Introduction to Circles

IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1 Q6. A
Required equation is (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎)2 = 𝑎2
Q1. Since we have been given the centre, and the radius,
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎2 = 0
we will use the centre-radius form.
Hence we have (𝑥 + 2)2 + (𝑦 − 8)2 = 12
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 16𝑦 + 67 = 0 LEVEL 2
−𝑐 −𝑐
Q2. Comparing the equation with the standard equation Q7. The line cuts the axes at ‘𝐴’ ( 𝑎 , 0) and ‘𝐵’ (0, )
𝑏
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, we get
Using diameter form of equation of circle,
𝑔 = 3 ; 𝑓 = −4 ; 𝑐 = 9
we get
Centre ≡ (−𝑔, −𝑓) ≡ (−3, 4) 𝑐 𝑐
(𝑥 − 0) (𝑥 + ) + (𝑦 − 0) (𝑦 + ) = 0
Radius = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √9 + 16 − 9 = 4 units 𝑎 𝑏
𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑦
Q3. For the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, we know ⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + + =0
𝑎 𝑏
that
Q8. Let the general equation of the circle be 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 +
𝑥-intercept = 2√𝑔2 − 𝑐 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
𝑦-intercept = 2√𝑓 2 − 𝑐 We know that the diameters would intersect each
Comparing terms for the given circle, we get other at the centre. Thus, we solve the 2 equations
𝑥-intercept = 2√9 − 4 = 2√5 simultaneously to get the centre of the circle.
𝑦-intercept = 2√1 − 4 ⇒ NON-EXISTENT On solving, we get the centre to be (1,2)
∴ The circle does NOT cut the y-axis i.e. (−𝑔, −𝑓) ≡ (1,2)
⇒ 𝑔 = −1 and 𝑓 = −2
Q4. B
Also, since the origin lies on the circle, it should satisfy
We have,
the equation of the circle. Substituting (0,0) in
𝑥 = 2 + 3 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 = 3 sin 𝜃 − 1
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, we get 𝑐 = 0.
Or 𝑥 − 2 = 3 cos 𝜃 and 𝑦 + 1 = 3 sin 𝜃
Thus, the equation of the circle is
To eliminate 𝜃, square and add the equations.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0
You will get (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 32
Clearly, it is the equation of a circle having its centre at Q9. Hint: 𝑓(0, 𝜆) = 0 will give you the points where the
(2, −1) circle cuts the 𝑦 -axis as the 𝑥 -coordinate is zero.
You can alternatively use the parametric form of a Similarly, 𝑓(𝜆, 0) = 0 will give you the points on the 𝑥-
circle to get the same answer. axis. Using these points, you can find the centre
geometrically or algebraically.
Q5. A
The equation of the circle whose centre is (𝑎, 𝑏) and Detailed steps:
radius 𝑟 is given by Geometrical solution:
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 We can create the below figure from the data provided
Given, (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 5 in the question.
∴ Centre of the circle is (3, 4).
 Detailed solution:
Let the centre of the circle be (𝑎, 0).
Its radius will then be ′𝑎′. The circle passes through
(3, 4). Therefore,
√(𝑎 − 3)2 + (0 − 4)2 = 𝑎
25
⇒ −6𝑎 + 25 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 =
6
So, the equation of the circle is
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = 𝑎2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 = 0
⇒ 3(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 25𝑥 = 0

From the figure, we can conclude that for the centre of Q12. B
the circle: Since, the circle touches 𝑋-axis
𝑦-coordinate = 2. ∴ Radius = 2.
𝑥-coordinate ∴ The equation of the circle is
4 (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = 22
= 𝑥-coordinate of the mid-point of ( , 0)
5 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 1 = 0
29
and (5,0) i. e. ( , 0)
10
29 LEVEL 3
Hence, the centre is at ( , 2)
10 Q13. C
Algebraic solution: Hint: For such a circle, the magnitude of the 𝑥 -
Assume 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 coordinate will equal that of the 𝑦-coordinate and will
Now, 𝑓(0, 2) = 0 also be equal to the radius of the circle.
⇒ 0 + 22 + 0 + 4𝑓 + 𝑐 = 0
Detailed solution:
⇒ 4𝑓 + 𝑐 + 4 = 0 (1)
2
The equation of a circle touching the coordinate axis is
4 4 8
And 𝑓 ( , 0) = 0 ⇒ ( ) + 0 + 𝑔 + 0 + 𝑐 = 0 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎)2 = 𝑎2 or, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑦 +
5 5 5 𝑎2 = 0
⇒ 16 + 40𝑔 + 25𝑐 = 0 (2)
This passes through (3, 6)
Also, 𝑓(5, 0) = 0
∴ 9 + 36 − 6𝑎 − 12𝑎 + 𝑎 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎 = 3, 15
⇒ (5)2 + 0 + 10𝑔 + 0 + 𝑐 = 0
Hence, the required circles are
⇒ 10𝑔 + 𝑐 + 25 = 0 (3)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 0
−29
Solving (1), (2)and (3), we get 𝑔 = and 𝑓 = −2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 30𝑥 − 30𝑦 + 225 = 0
10
29 Q14. Hint: To simplify calculation, take the coordinate axes
So, the co − ordinates of the centre are ( , 2)
10 as two sides of the square.
Q10. B Detailed solution:
(3 − 2𝜆)𝑥 2 + (1 − 𝜆)𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0 will Without loss of generality, let the 𝑥-axis and 𝑦-axis be
represent a circle if the two sides of the square. The other two sides would
3 − 2𝜆 = 1 − 𝜆 [∵ coeff. of 𝑥 2 = coeff. of 𝑦 2 ] come out to be 𝑥 = 1 & 𝑦 = 1.
⇒𝜆=2 First, let 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) be any point inside the square.
Putting 𝜆 = 2 in the given equation, we get
−𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
To find the coordinates of the centre, and the radius,
the coefficients of 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 2 should be 1.
Multiplying throughout by −1, we get:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 4 = 0
The coordinates of centre and radius of the circle
represented by this equation are (−2, 1) and 1
respectively.
Q11. B Its distance from the four sides would be given by
Hint: Draw a figure, and you will observe that the 𝑥, 1 − 𝑥, 𝑦 & 1 − 𝑦.
centre must lie on the 𝑥-axis. Thus, 𝑥 2 + (1 − 𝑥)2 + 𝑦 2 + (1 − 𝑦)2 = 9
 ⇒ 2(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 7 = 0 So, whether the point lies insides or outside the
7 1 1
square, its locus is a circle whose centre is (2 , 2) which
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 − = 0
2
Second, let 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦) be a point that lies outside the coincides with the centre of the square.
square. From the equation of the circle, the radius
= √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
1 1 7
= √ + + = 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
4 4 2

