or ward for at least six months, 15 years of age
over, citizens of the Philippines, and who are registered in the list of citizens assembly members kept by the barrio, district or
ward secretary. As stated in the decree, the purpose of establishing the citizens assemblies is to broaden the base of the
citizens' participation in the democratic process and to afford ample opportunities for the citizenry to express their views on
important national issues.

On January 5, 1973 the President of the Philippines issued Presidential Decree No. 86-A which, among others, provided for th
submission to the citizens' assemblies created under Presidential Decree No. 86 questions to be answered, and among those
questions are these two: (1) "Do you approve of the new Constitution?"; (2) "Do you still want a plebiscite to be called to ratify
new Constitution ?"

On January 7, 1973 the President issued General Order No. 20, ordering the postponement of the plebiscite that had been
scheduled for January 15, 1973. Said general order reads as follows:

GENERAL ORDER NO. 20

WHEREAS, pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 73 dated December 1, 1972, a plebiscite has been called on
January 15, 1973 at which the proposed Constitution of the Philippines shall be submitted to the people for
ratification or rejection;

WHEREAS, Presidential Decree No. 86, dated December 31, 1972, created Citizens Assemblies so as to affo
ample opportunities for the citizenry to express their views on important national issues;
 WHEREAS, one of the questions presented to the Citizens Assemblies is: "Do you like the plebiscite on the
proposed Constitution to be held later?

WHEREAS, it is necessary to hold in abeyance the plebiscite until the people's preference has been ascertain

NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, Commander-in-Chief of all the Armed Forces of the
Philippines, and pursuant to Proclamation No. 1081, dated September 21, 1972, do hereby order that the
plebiscite scheduled to be held on January 15, 1973, be postponed until further notice.

I further order that the provision of Section 3 of Presidential Decree No. 73 insofar as they allow free public
discussion of the proposed Constitution, as well as my order of December 17, 1972, temporarily suspending th
effects of Proclamation No. 1081 for the purposes of free and open debate on the proposed Constitution, be
suspended in the meantime.

Done in the City of the Manila, this 7th day of January, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and seventy-
three.

(Sgd.) FERDINAND E. MARCOS

President
Republic of the Philippines

By the President:

(Sgd.) ALEJANDRO MELCHOR

Executive Secretary

As of the day when the above-quoted General Order No. 20 was issued these cases were all pending decision before this Cou

At this juncture I am going to particularize my discussion on case G.R. No. L-35948 (Vidal Tan, et al., petitioners vs. Commiss
on Elections, et al., respondents). What I say in connection with the Vidal Tan case may also be considered in relation with the
other cases before Us.

On January 12, 1973 counsel for the petitioners in the Tan case filed an "Urgent Motion For Early Decision", alleging, among
others, that it was announced that voting by the Citizens' Assemblies would be held on January 10 to 15, 1973 whereby the
Citizens' Assemblies would be asked a number of questions, among them the following:

(1) Do you approve of Citizens' Assemblies as the base of popular government to decide issues of national
interests?

(2) Do you approve of the new Constitution?

(3) Do you want a plebiscite to be called to ratify the new Constitution?

(4) Do you want the elections to be held in November, 1973 in accordance with the provisions of the 1935
Constitution?

(5) If the election would not be held, when do you want the next elections to be called?

(6) Do you want martial law to continue?

Counsel for the petitioners also alleged that petitioners had reasons to fear that the question: "Do you approve of the new
Constitution?", in relation to the question following it: "Do you still want a plebiscite to be called to ratify the new Constitution?"
would be an attempt to bypass and short-circuit this Court before which the question regarding the validity of the plebiscite
scheduled for January 15, 1973 on the proposed Constitution was pending resolution. Counsel for petitioners also alleged tha
they had reasons to fear "that if an affirmative answer to the two questions just referred to would be reported then this Honora
Court and the entire nation would be confronted with a fait accompli which has been attained in a highly unconstitutional and
undemocratic manner;" and "the fait accompli would consist in the supposed expression of the people approving the proposed
Constitution." Counsel further states "that if such event would happen then the case before this Honorable Court could, to all
intents and purposes, become moot because, petitioners fear, and they therefore allege, that on the basis of such supposed
expression of the will of the people through the Citizens' Assemblies, it would be announced that the proposed Constitution wi
all its defects, both congenital and otherwise, has been ratified" and "that in such a situation, the Philippines would be facing a
real crisis and there is a likelihood of confusion if not chaos, because then, the people and their officials would not know which
Constitution is in force." 4

On January 13, 1973 this Court ordered the Solicitor General to answer the urgent motion of the petitioners, dated January 12
1973.

