What is Cloud Computing?

The term “cloud computing” is a recent buzzword in the IT world. Behind this fancy poetic
phrase there lies a true picture of the future of computing for both in technical perspective and
social perspective.
Our Cloud Computing Tutorial is designed for beginner to professional who wants to learn basic
and advance concept of cloud comp
Cloud Computing Definition
Cloud Computing Definition: Cloud Computing refers to configuring, manipulating,
and accessing the software resources and hardware remotely. It offers online data storage,
infrastructure, and application.

What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing is the means of delivering all IT service from computer applications,
software, business processes, messaging and collaborations to end-users as a service whenever
and whatever they needed it.
Cloud computing is a paradigm for delivering IT where rapid provisioning is an important
characteristic for computing resources, data applications and IT.
Cloud Computing Definition: The main principle behind the cloud computing model is offering
computing, storage, and software “as a service
Cloud Computing helps us to face challenges such as:
 Decreasing the capital expense and operating expense
 Enhancing service quality
 Maintaining the desired and the right level of security, compliances, regulations and
policies across the different function of enterprises.
 Rapid provisioning, agility and business transparency for consistency self-service
delivery
Thus, Cloud Computing is a service and deployment model using a large resource pool based
provisioning of a virtual or physical resource in a service model using the internet (public cloud)
or internet (private cloud).
Cloud Computing Properties
Cloud computing properties are mentioned below:
 User centric
 Task centric
 Self-healing
 Multi-tenancy and intelligence
 Programmable
 Flexible
 User centric
This means once a user is connected to cloud any data such as image, videos, the application became his
property.
Task centric
Cloud Computing focus on what one needs and how an application can do it. Here documents are given
more priority than the applications which create them.

Self-healing
In self-healing, backup are available for every document in the cloud. Hence, if one document crashes there will be its duplicate ready to run.

Multi-tenancy and intelligence

Multi-tenancy refers to the sharing of data and cost across the large pool of users. As various data are stored in the cloud, data mining and
analysis are necessary for accessing information in an intelligent manner.

Programmable
Many processes in cloud computing shall be automated such as backing up cache data with its duplicate. Hence, programming is associated with
cloud computing.

Flexible
Flexible as a user may be different varieties and hence it has to match with their needs.

What is Cloud?
Cloud Definition: Cloud is an extension of the internet with some level of inherent discipline
and ethics. Cloud can be thought of unification of Information Technology with business
intelligence

Cloud Computing Characteristics

Some of the cloud computing characteristics are briefly explained below:

1. Self-service on demand: users are privileged to request and provisioning capabilities
bundled with service.

2. Network Access: User and server computing devices can be accessed over the network
even using mobile, tablets etc.

3. Resource Pooling: It refers to the pooling of resources across multiple datacentres.

4. Rapid Elasticity: It makes the system automatic and can provide reliable service.
Let’s go ahead in Cloud Computing Tutorial and see what are the cloud computing
advantages and disadvantages.
 Cloud Computing Advantages

Some of the cloud computing advantages are briefly explained below:

 Cost-saving
 Strategic edge
 High-speed
 Reliability
 Mobility
 Unlimited storage capacity

Cost-saving
It helps us to save capital cost as it does not need any physical hardware investment.
Strategic edge
Cloud Computing help us to access the latest applications anytime without spending a time and
money on installations.
High-speed
Cloud Computing allows us to deploy a service quickly in clicks.
Reliability
Cloud Computing we can always get instant updated about the changes.
Mobility
Employees who are working on the premises or at the remote location can easily access all the
cloud services.
Unlimited storage capacity
Cloud Computing offers limitless storage capacity.

