A Major Project Phase-II Report

On

"AUTOMATED AEROPONICS SYSTEM FOR

INDOOR FARMING USING ESP32"

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BY

M. SURYA SAKETH (1608-20-735-052)

V. DEVENDAR (1608-20-735-068)
G. VIVEK (1608-20-735-087)

Under the guidance of

Dr. N. SHRIBALA
M.Tech, Ph.D.
Associate Professor

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

MATRUSRI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
(Sponsored by Matrusri Education Society, Estd1980)
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to Osmania University)
#16-1-486, Saidabad, Hyderabad, Telangana-500 059
www.matrusri.edu.in
2023-2024
 Matrusri Engineering College
(An Autonomous Institution)
(Sponsored by: MATRUSRI EDUCATION SOCIETY, Estd: 1980
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to Osmania University)
email: [email protected] web site: www.matrusri.edu.in Ph: 040-24072764
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Date: 04/06/2024

Certificate
This is to certify that the Major Project Phase-II report entitled
“AUTOMATED AEROPONICS SYSTEM FOR INDOOR FARMING USING
ESP32” being submitted by Mr. M. SURYA SAKETH (1608-20- 735-052), Mr. V.
DEVENDAR (1608-20-735-068) and Mr. G. VIVEK (1608-20-735-087) partial
fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and
Communication Engineering of the Osmania University, Hyderabad, during 2023-24, is
a record of bonafide work carried out under our guidance and supervision.

Major Project Phase-II Coordinators Name of the guide

Dr. K. KOTESWARA RAO Dr. N. SHRIBALA
Dr. N. SHRIBALA Associate Professor

Dr. N. Srinivasa Rao

HOD-ECE

I
 DECLARATION
This is to declare that the work submitted in the present project work
report titled “AUTOMATED AEROPONICS SYSTEM FOR INDOOR
FARMING USING ESP32” is a record of bonafide work done by us in the
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Matrusri Engineering College,
Saidabad, Hyderabad.
No part of the report is copied from books, journals, or the internet, and
wherever the subject content is taken, the same has been duly referred to in the text.
The report generated is based on the project work carried out entirely by us and not
copied from any other source.

Mr. M. SURYA SAKETH (1608-20-735-052)

Mr. V. DEVENDAR (1608-20-735-068)

Mr. GADDHI VIVEK (1608-20-735-087)

Place: Hyderabad,
Date: 04/06/2024

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to take this opportunity to place it on the record, that this project
would never have taken shape but for the cooperation extended to us by certain
individuals. Though this is not possible to name all of them, it would be pardonable on
us part if we don’t mention some of the very important persons. Sincerely we
acknowledge our deep sense of gratitude to the project guide, Dr. N. SHRIBALA,
Associate Professor for her constant encouragement, help, and valuable suggestions. we
wish to thank her for her constant motivation and help throughout the project.
We would like to express our deep gratitude to the Head of Department Dr. N.
SRINIVASA RAO and Project Coordinators Dr. K. KOTESWARA RAO & Dr. N.
SHRIBALA for their timely cooperation while carrying out the project. Their
friendliness made us feel free and learn more from them.
Last but not least we would thank all those people associated directly or indirectly
with the project.

Mr. M. SURYA SAKETH(1608-20-735-052)

Mr. V. DEVENDAR (1608-20-735-068)
Mr. G. VIVEK (1608-20-735-087)

III
 ABSTRACT
This project approaches an effusively indoor cultivation system based on the
modern farming concept called aeroponics, in a controlled environment using ESP32
microcontroller and different parameter measuring sensors. Aeroponics is the modern
agricultural conception in which plants are grown without soil using a nutrient
solution sprayed in the roots and is more efficient than traditional farming. The
longstanding farming techniques are mostly dependent on the soil conditions and
outer atmosphere, but using this technology, the cultivation process is more
resourceful with a better control system and data monitoring as well as convenient for
general urban indoors.
The proposed system states easily available and user-friendly components,
allowing people to reproduce and modify without needing advanced technological
skills and tools. With the rising demand for sustainable agriculture and the increasing
scarcity of arable land, indoor farming has emerged as a promising solution to meet
the world's food needs.
Aeroponics, a method of growing plants in an air or mist environment without
the use of soil, offers several advantages over traditional farming practices, including
water efficiency, space utilization, and faster growth rates. However, the successful
implementation of aeroponics relies heavily on precise control of environmental
factors such as nutrient delivery, humidity, temperature, and lighting. This project
proposes the design and development of an Automated Aeroponics System using
ESP32, aimed at optimizing plant growth conditions in an indoor environment. The
system integrates sensors, actuators, and a microcontroller to monitor and regulate key
parameters necessary for plant growth. Sensors for measuring humidity, temperature,
pH levels, nutrient concentration, and ambient light are incorporated into the system
to provide real-time data on environmental conditions.
Keywords: Aeroponics, Indoor Farming, Sensor Technology, Environmental
Monitoring, Resource Efficiency.

IV
 CONTENTS
Title Page. no.
Certificate i

Declaration ii

Acknowledgment iii

Abstract iv

List of Figures v

List of Tables vi

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Problem statement 2

1.3 Objective 3

1.4 Specifications 4

1.5 Methodologies 4

1.6 Motivation 5

1.7 Layout of Thesis 5

Chapter 2: Literature Survey 6

2.1 Introduction 6

2.2 Literature Review 6

Chapter 3: Problem Specification 24

3.1 Introduction 24

3.2 Block Diagram 24

3.3 Components 27

Chapter 4: Hardware Implementation 28

4.1 Introduction 28

4.2 Methodology 30

V
 4.3 Hardware components 32

4.3.1 ESP32 Microcontroller 32

4.3.2 Air pressure sensor 33

4.3.3 Luminous sensor 35

4.3.4 Humidity and Temperature Sensor 36

4.3.5 12V rechargeable lead acid battery 37

4.3.6 Relay module 38

4.3.7 UV LED 39

4.3.8 Resistor 40

4.3.9 Jumper wires 41

4.3.10 DC pumping motor 42

4.3.11 I2C LCD 43

4.3.12 DC-DC Buck converter step-down 44

module
47
Chapter 5: Software Implementation

5.1 C programming as a programming language 47

5.2 Arduino IDE 47

Chapter 6: Integrating & Testing 52

6.1 Integrating 52

6.2 Testing 51

Chapter 7: Results 52

Chapter 8: Conclusion & Future Scope 56

8.1 Conclusion 56

8.2 Future Scope 56

REFERENCES 57

APPENDIX-I 62

VI
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure no. Name of the figure Page no.