On January 15, 1973 counsel for petitioners filed "A Supplemental Motion for Issuance of Restraining Order and for Inclusion
Additional Respondents." The respondents sought to be added were the Department of Local Governments and its head,
Secretary Jose Rono; the Department of Agrarian Reforms and its head, Secretary Conrado Estrella; and the National
Ratification Coordinating Committee and its chairman, Guillermo de Vega. In their supplemental motion for the issuance of
restraining order enjoining the original respondents, as well as the additional respondents, and their deputies, subordinates
and/or substitutes from collecting, certifying, announcing and reporting to the President or other officials concerned, the Citizen
Assembly referendum results that would be obtained in the voting held during the period comprised between January 10 and
January 15, 1973, particularly on the two questions: (1) "Do you approve of the new Constitution?", and (2) "Do you still want a
plebiscite to be called for the ratification of the new Constitution?" Counsel for petitioners further alleged that for lack of materi
time the appropriate amended petition to include the new respondents could not be completed because the submission of the
proposed Constitution to the Citizens' Assemblies was not made known to the public until January 11, 1973, but nevertheless
new respondents could properly be included because in their petition petitioners prayed "for the annulment not only of
Presidential Decree No. 73 but also of any similar decree, proclamation, order or instruction" so that Presidential Decree Nos.
(and 86-A) in so far at least as they attempt to submit the proposed Constitution to a plebiscite by the Citizens' Assemblies are
properly in issue in the case, and those who enforce, implement and carry out said Presidential decrees and the instructions
incidental thereto clearly fall within the scope of the petition. Moreover, counsel for petitioners alleges that in the original petitio
they prayed for the issuance of a writ of preliminary injunction restraining not only the original respondents, but also their agen
from the performance of acts, implementing, or tending to implement, Presidential Decree No. 73 or any other similar decree,
order, instructions, or proclamation in relation to the holding of the plebiscite in question on January 15, 1973, and that they ha
also prayed for such other relief which may be just and equitable. Counsel for petitioners stressed the plea that unless the
petition is decided immediately and the respondents were restrained or enjoined from collecting, certifying, reporting, or
announcing to the President the result of the alleged voting of the so-called Citizens' Assemblies irreparable damage would be
caused to the Republic of the Philippines, to the Filipino people and to the cause of freedom and democracy, because after th
result of the supposed voting on the two precise questions that they mentioned shall have been announced, a conflict would
arise between those who maintain that the 1935 Constitution is still in force, on the one hand, and those who maintain that the
old Constitution is superseded by the proposed Constitution on the other hand, thereby creating confusion if not chaos; and th
even the jurisdiction of this Court would be subject to serious attacks because the advocates of the theory that the proposed
Constitution had been ratified by reason of the announcement of the results of the proceedings of the Citizens Assemblies wo
argue that General Order No. 3, which would also be deemed ratified pursuant to the Transitory Provisions of the proposed
Constitution, had placed Presidential Decrees No. 73 and No. 86 (and 86-A) beyond the reach and jurisdiction of this Court.

This Court required the Solicitor General to comment on the supplemental motion and set the said motion for hearing on Janu
17, 1973.

On January 17, 1973 the urgent motion of January 12, 1973 and the supplemental motion for the issuance of the restraining
order and the inclusion of additional respondents were heard on oral arguments by counsel for the petitioners and the Solicitor
General. Towards the end of the hearing, and while counsel for the petitioners was answering questions from Members of this
Court, the Chief Justice received a copy of Proclamation No. 1102 of the President of the Philippines "announcing the ratificat
by the Filipino people of the Constitution proposed by the 1971 Constitutional Convention." The Chief Justice read in open cou
for the record, Proclamation No. 1102. Said Proclamation reads as follows:

PROCLAMATION NO. 1102

ANNOUNCING THE RATIFICATION BY THE FILIPINO PEOPLE OF THE CONSTITUTION PROPOSED BY

THE 1971 CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.

WHEREAS, the Constitution proposed by the nineteen hundred seventy-one Constitutional Convention is subj
to ratification by the Filipino people;

WHEREAS, Citizens Assemblies were created in barrios in municipalities and in districts/wards in chartered ci
pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 86, dated December 31, 1972, composed of all persons who are residents
the barrio, district or ward for at least six months, fifteen years of age or over, citizens of the Philippines and wh
are registered in the list of Citizen Assembly members kept by the barrio, district or ward secretary;

WHEREAS, the said Citizens Assemblies were established precisely to broaden the base of citizen participatio
in the democratic process and to afford ample opportunity for the citizenry to express their views on important
national issues;

WHEREAS, responding to the clamor of the people and pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 86-A, dated Janu
 5, 1973, the following questions were posed before the Citizens Assemblies or Barangays: Do you approve of
New Constitution? Do you still want a plebiscite to be called to ratify the new Constitution?

WHEREAS, fourteen million nine hundred seventy-six thousand five hundred sixty-one (14,976,561) members
all the Barangays (Citizens Assemblies) voted for the adoption of the proposed Constitution, as against seven
hundred forty-three thousand eight hundred sixty-nine (743,869) who voted for its rejection; while on the quest
as to whether or not the people would still like a plebiscite to be called to ratify the new Constitution, fourteen
million two hundred ninety-eight thousand eight hundred fourteen (14,298,814) answered that there was no ne
for a plebiscite and that the vote of the Barangay (Citizens Assemblies) should be considered as a vote in a
plebiscite;

WHEREAS, since the referendum results show that more than ninety-five (95) per cent of the members of the
Barangays (Citizens Assemblies) are in favor of the new Constitution, the Katipunan ng Mga Barangay has
strongly recommended that the New Constitution should already be deemed ratified by the Filipino people;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers in me
vested by the Constitution, do hereby certify and proclaim that the Constitution proposed by the nineteen hund
and seventy-one (1971) Constitutional Convention has been ratified by an overwhelming majority of all of the
votes cast by the members of all the Barangay (Citizens Assemblies) throughout the Philippines, and has there
come into effect.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Republic of the Philippines
be affixed.

