Manipal University

Department of Chemical Engineering

CE 1831- PROCESS CONTROL LABORATORY

IV YEAR, 8th SEMESTER, 2020

EXPERIMENT #5

To study the dynamic response of a two tank non-interacting system subjected to step and
impulse change.

INSTRUCTOR:
Dr. Anees Ahmed Yunus Khan
Dr. Gaurav Kataria

GROUP #F
MEMBERS:
1. Tanya Priyadarshni 169102030
2. Akshay Srivastava 169102004
3. Mukund Sai Teja PB 169102015
4. Dipinder Singh Bagga 169102011
5. Jai Gupta 159110007

Experiment carried on: February 20, 2020

Report submitted on : February 27, 2020
PRELAB (10) ______
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (10) ______
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES/SCOPE/PROCEDURE (30) ______
RESULTS & DISCUSSION (30) ______
CONCLUSIONS (5) ______
REFERENCES (5) ______
APPENDIX
a) Original data, sample calculations, other information (5) ______
GENERAL COMPLETENESS
a) Conciseness and neatness (5) ______

TOTAL (100) ______

 Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... 2

2. Introduction. .................................................................................................................... 3
3. Experimental Set-up: ....................................................................................................... 5
a. Apparatus description: ................................................................................................. 5
b. Diagram:...................................................................................................................... 5
4. Objectives. ....................................................................................................................... 6
c. Scope. .......................................................................................................................... 6
5. Procedure......................................................................................................................... 6
6. Results and Discussions. .................................................................................................. 7
7. Conclusions and Recommendations. ................................................................................ 8
8. References. ...................................................................................................................... 9
9. Appendix. ........................................................................................................................ 9
d. Parameters used: .......................................................................................................... 9
e. Observation Table: ...................................................................................................... 9
f. Formula Used: ........................................................................................................... 13
g. Sample calculations: .................................................................................................. 13

10. List of figures

a. Figure 1: Non-interacting tank system. ....................................................................... 3
b. Figure 2: Experimental set-up for two non-interacting tanks ...................................... 5
c. Figure 3: Graph between deviation vs. time for step change input .............................. 7
d. Figure 4: Graph between deviation vs. time for impulse change input ........................ 7

11. List of tables

a. Table 1: Data obtained when the system is subjected to step change .......................... 9
b. Table 2: Data obtained when the system is subjected to impulse change................... 11

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Executive Summary

The main objective of the experiment was to study the dynamic response of a two tank non-
interacting system when it is subjected to a step and an impulse change. The system was allowed
to reach the steady state and then the response of height was recorded with respected to the time
after the (step and impulse) changes were introduced to the system. A graph was plotted between
the deviation height vs. the time showing the nature of step and impulse changes respectively.
Various parameters such as resistance and time constant was calculated. The area of both tanks,
tank 1 and tank 2 were same. In case of step change, a change of 20 LPH was introduced and the
resistance of tank 1 was calculated to be 0.00828 sec/mm2 and for tank 2 the resistance was 0.0135
sec/mm2. The calculated value of 𝜏1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏2 were 55.01 and 89.69 sec. respectively. It took about
650 sec. approx. for the system to reach the steady state. Where was for impulse change, an
instantaneous change introduced from the top of tank 1 by adding 250 ml of water in 10sec time.
For this case the calculated value of resistance was 0.00112 sec/mm2 and 0.00008 sec/mm2 for
tank 1 and tank 2 respectively. The calculated value of 𝜏1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏2 were 74.41 and 53.15 sec.
respectively The time taken to reach the steady state for impulse change came out to be 650 sec. It
was conclude that the value of 𝜏 increases the resistance also increases implying that the resistance
is directly proportional to time constant. Also the liquid level is playing an important role here
since the deviation height is also directly proportional to the resistance which in turn is proportional
to the time constant. It is better to ensure that the impulse and step change introduced to the system
are instantaneous in nature.