Q15. A
Hint: The centre of the circle would be the same as the
centre of the square.
Detailed solution:
Factorizing the quadratic equations, we get the
Its distances from the four sides would be given by 𝑥, equation of the sides of the square to be 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 6,
𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 & 𝑦 − 1. Using the given condition, we get 𝑦 = 5 and 𝑦 = 9 . Therefore, the coordinates of
∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 9 opposite vertices of the square are (2, 5) and (6, 9). So,
⇒ 2(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 7 = 0 the centre of the square has the coordinates
7 2+6 5+9
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 − = 0 ( , ) = (4, 7)
2 2 2
Hence, the coordinates of the centre of the circle are
(4, 7)

HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2
Q1. B Q5. C
The two diameters intersect at (8, −2) which is the Let the coordinates of the other end of the diameter be
centre of circle. The circle passes through (6, 2) (𝑡, 3 − 𝑡). Then, the coordinates of the centre will be:
∴ Radius = √(8 − 6)2 + (−2 − 2)2 = √20 = 2√5 1+𝑡 4−𝑡
ℎ= ,𝑘 =
2 2
Q2. B Eliminating 𝑡, we get:
We have radius ≤ 6 2ℎ − 1 = −2𝑘 + 4
⇒ (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)2 ≤ 36 ⇒ 𝜆2 + 𝜆2 − 14 ≤ 36 ⇒ 2(ℎ + 𝑘) = 5
⇒ 𝜆2 − 25 ≤ 0 Hence, the locus of the centre is 2(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 5
⇒ −5 ≤ 𝜆 ≤ 5
Q6. C
⇒ 𝜆 = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5
It is given that the triangle is equilateral. Thus, the
Hence, total number of integral values are 11.
centroid of the triangle is same as the circumcentre.
Q3. B 2
Also, Radius of the circumcircle = (Median)
The radius of the circle passing through (4, 5) and 3
having its centre at (2, 2) is given by 2
= (3𝑎) = 2𝑎
= √(4 − 2)2 + (5 − 2)2 = √4 + 9 = √13 3
Hence, the equation of the circumcircle whose centre
So, equation of the required circle is
2 is at (0, 0) and radius 2𝑎, is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (2𝑎)2
(𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 2)2 = (√13)
Q7. A
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 5 = 0
Hint: For such a circle, the magnitude of the 𝑥 -
Q4. B coordinate will equal that of the 𝑦-coordinate and will
The coordinates of the centre of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − also be equal to the radius of the circle.
12𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6 = 0 are (6, −2)
Detailed solution:
Clearly, the line 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 0 passes through this point.
Let the centre of the circle be (ℎ, 𝑘) and 𝑟 be its radius.
Hence, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 0 is a diameter of the given circle.
Then,
 |ℎ| = 𝑟 and |𝑘| = 𝑟 i.e. 4 + 4𝑔 + 𝑐 = 0 (i)
⇒ |ℎ| = |𝑘| ⇒ ℎ = ±𝑘 1 + 2𝑓 + 𝑐 = 0 (ii)
Hence, the locus (ℎ, 𝑘) is 𝑥 = ±𝑦 or 𝑥 ± 𝑦 = 0 and 16 + 25 + 8𝑔 + 10𝑓 + 𝑐 = 0 (iii)
The combined equation of these two lines is Solving (i), (ii) and (iii), we get the equation of the
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0 or, 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 0 circle to be 3 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 13𝑥 − 17𝑦 + 14 = 0
This passes through (0, 𝑐)
Q8. B
14
Let the equation of the required circle be ⇒ 3𝑐 2 − 17𝑐 + 14 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐 = 1,
3
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 (i)
This passes through 𝐴(1, 0) and 𝐵(0, 1). Therefore, Q11. Let 𝐿 be 𝑦 = 𝑥
1 + 2𝑔 + 𝑐 = 0 and, 1 + 2𝑓 + 𝑐 = 0 Let 𝐶 be 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑐+1 𝑐+1 Solving 𝐶 and 𝐿 together to find A and B
⇒ 𝑔 = −( ) and, 𝑓 = − ( ) ⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥(𝑥 − 1) = 0
2 2
Let 𝑟 be the radius of the circle. Then, ⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 1 ⇒ 𝑦 = 0,1
𝑟 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 Thus, the ends of the diameter are (0,0) and (1,1)
respectively. The equation of the circle in diameter
𝑐+1 2 𝑐+1 2 form is given by (𝑥 − 0)(𝑥 − 1) + (𝑦 − 0)(𝑦 − 1) = 0
⇒ 𝑟 = √( ) +( ) −𝑐
2 2 ⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
𝑐2 + 1
⇒𝑟=√
2 LEVEL 3
1
⇒ 𝑟 2 = (𝑐 2 + 1) Q12. B
2 The equation of any line through 𝑃(𝛼, β) is
Clearly, 𝑟 is minimum when 𝑐 = 0 and the minimum
𝑥−𝛼 𝑦−𝛽
1 = =𝑘 (say)
value of 𝑟 is cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
√2 Here, 𝑘 is the distance of any point on the line from
1 1
For 𝑐 = 0, we have 𝑔 = − and 𝑓 = − point 𝑃 . Any point on this line is (𝛼 + 𝑘 cos 𝜃 , 𝛽 +
2 2 𝑘 sin 𝜃). This point lies on the given circle if
Substituting the values of 𝑔, 𝑓 and 𝑐 in (𝑖), we get
(𝛼 + 𝑘 cos 𝜃)2 + (𝛽 + 𝑘 sin 𝜃)2 = 𝑟 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 as the equation of the required
⇒ 𝑘 2 + 2𝑘(𝛼 cos 𝜃 + 𝛽 cos 𝜃) + 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 − 𝑟 2 = 0
circle.
This is a quadratic in 𝑘, and will give 2 values of 𝑘 for
Q9. C 𝐴 and 𝐵 respectively, i.e. 𝑃𝐴 and 𝑃𝐵
Let 𝐴𝐵 be the chord of length √2, O be the centre of the We can directly obtain 𝑃𝐴. 𝑃𝐵 as the product of the
circle and let 𝑂𝐶 be the perpendicular from O on 𝐴𝐵. roots in the above equation, i.e. 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 − 𝑟 2
Then,
Q13. A
√2 1 The equation of the given circle is
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 = =
2 √2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 8𝑥 − 16𝑦 + 64 = 0
In ∆ 𝑂𝐵𝐶, we have Its centre is at (−4, 8) and radius = 4
1
𝑂𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶 cosec 45° = × √2 = 1 The image of this circle in the line mirror 𝑥 = 0 has its
√2 centre 𝐶1 (4, 8) and radius 4. So, its equation is
∴ Area of the circle = 𝜋(𝑂𝐵)2 (𝑥 − 4)2 + (𝑦 − 8)2 = 42
= 𝜋 s.q. units ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 16𝑦 + 64 = 0
Q10. B
Assume the equation of the circle to be