Fig. 3.1 Block diagram 26

Fig. 4.1 Circuit diagram 29

Fig. 4.2 ESP32 Microcontroller 33

Fig. 4.3 Air pressure sensor 35

Fig. 4.4 Luminous sensor 36

Fig. 4.5 Humidity and Temperature sensor 37

Fig. 4.6 12V rechargeable lead acid battery 38

Fig. 4.7 Relay module 39

Fig. 4.8 UV LED 40

Fig. 4.9 Resistor 41

Fig. 4.10 Jumper wires 42

Fig. 4.11 DC diaphragm pumping motor 43

Fig. 4.12 12C LCD 44

Fig. 4.13 DC-DC buck converter step-down 45

module

Fig. 5.1 Command window 49

Fig. 7.1 Aeroponics setup and plant initial stage 52

Fig. 7.2 Aeroponics setup and growth of the plant 52

after 25 days

Fig. 7.3 Different parameter values on LCD 53

Fig. 7.4 Different parameters on the telegram 54

chatbot

Fig. 7.5 The initial stage of the plant 55

Fig. 7.6 Growth of the mint plant after 25 days in 55

the aeroponics system

Fig. 7.7 Simulation results 56

VII
 LIST OF TABLES

Table no. Name of the table Page no.

Table. 5.1 Symbols and their indication in Arduino software 49

VIII
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Aeroponics is the modern agricultural conception in which plants are grown
without soil using a nutrient solution sprayed in the roots and is more efficient than
traditional farming. This project approaches an indoor cultivation system based on
the modern farming concept called aeroponics, in a controlled environment using
ESP32 and different parameter measuring sensors. In the face of escalating global
population and dwindling arable land, the imperative for innovative agricultural
solutions has never been more pressing. Indoor farming, bolstered by technological
advancements, emerges as a beacon of hope in this landscape of agricultural
challenges. Among the various techniques employed in indoor farming, aeroponics
stands out for its efficiency, sustainability, and potential for high crop yields.
Aeroponics, a soilless cultivation method that suspends plants in a nutrient-rich
mist environment, offers a paradigm shift from conventional farming practices. By
maximizing resource efficiency and minimizing environmental impact, aeroponic
systems hold promise for revolutionizing food production in urban environments and
beyond. However, the successful implementation of aeroponics hinges on meticulous
control of environmental factors crucial for plant growth. This project endeavors to
address this need through the development of an Automated Aeroponics System
utilizing ESP32 microcontroller technology. By leveraging the versatility and
accessibility of ESP32 microcontrollers, the system aims to create an adaptable, user-
friendly platform for optimizing plant growth conditions in indoor environments.
The core objectives of this project encompass achieving precise control and
monitoring of key parameters such as humidity, temperature, pH levels, nutrient
concentration, and lighting. Through the integration of sensors and actuators, coupled
with sophisticated control algorithms, the system endeavors to maintain an ideal
growth environment tailored to the specific needs of the cultivated plants. Indoor
farming techniques, particularly aeroponics, have garnered attention amidst the
escalating global demand for sustainable agricultural solutions. Aeroponics, which
involves cultivating plants in an air or mist environment without soil, offers
advantages such as resource efficiency, space optimization, and accelerated growth
rates. This project aims to develop an Automated Aeroponics System to address

1
modern agricultural challenges. By integrating sensors, actuators, and
microcontroller technology, the system strives to create an environment conducive to
optimal plant growth. Key objectives include enhancing resource efficiency through
precise nutrient delivery, maximizing space utilization in urban settings, ensuring
climate independence for year-round production, and integrating technology for
scalable, customizable, and user-friendly indoor farming solutions.

1.2 Problem Statement

Traditional soil-based farming presents several significant challenges that impact
its efficiency and sustainability. One of the primary issues is the limitation of
available space. As urbanization continues to encroach upon rural areas, the amount
of arable land decreases, making it difficult to meet the growing food demands of the
global population. Additionally, water usage inefficiencies are a major concern. Soil-
based agriculture typically requires substantial amounts of water for irrigation, with a
significant portion lost due to evaporation, runoff, and deep percolation. This
inefficiency can be particularly problematic in regions facing water scarcity, where it
contributes to both higher costs and reduced availability of water for other uses.
The labor-intensive nature of traditional farming adds another layer of complexity.
Farmers must engage in continuous activities such as planting, weeding, watering, and
harvesting, which demand significant time and physical effort. This can be especially
challenging for small-scale farmers who may lack access to modern agricultural
machinery and technology, leading to higher labor costs and lower productivity.
Moreover, ensuring optimal plant growth requires careful management of factors such
as soil health, nutrient availability, and pest control. Providing plants with the
necessary nutrients in soil-based systems can be difficult due to variations in soil
nutrient levels, often necessitating the use of synthetic fertilizers, which can be costly
and environmentally damaging if not managed properly.
Monitoring and maintaining the environmental conditions necessary for plant
growth is also complex in traditional farming. Factors such as temperature, humidity,
and light exposure play crucial roles in plant health and productivity, yet these
conditions are largely determined by natural weather patterns, which can be
unpredictable and uncontrollable. Extreme weather events such as droughts, floods,
and storms can devastate crops, leading to significant losses for farmers. Addressing
these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, including the adoption of more

2
efficient irrigation methods, sustainable farming practices, and modern agricultural
technologies to optimize resource use, enhance sustainability, and improve overall
farming efficiency.

1.3 Objective
Our project focuses on simplifying indoor farming through the development of an
innovative aeroponics system using the ESP32 microcontroller. Aeroponics, a method
of growing plants in an air or mist environment without the use of soil, presents an
efficient and effective solution for indoor agriculture. By leveraging the capabilities of
the ESP32, we aim to automate many of the labor-intensive and time-consuming tasks
associated with traditional farming. This technology-driven approach ensures that
plants receive the optimal conditions for growth, making it easier for anyone to engage
in indoor farming regardless of their level of expertise. With our aeroponics system,
key agricultural processes are managed automatically, significantly reducing the need
for manual intervention. One of the primary features of our system is the automated
watering mechanism. Instead of relying on soil to deliver moisture, the system uses
sensors to monitor the moisture levels in the root zone and mists the roots with a
nutrient-rich solution as needed. This precise control over watering ensures that plants
receive the exact amount of water they need, preventing issues such as over-watering
or dehydration.
Additionally, the system continuously monitors nutrient levels, automatically
adjusting the nutrient mix to maintain an optimal growing environment. This
eliminates the guesswork and variability often associated with manual fertilization,
promoting healthier and more robust plant growth. Light management is another
critical component of our ESP32-powered aeroponics system. By utilizing light
sensors, the system can dynamically adjust artificial lighting to provide the appropriate
intensity and duration of light necessary for photosynthesis. This capability is
particularly important for indoor environments where natural light may be limited or
inconsistent. The system ensures that plants receive adequate light, thereby enhancing
growth and productivity. By automating the processes of watering, nutrient delivery,
and light management, our aeroponics system allows individuals to grow their food
indoors with minimal effort and attention to detail. This user-friendly approach makes
indoor farming accessible to a broader audience, from urban residents with limited
space to hobbyists and those seeking to increase their food self-sufficiency.