Done in the City of Manila, this 17th day of January in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and seventy-thre

FERDINAND E. MARCOS
President of the Philippines

By the President:

ALEJANDRO MELCHOR
Executive Secretary

And so, what the petitioners had feared, as expressed in their urgent motion for early decision and in their supplemental motio
to issue restraining order, etc., that the results of the voting in the Citizens' Assemblies might be taken as a basis for proclaimi
the ratification of the proposed Constitution, had actually happened. And so, what the petitioners in all the ten cases now befo
Us — among them civic leaders, newspapermen, Senators and Congressmen, Members of the 1971 Constitutional Conventio
and professionals — had tried to prevent from happening, that is, the proclamation of the ratification of the proposed constituti
on the basis of the affirmative votes that might be cast in the plebiscite that was set for January 15, 1973 pursuant to Presiden
Decree No. 73, the legality of which decree was being questioned by petitioners, had happened.

The crucial question before this Court is whether or not Presidential Proclamation No. 1102 announcing the ratification of the
proposed Constitution of 1972 is in accordance with the Constitution and has the effect of making the proposed Constitution o
1972 effective and in force as of January 17, 1973 when the proclamation was issued. This is, I believe, the vital question that
this Court is called upon to resolve, and it is for this reason that I believe that this case has not been moot and academic. Whil
is true that the relief prayed for by the petitioners, that the original respondents be enjoined from implementing Presidential
Decree No. 73, cannot now be granted, Proclamation No. 1102 nevertheless has the effect of consummating the ratification of
the proposed Constitution — the very event which the petitioners had precisely sought to prevent from happening when they f
their petitions. Presidential Proclamation No. 1102 has a tremendous effect upon the political, economic and social life of the
people of this country. I believe, therefore, that this Court should not indulge in the niceties of procedural technicalities and eva
the task of declaring whether or not the Constitution proposed by 1971 Convention has been validly ratified as announced in s
Proclamation No. 1102. This Court is called upon to give the people of this Republic the proper orientation regarding the effec
said Proclamation No. 1102. That orientation will only come about when this Highest Court of the land has rendered a ruling o
whether or not said Proclamation No. 1102 is valid.

I cannot agree with the view of some of my colleagues that this Court cannot make a ruling on the question of whether or not
Proclamation No. 1102 is valid, because the validity of said proclamation is not the matter that is squarely presented to this Co
for resolution by the petitions in these cases. I believe, however, that this Court should not close its eyes to the fact that in the
petitions that are before this Court the uniform prayers of the petitioners are to enjoin the implementation of Presidential Decre
No. 73 and to nullify said decree — precisely in order to prevent the ratification of the Constitution proposed by the 1971
Convention in a manner that is not in accordance with the Constitution and the law. So much so that in G.R. No. L-35948 (Tan
al. v. Comelec, et al.) the petitioners, among others, prayed that judgment be rendered declaring" ... Presidential Decree No. 7
or any similar decree, proclamation, order or instruction unconstitutional, null and void and making the writ of preliminary
injunction permanent." It is not difficult to understand that the purpose of the petitioners was to invalidate any and all orders,
decrees and proclamations that are corollary or related to Presidential Decree No. 73 which had for its main purpose to submi
the Constitution proposed by the 1971 Convention to a plebiscite on January 15, 1973 and thereby determine whether the peo
approve or reject the proposed Constitution. As We have adverted to, the objective of the petitioners was to prevent the
ratification of the proposed constitution in a manner that is offensive to the Constitution and the law. All orders, decrees,
instructions, or proclamations made after the issuance of Presidential Decree No. 73, which have for their purpose either to
supplement Presidential Decree No. 73 or to accomplish through other means or methods what Presidential Decree No. 73 wa
issued for, are encompassed within the prayer of petitioners to nullify "any similar decree, proclamation, order, or instruction".
Presidential Decrees Nos. 86 and 86-A are such "similar" decrees, because, as it turned out, Presidential Decree No. 86
provided for the organization of the citizens' assemblies which became the forums where the question of whether to ratify or to
reject the proposed Constitution was submitted; and, as it turned out, Presidential Decree No. 86-A provided for the very
question which otherwise the voters would have been asked to answer "Yes" or "No" in the plebiscite which had been provide
for in Presidential Decree No. 73. In other words, Presidential Decree No. 86 supplanted Presidential Decree No. 73 in so far a
the latter decree provided for the forum where the question was to be asked; while Presidential Decree No. 86-A supplanted
Presidential Decree No. 73 in so far as the latter decree provided for the question to be asked regarding the proposed
Constitution. And finally because Presidential Proclamation No. 1102 has for its basis what was done pursuant to Presidential
Decrees Nos. 86 and 86-A, it follows that Proclamation No. 1102 is just the "proclamation" that the petitioners sought to nullify
invalidate if issued.

I believe that the effects of Proclamation No. 1102 have an intimate bearing on the objectives of the petitioners when they filed
the instant petitions for prohibition, and so said proclamation has to be considered along with all the issues raised by the
petitioners in the cases at bar. More so, because said Proclamation No. 1102 was read into the record by the Chief Justice of
Court during the hearing of L-35948 (Tan vs. Comelec), in open court, on January 17, 1973. I believe that this Court must not
ignore Proclamation No. 1102 in relation to the matters and to the issues ventilated before this Court. Proclamation No. 1102 w
formally brought to the attention of this Court. It is my view that this Court should not evade its duty of defining for the benefit o
the people of this Republic the legal and constitutional nature and effects of that proclamation. I, for one, as a humble member
this Court, feel it my duty to say what I think, and believe, about Proclamation No. 1102. I do this not because of any desire on
my part to obstruct the workings of the agencies and instrumentalities of our Government, or to foster among the people in our
country an attitude of disrespect or disloyalty towards the constituted authorities that presently run the affairs of our Governme
I am only doing what I believe is my sworn duty to perform.