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 . Since it passes through

(2, 0), (0, 1) 𝑎 nd (4, 5) , they all should satisfy the
circle.
 𝜋
Q14. C ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 2 . Now the circle circumscribing the triangle
Hint: 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 are parallel. Compare the distance 𝑂𝐴𝐵 will have 𝐴𝐵 as a diameter and the midpoint of
between them and the radius of the circle. 𝐴𝐵 as the centre.
Detailed solution: If (ℎ, 𝑘) be the centre then ℎ = 𝑎/2, 𝑘 = 𝑏/2.
Centre of the circle is given by (−3,5) and radius is 2. Now, length of the line 𝐴𝐵 is given to be 𝑐 . Using
The given lines are parallel to each other. The Pythagoras theorem, we get
perpendicular distance between 𝐿1 and 𝐿2 is given by 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 𝑐 2
Or 4ℎ2 + 4𝑘 2 = 𝑐 2 .
(𝑝 + 3) − (𝑝 − 3) 6 36
| |= =√ <2
√13 √13 13

Perpendicular distance < radius of the circle.

Now, if 𝐿1 is a chord to the circle, 𝐿2 may or may not be
a diameter. On the other hand if 𝐿1 is a diameter of the
circle, 𝐿2 would always be a chord to the circle. So,
Statement 1 is true while Statement 2 is false.
Q15. Without loss of generality, let the 𝑥-axis and 𝑦-axis be
∴ Locus of the centre is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 2 /4 which is a
the two mutually perpendicular lines. Let 𝑐
𝐴(𝑎, 0), 𝐵(0, 𝑏) be the points on the axes. Then circle with centre at origin and radius 2.