Cloud Computing Disadvantages

Some of the cloud computing disadvantages are briefly explained below:

 Performance can vary

 Technical issue
 Security threat
 Internet connectivity
 Lack of support
Performance can vary
when we are working in a cloud environment or application is running on the server which
simultaneously provides services to other businesses that can affect the performance of our
shared resource.
Technical issue
Cloud Computing technology is always prone to outrage and other technical issues.
Security threat
Cloud server can be accessed by hackers while sharing cloud with the third party.
Internet connectivity
Good internet connection is required for cloud computing.
Lack of support
Cloud Computing companies fail to provide proper support to the customers
 A Vision of Cloud Computing

The vision of cloud computing is mentioned below:

1. Cloud Computing provides the facility to provision virtual hardware, runtime
environment and services to a person.

2. These all things can be used as long as they are needed by the user.

3. The whole collection of a computing system is transformed into a collection of utilities,

which can be provisioned and composed together to deploy systems in our later right then days
with no maintenance costs.

4. The long term vision of cloud computing is that IT services are traded as a utility in an
open market without technological and legal barrier.

5. In the future, we can imagine that it will be possible to find the solution that matches with
are requirements by simply and bring a request in a global digital market that traits with Cloud
Computing services.
6. The existence of such a market will enable the automation of discovery processes and its
integration into its existing software systems.

7. Due to the existence of a global platform for trading cloud services will also help service
provider to potentially increase their revenue.

8. Cloud provider can also become a consumer of competition service in order to fulfil its
promises to the customer.
In this Cloud Computing Tutorial, you have learned the basics topics of cloud computing which
is developed for beginners and professionals.
What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud computing enables computing infrastructure and services to be available over the Internet.
This provides many benefits to organizations, such as scalability, measured use, reduced setup
time, and many others. Cloud infrastructure may be private, public, hybrid, or community.
Cloud services are provided as an infrastructure (IaaS), a platform (PaaS), or as software (SaaS).
Migration to cloud services entails challenges and opportunities. Cloud services are built on
technologies such as Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Containers. The economic
rationale for moving to cloud services includes avoiding capital expenses and purchasing
capacity on an incremental basis.
Internet-of-Things (IoT) consists of a large number of sensors and actuators connected via the
Internet to sense and respond to their environment. IoT systems are used extensively in industrial
operations, healthcare, homes, and personal devices, amongst many others. Managing IoT
requires dealing with massive volumes and a variety of data. Designers rely on a four-layer
framework to configure and manage IoT.

Types of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing can be best understood by contrasting it with traditional organizational

computing or hosted computing. Consider which depicts a typical, traditional computing
infrastructure in an organization. The organization has some servers (perhaps a web server, a
database server, an application server, or a storage server) and some client devices (such as
laptops, desktops, tablets, or smartphones) that run applications hosted on the servers.
An organization such as this would also be connected to the Internet, from which it can access
web services such as search, email, news articles, and so on. The organization would have to
maintain this infrastructure by acquiring and maintaining the servers and the software that they
use.
Now consider which depicts an organization that is accessing servers from a provider on the
Internet. The different servers (application, database, storage, etc.) are now available via the
Internet and the organization uses client devices and an Internet connection to access these
facilities. The servers are said to be on the Cloud. The organization does have to acquire or
maintain these servers, as they are maintained by the cloud provider, and instead can focus on
using them on a leased or rental basis.
The lead case on IDOS showed how the firm relied on cloud computing to offer its services to its
clients. The clients accessed IDOS’s products via the Internet by simply logging on to the
system. IDOS maintained all the hardware and software, doing the upgrades and customizations
for their customers, transparently and without the direct involvement of their clients.
There are several differences in how computing infrastructure is both managed and accessed in
the two scenarios presented. These differences are what distinguish traditional hosted computing
from cloud computing, and point to the advantages that cloud computing has. These differences
are elaborated on below.