The ratification of the Constitution proposed by the 1971 Constitutional Convention must be done in accordance with the
provisions of Section 1, Article XV of the 1935 Constitution of the Philippines, which reads:

Section 1. The Congress in joint session assembled by a vote of three fourths of all the Members of the Senate
and of the House of Representatives voting separately, may propose amendments to the Constitution or call a
convention for that purpose. Such amendments shall be valid as part of this Constitution when approved by a
majority of the votes cast at an election at which the amendments are submitted to the people for their ratificat

It is in consonance with the above-quoted provision of the 1935 Constitution that on March 16, 1967, the Congress of the
Philippines passed Resolution No. 2 calling a convention to propose amendments to the Constitution of the Philippines. Sec. 7
said Resolution No. 2 reads as follows:

Section 7. The amendments proposed by the Convention shall be valid and considered part of the Constitution
when approved by a majority of the votes cast in an election which they are submitted to the people for their
ratification pursuant to Article XV of the Constitution.

It follows that from the very resolution of the Congress of the Philippines which called for the 1971 Constitutional Convention
there was a clear mandate that the amendment proposed by the 1971 Convention, in order to be valid and considered part of
Constitution, must be approved by majority of the votes cast in an election at which they are submitted to the people for their
ratification as provided in the Constitution.

This Court, in the case of Tolentino vs. Commission on Elections, L-35140, October 16, 1971 (41 SCRA 715), speaking throug
Mr. Justice Barredo, said:

The Constitutional Convention of 1971, as any other convention of the same nature, owes its existence and
derives all its authority and power from the existing Constitution of the Philippines. This Convention has not be
called by the people directly as in the case of a revolutionary convention which drafts the first Constitution of a
entirely new government born of either a war of liberation from a mother country or of a revolution against an
existing government or of a bloodless seizure of power a la coup coup d' etat. As to such kind of conventions,
absolutely true that the convention is completely without restraint and omnipotent all wise, and it is as to such
conventions that the remarks of Delegate Manuel Roxas of the Constitutional Convention of 1934 quoted by
Senator Pelaez refer. No amount of rationalization can belie the fact that the current convention came into bein
only because it was called by a resolution of a joint session of Congress acting as a constituent assembly by
 authority of Section 1, Article XV of the present Constitution ...

xxx xxx xxx

As to matters not related to its internal operation and the performance of its assigned mission to propose
amendments to the Constitution, the Convention and its officers and members are all subject to all the provisio
of the existing Constitution. Now we hold that even as to its latter task of proposing amendments to the
Constitution, it is subject to the provisions of Section 1 of Article XV.

In Proclamation No. 1102, issued on January 17, 1973, the President of the Philippines certified that as a result of the voting
before the barangays (Citizens Assemblies) 14,976,561 members of the barangays voted for the adoption of the proposed
Constitution, as against 743,869 who voted for its rejection, and on the basis of the overwhelming majority of the votes cast by
the members of all the barangays throughout the Philippines the President proclaimed that the Constitution proposed by the
1971 Convention has been ratified and has thereby come into effect.

It is very plain from the very wordings of Proclamation No. 1102 that the provisions of Section 1 of Article XV of the Constitutio
of 1935 was not complied with. It is not necessary that evidence be produced before this Court to show that no elections were
held in accordance with the provisions of the Election Code. Proclamation No. 1102 unequivocably states that the proposed
Constitution of 1972 was voted upon by the barangays. It is very clear, therefore, that the voting held in these barangays is no
the election contemplated in the provisions of Section 1, Article XV, of the 1935 Constitution. The election contemplated in sai
constitutional provision is an election held in accordance with the provisions of the election law, where only the qualified and
registered voters of the country would cast their votes, where official ballots prepared for the purpose are used, where the vote
would prepare their ballots in secret inside the voting booths in the polling places established in the different election precincts
throughout the country, where the election is conducted by election inspectors duly appointed in accordance with the election
law, where the votes are canvassed and reported in a manner provided for in the election law. It was this kind of election that
was held on May 14, 1935, when the Constitution of 1935 was ratified; on April 30, 1937, when the amendment to the
Constitution providing for Women's Suffrage was ratified; on June 18, 1940, when the 1940 Amendments to the Constitution
were ratified; on March 11, 1947 when the Parity Amendment to the Constitution was ratified; and on November 14, 1967 whe
the amendments to the Constitution to increase the number of Members of the House of Representatives and to allow the
Members of Congress to run in the elections for Delegates to the Constitutional Convention of 1971 were rejected.

I cannot see any valid reason why the practice or procedure in the past, in implementing the constitutional provision requiring
holding of an election to ratify or reject an amendment to the Constitution, has not been followed in the case of the Constitution
proposed by the 1971 Constitutional Convention.

It is my view that the President of the Philippines cannot by decree order the ratification of the proposed 1972 Constitution thru
voting in the barangays and make said result the basis for proclaiming the ratification of the proposed constitution. It is very cle
to me, that Proclamation No. 1102 was issued in complete disregard, or, in violation, of the provisions of Section 1 of Article V
the 1935 Constitution.

Proclamation No. 1102 mentions, furthermore, that on the question as to whether or not the people would still like a plesbiscite
be called to ratify the new Constitution, 14,298,814 members of the barangays answered that there was no need for a plebisci
but that the vote of the barangays should be considered a vote in a plebiscite. It would thus appear that the barangays assume
the power to determine whether a plebiscite as ordained in the Constitution be held or not. Indeed, the provision of Section 1,
Article XV of the Constitution was completely disregarded.