Tangents and Chords

IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1 ∴ 𝜆2 = 25
∴ 𝜆 = ±5
Q1. We first check that the point indeed lies on the circle.
𝑆1 = 0, which confirms this. Equation of the tangent at Alternate Method:
a point (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) in general form is given by: Perpendicular distance from centre to tangent =
𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0 radius = √5
Substituting the values of 𝑔, 𝑓, 𝑐 and (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) |0 − 0 + 𝜆|
∴ Applying formula = √5
We get 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 3(𝑥 + 2) + 4(𝑦 − 4) = 0 √22 + 12
⇒ 5𝑥 = 10 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 ∴ |𝜆| = √5 × √5 = √25
Q2. Comparing with 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 ∴ 𝜆 = ±5
𝑐 = 𝜆, 𝑚 = 2 Q3. The normal passes through the centre of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
In this case: 𝑟 2 = 5 = 24 which is (0,0)
Condition of tangency is 𝑐 2 = 𝑟 2 (1 + 𝑚2 ) The given line is: 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 9 ⇒ 𝑚 = −2
∴ 𝜆2 = 5(1 + 4)
 1 This is the same as the line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0
∴ 𝑚′ = [∵ 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1]
2 Hence, comparing coefficients, we get
1 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥12 + 𝑦12
∴ Slope of normal = = = =𝜆 (Assume)
2 𝑙 𝑚 −𝑛
𝑥
⇒ The line is 𝑦 = ∴ 𝑥1 = 𝜆𝑙; 𝑦1 = 𝜆𝑚
2
And 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 = −𝑛𝜆
Q4. C ∴ 𝑙 2 𝜆2 + 𝑚2 𝜆2 = −𝑛𝜆
The line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 will not intersect the circle (𝑥 + 𝑛
∴𝜆=− 2
10)2 + (𝑦 + 10)2 = 180 if 𝑙 + 𝑚2
Length of perpendicular from the centre > radius −𝑛𝑙 −𝑚𝑛
⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑙𝜆 = 2 ; 𝑦 = 𝑚𝜆 = 2
−10 𝑚 + 10 𝑙 + 𝑚2 1 𝑙 + 𝑚2
⇒| | > √180 −𝑛𝑙 −𝑚𝑛
√𝑚2 + 1 ∴ (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = ( 2 , )
⇒ 100 (𝑚 − 1)2 > 180 (𝑚2 + 1) 𝑙 + 𝑚2 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2
⇒ 2𝑚2 + 5𝑚 + 2 < 0 ⇒ (2𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 2) < 0 Q8. B
1 1 Let the required point be 𝑅 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ). Then, 𝑃𝑄 is the
⇒ −2 < 𝑚 < − ⇒ 𝑚 ∈ (−2, − )
2 2 chord of contact of tangents drawn from 𝑅 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25. So, the equation of 𝑃𝑄 is
LEVEL 2 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 = 25
This equation and 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 represent the same
Q5. Consider the diagram line.
𝑥1 𝑦1 25
∴ = = − ⇒ 𝑥1 = −25 and 𝑦 = 50
1 −2 1
Hence, the required point is (−25, 50)
Q9. Take a general circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0.
Let a tangent be drawn from a point 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the
circle, such that it touches the circle at point 𝑀 , as
shown.
Equation of tangent is given by 𝑇 = 0
∴ 𝑥 + √3𝑦 = 4 (1)
Equation (1) i.e. the tangent cuts 𝑥-axis at (4,0)
⇒ 𝑂𝐴 = 4
Also, 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑟 = 2
By Pythagoras theorem: 𝐴𝐵 = √𝑂𝐴2 − 𝑂𝐵2
Since the tangent is perpendicular to the radius, ∆𝐶𝑃𝑀
= √16 − 4 = √12 = 2√3
1 1 is right angled at 𝑀.
Area = × 𝑂𝐵 × 𝐴𝐵 = × 2 × 2√3 = 2√3 Hence, 𝐶𝑃2 = 𝐶𝑀2 + 𝑃𝑀2
2 2
i.e. 𝑃𝑀2 = 𝐶𝑃2 − 𝐶𝑀2
Q6. A ⇒ 𝑃𝑀2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑔)2 + (𝑦1 + 𝑓)2 − (𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐)
We have, 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 or 𝑆 = 0, ⇒ 𝑃𝑀2 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐 , which is 𝑆1 .
Where 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 𝑐
Hence, 𝑃𝑀 = √𝑆1 .
If the circle does not touch or cut the axes, then
𝑔2 − 𝑐 < 0 and 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 < 0. Note: This is a very important property of tangents,
From here, we get 𝑐 > 25. and will be used in the next topic as well.
Also (1, 4) lies in the interior of the circle. Q10. D
From 𝑆1 < 0, we get 1 + 16 − 6 − 40 + 𝑐 < 0 Clearly, the centre of the circle is the point of
⇒ 𝑐 < 29 intersection of the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 9 and the normal at 𝑃
We can conclude that 25 < 𝑐 < 29 i.e. a line passing through 𝑃 and perpendicular to the
⇒ 𝑐 ∈ (25,29) tangent at 𝑃.
Q7. Let (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be the midpoint of the chord intercepted Since the slope of the tangent is 2, the slope of the
1
by 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 on the line 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 normal would be − 2
A chord bisected at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) is given by 𝑇 = 𝑆1 The equation of 𝐶𝑃 is
⇒ 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑟 2 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 − 𝑟 2 1
⇒ 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 = 𝑥12 + 𝑦12 (1) 𝑦 − 5 = − (𝑥 − 2) ⇒ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12 (i)
2

M13.2
 Solving the equation with 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 9, we obtain that Let 𝑃 be a point on the outermost circle -
the coordinates of 𝐶 are (6, 3) (𝑎 cos 𝜃 , 𝑎 sin 𝜃)
Then equation of chord of contact from ‘𝑃’ to the
middle circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑏2 is as below:
𝑎𝑥 cos 𝜃 + 𝑎𝑦 sin 𝜃 = 𝑏2 (1)
The line given by (1) touches the innermost circle
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑐2
∴ We apply condition of tangency
⇒ Radius = length of perpendicular from centre (0, 0)
to tangent
|0 + 0 − 𝑏2 |
∴ =𝑐
Now, √𝑎2 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑎 2 sin2 𝜃
Radius of the required circle = 𝐶𝑃 𝑏2
⇒ = 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑏2 = 𝑎𝑐
⇒ √(6 − 2)2 + (3 − 5)2 = √20. 𝑎
⇒ 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑐 are in GP
Hence, the equation of the required circle is
(𝑥 − 6)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 20 Q13. As 𝑥 = |𝑦| > 0
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 12𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 25 = 0 ∴ Circle lies in the 1𝑠𝑡 and 4𝑡ℎ quadrant
Now, ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 90° .
Q11. C
Thus the tangents are perpendicular to each other.
For a chord of contact to be drawn from (𝛼, 𝛼) to the
circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2 = 0 , the point (𝛼, 𝛼) Also, 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂𝐵 = √2 & 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑟
must lie outside the circle. ∴ Adjacent sets of sides are equal and the included
angle is 90°.
∴ 𝛼 2 + 𝛼 2 + 2 𝑔 𝛼 + 4𝛼 + 2 > 0
⇒ 𝛼 2 + (𝑔 + 2)𝛼 + 1 > 0
For the quadratic expression to always be positive, the
discriminant should be negative.
⇒ (𝑔 + 2)2 − 4 < 0
⇒ 𝑔2 + 4𝑔 < 0 ⇒ −4 < 𝑔 < 0 ⇒ 𝑔 ∈ (−4, 0)

LEVEL 3
Q12. The system of circles is as shown below:

Hence, the opposite angle is also 90° and the

quadrilateral is a Square.
So, 𝑟 = √2
Now, by symmetry, the circle lies on the 𝑥-axis
2 2
𝑂𝐶 = √(√2) + (√2) = 2
∴ Equation of circle is:
(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦 2 = 2
∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2 = 0

HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1 Q2. D
If the line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 − (𝑚 − 1) cuts the circle in two
Q1. Equation of chord of contact is given by: 𝑇 = 0
distinct points, then
𝑇 = 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥1 ) + 𝑓(𝑦 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐
Length of the perpendicular from the centre < Radius
𝑇 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2(𝑥 + 3) + 3(𝑦 + 2) + 8
𝑚 × 0 − 0 − (𝑚 − 1)
⇒ 𝑇 = 5𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 20 ⇒| |<2
√𝑚2 + 1
Now, 𝑇 = 0 gives us 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0
 |𝑚 − 1|
⇒ <2
√𝑚2 + 1
⇒ (𝑚 − 1)2 < 4(𝑚2 + 1)
⇒ 3𝑚2 + 2𝑚 + 3 > 0
The discriminant of this quadratic is negative, which
means the quadratic will be positive for all 𝑚 ∈ 𝑅.
Alternate Method:
The equation of the line is 𝑦 − 1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 1).
Clearly, it passes through (1, 1) which is an interior
point of the circle. So, the line cuts the circle for all 1
∴ Area of triangle = × 𝑂𝐴 × ℎ
values of 𝑚. 2
1
Q3. Let the equation of tangent to 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9 be = × 9 × 2√2
2
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 ± 𝑟√1 + 𝑚2 (1) = 9√2 sq units
Where, 𝑚 is slope of the tangent and 𝑟 is the radius of
Q5. We know that for (2,4) to be an interior point,
the given circle.
𝑆1 < 0
I. Now, as (1) is parallel to ⇒ 4 + 16 − 12 − 40 + 𝜆 < 0
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 5 = 0 ∴ −32 + 𝜆 < 0
3
⇒𝑚=− ∴ 𝜆 < 32
4 Also since intercepts don’t exist
So, from (1), equations of the tangents are
2√𝑔2 − 𝑐 and 2√𝑓 2 − 𝑐 do not take real values
3 3 2 ∴ 9 − 𝜆 < 0 and 25 − 𝜆 < 0
𝑦 = − 𝑥 ± 3√(1 + (− ) )
4 4 ∴ 𝜆 > 9 and 𝜆 > 25
⇒ 4𝑦 = −3𝑥 ± 15 ⇒ 𝜆 > 25 and 𝜆 < 32
II. Now, as (1) is perpendicular to 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 7 = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 ∈ (25,32)
3
⇒𝑚= [Using 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1] Q6. 𝑦 = √25 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑦 = 0 bound the semicircle above
2
So, from (1), equations of the tangents are 𝑥-axis with radius 5
As (𝑎, 𝑎 + 1) lies above 𝑥-axis
3 3 2 ⇒𝑎+1>0
𝑦 = 𝑥 ± 3√(1 + ( ) )
2 2 ⇒ 𝑎 > −1 (1)
⇒ 2𝑦 = 3𝑥 ± 3√13 As (𝑎, 𝑎 + 1) lies inside 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25
⇒ 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 ± 3√13 = 0 ⇒ 𝑎2 + (𝑎 + 1)2 − 25 < 0
III. Since the tangent makes an angle 600 with the ⇒ 𝑎2 + 𝑎 − 12 < 0
𝑥 −axis ⇒ (𝑎 + 4)(𝑎 − 3) < 0
∴ 𝑚 = tan 60° = √3 ⇒ 𝑎 ∈ (−4, 3) (2)
So, from (1), equations of the tangents are From (1) and (2), we get 𝑎 ∈ (−1,3)
2 Q7. In the figure above, ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 90° (given).
𝑦 = √3𝑥 ± 3√1 + (√3)
⇒ √3𝑥 − 𝑦 ± 6 = 0

LEVEL 2
Q4. Equation of tangent is
𝑇 = 0 i.e. 𝑥 + 2√2𝑦 = 9
∴ 𝐿1 ⟹ 𝑥 + 2√2𝑦 = 9;
1 𝐷(ℎ, 𝑘) is the mid-point of 𝐴𝐵
𝑚=− ∴ ∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 = ∠𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 45°
2√2
∴ Slope of normal is 2√2 𝑎 𝑎2
𝐶𝐷 = 𝑎 cos 45° = or 𝐶𝐷2 =
√2 2
∴ Equation of normal is 𝑦 = 2√2𝑥 2 2
𝑎 𝑎
𝐿1 Cuts the 𝑥-axis at (9,0) ⇒ ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 = or 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 =
2 2

M13.2
Q8. A
5 (𝑚 + 3)2
Hint: The lines are parallel. ⇒ 𝑝1 = 2 √ −
2 4(𝑚2 + 1)
Detailed solution: Equation of the two tangents are
5𝑥 − 12𝑦 + 10 = 0 and 5𝑥 − 12𝑦 − 16 = 0 And,
Clearly, these two lines are parallel. ⇒ 𝑝2 = Length of the intercept on 𝐿2
Diameter = distance between parallel lines 2