3
1.4 Specifications
The automated aeroponics system for indoor farming leverages advanced
technology to create an optimal growing environment for plants. At its core, the ESP32
microcontroller serves as the central unit, orchestrating various sensors and actuators.
The system features a repurposed air pressure sensor to monitor and regulate
water pressure, ensuring uniform distribution of nutrient-rich water to the plant roots.
A luminous sensor detects ambient light levels and activates a UV LED when
additional light is needed, promoting efficient photosynthesis. Humidity and
temperature sensors continuously monitor and adjust the environmental conditions to
maintain ideal levels for plant growth. Controlled by a relay module, the water pump
delivers precise misting, while the UV LED supplements lighting as necessary. The
system includes a 12V battery backup to ensure uninterrupted operation during power
outages. Additionally, an LCD I2C display provides real-time data on environmental
parameters and system status, allowing users to make informed adjustments.
This comprehensive setup ensures dynamic, efficient, and sustainable indoor
farming, maximizing plant health and productivity.

1.5 Methodology
The methodology for developing the Automated Aeroponics System begins with
a comprehensive analysis of requirements, identifying key environmental parameters
for monitoring and control, as well as necessary hardware components and user
interface specifications. Following this, a detailed system design is formulated,
delineating the integration of sensors, actuators, and the ESP32 microcontroller for
data processing and control. Sensor selection, installation, and calibration are
meticulously executed to ensure accurate measurement of environmental variables.
Control algorithms are then developed to regulate actuators based on sensor inputs
and predefined thresholds, facilitating optimal growth conditions through nutrient
delivery, misting, air circulation, and lighting control. Concurrently, a user-friendly
interface is designed to facilitate remote monitoring and control, empowering growers
to adjust settings and receive real-time updates. Data logging capabilities are
integrated to record sensor data and cultivation metrics, enabling subsequent analysis
for performance optimization. Through rigorous testing in controlled environments,
system functionality, reliability, and efficiency are validated, with ongoing refinement
guided by testing feedback and data analysis. Comprehensive documentation of the

4
design, development process, and testing procedures is generated for future reference
and dissemination of findings.

1.6 Motivation
The motivation behind developing the Automated Aeroponics System stems
from the urgent need to address pressing challenges in modern agriculture, including
limited arable land, water scarcity, and the impacts of climate changenecessitating
innovative solutions to ensure food security and sustainability. Indoor farming
techniques, particularly aeroponics, offer a promising alternative by enabling
cultivation in controlled environments with minimal reliance on soil and external
climate conditions.

By automating the aeroponic cultivation process, this project seeks to enhance

resource efficiency, maximize crop yields, and promote sustainable agriculture
practices. The potential benefits of the Automated Aeroponics System extend beyond
addressing immediate challenges to encompass long-term resilience, food security,
and environmental stewardship, thus serving as a catalyst for positive change in the
agricultural landscape.

1.7 Thesis Layout

The project is introduced through an introduction that includes a problem
statement, objectives, specifications, methodologies, and project motivation, as
discussed in Chapter 1. Later, we discussed the literature survey, starting with the
basic aeroponics system in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, we discussed the project
workflow. In Chapter 4, we discussed the hardware implementation. In Chapter 5, we
discussed the software implementation. In Chapter 6, we discussed project integration
and testing. In Chapter 7, we discussed the project result. In Chapter 8, we discussed
the conclusion and future scope of the project.

5
 Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Introduction
The quest for sustainable and efficient food production methods has led to
significant advancements in agricultural technology. One such innovation is the
automated aeroponics system, particularly suited for indoor farming. The automated
aeroponics system represents a cutting-edge advancement in indoor farming,
addressing the need for sustainable and efficient food production in urban
environments.

Unlike traditional soil-based agriculture, aeroponics grows plants by suspending

them in the air and misting their roots with nutrient-rich solutions, significantly
reducing water usage and eliminating soil-related issues. Key components of these
systems include sensors for monitoring environmental conditions, control systems for
regulating misting and nutrient delivery, and LED lighting for optimal plant growth.
This technology enables year-round cultivation with high yields in limited spaces,
making it a promising solution for modern agricultural challenges.
2.2 Literature Review
A discussion of closely related projects that have covered similar topics and
issues for the work that is presented.
[1]. B Mano, B Arthi, M Arthi, R Asha and P Dhivya Prabha, “Aeroponics
vertical indoor farming”-International Journal of Science and Research Archive
(IJSRA), March 2024.
Aeroponics vertical indoor farming represents a cutting-edge approach to
modern agriculture, combining the principles of aeroponics with the spatial efficiency
of vertical farming. This method involves growing crops in vertically stacked layers,
optimizing the use of space and resources. Unlike traditional farming, aeroponics
eliminates the need for soil, using a nutrient-rich mist to provide plants with the
essential nutrients they need. Vertical indoor farming is climate-controlled, enabling
year-round cultivation irrespective of external environmental conditions. This is
particularly advantageous in addressing the pressing issues of food security,
urbanization, and the scarcity of arable land. One of the primary advantages of
aeroponics vertical indoor farming is its ability to operate independently of traditional
agricultural constraints. In regions experiencing rapid urbanization and diminishing

6
farmland, such as India, this method offers a viable solution to increase productivity
and profitability. The controlled environment of indoor farms allows for precise
regulation of temperature, humidity, and light, optimizing growing conditions and
enhancing crop yields. This also reduces the distance food must travel from farm to
table, known as food miles, which in turn decreases greenhouse gas emissions
associated with transportation. However, the implementation of aeroponics vertical
indoor farming comes with its own set of challenges. One significant challenge is
ensuring the consistent delivery of nutrients in the mist solution, which is critical for
plant growth and health.
The methodology involves submerging plant roots in a nutrient-rich mist, which
requires careful monitoring and adjustment to maintain optimal nutrient levels and pH
balance. Additionally, the system must be resilient to physiological constraints that
can occur within hydroponic systems, such as nutrient imbalances and water quality
issues. This study also explores the potential of organic farming within the context of
aeroponics. By utilizing natural nutrition sources and organic practices, it aims to
cultivate plants in a more sustainable and environmentally friendly manner. This
approach not only enhances the quality and safety of the produce but also aligns with
the growing consumer demand for organic and non-GMO products.
Overall, the methodology presented in this paper emphasizes the integration of
advanced agricultural technologies with sustainable farming practices. By leveraging
the benefits of aeroponics and vertical farming, it offers a promising solution to some
of the most pressing challenges in modern agriculture. This research contributes to the
broader discourse on how to achieve higher productivity and profitability in farming,
particularly in urban and resource-constrained environments.