Advantages and Features of Cloud Computing

Hosted facilities have a certain scale or capacity. For instance, typical computing facilities will
be designed for a certain number of users (employees of the organization or customers) or for a
certain volume of processing (number of transactions to be completed per day or per hour).
When these numbers change significantly – say when a firm experiences strong demand for its
product and has to deal with a large number of customers – the organization can scale up its
facilities by buying new servers, adding more network capacity, and buying more licenses for the
software packages it uses.
This takes time and careful management, and is prone to delays and cost escalation. The word
scalability in this context refers to the ability of the IT infrastructure to address the needs of the
increased demand.
When facilities are accessed from the cloud, scalability improves considerably. The client firm
can acquire increases in infrastructure resources from the cloud provider and these can be
provisioned rapidly. In many cases, the provider can make available increased resources in a
real-time manner, based on the rate at which the demand is growing.
The main advantage for the client firm is that they do not have to acquire, install and configure
additional IT resources, and avoid the risk of delays. In this sense, cloud-based infrastructure is
more scalable than hosted infrastructure. This is evident in the IDOS case, where IDOS provides
a scalable infrastructure to its clients, where they can start with only a few accounts but can
increase according to their needs and as their business grows.
Elasticity
A concept related to scalability is elasticity. Elasticity refers to the ability of the infrastructure
services to both expand and contract depending upon the demand. In a hosted facility,
components that are acquired become assets and are permanently available for use. If not used,
the capacity utilization of these assets declines. However, in situations where demand declines,
or the firm entirely drops a line of business, to explore another, utilization of such assets may
decline.
A cloud-based infrastructure permits a reduction in resources, where specific resource
parameters, such as the amount of CPU processing available, the amount of storage, and the
number of licenses for software can be reduced as demand declines. This usually involves
informing the cloud provider about the reduced requirements and switching them off.
Measured Use
Measurement of the use of IT infrastructure services remains a challenge. Hosted services are
typically assembled with components acquired from many vendors and may belong to different
manufacturers and brands. When in use it is difficult to monitor their usage comprehensively and
ascertain exactly how much each asset is being used.
Cloud services, on the other hand, are measured accurately and their design includes meticulous
and thorough measurement of all services. A cloud provider can provide detailed reports to
clients about the extent of use of resources along parameters such as the CPU utilization in
cycles per unit time, the memory usage in unit time, the data usage for read or write in bits per
unit time, and so on. These measures provide a very accurate picture to the management about
the extent of use or under-utilization of resources. These parameters help with determining
whether scaling up or down is required.
Usage-based Pricing
Related to the facilities of scalability and measured use is the facility of usage-based pricing.
Cloud services are priced in different ways, including several users, the number of resources
used, and the amount of storage used, amongst others. The main issue is that the price can be set
according to the usage and needs of the client.
When hosted infrastructure is used, the cost is based on the capital expenses required to build the
infrastructure. The expenses are usually incurred over some time, possibly years, and they are
usually depreciated over usage. The final cost of using the infrastructure is therefore difficult to
estimate and is an approximate amount that is allocated as an overhead to different departments
that use them.
Cloud-based infrastructure permits direct measurement of costs owing to the usage-based pricing
models. Individual users or entire departments can know quite accurately how much computing
resources they have consumed and how much they have been billed for the same. They can, thus,
have an accurate estimate of the costs of computing they have incurred.
Managed Services
A key issue with a hosted infrastructure is that it has to be managed by the organization that has
invested in the assets. The organization has to hire systems personnel who design, install and
manage the infrastructure. Even if the services are outsourced to a vendor, the organization has
to maintain a set of personnel who oversee and manage the vendor.
The situation changes significantly with cloud-based infrastructure, as the entire responsibility of
building, maintaining, and upgrading the systems is with the provider and is transparent to the
client. Cloud providers upgrade hardware and software on their facilities, without involving their
clients.
Clients then have access to the latest and upgraded facilities without having to build them
themselves. IDOS, for example, maintains the hardware, software, and networking services that
it provides to its customers; the customers do not worry about fixing bugs, upgrading, or
maintaining this infrastructure, which saves them the overhead costs and effort associated with
the maintenance tasks.
Service Levels
Service levels specify the quality of the facilities available to users. Service levels may specify,
for instance, the duration of time an infrastructure service has to be available without interruption