5𝑥 − 12𝑦 + 10 = 0 and 5𝑥 − 12𝑦 − 16 = 0 5 2

⇒ 𝑝2 = 2 √(√ ) − (√2)
{10 − (−16)} 26 2
⇒ 2 × Radius = | |= =2
√52 + (−12)2 13
5
⇒ Radius= 1 ⇒ 𝑝2 = 2 √ − 2 = √2
2
Q9. Equation of chord of contact is given by
Now, 𝑝1 = 𝑝2
5 (𝑚 + 3)2
⇒2√ − = √2
2 4(𝑚2 + 1)
5 (𝑚 + 3)2 1
⇒ − 2
=
2 4(𝑚 + 1) 2
(𝑚 + 3)2
⇒2=
4(𝑚2 + 1)
2
⇒ 7𝑚 − 6𝑚 − 1 = 0
𝑇 = 0 from the point (3,0) 1
𝑇 =𝑥×3+𝑦×0−4 ⇒ (𝑚 − 1)(7𝑚 + 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑚 = 1, −
7
𝑇 = 3𝑥 − 4 So, the equations of 𝐿1 are 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 7𝑦 = −𝑥
So, 𝑇 = 0
4 Q11. B
⇒𝑥= The equation of the normal at 𝑃 (2, 1) is
3
4 5 3−1
⇒ height = 3 − = 𝑦−1= (𝑥 − 2)
3 3 4−2
Intersect the line with the circle to get ⇒𝑥−𝑦−1=0
4 2
( ) + 𝑦2 = 4
3
16 20
⇒ 𝑦2 = 4 − =
9 9
2√5
⇒𝑦=±
3
4√5
Length of the chord = = base Clearly, point 𝐶 i.e. the centre of the circle is the point
3 of intersection of the lines 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0 and 2𝑥 −
1 5 4√5
Thus, the area of the triangle 𝑃𝐴𝐵 = × × 𝑦 − 2 = 0. So, its coordinates are (1, 0)
2 3 3
Also, radius = 𝐶𝑃 = √(2 − 1)2 + (1 − 0)2 = √2
10√5
= sq. units. Thus, the equation of the circle is
9 2
(𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 0)2 = (√2)
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
LEVEL 3
Q12. A
Q10. B
Let 𝑃 (𝑡, 4 − 2𝑡) be any point on the line 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4.
The centre and radius of the given circle are
The equation of the chord of contact of tangents drawn
1 3 5 from 𝑃 to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 is
( , − ) and √ respectively.
2 2 2 𝑡𝑥 + (4 − 2𝑡)𝑦 = 1
Let 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 be the equation of 𝐿1 . Then, ⇒ (4𝑦 − 1) + 𝑡(𝑥 − 2𝑦) = 0
𝑃1 = Length of intercepts on 𝐿1 Clearly, irrespective of the value of 𝑡, it always passes
2 through the point of intersection of the lines
5 𝑚+3 2 1 1
⇒ 𝑝1 = 2 √(√ ) − ( ) 4𝑦 − 1 = 0 and 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0 i. e. ( , )
2 2 4
2√𝑚2 + 1
 Systems of Circles

IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1 Q5. Comparing the two circles with the general form:
𝑔1 = −3; 𝑓1 = 2; 𝑐1 = 4
Q1. 𝑆: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 7 = 0 1
𝑆′: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 12 = 0 𝑔2 = ; 𝑓2 = 2; 𝑐2 = 1
2
Equation of common chord is: The given circles will cut each other orthogonally if
𝑆 − 𝑆′ = 0 (Coefficients of both 𝑥 2 & 𝑦 2 is 1 in both 2𝑔1 𝑔2 + 2𝑓1 𝑓2 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2
𝑆 & 𝑆′) 1
Now, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = (2 × −3 × ) + (2 × 2 × 2)
⇒ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 7) 2
−(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 12) = 0 = −3 + 8 = 5
⇒ −8𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 7𝑦 + 7 − 12 = 0 Also, 𝑅𝐻𝑆 = 4 + 1 = 5
⇒ −5𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 5 = 0 As, 𝐿𝐻𝑆 = 𝑅𝐻𝑆
⇒𝑥−𝑦+1=0 ⇒ The circles satisfy the condition of orthogonality

Q2. For the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 0 Q6. The director circle should be concentric with given
𝐶1 = (1,2) 𝑟1 = √1 + 4 = √5 circle. Thus its centre is (−3, −7)
For the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑦 − 4 = 0 Radius of director circle = √2 × radius of given circle
𝐶2 = (0,4) 𝑟2 = √16 + 4 = 2√5 = √2 × √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = √2 × √9 + 49 − 0
Now, 𝐶1 𝐶2 = √(1 − 0)2 + (2 − 4)2 = √5 = √2 × √58 = √116
⇒ 𝐶1 𝐶2 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 = √5 Thus, the director circle is given by
This suggests that the two circles touch internally. (𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 + 7)2 = 116
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 + 14𝑦 − 58 = 0
Q3. The given circles are
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 9 = 0
⇒ 𝐶1 ≡ (1,3), 𝑟1 = 1 LEVEL 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 Q7. The family of circles through the intersection of the
⇒ 𝐶2 ≡ (−3,1), 𝑟2 = 3 circle 𝑆 and line 𝐿 is:
∴ 𝐶1 𝐶2 = √(16 + 4) = 2√5 𝑆 + 𝜆𝐿 = 0
∴ 𝐶1 𝐶2 > 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 4) + 𝜆(𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4) = 0
Since the circles do not intersect with each other, four ∴ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝜆 − 2)𝑥 + (2𝜆 − 4)𝑦 + 4(1 − 𝜆) = 0
tangents (2 direct and 2 transverse) are possible. (1)
If the circle touches the line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 then its
Q4. 𝑆1 = 9 + 4 + 12 + 12 + 8 = 45
solution with 𝑥 = −2𝑦 must be unique.
(Since 𝑆1 > 0, the point is outside the circle)
Hence, the roots would be:
𝑇 2 = [3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2(𝑥 + 3) + 3(𝑦 + 2) + 8]2
(−2𝑦)2 + 𝑦 2 + (𝜆 − 2)(−2𝑦) + (2𝜆 − 4)𝑦 + 4(1 − 𝜆)
= (5𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 20)2
=0
Thus, we have
∴ 5𝑦 2 + 4(1 − 𝜆) = 0
25(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4)2 = 45(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 8)
For identical roots 𝐷 = 0
⇒ 5(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4)2 = 9(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 8)
⇒ 0 − 4(5)4(1 − 𝜆) = 0
⇒ 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 5𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 4 = 0
⇒𝜆=1
⇒ Equation (1) reduces to: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0