[2]. Pooja Aspalli, Divya, Vajrapaali and Geeta, “Automated Aeroponics System
for Indoor Farming Using Arduino”-International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJIRSET), June 2023.
This paper introduces an automated aeroponics system as a state-of-the-art
approach to plant cultivation in a controlled environment devoid of soil. This
pioneering system employs a closed-loop mechanism that delicately sprays a nutrient-
rich water solution directly onto the plant roots, facilitating optimal nutrient
absorption and oxygenation crucial for robust plant growth. The automation of this
system is realized through the seamless integration of sensors meticulously

7
monitoring essential parameters such as pH levels, nutrient concentration, and water
temperature. Additionally, environmental factors including temperature, humidity,
and light are continuously tracked to ensure that plants receive optimal growing
conditions consistently.
The primary advantage of an automated aeroponics system lies in its remarkable
efficiency in resource utilization, setting it apart from traditional soil-based farming
practices. Conventional agriculture often entails substantial water and nutrient
wastage due to runoff and evaporation. In stark contrast, the aeroponics system adopts
a misting technique, delivering water and nutrients precisely to the plant roots,
thereby significantly mitigating water and nutrient consumption. This not only
conserves valuable resources but also accelerates the growth rate and enhances the
yield of cultivated plants. Moreover, the closed-loop nature of the system serves as a
formidable defense against pests and diseases, potentially obviating the need for
chemical pesticides. Consequently, aeroponics emerges as a more environmentally
sustainable alternative to conventional farming methods.
The paper endeavors to delve into the transformative potential of aeroponics in
revolutionizing plant cultivation by showcasing its exceptional efficiency and
sustainability. By utilizing less water and nutrients compared to traditional soil-based
methods, aeroponics emerges as a viable solution to contemporary agricultural
challenges, including water scarcity and soil degradation. Furthermore, by eliminating
soil and embracing a meticulously controlled environment, aeroponics substantially
reduces reliance on pesticides, thereby ensuring cleaner and safer produce. The
seamless integration of advanced monitoring and automation technologies guarantees
that plants thrive in optimal growing conditions, translating into enhanced
productivity and superior crop quality.
This study underscores the critical importance of embracing innovative farming
techniques like aeroponics to address burgeoning food demands while safeguarding
environmental well-being.
[3]. Rashmi and Dr. Shilpa Shrigiri S, “Smart Cultivation: An Arduino-based
IoT Aeroponics System for Indoor Farming”-International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), August 2023.
This journal article provides a comprehensive exploration of the evolving
landscape of vertical farming, presenting it as a promising solution to the challenges
of sustainable food production in the face of population growth and climate change.

8
Initially, the focus of vertical farming was on technological innovations such as
advanced LED lighting systems and automated hydroponic cultivation methods.
However, recent research has broadened its scope to include considerations of
resilience and circularity within vertical farming systems.
A significant shift in research attention towards the resilience and circularity of
vertical farming systems is observed, particularly regarding water quality and
microbial life in hydroponic cultivation. This shift is evidenced by studies examining
the role of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) in enhancing plant
performance and resilience against both biotic and abiotic stresses. These studies
highlight the positive impact of PGPRs on microbial functional diversity within
growing media, presenting opportunities to enhance the circularity and resilience of
vertical farming systems
Furthermore, the application of PGPRs offers potential benefits in reducing reliance
on chemical fertilizers and crop protection products, aligning well with sustainability
objectives. By fostering a more symbiotic relationship between plants and their
microbial communities, vertical farming systems can achieve greater efficiency and
sustainability in resource utilization
In addition to discussing the scientific advancements in harnessing the potential
of the rhizosphere microbiome, this paper also provides a holistic examination of
vertical farming, addressing its economic, environmental, social, and political
dimensions. By considering the broader implications and challenges associated with
vertical farming, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of its potential
role in shaping the future of agriculture.
Overall, this journal article serves as a valuable resource for researchers,
policymakers, and stakeholders interested in vertical farming, offering insights into its
technological, ecological, and socio-economic dimensions, as well as highlighting
avenues for future research and development.
[4]. Yaw Long Chua, Shaik Mohamed Faizal Mohamed Bharuddin, Yit Yan Koh,
“Design and Development of Automated Indoor Farming with Alert System”-
Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology,
July 2023.
The growing demand for sustainable agriculture has spurred the integration of
indoor farming alongside traditional methods. This study delves into the design and
implementation of a novel multilevel automated aeroponics system, with a primary

9
focus on optimizing plant growth configurations. Central to this system is an
innovative alert mechanism that notifies users of low water tank levels, ensuring
uninterrupted operation.
The developmental trajectory of the prototype unfolds through several
meticulous phases, each addressing crucial aspects of its functionality. From
establishing the primary structure to refining container design, configuring water
piping, and finalizing system setup, a systematic approach underpins the entire
process.
Over five weeks, a series of experiments are conducted to assess the system's
efficacy under varied conditions. These experiments involve altering lighting hours
and irrigation patterns to identify the optimal parameters conducive to maximum plant
growth. Notably, the results indicate that a lighting duration of 12 hours, coupled with
a 20-minute misting cycle, yields the most favorable outcomes.
In addition to presenting empirical findings, the study offers insightful
recommendations aimed at further enhancing the system's performance and user
experience. Proposals for refining lightning setup, incorporating user control features,
and fine-tuning the misting cycle underscore a commitment to continuous
improvement and adaptability.
In essence, this research contributes to the burgeoning field of indoor farming by
introducing an advanced aeroponics system equipped with state-of-the-art automation
and alert capabilities. By delineating its developmental journey, experimental findings,
and strategic recommendations, this study lays a solid foundation for future
advancements in indoor agricultural technology.
[5]. Gowtham Rajendiran and Jebakumar Rethnaraj, “Smart Aeroponic
Farming System: Using IoT with LCGM-Boost Regression Model for
Monitoring and Predicting Lettuce Crop Yield”- International Journal of
Intelligent Engineering and Systems, June 2023.
This project outlines the significance of aeroponics as an advanced soilless crop
cultivation technology, emphasizing its integration of plant nutrition, physiology, and
ecological control. Aeroponics offers numerous benefits including automated
monitoring, protected cultivation, enhanced growth mechanisms, and improved yields
while requiring minimal maintenance.
The abstract highlights the challenge of predicting crop yield and distinguishing
between manual and automated systems. Manual methods often result in significant