or the speed or response level of a service over some time. Hosted infrastructure is set up with
certain service levels, as determined by the current and forecasted demand on the system. Once
installed, these levels are difficult to change or modify, as this would require changing
infrastructure components or tweaking their performance levels.
On cloud infrastructure, service levels can be specified and changed as required. This property is
related to the scalability and elasticity of cloud facilities. When higher service levels are
required, providers can provision this, usually at a higher price. When service levels do not have
to be very high, these can be reduced, with consequent lower prices for services.
Ubiquitous Access
One of the significant advantages of cloud computing is ‘anytime-anywhere’ access. Since the
facilities are located on servers accessible through the web, they can be accessed by clients from
anywhere, either within or outside the campus of the client’s organization.
Typically, large cloud providers set up servers across many geographic locations to address the
issues of latency, or delay, that may appear in web access. If employees of an organization are
traveling in different countries, they can access their IT services through their web browser
wherever they have an Internet connection.
When infrastructure is hosted within the premises of an organization, it is difficult to access these
services from outside for several reasons – the organization may not have created facilities for
outside access, for security reasons; the servers may not be capable of being accessed from
anywhere on the globe owing to their specific location; and the organization may not have the
bandwidth required to enable outside access to its servers from anywhere. These challenges are
overcome by using cloud computing.
For example, IDOS’s business model was based on the property of ubiquitous access, where
their product could be accessed from anywhere in the world, wherever their clients needed it.
Also, this property let them offer their product in many different countries, with the provision
that their users could access it from anywhere also.
Heterogeneity
For many large organizations, their hosted infrastructure was usually built up over time, with
additions being made as the need arose and also as capital was available. This invariably resulted
in many different components of the infrastructure that were based on different software and
hardware – with varying operating systems, databases, memory components, CPUs, and CPU
racks. Such infrastructures are referred to as heterogeneous systems, owing to their having a
wide variety of components.
Heterogeneous systems are difficult to manage as they need a variety of different components
and different standards by which they can be upgraded or maintained. Often, the required
upgrades or replacement parts are not available as the firm that made them may have stopped
doing so. Cloud infrastructure overcomes the problem of heterogeneity and upgradation
problems for client organizations as they do not have to manage their infrastructure – they rely
on the cloud provider to do the needful.
Cloud-based infrastructure can also be heterogeneous, though, with different operating systems
and different types of hardware used to do the computing. However, the main advantage of cloud
services is that heterogeneous systems can be managed easily. Through the method of
virtualization, the disparate components can be viewed and managed through a single interface.
Different components can be grown or enhanced according to the need of the cloud provider.
Reduced Setup Time
For hosted infrastructure, the time to set up a server or a network is significant, as it requires
purchasing and installing physical components. Purchasing expensive hardware in many
organizations often takes a long time as it requires floating request-for-proposals, evaluating
bids, selecting vendors, and then going through with the payment and purchase. Installation too
may take a lot of time if civil works, that is, construction of rooms or facilities, is involved.
Cloud services overcome all this, as there is no need to purchase hardware or do civil work.
Cloud services are obtained over the Internet and a good Internet connection is all that is
required.
For example, obtaining an account from a cloud product provider, such as IDOS, takes very little
time as only client software has to be downloaded on a local computer and an account has to be
created. This reduced setup time is a very valuable feature for firms that are starting up their
business and need to act quickly to get their computing services functioning and ready. Cloud
providers such as Microsoft Azure, or Amazon Web Services, have made it very easy to set up a
cloud service, within minutes in some cases, and start using it.
Resource Pooling
One of the key features of cloud infrastructures is resource pooling or sharing of computing
resources. The idea is that a cloud infrastructure is created with hundred, possibly thousands, of
CPUs and memory devices that are linked together. Using virtualization, and other methods, it is
possible to provide only a tiny slice of computing resources to any one client, and similarly to
other clients.
The idea of pooling is that the slice of computing resources is not permanently dedicated to the
client and can be made available, on-demand, to other users when the client is not using the
resource to its maximum capacity. For example, if IDOS provides 4 GB of memory to a
particular client, and the client is using only 10% of it at any time, the IDOS’s servers can
provide the spare memory to another client that needs it, temporarily. Resources of the services
are thus seen to be in a pool that can be provided to clients as needed.