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Introduction.
In a non-interacting system, we have to assume that the tanks have uniform cross sectionals area
and the flow resistance is linear. The liquid should be of constant density. In order to study the
response of the first order system in series of two tanks liquid level, we first carry out the material
balance:

Figure 1: Non-interacting tank system.

For step change – [1]

𝑑ℎ1
𝑞 − 𝑞1 = 𝐴1 … … (1)
𝑑𝑡
A balance on tank 2 gives:
𝑑ℎ2
𝑞1 − 𝑞2 = 𝐴2 … … (2)
𝑑𝑡
The flow head relationship for the two linear resistances are expressed as:
ℎ1
𝑞1 = & … … (3)
𝑅1
ℎ2
𝑞2 = … … (4)
𝑅2
combining equation (1) and (3) and introduced deviation variables gives the transfer function for
tank 1.
𝑄1 (𝑠) 1
= … … (5)
𝑄(𝑠) 𝜏1 𝑠 + 1
Where, 𝑄1 = 𝑞1 − 𝑞1𝑠 , 𝑄 = 𝑞 − 𝑞𝑠 & 𝜏1 = 𝑅1 𝐴1
In the same manner, we can combine equations (2) and (4) to obtain the transfer function for tank
2.
𝐻2 (𝑠) 𝑅2
= … … (6)
𝑄1 (𝑠) 𝜏2 𝑠 + 1

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Where, 𝐻2 = ℎ2 − ℎ2𝑠 & 𝜏2 = 𝑅2 𝐴2

Having the transfer function for each tank, we can obtain the overall transfer function for
H2(s)/Q(s) by multiplying equation (5) and (6) to eliminate Q1(s): [1]

𝐻2 (𝑠) 1 𝑅2
=( )( ) … … (7)
𝑄(𝑠) 𝜏1 𝑠 + 1 𝜏2 𝑠 + 1

The overall transfer function of equation (7) is the product of two 1 st order transfer function, each
one of, which is the transfer function of a single tank operating independently of the other.
Inversion of equation.
𝜏1 𝜏2 1 −1 1 −𝑡
𝐻2 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑅2 [1 − ( 𝑒 𝜏1 − 𝑒 𝜏2 )] … … (8)
𝜏1 − 𝜏2 𝜏2 𝜏1

In order to study the impulse response in the given system of two non-interacting tanks, we have
mathematically proceeded with the impulse function of magnitude A.

𝑋(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑇𝑀 (𝑡)

Where, 𝑇𝑀 (𝑡) is the unit impulse function.

The overall transfer function of the system is described as,

𝐻2 (𝑠) 𝑅2
= … … (9)
𝑄(𝑠) (𝜏1 𝑠 + 1)(𝜏2 𝑠 + 1)

For an impulse change of magnitude V. (volume added to the system.)

𝑄(𝑡) = 𝑉 𝑇𝑀 (𝑡)
𝑠𝑜, 𝑄 (𝑠) = 𝑉
𝑉 × 𝑅2
𝐻2 (𝑠) = … … (10)
(𝜏1 𝑠 + 1)(𝜏2 𝑠 + 1)
For impulse change H2 at time t is given by – [2]
−𝑡 −𝑡
𝑒 𝜏1 − 𝑒 𝜏 2
𝐻2(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑅2 [ ] … … (11)
(𝜏1 − 𝜏2 )

Considering non-linear resistance of the outlet valve of the tank R2 can be calculated as

R2 = 2dH2/dQ.

Where, dH2 is the change in levels of tank 2 and dQ is the change of flow from initial to final
state.
In order to describe the system, we can understand it by its working mechanism which is as
follows: [2]

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The system is represented by several 1 st order process connected in series, in which two or many
tanks are arranged in such a way that the outlet flow from the 1 st tank is the inlet flow of the 2nd
tank. A non-interacting system is the best example of this system, in such a system the outlet flow
from tank 1 discharges directly into the atmosphere before spilling into tank 2 and the flow through
resistance R depends only on height of the liquid level in tank 1 i.e. h1. The variation of height of
2nd tank i.e. h2 does not effects the transient response.