10
crop losses due to their limited predictive capabilities, whereas automated systems
utilize machine intelligence for more precise growth monitoring.
The article introduces the Lettuce Crop Growth Monitoring-Boost (LCGM-Boost)
regression model, specifically tailored for forecasting lettuce yield in aeroponic vertical
farming systems. Notably, this model demonstrates robustness to outliers and
outperforms other machine learning models such as support vector machines, random
forest, and XGBoost regressors. With a prediction accuracy of 95.86% and lower error
rates (0.36 for MAE, 0.40 for MSE, and 0.63 for RMSE), the LCGM-Boost model
emerges as the preferred choice for growth monitoring and yield prediction in real-time
aeroponic systems.
One of the key challenges addressed in the project is the prediction of crop yield,
particularly in the context of distinguishing between manual and automated systems.
Manual methods often lead to significant crop losses due to their limited predictive
capabilities, whereas automated systems leverage machine intelligence for more precise
growth monitoring. The abstract emphasizes the necessity of automated methodologies
in crop yield prediction, laying the groundwork for the introduction of a novel
regression model tailored specifically for lettuce cultivation in aeroponic vertical
farming systems.
The Lettuce Crop Growth Monitoring-Boost (LCGM-Boost) regression model
takes center stage in the project, showcasing its robustness to outliers and superior
performance compared to other machine learning models such as support vector
machines, random forest, and XGBoost regressors. With an impressive prediction
accuracy of 95.86% and lower error rates (0.36 for MAE, 0.40 for MSE, and 0.63 for
RMSE), the LCGM-Boost model emerges as the preferred choice for growth
monitoring and yield prediction in real-time aeroponic systems. This research
represents a significant advancement in precision agriculture within the aeroponics
domain, promising improved efficiency and yields for lettuce crops, thereby
contributing to the sustainable development of agricultural practices.
At the heart of the project lies the Lettuce Crop Growth Monitoring-Boost
(LCGM-Boost) regression model, a sophisticated predictive tool designed to
revolutionize yield forecasting in real-time aeroponic systems. Noteworthy for its
resilience to outliers and superior performance metrics when compared to conventional
machine learning models such as support vector machines, random forest, and
XGBoost regressors, the LCGM-Boost model emerges as the pinnacle of precision

11
agriculture innovation. With an exceptional prediction accuracy of 95.86% and
impressively low error rates across various metrics (0.36 for MAE, 0.40 for MSE, and
0.63 for RMSE), this model represents a quantum leap forward in growth monitoring
and yield prediction methodologies. By harnessing the power of advanced data
analytics and machine learning, this research promises not only to optimize lettuce
cultivation in aeroponic settings but also to drive efficiency gains and yield
enhancements, thereby charting a course toward sustainable agricultural practices and
food security.
In summary, the abstract underscores the importance of automated methodologies
in crop yield prediction and introduces an innovative regression model specifically
designed for lettuce cultivation in aeroponic environments. This research contributes to
the advancement of precision agriculture in aeroponics, promising improved efficiency
and yields for lettuce crops.
[6]. Teuku Muhammad Roffi, Charisma Aulia Jamhari, “Internet of things based
automated monitoring for indoor aeroponic system”-International Journal of
Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), February 2023.
This paper addresses the pressing issue of global food security and presents a
solution through the development of a robust farming technique suitable for non-
agricultural land or indoor spaces. Aeroponic farming, which involves cultivating
plants in an air medium without soil, emerges as a promising solution due to its
efficient water usage, resistance to soil-related diseases and pests, and suitability for
indoor environments. By utilizing light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and precise electronic
monitoring and control, aeroponic farming can be optimized for future agricultural
needs.
The paper introduces an aeroponic system capable of automated monitoring and
control of farming parameters, achieving both robustness in indoor farming and remote
access through internet-of-things (IoT) connectivity. The system effectively maintains
root chamber temperature below 30°C, manages humidity levels to prevent plant drying,
and demonstrates improved growth quality of Ipomea reptans with the assistance of
LEDs. By facilitating real-time monitoring and control, this system contributes to the
development of a more resilient food production system in addressing global food
security concerns.
The research methodology involves identifying key parameters for aeroponic
farming, including water supply, nutrient delivery, light availability, and ambient

12
temperature control. These parameters are crucial for plant growth and require precise
management in aeroponic systems, particularly to prevent the drying out of plants. The
integration of IoT and automation technologies enables efficient water supply,
monitoring of humidity levels, and control of root chamber temperature, ensuring
optimal conditions for plant growth.
In conclusion, this paper highlights the potential of aeroponic farming as a
solution to global food security challenges and presents a methodology for developing
smart aeroponic systems. By combining LED lighting, IoT connectivity, and precise
control systems, these systems can enhance crop productivity and resilience in indoor
farming environments.
[7]. Benedetta Fascioloa, Ahmed Awoudaa, Giulia Brunoa, and Franco
Lombardi, “A smart aeroponic system for sustainable indoor farming”-Journal
of Cleaner Production, August 2023.
This paper addresses the pressing need for increased agricultural production to
support a growing global population, amidst challenges posed by urbanization and
environmental crises. Climate change, driven by greenhouse gas emissions, presents
significant stressors on plant growth, including temperature fluctuations, soil salinity,
and nutrient shortages. Agricultural activities, such as deforestation and chemical use,
exacerbate environmental degradation, threatening both food security and ecosystem
health.
To mitigate these challenges, the paper proposes a methodology for developing
smart aeroponic systems, leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial
intelligence (AI) algorithms. These systems aim to optimize resource utilization and
enhance crop productivity in vertical farming environments. While previous research
has explored vertical farming and its integration with IoT and AI, this paper delves
deeper into the development of smart solutions to improve vertical farming
performance
The methodology outlined in the paper involves identifying parameters
influencing plant growth and correlating them with performance indicators to enhance
crop productivity. The integration of IoT and AI networks enables real-time
monitoring and decision-making, facilitating efficient resource management and crop
cultivation. The paper discusses the types of vertical farming systems, their
advantages, and challenges, emphasizing the potential of smart solutions to address
these challenge.