Challenges of Cloud Computing And IoT

Cloud computing and IoT present immense opportunities for innovation in products and services.
However, they also present challenges for the manager. Some of these management challenges
are highlighted below:
Security
Since its inception, cloud computing has always been questioned about security. Those adopting
cloud services were doubtful about the security of their organizational and personal data being
hosted on servers, not within their control. Cloud service providers assured their clients of
security, and also drew up contracts and warranties to assuring the protection of their data. As
cloud services grew and the market matured, security practices also matured and the risk for
clients also reduced.
For IoT, too, security is a concern. IoT devices and gateways remain points of entry, if
unprotected, for malicious software to be inserted into the organization. There are instances
where IoT devices have been compromised to disrupt industrial processes for competitive
reasons and also as acts of warfare. In some cases, monitoring IoT devices is undertaken as a
form of industrial espionage. Managers of IoT systems have to ensure that devices at the device
and network layers remain secure.
Privacy
Privacy and surveillance are the other issues that have grown with the use of cloud computing
and IoT. Devices that monitor individual parameters, for healthcare or fitness, invariably store
data on cloud servers. This data is mined for insights on how the product and services can be
enhanced and for the design of new products. Privacy becomes an issue in such cases where
explicit consent has not been sought for such analysis, and also where the data is used for
purposes beyond what was specified in contracts with users.
Privacy and surveillance issues also crop up in industrial IoT where worker performance is
monitored along with machine performance. Managers will have access to a host of data on
minute aspects of work that may violate applicable privacy laws. The challenge for managers is
to ensure transparency and inform both employees and clients about potential privacy breaches
and the possibility of surveillance. Contractual obligations regarding data protection have to be
maintained also.
Internet Access
A major concern for many areas and regions is access to the Internet. This is especially true for
developing countries, like India, where, outside of urban areas, Internet access through wired or
wireless means is unreliable. This presents a severe challenge for cloud-based services and for
the continued functioning of IoT systems that are installed in these regions. Managers have to
ensure reliable connectivity through redundant access and backup systems.

Types of Cloud Infrastructure

Cloud services are offered over different types of infrastructure:
Private Cloud
A private cloud is a cloud infrastructure that is created for a single client. This client is usually
one organization that wants the cloud infrastructure for its private use, while at the same time
being able to draw on the facilities of a cloud. Such a cloud infrastructure may be built on the
physical premises of the client; in fact, the client may own the entire infrastructure. In such a
situation, the cloud is no different from a classic hosted setup of servers.
Typically, a private cloud will consist of servers that are rendered as a clou d through
virtualization software. When connected to the organization through a network infrastructure the
cloud is available to all users. Such a cloud can be built with commodity hardware at a low cost.
The drawback in such a private cloud is that the organization has to both build and maintain the
cloud, thus losing the facility of having someone else manage and upgrade the infrastructure. The
advantage is that of security: since only one organization is using the cloud and the physical
server racks are also present on the premises of the organization, it can ensure that access and
data are secured.
A private cloud can also be hosted at a remote site. Here the client .organisation can employ a
cloud provider that creates the cloud infrastructure for the client and also maintains it. Security
can be assured by the provider by physically separating the servers and dedicating them for use
only by the client.
Sometimes the provider may keep the client’s servers in a separate cage or cell in a server farm,
with its Internet cables and its power backup facilities. This arrangement has the advantage for
the client of having a private cloud that can be adequately secured, and also not have to manage
it.
Though advantageous in terms of security, a private cloud also lacks some of the core advantages
of cloud facilities in general. A private cloud does not permit sharing or pooling of resources,
which limits the scale and on-demand advantages of cloud infrastructure.
Public Cloud
A public cloud is a truly shared facility that allows multiple clients to use the resources provided.
A typical public cloud infrastructure is created by a provider who sets up a large infrastructure of
connected servers that runs virtualization software. Different clients are then given space,
computing power, and bandwidth according to their needs, although there is no specific
hardware specifically assigned to any particular client. In this sense, a public cloud is the closest
to the definition of a cloud infrastructure.
Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform are all examples of
public cloud services. Each provider enables several services and cloud products that are made
available to users, with different pricing and features.
Hybrid Cloud
A hybrid cloud is a combination of private and public cloud options. It was created to manage
the problem of cloud ‘bursts’ with private clouds. When a private cloud runs out of computing
capacity, for instance, it runs out of memory or computing power, this is known as a ‘burst’, and
memory is provided in real-time from a public cloud. The software that manages the cloud
responds to bursts by provisioning extra resources from the public cloud as required.
Community Cloud
A community cloud is a shared computing infrastructure that may be set up as a private, public,
or hybrid cloud, with the caveat that it is used by a specified community of users, such as
hospitals or banks, that have common needs in terms of specifications. For instance, a
community cloud for banks may have special security and authentication software that is

Cloud Computing Architecture

As we know, cloud computing technology is used by both small and large organizations to store
the information in cloud and access it from anywhere at anytime using the internet connection.

Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented architecture and event-

driven architecture.
Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -

o Front End
o Back End

The below diagram shows the architecture of cloud computing

Front End

The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and applications that are
required to access the cloud computing platforms. The front end includes web servers (including
Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and mobile devices.

Back End

The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that are required to
provide cloud computing services. It includes a huge amount of data storage, security
mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers, traffic control mechanisms, etc.
Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

There are the following components of cloud computing architecture -

1. Client Infrastructure

Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It provides GUI (Graphical User Interface) to
interact with the cloud.

2. Application

The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.

3. Service

A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access according to the client’s
requirement.

Cloud computing offers the following three type of services:

i. Software as a Service (SaaS) – It is also known as cloud application services. Mostly, SaaS
applications run directly through the web browser means we do not require to download and
install these applications. Some important example of SaaS is given below –

Example: Google Apps, Salesforce Dropbox, Slack, Hubspot, Cisco WebEx.

ii. Platform as a Service (PaaS) – It is also known as cloud platform services. It is quite
similar to SaaS, but the difference is that PaaS provides a platform for software creation, but
using SaaS, we can access software over the internet without the need of any platform.

Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce Cloud, OpenShift.

iii. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – It is also known as cloud infrastructure services. It is

responsible for managing applications data, middleware, and runtime environments.

Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Cisco Metapod.

4. Runtime Cloud

Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual machines.

5. Storage

Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It provides a huge amount
of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data.
6. Infrastructure

It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level. Cloud infrastructure
includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage, network devices,
virtualization software, and other storage resources that are needed to support the cloud
computing model.

7. Management

Management is used to manage components such as application, service, runtime cloud, storage,
infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend and establish coordination between them.

8. Security

Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It implements a security

mechanism in the back end.

9. Internet

The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact and communicate
with each other.

Cloud computing is Internet-based computing in which a shared pool of resources is available

over broad network access, these resources can be provisioned or released with minimum
management efforts and service-provider interaction.

Types of Cloud
1. Public cloud
2. Private cloud
3. Hybrid cloud
4. Community cloud
5. Multicloud

Public Cloud
Public clouds are managed by third parties which provide cloud services over the internet to
the public, these services are available as pay-as-you-go billing models.
They offer solutions for minimizing IT infrastructure costs and become a good option for
handling peak loads on the local infrastructure. Public clouds are the go-to option for small
enterprises, which can start their businesses without large upfront investments by completely
relying on public infrastructure for their IT needs.
The fundamental characteristics of public clouds are multitenancy. A public cloud is meant to
serve multiple users, not a single customer. A user requires a virtual computing environment
that is separated, and most likely isolated, from other users.
 Public cloud

Advantages of using a Public cloud are:

1. High Scalability
2. Cost Reduction
3. Reliability and flexibility
4. Disaster Recovery

Disadvantages of using a Public cloud are:

1. Loss of control over data
2. Data security and privacy
3. Limited Visibility
4. Unpredictable cost

Private cloud
Private clouds are distributed systems that work on private infrastructure and provide the users
with dynamic provisioning of computing resources. Instead of a pay-as-you-go model in
private clouds, there could be other schemes that manage the usage of the cloud and
proportionally billing of the different departments or sections of an enterprise. Private cloud
providers are HP Data Centers, Ubuntu, Elastic-Private cloud, Microsoft, etc.
 Private Cloud

The advantages of using a private cloud are as follows:

1. Customer information protection: In the private cloud security concerns are less
since customer data and other sensitive information do not flow out of private infrastructure.
2. Infrastructure ensuring SLAs: Private cloud provides specific operations such as
appropriate clustering, data replication, system monitoring, and maintenance, disaster
recovery, and other uptime services.
3. Compliance with standard procedures and operations: Specific procedures have to
be put in place when deploying and executing applications according to third-party
compliance standards. This is not possible in the case of the public cloud.