Experimental Set-up:
(a) Apparatus description:
The experimental setup consists of tank system, rotameter, pump and various values. The rotameter
measures the water flow and the pump pumps the water to the 1st tank. There is a sump tank at the
bottom of the system. The valves – V1, V2 and V3 are connected to tank 1, 2 and 3 respectively,
these valves resist the water flow and two tanks connected in a non-interacting manner while the
3rd tank is not put into use. The outlet flow from tank 1 discharges directly into the atmosphere
before spilling into tank 2. The valves attached after each tanks acts as a resistance for the flow of
water.

(b) Diagram:

Figure 2: Experimental set-up for two non-interacting tanks subjected to step and impulse change.

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Objectives. To study the dynamic response of a two tank non-interacting system subjected to
step and impulse change.

Scope.
1. To obtain the graph between deviation vs. time (a) when step change is being introduced to the
system &, (b) when impulse change is introduced to the system.
2. Calculate the required parameters such as the transfer function and the resistances involved in
both the cases.

Procedure.

1. Start the experiment by switching on the main power supply.

2. Fill the water in the tanks.
3. Connect a pipe in the outlet of rotameter, which is connected to tank 1 as well and ensure
that valve 3 is at fully closed position.
4. Now, switch on the pump and set the required flowrate of water.
5. Wait till the liquid level in both the tank reaches steady state.
6. Note down the initial flow and the steady state level in both the tanks.
7. Apply step change by introducing an increment in the inlet flow.
8. Record the level of tank 1 and 2 at every 10 sec time interval till both the tanks reaches
steady state level.
9. Note down the final level at which the steady state in both the tanks are achieved.
10. From the data obtained, calculate the various parameters required for the experiment.
11. Now use V2 valve to change the resistance.
12. After the system attain steady state apply impulse change by adding a known amount of
water directly from the top of thank 1.
13. Repeat the above steps that was done for step change and note down the readings for
calculating the various parameter required for conducting the experiment.
14. After completing the experiment switch off the pump and turn off the electric supply.
15. Drain all the water that was filled in the tanks and empty the sump tank.

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Results and Discussions.

STEP RESPONSE
80
70
60
DEVAITION, MM

50
40
H1
30
H2
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
TIME, SEC

Figure 3: Graph between deviation vs. time for step change input

IMPULSE RESPONSE
35

30

25
DEVIATION, MM

20

15 H1
H2
10

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

TIME, SEC

Figure 4: Graph between deviation vs. time for impulse change input
From figure 3, which is the response curve between the height deviation with respect to time for a
step change. The initial steady state flowrate for the system was 10 LPH and a step change of
magnitude 20 was introduced to tank 1. For tank 1 the response is increasing with respect to time
till around 300 sec. after that the response is getting constant as the steady state of the system is
reached. Whereas for tank 2, the response is increasing with time and not getting constant till 600
sec. till the steady state level of 2 nd tank is obtained. It is observed that the steady state of 1st tank
is reached way before than the steady state of 2nd tank. The trend of the graph matches with the

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literature reviews so we can conclude that the result obtained matches with the expected output
response behavior for a non-interacting tanks set up subjected to step change. the resistance of tank
1 was calculated to be 0.00828 sec/mm2 and for tank 2 the resistance was 0.0135 sec/mm2. The
calculated value of 𝜏1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏2 were 55.01 and 89.69 sec. respectively. It took about 650 sec.
approx. for the system to reach the steady state. This sluggish nature as shown in figure 3, is due
to transfer lag which is always present when two first order systems are connected in series. The
transportation lag is the delay between the time an input signal is applied to a system and the time
the system reacts to that input signal. This lag generally occurs in industrial applications and it
increases with increase in the number of first order systems connected in series.
From figure 4, which is the response curve between the liquid level in tank vs. the time for a system
subjected to impulse change. In order to introduce the impulse change, an instantaneous addition
of 250 ml of water is subjected to tank 1 with in an interval of 10 sec time (approx.). The graph
shows a peak, and the response comes back near to its initial value very slowly just after the
introduction of the impulse input as the steady state of the system is obtained. Therefore, the curve
reaches back to the initial steady state after some time. This time interval as shown in figure 4 is
due to transfer lag which is always present when two first order systems are connected in series.
For this case the calculated value of resistance was 0.00112 sec/mm2 and 0.00008 sec/mm2 for
tank 1 and tank 2 respectively. The calculated value of 𝜏1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏2 were 74.41 and 53.15 sec.
respectively The time taken to reach the steady state for impulse change came out to be 650 sec.