The affirmative votes cast in the barangays are not the votes contemplated in Section 1 of Article XV of the 1935 Constitution.
The votes contemplated in said constitutional provision are votes obtained through the election processes as provided by law.

An election is the embodiment of the popular will, the expression of the sovereign power of the people. In
common parlance an election is the act of casting and receiving the ballots, counting them, and making the
return." (Hontiveros vs. Altavas, 24 Phil. 632, 637).

Election" implies a choice by an electoral body at the time and substantially in the manner and with the
safeguards provided by law with respect to some question or issue. (Leffel v. Brown, Com. Pl., 159 N.E. 2d 80
808 cited in 29 C.J.S. 13 at footnote 6.5).

... the statutory method whereby qualified voters or electors pass on various public matters submitted to them
the election of officers, national, state, county, township — the passing on various other questions submitted fo
their determination (29 C.J.S. 13, citing Iowa-Illinois Gas & Elec. Co. v. City of Bettendorf, 41 N.W. 2d 1, 5, 241
Iowa 358).

Election" is expression of choice by voters of body politic. (Ginsburg v. Giles, 72 S.W. 2d 438, 254 Ky. 720, in
 Words and Phrases, Permanent Edition, p. 234).

The right to vote may be exercised only on compliance with such statutory requirements as have been set up b
the legislature, (People ex rel. Rago v. Lipsky 63 N.E. 2d 642, 327 III. App. 63; Rothfels v. Southworth, 356 P.
612, 11 Utah 2d 169 in 29 C.J.S. 38). (Emphasis supplied)

In this connection I herein quote the pertinent provisions of the Election Code of 1971:

Sec. 2. Applicability of this Act. — All elections of Public officers except barrio officials and plebiscites shall be
conducted in the manner provided by this Code.

Sec. 99. Necessity of registration to be entitled to vote. — In order that a qualified voter may vote in any regula
or special election or in any plebiscite, he must be registered in the permanent list of voters for the city,
municipality or municipal district in which he resides: Provided, That no person shall register more than once
without first applying for cancellation of his previous registration. (Emphasis supplied). 3) Please see also
Sections 100-102, Election Code of 1971, R.A. No. 6388).

It is stated in Proclamation No. 1102 that the voting was done by the members of citizens assemblies who are 15 years of age
over. Under the provision of Section 1 of Article V of the 1935 Constitution the age requirement to be a qualified voter is 21 ye
or over.

But what is more noteworthy is the fact that the voting in the barangays, except in very few instances, was done by the raising
hands by the persons indiscriminately gathered to participate in the voting, where even children below 15 years of age were
included. This is a matter of common observation, or of common knowledge, which the Court may take judicial notice of. To
consider the votes in the barangays as expressive of the popular will and use them as the basis in declaring whether a
Constitution is ratified or rejected is to resort to a voting by demonstrations, which would mean the rule of the crowd, which is
only one degree higher than the rule by the mob. Certainly, so important a question as to whether the Constitution, which is th
supreme law of the land, should be ratified or not, must not be decided by simply gathering people and asking them to raise th
hands in answer to the question of whether they vote for or against a proposed Constitution. The election processes as provid
by law should be strictly observed in determining the will of the sovereign people in a democracy. In our Republic the will of th
people must be expressed through the ballot in a manner that is provided by law.

It is said that in a democracy the will of the people is the supreme law. Indeed, the people are sovereign, but the will of the
people must be expressed in a manner as the law and the demands of a well-ordered society require. The rule of law must
prevail even over the apparent will of the majority of the people, if that will had not been expressed, or obtained, in accordance
with the law. Under the rule of law public questions must be decided in accordance with the Constitution and the law. This is
specially true in the case of the adoption of a constitution or in the ratification of an amendment to the Constitution.

The following citations are, to me, very relevant in the effort to determine whether the proposed Constitution of 1972 had been
validly ratified or not:

When it is said that "the people" have the right to alter or amend the constitution, it must not be understood tha
this term necessarily includes all the inhabitants of the state. Since the question of the adoption or rejection of
proposed new constitution or constitutional amendment must be answered by a vote, the determination of it re
with those who, by the existing constitution, are accorded the right of suffrage, But the qualified electors must b
understood in this, as in many other cases, as representing those who have not the right to participate in the
ballot. If a constitution should be abrogated, and a new one adopted, by the whole mass of people in a state,
acting through representatives not chosen by the "people" in the political sense of the term, but by the general
body of the populace, the movement would be extra-legal. (Black's Constitutional Law, Second Edition, pp. 47
48).

The theory of our political system is that the ultimate sovereignty is in the people, from whom springs all
legitimate authority. The people of the Union created a national constitution, and conferred upon it powers of
sovereignty over certain subjects, and the people of each State created a State government, to exercise the
remaining powers of sovereignty so far as they were disposed to allow them to be exercised at all. By the
constitution which they establish, they not only tie up the hands of their official agencies, but their own hands a
well; and neither the officers of the State, nor the whole people as an aggregate body, are at liberty to take act
in opposition to this fundamental law. (Cooley's Constitutional Limitations, 8th Edition, Vol. I, p, 81 cited in
Graham v. Jones, 3 So. 2d. 761, 782).