13
Furthermore, the paper describes the IoT architecture required to implement the
proposed methodology, detailing the components and functionalities necessary for
data collection, analysis, and control in smart aeroponic systems. Finally, the paper
concludes by highlighting future research directions and the potential for continued
advancements in smart agriculture.
In summary, this paper contributes to the advancement of sustainable agriculture
by proposing a methodology for developing smart aeroponic systems, leveraging IoT
and AI technologies to optimize resource use and enhance crop productivity in
vertical farming environments.
[8]. Aiswarya Suresh, Anjali J, Aswathy J, Devika Krishnan and Lekshmi P
Govind, “Automated System for Indoor Farming using Arduino”- International
Journal of Enhanced Research in Science, Technology & Engineering, August
2022.
This paper presents a meticulously crafted automated system tailored
specifically for indoor farming, leveraging the cutting-edge capabilities of Arduino
technology. In a world grappling with escalating challenges to global food security
exacerbated by unpredictable climate variations impacting outdoor planting, the
spotlight inevitably shifts to indoor farming as a steadfast and reliable alternative.
This innovative approach not only circumvents the seasonal limitations associated
with traditional outdoor agriculture but also affords growers the unprecedented
advantage of year-round cultivation, irrespective of external weather conditions or
geographical constraints.
Central to the success of indoor farming is the meticulous orchestration of
optimal lighting conditions, a feat achieved through the seamless integration of Light
Emitting Diode (LED) technology. In stark contrast to conventional light sources such
as high-pressure sodium lamps and metal halide lamps, LED lamps emerge as
beacons of energy efficiency and sustainability, offering a quantum leap forward in
lighting solutions for indoor cultivation endeavors. Moreover, the paper underscores
the critical importance of controlling water supply and environmental factors such as
temperature and humidity, which are pivotal determinants of plant growth and vitality
and must be rigorously monitored and regulated to ensure optimal yields and crop
health.
The system description provided in the paper offers a comprehensive breakdown
of the various components and functionalities underpinning the proposed automated

14
system. At the heart of this innovative setup lies the Arduino UNO microcontroller
board, serving as the nerve center orchestrating the seamless integration of an array of
sensors and actuators. These sensors, including the DHT11 sensor for temperature and
humidity measurement, a light sensor for detecting external light sources, and an LDR
sensor for assessing ambient light intensity, work in concert to provide real-time data
to the Arduino UNO. Armed with this influx of information, the Arduino UNO
processes the data with unparalleled precision and efficiency, dynamically adjusting
system parameters to optimize plant growth and vitality in response to changing
environmental conditions.
Furthermore, the system's sophistication extends beyond mere sensor integration,
incorporating advanced features such as a Real-Time Clock (RTC) module for precise
timekeeping and task scheduling. This capability proves instrumental in orchestrating
persistent water spray control, ensuring consistent and timely irrigation tailored to
predefined schedules. Moreover, the incorporation of a Bluetooth module facilitates
seamless wireless communication between the system and Bluetooth-enabled devices
such as smartphones, empowering growers with remote monitoring and control
capabilities from the palm of their hands. This amalgamation of state-of-the-art
technologies and meticulous attention to detail positions the proposed system as a
pioneering solution for indoor farming, promising to revolutionize the agricultural
landscape by optimizing resource utilization, maximizing yields, and minimizing
environmental impact.
[9]. Hugo A. Mendez-Guzman, Jose A. Padilla-Medina, Alejandro I. Barranco-
Gutierrez, Coral Martinez-Nolasco, Juan J. Martinez-Nolasco, Luis M.
Contreras-Medina and Miguel Leon-Rodriguez, “IoT-Based Monitoring System
Applied to Aeroponics Greenhouse”-Sensors, October 2022.
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of a groundbreaking study that
integrates Internet of Things (IoT) technology into aeroponic greenhouse systems,
with the overarching goal of revolutionizing agricultural practices by enhancing
cultivation systems. In an era marked by escalating global food demand and mounting
resource scarcity, the adoption of IoT solutions emerges as a pivotal strategy to
address these challenges and usher in a new era of sustainable agriculture.
This commences by illuminating the pivotal role of IoT in modernizing
agricultural practices, underscoring its potential to optimize resource utilization,
mitigate environmental impact, and bolster crop yields. Against the backdrop of

15
escalating food demand and dwindling resources, the imperative for technological
innovation in agriculture becomes increasingly apparent, positioning IoT as a
transformative force poised to reshape the agricultural landscape.
Aeroponics emerges as a focal point of the study, heralded for its innovative
vertical cultivation method that suspends plants over nutrient-rich mist, thereby
fostering optimal growth conditions while conserving resources. This method
represents a paradigm shift in traditional greenhouse cultivation, offering unparalleled
resource efficiency and the promise of significantly higher yields.
Central to the efficacy of aeroponic systems is the need for meticulous
monitoring and control of environmental parameters, including temperature, humidity,
pH levels, and nutrient concentrations. The abstract underscores the critical
importance of these factors in ensuring optimal plant growth and maximizing crop
productivity, underscoring the necessity for precise, real-time data acquisition and
analysis
The proposed IoT architecture delineates four distinct layers—device, fog, cloud,
and application—each playing a pivotal role in the seamless integration of sensor data,
processing, and visualization. This sophisticated architecture forms the backbone of
the monitoring system, facilitating the aggregation of data from diverse sensors and its
subsequent analysis using advanced IoT analytics tools such as Thingspeak and
Firebase.
At the heart of the system lies its remarkable functionality, which enables the
comprehensive monitoring and control of greenhouse parameters in real time.
Through the Aeroponics Monitor mobile application, users gain unparalleled insight
into environmental conditions, crop health, and system performance, empowering
informed decision-making and facilitating proactive intervention when necessary.
A critical aspect highlighted in the abstract is the calculation and significance of
Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) in assessing plant water stress and optimizing crop
growth. By leveraging temperature and humidity data, the system calculates VPD,
providing invaluable insights into plant health and hydration status, thus enabling
precise irrigation management.
Experimental validation of the system's efficacy is conducted using Batavia
lettuce, a staple crop in aeroponic cultivation. The results demonstrate the system's
ability to enhance crop growth and resource management, affirming its potential to
revolutionize aeroponic farming practices.

16
 In addition to its robust functionality, the Aeroponics Monitor mobile
application offers an array of features designed to facilitate seamless remote
management and monitoring. Users can remotely adjust irrigation schedules, access
historical data, and even view images captured by a thermographic camera installed
within the greenhouse, thereby ensuring comprehensive oversight and control.
In conclusion, this abstract elucidates the transformative potential of IoT-based
monitoring systems in aeroponic agriculture, offering a glimpse into a future where
technology enables sustainable, efficient, and high-yielding cultivation practices. By
harnessing the power of IoT, aeroponic farming stands poised to overcome
longstanding challenges, ushering in a new era of agricultural innovation and
prosperity.
[10]. Imran Ali Lakhiar Noman Ali Buttar, Gao Jianmin, Tabinda Naz Syed,
Farman Ali Chandio and Waqar Ahmed Qureshi, “Monitoring and Control
Systems in Agriculture Using Intelligent Sensor Techniques: A Review of the
Aeroponic System”- Journal of Sensors, December 2022.
This article offers a comprehensive exploration of the application of intelligent
sensor techniques within the realm of agriculture, with a keen focus on the
revolutionary aeroponic system. As contemporary agricultural practices continue to
undergo rapid evolution, there exists an escalating emphasis on harnessing the power
of intelligent sensor technologies to optimize resource allocation, diminish human
intervention, and augment crop productivity. Among the plethora of modern
cultivation methods, the aeroponic system stands out, captivating the attention of
growers worldwide with its innovative approach to plant cultivation in a meticulously
controlled environment, where nutrient mist is delicately delivered to the roots
through atomization nozzles.
Deep within the intricate mechanisms of the aeroponic system lies a myriad of
parameters crucial for nurturing optimal plant growth. From temperature and humidity
to light intensity, nutrient solution levels, pH, EC value, CO2 concentration,
atomization timing, and interval durations, each variable plays a pivotal role in
shaping the growth trajectory of cultivated plants. This review embarks on a mission
to illuminate the integration of intelligent sensor techniques, particularly wireless
sensors, as indispensable tools for early fault detection and diagnosis within aeroponic
setups.
By leveraging the prowess of intelligent sensors, farmers are empowered to