Disadvantages of using a private cloud are:

1. The restricted area of operations: Private cloud is accessible within a particular area.
So the area of accessibility is restricted.
2. Expertise requires: In the private cloud security concerns are less since customer data
and other sensitive information do not flow out of private infrastructure. Hence skilled
people are required to manage & operate cloud services.

Hybrid cloud:
A hybrid cloud is a heterogeneous distributed system formed by combining facilities of the
public cloud and private cloud. For this reason, they are also called heterogeneous clouds.
A major drawback of private deployments is the inability to scale on-demand and efficiently
address peak loads. Here public clouds are needed. Hence, a hybrid cloud takes advantage of
both public and private clouds.
 Hybrid Cloud

Advantages of using a Hybrid cloud are:

1) Cost: Available at a cheap cost than other clouds because it is formed by a distributed
system.
2) Speed: It is efficiently fast with lower cost, It reduces the latency of the data transfer
process.
3) Security: Most important thing is security. A hybrid cloud is totally safe and secure because
it works on the distributed system network.

Disadvantages of using a Hybrid cloud are:

1. It’s possible that businesses lack the internal knowledge necessary to create such a
hybrid environment. Managing security may also be more challenging. Different access
levels and security considerations may apply in each environment.
2. Managing a hybrid cloud may be more difficult. With all of the alternatives and choices
available today, not to mention the new PaaS components and technologies that will be
released every day going forward, public cloud and migration to public cloud are already
complicated enough. It could just feel like a step too far to include hybrid.

Community cloud:
Community clouds are distributed systems created by integrating the services of different
clouds to address the specific needs of an industry, a community, or a business sector. But
sharing responsibilities among the organizations is difficult.
In the community cloud, the infrastructure is shared between organizations that have shared
concerns or tasks. An organization or a third party may manage the cloud.

Community Cloud

Advantages of using Community cloud are:

1. Because the entire cloud is shared by numerous enterprises or a community, community

clouds are cost-effective.
2. Because it works with every user, the community cloud is adaptable and scalable. Users
can alter the documents according to their needs and requirements.
3. Public cloud is less secure than the community cloud, which is more secure than private
cloud.
4. Thanks to community clouds, we may share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other
capabilities between different enterprises.

Disadvantages of using Community cloud are:

1. Not all businesses should choose community cloud.
2. gradual adoption of data
3. It’s challenging for corporations to share duties.

Sectors that use community clouds are:

1. Media industry: Media companies are looking for quick, simple, low-cost ways for
increasing the efficiency of content generation. Most media productions involve an extended
ecosystem of partners. In particular, the creation of digital content is the outcome of a
collaborative process that includes the movement of large data, massive compute-intensive
rendering tasks, and complex workflow executions.
2. Healthcare industry: In the healthcare industry community clouds are used to share
information and knowledge on the global level with sensitive data in the private infrastructure.
3. Energy and core industry: In these sectors, the community cloud is used to cluster a set of
solution which collectively addresses the management, deployment, and orchestration of
services and operations.
4. Scientific research: In this organization with common interests in science share a large
distributed infrastructure for scientific computing.

Multicloud

Multicloud is the use of multiple cloud computing services from different providers, which
allows organizations to use the best-suited services for their specific needs and avoid vendor
lock-in.
This allows organizations to take advantage of the different features and capabilities offered by
different cloud providers.
Advantages of using multi-cloud:
1. Flexibility: Using multiple cloud providers allows organizations to choose the best -
suited services for their specific needs, and avoid vendor lock -in.
2. Cost-effectiveness: Organizations can take advantage of the cost savings and pricing
benefits offered by different cloud providers for different services.
3. Improved performance: By distributing workloads across multiple cloud providers,
organizations can improve the performance and availability of their applications and
services.
4. Increased security: Organizations can increase the security of their data and
applications by spreading them across multiple cloud providers and implementing different
security strategies for each.