The theory that a favorable vote by the electorate, however unanimous, on a proposal to amend a constitution
may cure, render innocous, all or any antecedent failures to observe commands of that Constitution in respect
the formulation or submission of proposed amendments thereto, does not prevail in Alabama, where the doctri
of the stated theory was denied, in obvious effect, by the pronouncement 60 years ago of broad, wholesome
 constitutional principles in Collier v. Frierson supra, as quoted in the original opinion, ante. The people
themselves are bound by the Constitution; and, being so bound, are powerless, whatever their numbers, to
change or thwart its mandates, except through the peaceful means of a constitutional convention, or of
amendment according to the mode therein prescribed, or through the exertion of the original right of revolution
The Constitution may be set aside by revolution, but it can only be amended in the way it provides," said Hobs
C.J., in McCreary v. Speer, 156 Ky. 783, 791, 162 S.W. 99, 103. Johnson v. Craft, et al., 87 So. 375, 385, 387
Rehearing).

The fact that a majority voted for the amendment, unless the vote was taken as provided by the Constitution, is
not sufficient to make a change in that instrument. Whether a proposed amendment has been legally adopted
judicial question, for the court must uphold and enforce the Constitution as written until it is amended in the wa
which it provides for. Wood v. Tooker 15 Mont. 8, 37 Pac. 840, 25 L.R.A. 560; McConaughty v. State, 106 Min
409, 119 N.W. 408; Oakland Paving Company v. Hilton, 69 Cal. 499, 11 Pac. 3; Utter v. Mosely, 16 Idaho 274,
100 Pac. 1958, 133 Am. St. Rep. 94, 18 Ann. Cas. 723. (McCreary v. Speer, 162 S.W. 99, 104).

Provisions of a constitution regulating its own amendment, ... are not merely directory, but are mandatory; and
strict observance of every substantial requirement is essential to the validity of the proposed amendment. Thes
provisions are as binding on the people as on the legislature, and the former are powerless by vote of accepta
to give legal sanction to an amendment the submission of which was made in disregard of the limitations
contained in the constitution. (16 C.J.S. 35-36 cited in Graham v. Jones, 3 So. 2d 761, 782).

It is said that chaos and confusion in the governmental affairs of the State will result from the Court's action in
declaring the proposed constitutional amendment void. This statement is grossly and manifestly inaccurate. If
confusion and chaos should ensue, it will not be due to the action of the Court but will be the result of the failur
of the drafters of the joint resolution to observe, follow and obey the plain essential provisions of the Constitutio
Furthermore, to say that, unless the Court disregards its sworn duty to enforce the Constitution, chaos and
confusion will result, is an inherently weak argument in favor of the alleged constitutionality of the proposed
amendment. It is obvious that, if the Court were to countenance the violations of the sacramental provisions of
Constitution, those who would thereafter desire to violate it and disregard its clear mandatory provisions would
resort to the scheme of involving and confusing the affairs, of the State and then simply tell the Court that it wa
powerless to exercise one of its primary functions by rendering the proper decree to make the Constitution
effective, (Graham v. Jones, 3 So. 2d. 761, 793-794).

In our jurisprudence I find an instance where this Court did not allow the will of the majority to prevail, because the requiremen
of the law were not, complied with. In the case of Monsale v. Nico, 83 Phil. 758, Monsale and Nico were both candidates for th
office of Municipal Mayor of Miagao, Iloilo, in the elections of November 11, 1947. Monsale had duly filed his certificate of
candidacy before the expiration of the period for the filing of the same. However, on October 10, 1947, after the period for the
filing of certificates of candidacy, Monsale withdrew his certificate of candidacy. But on November 7, 1947 Monsale attempted
revive his certificate of candidacy by withdrawing the withdrawal of his certificate of candidacy. The Commission on Elections,
November 8, 1947, ruled that Monsale could no longer be a candidate. Monsale nevertheless proceeded with his candidacy. T
boards of inspectors in Miagao, however, did not count the votes cast for Monsale upon the ground that the votes cast for him
were stray votes, because he was considered as having no certificate of candidacy. On the other hand, the boards of inspecto
credited Nico with 2,291 votes, and Nico was proclaimed elected. Monsale filed a protest against the election of Nico in the Co
of First Instance of Iloilo. In the count of the ballots during the proceedings in the trial court it appeared that Monsale had
obtained 2,877 votes while Nico obtained 2,276 votes, or a margin of 601 votes in favor of Monsale. The Court of First Instanc
of Iloilo decided the election protest in favor of Monsale. Upon appeal by Nico, this Court reversed the decision of the lower co
This Court declared that because Monsale withdrew his certificate of candidacy his attempt to revive it by withdrawing his
withdrawal of his certificate of candidacy did not restore the effectiveness of his certificate of candidacy, and this court declare
Nico the winner in spite of the fact that Monsale had obtained more votes than he.

We have cited this Monsale case to show that the will of the majority of the voters would not be given effect, as declared by th
Court, if certain legal requirements have not been complied with in order to render the votes valid and effective to decide the
result of an election.

And so, in the cases now before this Court, the fact that the voting in the citizens assemblies (barangays) is not the election th
is provided for in the 1935 Constitution for the ratification of the amendment to the Constitution, the affirmative votes cast in th
assemblies can not be made the basis for declaring the ratification of the proposed 1972 Constitution, in spite of the fact that i
was reported that 14,976,561 members of the citizens assemblies voted for the adoption as against 743,869 for the rejection,
because the votes thus obtained were not in accordance with the provisions of Section 1 of Article XV of the 1935 Constitution
the Philippines. The rule of law must be upheld.

