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2.2 - Transport Layer

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14 views18 pages

2.2 - Transport Layer

Uploaded by

Jaat Sachit
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Selected Topics In Computer Engineering-II

COO4470

Unit - II
TCP/IP Model
 Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol

SMTP, FTP, SNMP, …..

TCP, UDP, SCTP

IP, ICMP, IGMP


Transport Layer Services
 Services provided by the transport layer:
 Process to process communication
 Encapsulation and Decapsulation
 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
 Flow control
 Error control
 Congestion control
 Connectionless and connection-oriented services
Transport layer protocols
 TCP/IP protocol suite specifies two protocols for the transport layer originally: UDP
(User Datagram protocol) and TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
 Figure: UDP in the TCP/IP protocol suite
UDP
 UDP is located between the application layer and the IP layer
 It serves as the intermediary between the application programs and the
network operations
 UDP uses port numbers to accomplish a process-to-process communication
 UDP does not provide any flow control mechanism and there is no
acknowledgment for received packets
 UDP, however, does provide error control to some extent by means of
checksum
 If UDP detects an error in the received packet, it silently drops it
 UDP is a connectionless, unreliable transport protocol

Disadvantage, so why use it?


User Datagram
 UDP packets are called User Datagrams
 Figure: User datagram format
User Datagram
 Source port number
 port number used by the process running on the source host.
 It is 16 bits long, can range from 0 to 65,535
 If the source host is the client (a client sending a request), the port number is an
ephemeral port number
 If the source host is the server, the port number is a well-known port number
 Destination port number
 port number used by the process running on the destination host
 It is also 16 bits long
 If the destination host is the server, the port number is a well-known port number
 If the destination host is the client, the port number is an ephemeral port number
User Datagram
 Length
 a 16-bit field that defines the total length of the user datagram, header plus
data.
 The 16 bits can define a total length of 0 to 65,535 bytes
 Checksum
 This field is used to detect errors over the entire user datagram (header plus
data)
 Example:
 The following is a dump of a UDP header in hexadecimal format.
 CB84000D001C001C

 Identify the following:


 source port number, destination port number
 total length of the user datagram, length of the data
 Is the packet directed from a client to a server or vice versa
User Datagram
 Table: Well-known Ports used with UDP
UDP Services
 Process-to-Process Communication – using sockets
 Connectionless Services
 Each user datagram sent by UDP is an independent datagram
 no relationship between the different user datagrams even if they are coming
from the same source process and going to the same destination program
 The user datagrams are not numbered
 each user datagram can travel on a different path
 Disadvantage: the process that uses UDP cannot send a stream of data
 Flow Control
 There is no flow control
 the process using UDP should provide for this service, if needed
 Error Control
 no error control mechanism in UDP except for the checksum
 When the receiver detects an error through the checksum, the user datagram is
silently discarded
UDP Services
 Congestion Control
 UDP does not provide congestion control as it is a connectionless protocol
 Encapsulation and Decapsulation
UDP Services
 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
 Several processes may want to use the services of UDP
 To handle this situation, UDP multiplexes and demultiplexes
UDP Checksum
 The checksum includes three sections: a pseudoheader, the UDP header,
and the data coming from the application layer
TCP
 TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol
 It provides a connection oriented service
 Services:
 Process-to-Process Communication
 Stream Delivery Service
 Sending and Receiving Buffers 

 Full-Duplex Communication
 Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
 Connection-Oriented Service
 Reliable Service – through acknowledgement
 Flow Control
 Error Control
 Congestion Control
TCP
 Connection-Oriented Service:
 The two TCPs establish a virtual connection between them
 Data are exchanged in both directions
 The connection is terminated

 Connection Establishment
 Using Three-Way Handshaking
TCP
 Data Transfer
TCP
 Connection Termination
 Using Three-Way
Handshaking
TCP
 TCP Segment

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