Disadvantages of using multi-cloud:

1. Complexity: Managing multiple cloud providers and services can be complex and
require specialized knowledge and expertise.
2. Increased costs: The cost of managing multiple cloud providers and services can be
higher than using a single provider.
3. Compatibility issues: Different cloud providers may use different technologies and
standards, which can cause compatibility issues and require additional resources to resolve.
4. Limited interoperability: Different cloud providers may not be able to interoperate
seamlessly, which can limit the ability to move data and applications between them.

Issues in Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing is a new name for an old concept. The delivery of computing services from a
remote location. Cloud Computing is Internet-based computing, where shared resources,
software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand.

These are major issues in Cloud Computing:

1. Privacy: The user data can be accessed by the host company with or without permission. The
service provider may access the data that is on the cloud at any point in time. They could
accidentally or deliberately alter or even delete information.
2. Compliance: There are many regulations in places related to data and hosting. To comply
with regulations (Federal Information Security Management Act, Health Insurance Portability
and Accountability Act, etc.) the user may have to adopt deployment modes that are expensive.
3. Security: Cloud-based services involve third-party for storage and security. Can one assume
that a cloud-based company will protect and secure one’s data if one is using their services at a
very low or for free? They may share users’ information with others. Security presents a real
threat to the cloud.
4. Sustainability: This issue refers to minimizing the effect of cloud computing on the
environment. Citing the server’s effects on the environmental effects of cloud computing, in
areas where climate favors natural cooling and renewable electricity is readily available, the
countries with favorable conditions, such as Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland are trying to
attract cloud computing data centers. But other than nature’s favors, would these countries have
enough technical infrastructure to sustain the high-end clouds?
5. Abuse: While providing cloud services, it should be ascertained that the client is not
purchasing the services of cloud computing for a nefarious purpose. In 2009, a banking Trojan
illegally used the popular Amazon service as a command and control channel that issued
software updates and malicious instructions to PCs that were infected by the malware So the
hosting companies and the servers should have proper measures to address these issues.

6, Higher Cost: If you want to use cloud services uninterruptedly then you need to have a
powerful network with higher bandwidth than ordinary internet networks, and also if your
organization is broad and large so ordinary cloud service subscription won’t suit your
organization. Otherwise, you might face hassle in utilizing an ordinary cloud service while
working on complex projects and applications. This is a major problem before small
organizations, that restricts them from diving into cloud technology for their business.
7. Recovery of lost data in contingency: Before subscribing any cloud service provider goes
through all norms and documentations and check whether their services match your requirements
and sufficient well-maintained resource infrastructure with proper upkeeping. Once you
subscribed to the service you almost hand over your data into the hands of a third party. If you
are able to choose proper cloud service then in the future you don’t need to worry about the
recovery of lost data in any contingency.
8. Upkeeping(management) of Cloud: Maintaining a cloud is a herculin task because a cloud
architecture contains a large resources infrastructure and other challenges and risks as well, user
satisfaction, etc. As users usually pay for how much they have consumed the resources. So,
sometimes it becomes hard to decide how much should be charged in case the user wants
scalability and extend the services.
9. Lack of resources/skilled expertise: One of the major issues that companies and enterprises
are going through today is the lack of resources and skilled employees. Every second
organization is seeming interested or has already been moved to cloud services. That’s why the
workload in the cloud is increasing so the cloud service hosting companies need continuous rapid
advancement. Due to these factors, organizations are having a tough time keeping up to date with
the tools. As new tools and technologies are emerging every day so more skilled/trained
employees need to grow. These challenges can only be minimized through additional training of
IT and development staff.
10. Pay-per-use service charges: Cloud computing services are on-demand services a user can
extend or compress the volume of the resource as per needs. so you paid for how much you have
consumed the resources. It is difficult to define a certain pre-defined cost for a particular quantity
of services. Such types of ups and downs and price variations make the implementation of cloud
computing very difficult and intricate. It is not easy for a firm’s owner to study consistent
demand and fluctuations with the seasons and various events. So it is hard to build a budget for a
service that could consume several months of the budget in a few days of heavy