Conclusions and Recommendations.

After conducting this experiment we can conclude that the value of 𝜏 increases the resistance also
increases implying that the resistance is directly proportional to time constant. Also the liquid level
is playing an important role here since the deviation height is also directly proportional to the
resistance which in turn is proportional to the time constant. the flow through resistance R depends
only on height of the liquid level in tank 1 i.e. h1. The variation of height of 2nd tank i.e. h2 does
not effects the transient response.
It was also observed that in case of the step change the values or resistance of tank 1 was always
less than the value of resistance of tank 2 that is 𝜏1 < 𝜏2 , this was because of the fact that 𝑅1 had
to be always less than 𝑅2 in order to achieve steady state in the system. Whereas for the case of
impulse change, it was opposite 𝜏2 < 𝜏1 .
Also, for the case of step change the transport lag increases as we increase the number of tanks in
series, because the response changes very slowly.
It is not necessary that in two tank system the liquid level in tank 1 should be always greater than
that of tank 2 to achieve steady state as observed by our experimental study and data obtained
(shown in the appendix).
In order to get more accurate results following precautions are recommended to follow –
Check the sensitivity of the rotameter before starting the experiment. Make sure that the impulse
and step change introduced are instantaneous in nature. Giver the system sufficient time to reach
the steady state, make sure that the system has reached the steady state before noting down the
readings. Wear proper gear and follow all the safety instructions properly. Following all these
steps reduced any chances of inconsistency in the experiment.

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References.

1. Donald R. C.; Steven E. L; “Process system analysis and control.”, 3 rd Edition, Mc Graw-
Hill Education, 2013.
2. Andreiev N.; “A Process controller that adapts to signal and Process conditions, control
engineering”, Volume 38, 1997.

Appendix.
a) Parameters used:

1. Area of tank = 6644 mm2

2. Step change introduced = 20 LPH
3. Impulse change introduced = 250 ml of water.

b) Observation Table:

I. For Step Change:

Step change
Initial flow 10 LPH
Flow change 30 LPH
Step change 20 LPH
5.6 cm3/sec
5555.56 mm3/sec
Area of tank 6644 mm2
Resistance of
tank 1 (R1) 0.00828 sec/mm2
Resistance of
tank R2 (R2) 0.0135 sec/mm2

Table 1: Data obtained when the system is subjected to step change

Time Actual Height Deviation Resistance Time constant

(sec) h1 h2 H1 H2 R1 R2 τ1 τ2
0 18 19 0 0 0 0 55.01228 89.69393
10 19.5 20 1.5 1 0.00027 0.00018 55.01228 89.69393
20 24 20 6 1 0.00108 0.00018 55.01228 89.69393
30 28.5 22 10.5 3 0.00189 0.00054 55.01228 89.69393
40 33 24 15 5 0.0027 0.0009 55.01228 89.69393
50 36 26 18 7 0.00324 0.00126 55.01228 89.69393
60 39 28 21 9 0.00378 0.00162 55.01228 89.69393
70 42 30 24 11 0.00432 0.00198 55.01228 89.69393
80 45 32.5 27 13.5 0.00486 0.00243 55.01228 89.69393

