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Partial Fractions

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13 views10 pages

Partial Fractions

Uploaded by

thomasshindoma
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Learning outcomes Partial Fractions

Partial Fractions

Frans Nghinaundiyele Ndinodiva

Namibia University of Science and Technology

June 10, 2020

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Partial Fractions
Learning outcomes Partial Fractions

Outline

1 Learning outcomes

2 Partial Fractions
Examples

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Partial Fractions
Learning outcomes Partial Fractions

Learning outcomes

By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:


f (x)
decompose g (x) , where g (x) has only non-repeated linear factors,
f (x)
decompose g (x) , where g (x) has repeated linear factors,
decompose gf (x)
(x) , where g (x) has a non-repeated irreducible
quadratic factor,
f (x)
decompose g (x) , where g (x) has a repeated irreducible quadratic
factor.

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Partial Fractions
Learning outcomes Partial Fractions

This technique involves the decomposition of a rational function into the


sum of two or more simpler rational functions. We will consider rational
functions (quotients of polynomials) in which the numerator has a lower
degree than the denominator. If this condition is not meet, we first carry
out long division process, dividing the denominator into the numerator,
until we reduce the problem to an equivalent one involving a fraction in
which the numerator has a lower degree than the denominator.
To express gf (x)
(x) into a sum of partial fraction: Factorise the denominator
and use one of the following rules,
Each linear factor of the denominator has partial fraction of the
A
form: ax+b i.e.
f (x) A B
= +
(ax + b)(cx + d) ax + b cx + d
Each repeated linear factor of the denominator has partial fraction of
the form:
f (x) A1 A2 A3 An
n
= + 2
+ 3
+ ... +
(ax + b) ax + b (ax + b) (ax + b) (ax + b)n
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Partial Fractions
Learning outcomes Partial Fractions

Each quadratic factor of the denominator has partial fraction of the


form: axAx+B
2 +bx+c i.e.

f (x) Ax + B Mx + N
= 2 + 2
(ax 2 + bx + c)(px 2 + qx + r ) ax + bx + c px + qx + r

Each repeated quadratic factor of the denominator has partial


fraction of the form:
f (x) A1 x + B1 A2 x + B2 An x + Bn
= 2 + +...+
(ax 2 + bx + c)n ax + bx + c (ax 2 + bx + c)2 (ax 2 + bx + c)n

Resolve each of the following into partial fractions:


3x+11
a) x 2 −x−6
x 2 −29x+5
b) (x−4)2 (x 2 +3)
x 4 −5x 3 +6x 2 −18
c) x 3 −3x 2

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Partial Fractions
Learning outcomes Partial Fractions

Solutions
a)

3x+11 4 1
Therefore, x 2 −x−6 = x−4 − x+2
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Partial Fractions
Learning outcomes Partial Fractions

Solutions
b)

x 2 −29x+5 1 5 2−x
Therefore, (x−4)2 (x 2 +3) = x−4 − (x−4)2 + x 2 +3
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Partial Fractions
Learning outcomes Partial Fractions

Solutions
c)

now, we need to get the general form of the partial fractions for the
second expression,
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Partial Fractions
Learning outcomes Partial Fractions

Therefore,

x 4 − 5x 3 + 6x 2 − 18 2 6 2
=x −2+ + 2 −
x 3 − 3x 2 x x x −3
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Partial Fractions
Learning outcomes Partial Fractions

Exercise

Resolve each of the following into partial fractions:


x
a) (x+2)(x+1)
2x
b) (x+1)(x 2 −x−2)
x3
c) x 4 −4
8x 2 −12
d) x 3 +2x 2 −6x
x 2 −2
e) x−2(x+1)3

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Partial Fractions

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