M13.3
Q8. The equation of the family of circles is given by: or ℎ = ±𝑟
𝑆 + 𝜆𝑆 ′ = 0
Q11. C
⇒ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 4) + 𝜆(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 −
Hint: Always check whether the point lies on the
12𝑦 + 40) = 0 (1)
director circle in such cases.
Rearranging and dividing the whole equation by 1 +
𝜆, we get Detailed solution:
2𝑥(1 + 5𝜆) 2𝑦(2 + 6𝜆) 4(10𝜆 − 1) The director circle of the given circle is
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − − + (𝑥 − 7)2 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 50
(1 + 𝜆) (1 + 𝜆) (1 + 𝜆)
=0 Clearly, (0, 0) lies on the circle. So, the required angle
𝜋
Now, 𝑟 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 = 4, or is
2
(1 + 5𝜆)2 + (2 + 6𝜆)2 − (40𝜆 − 4)(1 + 𝜆)
= 16
(1 + 𝜆)2
⇒ 5𝜆2 − 34𝜆 − 7 = 0 LEVEL 3
⇒ (𝜆 − 7)(5𝜆 + 1) = 0 Q12. A
−1 Let the point be (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
⇒ 𝜆 = 7,
5
⇒ The two possible circles are:
2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 18𝑥 − 22𝑦 + 69 = 0
and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 − 15 = 0
Q9. Let the circle be:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 (1)
Putting (4, −1) in (1),
we get
17 + 8𝑔 − 2𝑓 + 𝑐 = 0 (2)
Centre is (−𝑔, −𝑓)
If ∠𝐶𝑃𝑄 = 𝜃
−𝑔 = 2 ⇒ 𝑔 = −2
𝐶𝑄
Substituting 𝑔 = −2 in (2) ∴ tan 𝜃 = (1)
𝑃𝑄
we get:
As 𝐶𝑄 is radius of the circle
1 − 2𝑓 + 𝑐 = 0 (3)
Given circle is: and 𝐶𝑄 = √(𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐) sin 𝛼
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 5𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 4 = 0 and 𝑃𝑄 = √𝑆1 = √(𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐) cos 𝛼
Applying condition of orthogonality: So (1) becomes,
2𝑔1 𝑔2 + 2𝑓1 𝑓2 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝐶𝑄 √(𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐). sin 𝛼
5 7 tan 𝜃 = = = tan 𝛼
2 × (−2) + 2 × × 𝑓 = 𝑐 − 4 𝑃𝑄 √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐. cos 𝛼
2 2
⇒ 𝜃=𝛼
∴ −10 + 7𝑓 = 𝑐 − 4
⇒ ∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 = 2𝜃 = 2𝛼
∴ 7𝑓 − 𝑐 = 6 (4)
Solving (3) and (4), Q13. B
we get 𝑓 = 𝑐 = 1 Given, circles 𝐶 and 𝑇 touch each other externally
∴ The circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 = 0 ∴ 𝐶𝑇 = Sum of the radii
Q10. A ⇒ √(0 − 1)2 + (𝑘 − 1)2 = 1 + |𝑘|
Hint: The tangents would be perpendicular if the ⇒ 𝑘 2 − 2𝑘 + 2 = (1 + |𝑘|)2
origin was on the director circle of the given circle. ⇒ 𝑘 2 − 2𝑘 + 2 = 1 + 2|𝑘| + 𝑘 2
⇒ 2|𝑘| + 2𝑘 = 1
Detailed solution:
⇒ 4𝑘 = 1
The centre of the given circle is (𝑟, ℎ), and its radius is 1
𝑟. The director circle should have the same centre and ⇒𝑘=
4
radius √2𝑟. i.e. the equation of the director circle is 1
Radius = 𝑘 =
(𝑥 − 𝑟)2 + (𝑦 − ℎ)2 = 2𝑟 2 4
or 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑟𝑥 − 2ℎ𝑦 + ℎ2 − 𝑟 2 = 0
The origin will lie on the director circle if ℎ2 − 𝑟 2 = 0
 HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1 3 2 9 2
⇒ (ℎ + ) + (𝑘 − 3)2 = ( + 2)
2 2
Q1. B
⇒ ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 + 3ℎ − 6𝑘 − 31 = 0
𝐶1 ≡ (0,0); 𝐶2 ≡ (0,1)
Replacing (ℎ, 𝑘) with (𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑟1 = 4 & 𝑟2 = 1
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 31 = 0
𝐶1 𝐶2 = 1 and 𝑟1 − 𝑟2 = 3
Locus of the centre is a concentric circle with the given
∵ 𝐶1 𝐶2 < 𝑟1 − 𝑟2 , the 2𝑛𝑑 circle lies completely inside 13
circle and radius units
the 1𝑠𝑡 circle. Therefore, there are no common 2

tangents. Q5. D
Q2. A 𝑆 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 4 = 0
Apply 2𝑔1 𝑔2 + 2𝑓1 𝑓2 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 24𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 𝑎2 = 0
𝑔1 = 1, 𝑓1 = 𝑘, 𝑐1 = 6 & 𝑔2 = 0, 𝑓2 = 𝑘, 𝑐2 = 𝑘 𝐶1 ≡ (0, 0)
2(0) + 2𝑘 2 = 6 + 𝑘 ⇒ 2𝑘 2 − 𝑘 − 6 = 0 𝐶2 ≡ (12, 5)
⇒ (𝑘 − 2)(2𝑘 + 3) = 0 𝐶1 𝐶2 = √122 + 52 = 13
∴ 𝑘 = 2, −3/2 𝑟1 = 2
Q3. A 𝑟2 = √169 − 𝑎2
𝑎 Now, 𝐶1 𝐶2 < 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
The centres of the two circles are 𝐶1 (2 , 0) and
|𝑎|
𝐶2 (0, 0), and their radii are and 𝑐. So, the two circles
2
will touch other, if
𝐶1 𝐶2 = Sum or difference of radii
𝑎 |𝑎|
⇒ √( − 0) + (0 − 0)2 = |𝑐 ± |
2 2
|𝑎| |𝑎|
⇒ = |𝑐 ± | ⇒ 13 < 2 + √169 − 𝑎 2
2 2
⇒ 169 − 𝑎 2 > 112
|𝑎| |𝑎|
⇒𝑐± = ⇒ 𝑎2 < 48
2 2 𝑎 ∈ (−7, 7) (∵ we need integral values) (1)
|𝑎| |𝑎| |𝑎| |𝑎|
⇒𝑐− = and 𝑐 + = Now, |𝑟1 − 𝑟2 | < 𝐶1 𝐶2 (so that one doesn’t go
2 2 2 2
⇒ 𝑐 = |𝑎| or, 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝑐 = |𝑎| [∵ 𝑐 > 0] completely inside the other)
⇒ |√169 − 𝑎2 − 2| < 13