My last observation: One of the valid grounds against the holding of the plebiscite on January 15, 1973, as provided in
Presidential Decree No. 73, is that there is no freedom on the part of the people to exercise their right of choice, because of th
existence of martial law in our country. The same ground holds true as regards the voting of the barangays on January 10 to 1
1973. More so, because by General Order No. 20, issued on January 7, 1973, the President of the Philippines ordered "that th
provisions of Section 3 of Presidential Decree No. 13 in so far as they allow free public discussion of the proposed constitution
as well as my order of December 17, 1972 temporarily suspending the effects of Proclamation No. 1081 for the purpose of fre
and open debate on the proposed constitution, be suspended in the meantime." It is, therefore, my view that voting in the
5

barangays on January 10-15, 1973 was not free, and so this is one added reason why the results of the voting in the barangay
should not be made the basis for the proclamation of the ratification of the proposed Constitution.

It is my view, therefore, that Proclamation No. 1102 is repugnant to the 1935 Constitution, and so it is invalid, and should not b
given effect. The Constitution of 1972 proposed by the 1971 Constitutional Convention should be considered as not yet ratified
by the people of this Republic, and so it should not be given force and effect.

During the deliberation of these cases by this Court, a suggestion was made that because of the transcendental effect of
Proclamation No. 1102 on the country, the petitioners in these cases, specially the petitioners in L-35948 (Vidal Tan, et al. vs.
Comelec, et al.), be given a period of ten days to move in the premises, considering that the issuance of Proclamation No. 110
came as a surprise to the petitioners and they had no opportunity to define their stand on said Proclamation in relation to their
petitions. The majority of the Court, however, were not in favor of the idea. I expressed myself, and I so express now, that I am
favor of granting the petitioners the opportunity to articulate their stand regarding Proclamation No. 1102 so that the objection
some members of this Court to pass upon the validity of said proclamation upon the ground that it is not in issue in these case
may be met, and so that the validity of Proclamation No. 1102, and the question of whether or not the proposed 1972
Constitution has been validly ratified, may be resolved by this Court once and for all.

At any rate, whether the petitioners are granted opportunity to define their stand on Proclamation No. 1102, or not, I humbly
submit this opinion for whatever if may be worth, with the hope that the officials and the citizens of this country will take note o
and ponder over it. I am only doing my duty according to the light that God has given me.

Separate Opinions

MAKALINTAL and CASTRO, JJ., concurring:

The principal relief prayed for in the petition in G.R. NO. L-35948 is to declare "Sections 2, 3 (par 2), and 12 of Article XVII, of
1972 Draft on proposed Constitution approved by the 1971 Constitutional Convention on November 30, 1972 as well as
Presidential Decree No. 73 or any similar decree, proclamation, order or instruction unconstitutional, null and void, ..." Basicall
although couched in different language, it is the same relief sought in the other petitions.

Article XVII contains the transitory provisions. Section 2 thereof refers to the membership of the interim National Assembly, wh
includes, among others, "those Delegates to the (1971) Constitutional Convention who have opted to serve therein by voting
affirmatively for this Article." Section 3 (par. 2) provides that "(A)ll proclamations, orders, decrees, instructions, and acts
promulgated, issued, or done by the incumbent President shall be part of the law of the land, and shall remain valid, legal,
binding, and effective even after lifting of martial law or the ratification of this Constitution, unless modified, revoked, or
superseded by subsequent proclamations, orders, decrees, instructions, or other acts of the incumbent President, or unless
expressly and explicitly modified or repealed by the regular National Assembly." And Section 12 states in part: "All treaties,
executive agreements, and contracts entered into by the Government, or any subdivision, agency, or instrumentality thereof,
including government-owned or controlled corporations, are hereby recognized as legal, valid, and binding ..."

Presidential Decree No. 73, issued on December 1, 1972, called for a plebiscite to be held on January 15, 1973, wherein the
proposed Constitution would be submitted for ratification. At the same time it appropriated the sum of P15,000,000.00 for that
purpose. It was primarily to stop the said plebiscite from being held that these petitions were filed.

The specific grounds alleged in the petition in G.R. No. L-35948 to support the relief prayed for which are fairly representative
the others, read as follows:

I. The President of the Philippines has no power to call a plebiscite for the ratification or rejection of the 1972
Draft; neither has he the power to appropriate funds for the holding of the said plebiscite.

II. The 1972 Draft is vague and incomplete. It makes an unconstitutional delegation of power. And it contains
provisions which were beyond the power of the convention to enact. All these have made the 1972 Draft unfit f
"proper submission" to the people.

III. The period of time between November 30, 1972 when the 1972 Draft was approved, and January 15, 1973
 the date the plebiscite will be held, is too inadequate for the people to be informed of the contents of the 1972
Draft, and to study and discuss them so that they could thereafter intelligently cast their vote.

Towards the end of December 1972 it was announced in the newspapers that the President had postponed the plebiscite to a
date to be fixed later, although tentatively February 19 and March 5, 1973 were mentioned. The announcement was made
officially in General Order No. 20, dated January 7, 1973. Then on January 17, 1973 the President issued Proclamation No 11
certifying that the proposed Constitution had been ratified by the Citizens Assemblies created under Presidential Decree No. 8
issued on December 31, 1972, and that therefore it had become effective.