17
remotely monitor and regulate these critical parameters, obviating the need for labor-
intensive manual interventions or reliance on sophisticated laboratory instruments.
The adoption of intelligent sensor techniques not only bestows farmers with the
gift of real-time monitoring capabilities but also furnishes a treasure trove of
invaluable data essential for plant researchers. Through meticulous data analysis,
researchers gain profound insights into the intricate interplay between key aeroponic
parameters and plant growth dynamics, thus enabling informed decision-making and
fine-tuning of cultivation practices for optimal outcomes. Moreover, the review
fervently underscores the transformative potential of intelligent sensor technologies in
simplifying and streamlining the monitoring and control processes within aeroponic
systems, thereby catapulting overall system efficiency and productivity to
unprecedented heights.
In the face of mounting challenges such as burgeoning population growth,
climate change-induced vagaries, and resource scarcities looming on the horizon, the
integration of intelligent sensor techniques emerges as a beacon of hope and a
harbinger of sustainable agricultural practices. By embracing cutting-edge
technologies and automation, farmers stand poised to transcend traditional constraints
and spearhead a new era of agriculture characterized by resilience, efficiency, and
environmental stewardship. With an unwavering commitment to continuous
innovation and synergistic collaborations spanning academia, industry, and the
farming community, the future of aeroponic farming brims with boundless potential,
poised to meet the soaring global demand for food security while minimizing
ecological footprints.
[11]. Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio,
Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi, “Overview of the
aeroponic agriculture – An emerging technology for global food security”-
International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (IJABE), April
2021.
This paper delves deeply into the concept and potential of aeroponic agriculture
as a groundbreaking solution to the myriad challenges facing global food security.
The authors begin by addressing the inherent limitations and escalating problems
associated with traditional soil-based farming practices. These conventional methods
are becoming increasingly untenable due to a variety of factors, including climate
change, urbanization, soil degradation, water scarcity, and environmental degradation.

18
These issues are exacerbated by the rapid urbanization and conversion of arable land
for residential and commercial development, which further restricts the available land
for food production.
Aeroponics, a type of soilless agriculture, is presented as a viable and innovative
alternative. Unlike traditional soil-based systems, aeroponics involves growing plants
in an air or mist environment without the use of soil. This method is not only
innovative but also highly efficient, particularly in terms of water usage. The system
continuously recirculates water, which drastically reduces the amount needed
compared to both traditional agriculture and other soilless systems. This is particularly
beneficial in areas where water is scarce or expensive.
The paper highlights several significant advantages of aeroponics. Firstly, the
method allows for optimal growth conditions, which can lead to higher yields and
better-quality crops. By providing a controlled environment, aeroponics can ensure
uniform nutrient concentration, appropriate pH levels, and ideal temperature and
humidity conditions, all of which are crucial for plant health and productivity.
Additionally, the absence of soil eliminates the risk of soil-borne diseases and pests,
further enhancing crop quality and reducing the need for pesticides.
Despite these advantages, the paper notes that the adoption of aeroponics among
local farmers is still limited. This is primarily due to a lack of research and technical
knowledge about the system. Many farmers are unfamiliar with the technology and its
benefits, and there is insufficient information available to guide them in its
implementation and maintenance. To address this gap, the authors provide a
comprehensive overview of the development and maintenance of aeroponic systems.
They describe the main components of the system, including the growth
chamber, nutrient delivery system, and the support structures for the plants. The paper
also details the necessary routine and preventative maintenance tasks to ensure the
system operates efficiently and effectively.
In summary, this paper offers a detailed examination of aeroponic agriculture,
highlighting its advantages, current status, technical challenges, and future potential.
It serves as a valuable resource for anyone interested in exploring innovative solutions
to the global food security crisis.
[12]. Juan Garzon, ORCID, Luis Montes ORCID, Jorge Garzon ORCID, and
Georgios Lampropoulos, “Systematic Review of Technology in Aeroponics:
Introducing the Technology Adoption and Integration in Sustainable Agriculture

19
Model”-Agronomy, June 2021.
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current state and future
trends in the use of technology in aeroponics. Aeroponics is a soil-less agricultural
technique where plants are grown with their roots suspended in air and misted with a
nutrient-rich solution. The authors review 47 studies to identify how technology has
transformed aeroponics, highlighting the benefits such as environmental control,
automated nutrient delivery, and plant health monitoring. They introduce the
Technology Adoption and Integration in Sustainable Agriculture (TAISA) model to
assess the degree of technology integration in sustainable agriculture systems.
The paper identifies sensing technology and Industry 4.0 as the most common
technologies in aeroponics, noting benefits like sustainability and efficiency. However,
challenges such as technical complexity and power dependency are also discussed.
The TAISA model demonstrates that technology in aeroponics has enabled new
processes that enhance production and quality. By leveraging technology, aeroponics
can produce high-quality crops year-round with a reduced environmental footprint.
The authors argue that technology adoption in aeroponics is critical for improving
sustainable agriculture and addressing global food security challenges.
Overall, the paper underscores the importance of technology in optimizing
aeroponic systems and promoting sustainable agriculture practices, providing valuable
insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.
[13]. Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar, “Aeroponics: A Review on Modern
Agriculture Technology”-International Journal of Current Microbiology and
Applied Sciences, August 2021.
This paper offers an in-depth analysis of aeroponics, a cutting-edge soilless
farming technique. Aeroponics is presented as a significant advancement in
agriculture, particularly in the context of addressing the global food crisis anticipated
due to rapid population growth. The authors emphasize the innovative aspects of
aeroponics, which allow for the precise control of root zone nutrients, water regimes,
and environmental conditions. This method also provides continuous access to the
roots throughout the crop's lifecycle, leading to superior aeration, water use efficiency,
reduced time and space requirements, seasonal independence, disease-free plant
propagation, and large-scale plant production.
The historical overview of aeroponics in the paper traces its origins back to the
1920s when it was primarily a research tool. Significant milestones include W.