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 90 46.5 36 28.5 17 0.00513 0.00306 55.01228 89.69393
100 48.5 38 30.5 19 0.00549 0.00342 55.01228 89.69393
110 50 42 32 23 0.00576 0.00414 55.01228 89.69393
120 52 44 34 25 0.00612 0.0045 55.01228 89.69393
130 53.5 46 35.5 27 0.00639 0.00486 55.01228 89.69393
140 54.5 48 36.5 29 0.00657 0.00522 55.01228 89.69393
150 56 52 38 33 0.00684 0.00594 55.01228 89.69393
160 56 54 38 35 0.00684 0.0063 55.01228 89.69393
170 57 56 39 37 0.00702 0.00666 55.01228 89.69393
180 58 58 40 39 0.0072 0.00702 55.01228 89.69393
190 59 60 41 41 0.00738 0.00738 55.01228 89.69393
200 59.5 62 41.5 43 0.00747 0.00774 55.01228 89.69393
210 60 63 42 44 0.00756 0.00792 55.01228 89.69393
220 60.5 66 42.5 47 0.00765 0.00846 55.01228 89.69393
230 61 67 43 48 0.00774 0.00864 55.01228 89.69393
240 62 68 44 49 0.00792 0.00882 55.01228 89.69393
250 62 70 44 51 0.00792 0.00918 55.01228 89.69393
260 62.5 71 44.5 52 0.00801 0.00936 55.01228 89.69393
270 63 72 45 53 0.0081 0.00954 55.01228 89.69393
280 63.5 73 45.5 54 0.00819 0.00972 55.01228 89.69393
290 64 74 46 55 0.00828 0.0099 55.01228 89.69393
300 64 75 46 56 0.00828 0.01008 55.01228 89.69393
310 64 77 46 58 0.00828 0.01044 55.01228 89.69393
320 64 78 46 59 0.00828 0.01062 55.01228 89.69393
330 64 79 46 60 0.00828 0.0108 55.01228 89.69393
340 64 80 46 61 0.00828 0.01098 55.01228 89.69393
350 64 80 46 61 0.00828 0.01098 55.01228 89.69393
360 64 81 46 62 0.00828 0.01116 55.01228 89.69393
370 64 82 46 63 0.00828 0.01134 55.01228 89.69393
380 64 82 46 63 0.00828 0.01134 55.01228 89.69393
390 64 82.5 46 63.5 0.00828 0.01143 55.01228 89.69393
400 64 83 46 64 0.00828 0.01152 55.01228 89.69393
410 64 84 46 65 0.00828 0.0117 55.01228 89.69393
420 64 85 46 66 0.00828 0.01188 55.01228 89.69393
430 64 86 46 67 0.00828 0.01206 55.01228 89.69393
440 64 86 46 67 0.00828 0.01206 55.01228 89.69393
450 64 86.5 46 67.5 0.00828 0.01215 55.01228 89.69393
460 64 87 46 68 0.00828 0.01224 55.01228 89.69393
470 64 87.5 46 68.5 0.00828 0.01233 55.01228 89.69393
480 64 88 46 69 0.00828 0.01242 55.01228 89.69393
490 64 88.5 46 69.5 0.00828 0.01251 55.01228 89.69393

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 500 64 88.5 46 69.5 0.00828 0.01251 55.01228 89.69393
510 64 89 46 70 0.00828 0.0126 55.01228 89.69393
520 64 89.5 46 70.5 0.00828 0.01269 55.01228 89.69393
530 64 90 46 71 0.00828 0.01278 55.01228 89.69393
540 64 90.5 46 71.5 0.00828 0.01287 55.01228 89.69393
550 64 91 46 72 0.00828 0.01296 55.01228 89.69393
560 64 92.5 46 73.5 0.00828 0.01323 55.01228 89.69393
570 64 92.5 46 73.5 0.00828 0.01323 55.01228 89.69393
580 64 93 46 74 0.00828 0.01332 55.01228 89.69393
590 64 93.5 46 74.5 0.00828 0.01341 55.01228 89.69393
600 64 94 46 75 0.00828 0.0135 55.01228 89.69393
610 64 94 46 75 0.00828 0.0135 55.01228 89.69393
620 64 94 46 75 0.00828 0.0135 55.01228 89.69393
630 64 94 46 75 0.00828 0.0135 55.01228 89.69393
640 64 94 46 75 0.00828 0.0135 55.01228 89.69393
650 64 94 46 75 0.00828 0.0135 55.01228 89.69393
64 94 55.01228 89.69393