LEVEL 2 As long as the value in the square root is positive, this

inequality will always hold true.
Q4. B ⟹ 𝑎 ∈ [−13, 13] (2)
As the circle rolls on the outside of the circle, it must Intersection of (1) and (2)
touch the circle externally at all times. ⟹ 𝑎 ∈ (−7, 7)
Now, 𝑎 ∈ 𝐼
Number of integers in the set (−7, 7) is 13
Q6. I. The given equation is of the form 𝑆 + 𝜆𝐿 = 0 i.e.,
(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 8) − 2𝜆𝑦 = 0 which represents
a family of circles passing through the
intersection of 𝑆 = 0 and 𝐿 = 0 where,
𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 & 𝐿 = −2𝑦
Putting 𝑦 = 0 (from 𝐿 = 0),
So, 𝐶1 𝐶2 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
Let the centre (𝐶2 ) be (ℎ, 𝑘) we get 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 = 0
3 ⇒ (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 ∴ 𝑥 = 4, −2
Now, 𝐶1 ≡ (− , 3) Hence, the fixed points are (−2,0) and (4,0)
2
9 II. Let the tangents at 𝐴 and 𝐵 to this circle intersect
𝑟1 = [∵ 𝑟 = √𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 ] at (ℎ, 𝑘) . Now, the line segment 𝐴𝐵 (from the
2
𝑟2 = 2 secant 𝑦 = 0) is the chord of contact of the point
𝐶1 𝐶2 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 (ℎ, 𝑘) whose equation can be written as:

M13.3
 𝑥ℎ + 𝑦𝑘 − (𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝜆(𝑦 + 𝑘) − 8 = 0 Q9. B
⇒ 𝑥(ℎ − 1) + 𝑦(𝑘 − 𝜆) − (ℎ + 𝜆𝑘 + 8) = 0 Common chord= 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐴𝐿.
As this line is the same as 𝑦 = 0 , then on Since the circles cut orthogonally ∠𝐴 = 900
comparison we get: ∴ 𝐴𝐿 = 𝑟1 sin 𝜃 & 𝐴𝐿 = 𝑟2 sin(900 − 𝜃)
ℎ − 1 = 0 and ℎ + 𝜆𝑘 + 8 = 0 𝐴𝐿 𝐴𝐿
∴ sin 𝜃 = , cos 𝜃 =
∴ ℎ =1& 𝜆𝑘+9=0 (i) 𝑟1 𝑟2
But (ℎ, 𝑘) lies on 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5 = 0. Squaring and adding, we get
Substituting the values of 𝑥 & 𝑦, we get
ℎ + 2𝑘 + 5 = 0
⇒ 2𝑘 + 6 = 0
∴ 𝑘 = −3 (ii)
From (i)& (ii), we get 𝜆 = 3.
Substituting 𝜆 = 3 , the required circle of the
family is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 8 = 0. 1 1
1 = 𝐴𝐿2 ( 2 + 2 )
𝑟1 𝑟2
Q7. D 𝑟1 𝑟2
Hint: The common chord must be the diameter of the ∴ 𝐴𝐿 = & 𝐴𝐵 = 2𝐴𝐿
√𝑟12 + 𝑟22
smaller circle. 2𝑟1 𝑟2
⇒ 𝐴𝐵 =
Detailed steps: √𝑟12 + 𝑟22
Let 𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0
Q10. C
& 𝑆 ′ = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 15 = 0
To solve this question, use family of circles.
The equation of the common chord of the given circles
is: 𝑆 − 𝑆’ = 0
⇒ 4𝑥 + 4𝑦 + (𝑘 + 15) = 0 (1)
Since 𝑆 bisects the circumference of 𝑆′ , (1) is a
diameter of the circle 𝑆′. So, the centre of 𝑆′ (−1,3)
would satisfy (1).
∴ 4 × −1 + 4 × 3 + 𝑘 + 15 = 0 ⇒ 𝑘 = −23

𝑆 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
LEVEL 3 Equation of chord of contact is given by 𝑇 = 0 , where
Q8. A point is (0, 0)
𝑥+0 𝑦+0
Clearly, statement-2 is true 𝑇 = 𝑥 × 0 + 𝑦 × 0 + 2𝑔 ( ) + 2𝑓 ( )+𝑐 =0
2 2
The common chord of given circles is
⇒ 𝐿 = 𝑔𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
10𝑥 − 16 − 𝑟 2 = 0
Family of circles is given by
The common chord cannot pass through the centre of
𝑆 + 𝜆𝐿 = 0 , where 𝜆 is a parameter.
the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 , since the circle passes through
Now, this circles passes through origin
this centre, i.e. (0,0)
Substitute 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 0, we get
Hence, the common chord will be of maximum length
(1 + 𝜆)𝑐 = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = −1
if it passes through the centre of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 −
Substituting 𝜆 = −1 in family of circles, we get
10𝑥 + 16 = 0 i.e. (5, 0)
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑔𝑥 + 𝑓𝑦 = 0 which is the equation of the
∴ 50 − 16 − 𝑟 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟 2 = 34
circumcircle.
So, statement- 1 is true. Also, statement- 2 is correct
explanation for statement- 1