In view of the foregoing developments which supervened after the petitions herein and the answers thereto were filed and the
cases argued by the parties, the issues raised in grounds Nos. I and III abovequoted have become moot. The plebiscite sough
to be enjoined did not take place on January 15, 1973. Indeed, its postponement to some indefinite date in the future rendered
the petition also premature. But of course whether the petition is moot or premature makes no material difference as far as the
cases are concerned, since the announced ratification of the proposed Constitution by the Citizens Assemblies has made it
unlikely that any plebiscite will be held.

With respect to ground No. II we are of the opinion that the question of whether or not the proposals referred to by the petition
specifically Secs. 2, 3 (par. 2) and 12, were proper for submission to the people for ratification has likewise become moot
because of the President's Proclamation No. 1102 certifying that such ratification has already taken place. If they may be
assailed at all as invalid it should be not as mere proposals by the Convention but already as provisions of the Constitution, an
certainly not in the present cases in the state in which they have been submitted for decision.

There was an attempt on the part of counsel for the petitioner in G.R. No. L-35948 during the oral argument on his urgent mot
for early decision to question the validity of Proclamation No. 1102. This question is not within the purview of the petition and
involves issues which have neither been raised nor argued herein, having arisen in a new and different setting and frame of
reference, and hence may only be ventilated, if at all, in an appropriate case or at least through appropriate pleadings so that t
parties may be duly heard.

We therefore vote to dismiss the petitions.

TEEHANKEE, J., concurring:

Without prejudice to the filing of a separate extended opinion, I concur with the Chief Justice in his separate opinion and add t
following brief comments.

The Solicitor General's Office on behalf of respondents manifested as of its last comment of January 16, 1973 that "(W)ith
respect to the statement in the Joint Manifestation that Presidential Decree No. 73 which calls for the holding of the plebiscite
January 15, 1973 still stands, the plebiscite scheduled to be held on January 15, 1973 has been postponed until further notice
virtue of General Order No. 20, dated January 7, 1973, of President Ferdinand E. Marcos."

On the other hand, Presidential Proclamation No. 1102 issued on January 17, 1973 recites as a premise thereof, inter alia, tha
"since the referendum results show that more than ninety-five (95) per cent of the members of the Barangays (Citizens
Assemblies) are in favor of the New Constitution, the Katipunan ng Mga Barangay has strongly recommended that the new
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Constitution should already be deemed ratified by the Filipino people." 2

Under the circumstances of record from which it appears that no election (or plebiscite) for the purpose has been called and
held, it would be premature for now to hold that the averred ratification of the Constitution proposed by the 1971 Constitutiona
3

Convention has met the requirements of Article XV of the Constitution that "(S)uch amendments shall be valid as part of this
Constitution when approved by a majority of the votes cast at an election at which the amendments are submitted to the peop
for their ratification" or of section 16 of Article XVII of the proposed Constitution itself that "(T)his Constitution shall take effect
immediately upon its ratification by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite called for the purpose."

With the result reached by the Court, and the rendering moot of the issues raised against the validity of Presidential Decree N
73, I do not deem it necessary to reach and pass upon the grave constitutional question in its two aspects (a) whether the
Constitutional Convention may assume the power to call the plebiscite (a power historically exercised by Congress) and to
appropriate funds therefor against the Constitutional mandate lodging such power in Congress and (b) whether the
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Constitutional Convention may delegate such assumed power to the President — absent any showing of willful default or
incapacity on the part of Congress to discharge it.

By the same token, it is unnecessary to resolve the equally grave question of whether certain matters adopted and proposed b
the 1971 Constitutional Convention were ultra vires, e.g. sections 2 and 15 of Article XVII (Transitory Provisions) providing for
delegates of said Convention to constitute the majority of an interim National Assembly and empowering such Assembly "upon
special call by the interim Prime Minister ..., by a majority vote of all its members, (to) propose amendments to this Constitutio
(which) shall take effect when ratified in accordance with Article Sixteen hereof", which would appear to be in violation of the
accepted principles governing constitutional conventions that they become functus officio upon completion of their function to
formulate and adopt amendments to the Constitution for the people's ratification or rejection in the manner ordained in the
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Constitution — since such convention controlled interim National Assembly may continue proposing Constitutional amendmen
6

by mere majority vote in contrast to the regular national assembly which would require "a vote of three-fourths of all its membe
to propose such amendments. 7

ANTONIO, J., concurring:

The historical events of the last few days have rendered the petitions (G.R. Nos. L-35925, L-35929, L-35940, L-35941, L-3594
L-35948, L-35953, L-35961, L-35965 and L-35979), including the supplemental petition moot and should be dismissed.

Without prejudice to a more extended opinion later, I concur in the view that implicit in the power of the Constitutional Convent
to propose amendments to the Constitution is its authority to order an election at which such amendments are to be submitted
the people for ratification and, within the narrow range implied as necessary for the business of submitting the amendments to
the people, the capacity to appropriate money for the expenses necessary to make such submittal effective. Independently
therefore of the question, whether or not the President may legislate during martial law, it was certainly within the authority of t
President to issue such measures, acting as agent for and in behalf of the Constitutional Convention to call for a plebiscite,
prescribe its terms and appropriate money for said purpose.

The opinion that the President, as agent of the Convention, could device other forms of election to determine the will of the
majority of the people on the ratification of the proposed Constitution, establishes a principle that is, not entirely devoid of
precedent. The present Constitution of the United States was ratified in a manner not in accord with the first Constitution of the
United States, which was the Articles of Confederation. The violation was deliberate, but Madison, however defended the met
provided for the adoption of the new Constitution by saying