II. For impulse change:

Impulse change
Initial Flow 30 LPH
Flow change 0 LPH
Impulse Change 5.6 cm3/sec
5555.56 mm3/sec
Area of tank 6644 mm2
water added 250 ml
Time 10 sec
Impulse change
flowrate 25000 mm3/sec
Resistance of
tank 1 (R1) 0.00112 sec/mm2
Resistance of
tank 2 (R2) 0.00008 sec/mm2

Table 2: Data obtained when the system is subjected to impulse change.

Time Actual Height Deviation Resistance Time constant

(sec) h1 h2 H1 H2 R1 R2 τ1 τ2
0 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
10 64 94 0 2 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
20 92 96 28 4 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152

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30 88 98 24 6 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
40 86 99.5 22 7.5 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
50 84 100.5 20 8.5 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
60 81.5 102 17.5 10 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
70 79 103.5 15 11.5 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
80 78 104 14 12 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
90 77 104.5 13 12.5 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
100 76 105 12 13 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
110 74 105.5 10 13.5 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
120 73 105.5 9 13.5 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
130 72 106 8 14 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
140 71 107 7 15 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
150 70.5 108 6.5 16 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
160 70 108 6 16 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
170 69.5 109 5.5 17 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
180 69 109 5 17 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
190 68 110 4 18 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
200 68 107 4 15 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
210 67.5 105 3.5 13 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
220 67 104 3 12 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
230 67 103.5 3 11.5 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
240 66.5 103.5 2.5 11.5 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
250 66.5 102 2.5 10 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
260 66 102 2 10 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
270 66 101 2 9 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
280 66 100 2 8 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
290 65.5 100 1.5 8 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
300 65.5 99 1.5 7 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
310 65.5 98 1.5 6 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
320 65.5 98 1.5 6 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
330 65 97.5 1 5.5 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
340 65 97 1 5 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
350 65 96 1 4 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
360 65 95.5 1 3.5 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
370 64.5 95 0.5 3 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
380 64.5 94 0.5 2 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
390 64.5 93.5 0.5 1.5 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
400 64 93 0 1 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
410 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
420 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
430 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152

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 440 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
450 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
460 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
470 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
480 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
490 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
500 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
510 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
520 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
530 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
540 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
550 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
560 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
570 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
580 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
590 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
600 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
610 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
620 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
630 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
640 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152
650 64 92 0 0 0.00112 0.00008 74.4128 53.152

c) Formula Used:
1. Deviation in height = h(s) – h
2. Time constant 𝜏 = R× 𝐴
3. Resistance = deviation/ step change

d) Sample calculations:

Step Change:

For Tank 1:
 dQ = 30 – 10 = 20 LPH = 5555.56 mm3/sec
 dH = 19.5 - 18 = 1.5 mm
𝑑𝐻 64−18
 𝑅1 = = 5555.56 = 0.008279993 sec/𝑐𝑚2
𝑑𝑄
 𝐴1 = 6644 𝑚𝑚2
 τ1 = 𝐴1 ×𝑅1 = 6644 × 0.0082 = 55.01 sec

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For Tank 2:
 dH = 20 – 19 = 1 mm
𝑑𝐻 94−19
 𝑅2 = = 5555.56 = 0.0134 sec/𝑐𝑚2
𝑑𝑄
 𝐴2 = 6644 𝑚𝑚2
 τ2 = 𝐴2 ×𝑅2 = 6644 × 0.0134 = 89.69 sec

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