20
Carter's 1942 research on air culture growing, L.J. Klotz's 1944 experiments with
vapor-misted citrus plants, and G.F. Trowel's 1952 work with apple trees in spray
culture. The first commercial aeroponics system, the Genesis Rooting System by GTi
in 1983, marked a pivotal moment in the practical application of this technology.
During the 1990s, NASA conducted extensive research on aeroponics, demonstrating
its effectiveness in zero-gravity environments and highlighting its potential for future
space missions. NASA's studies showed that aeroponically grown plants exhibited an
80 percent increase in dry-weight biomass compared to those grown hydroponically.
The paper defines an aeroponic system as an enclosed air and water/nutrient
ecosystem that fosters rapid plant growth with minimal water and direct sunlight,
without the use of soil or media. This method is highly efficient, requiring 95 percent
less water than traditional farming methods, and can be implemented in limited spaces,
making it an ideal solution for urban agriculture. Plants grown aeroponically tend to
uptake more minerals and vitamins, resulting in healthier and potentially more
nutritious produce. The suspended nature of aeroponic plants allows for 100 percent
availability of oxygen and carbon dioxide to the roots, stems, and leaves, accelerating
biomass growth and reducing rooting times.
The paper categorizes aeroponic systems into three types: low-pressure units,
high-pressure devices, and commercial systems. Low-pressure units, suitable for
benchtop growing and demonstration purposes, deliver nutrient solutions via low-
pressure pumps. High-pressure devices, used for cultivating high-value crops, employ
high-pressure pumps to create a nutrient mist. Commercial systems incorporate both
high-pressure hardware and biological systems to enhance plant life and crop
maturation.
The functioning of aeroponic systems involves a continuous process within a
confined space, reducing agricultural labor. The roots of plants are suspended in
containers where they are misted with nutrient-rich solutions. A distribution system
comprising pipes, spray nozzles, a pump, and a timer ensures the efficient delivery of
nutrients. The system is designed to maintain proper root aeration and prevent nutrient
wastage. The programmable cyclic timer triggers the aeroponic pump to mist the roots
at regular intervals, ensuring they remain hydrated and nutrient-rich.
In conclusion, the paper posits that aeroponics is a sustainable and efficient
alternative to traditional farming methods. Its ability to produce high-quality crops in
controlled environments makes it particularly suitable for resource-limited and space-

21
constrained settings, potentially revolutionizing modern agriculture and contributing
significantly to global food security.
[14]. Jingya Cai, Vijaykumar Veerappan, Kate Arildsen, Catrina Sullivan,
Megan Piechowicz, Julia Frugoli & Rebecca Dickstein, “A modified aeroponic
system for growing small-seeded legumes and other plants to study root
systems”- Applications in Plant Sciences, October 2021.
This paper presents a detailed protocol for constructing a modified aeroponic
system, known as a "caisson," for growing small-seeded legumes and other plants to
study root systems and plant-microbe interactions. The system is based on a design
originated by René Odorico and subsequently modified to accommodate up to 800
plants by Douglas Cook at the University of California, Davis. The authors further
adapted the system to use more readily available components.
The main components of the aeroponic system are a modified trash can with a
lid of holes and a commercially available industrial humidifier, which is waterproofed
with silicon sealant. The humidifier generates a mist in which plant roots grow,
suspended from holes in the trash can lid. This system has been utilized in various
legume research labs for decades and is known for its reliability and convenience.
One notable feature of this aeroponic system is the use of a mechanical
humidifier that creates a mist with larger particles, which reduces the shear force on
microbes compared to other types of aeroponic systems. This is advantageous for
studying plant-microbe interactions as it minimizes the loss of active microbes.
The paper highlights the advantages of aeroponic systems for studying root
systems and plant-microbe interactions, particularly for phenotyping roots and
observing nodule development in legumes. These systems offer precise control over
the growth medium and facilitate easy observation of roots during growth. However,
it is noted that aeroponic systems may alter root physiology compared to growth on
soil or other solid substrates.
Overall, the described aeroponic system provides a cost-effective and reusable
solution for researchers studying plant root systems and plant-microbe interactions,
offering a convenient method for growing plants and observing root development in
controlled environments.
[15]. Endale Geta Tafesse, Moses Kwame Aidoo, Naftali Lazarovitch, and
Shimon Rachmilevitch, “Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant
water relations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress”-American Society

22
of Plant Biologists, December 2021.
This study utilized a modified aeroponic system to investigate whole-plant
transpiration, nitrate, and water uptake in tomato plants subjected to varying levels of
salinity stress. The aeroponic system employed consisted of circular aqua pots with
misters installed to spray a fine mist directly onto the roots of the plants. These pots
were fixed onto ion tanks insulated with Styrofoam to maintain stable environmental
conditions. Nutrient reservoirs and pumps were used to deliver nutrient solutions to
the roots, with continuous monitoring of nutrient levels using EC meters.
The experiment involved exposing tomato seedlings to different levels of
salinity (1.5, 4.5, and 9 dSm−1) and nitrate concentrations (1, 4, and 8 mM NO3) in
separate experiments conducted concurrently. Transpiration, nitrate, and water uptake
rates were estimated throughout approximately 30 to 35 days after treatment.
Results showed that water uptake rates per plant increased with salinity stress,
ranging from 0.05 to 1.1 kg/day at 1.5 dSm−1, 0.6 kg/day at 4.5 dSm−1, and 0.4
kg/day at 9 dSm−1. Nitrate uptake rates were also affected by nitrate concentration,
with plants grown in 1 and 4 mM NO3 showing lower uptake compared to those
grown in 8 mM NO3.
The aeroponic system allowed for the continuous estimation of root and nutrient
uptake by the whole plant, providing valuable insights into the responses of tomato
plants to salinity stress and varying nitrate levels. This system proved effective and
cost-efficient for studying plant water relations and nutrient uptake under abiotic
stress conditions.
Overall, the study demonstrated the utility of aeroponic systems as a tool for
monitoring plant responses to stress in the root zone, providing researchers with a
valuable method for studying plant physiology and optimizing crop performance
under adverse environmental conditions.

23
 Chapter 3

PROBLEM SPECIFICATION
3.1 Introduction
The development of an automated aeroponics system using the ESP32
microcontroller addresses the critical need for efficient, sustainable, and high-
performance indoor farming solutions. This system aims to optimize plant growth by
maintaining ideal environmental conditions through precise control and real-time
monitoring. The problem specification outlines the essential requirements and
functionalities necessary for the successful implementation and operation of this
innovative agricultural technology.
At its core, the ESP32 microcontroller acts as the central processing unit, managing
various sensors and actuators to ensure optimal growing conditions. A repurposed air
pressure sensor serves as a water pressure sensor, ensuring uniform water distribution to
plant roots suspended in the air. This facilitates efficient nutrient absorption, promoting
healthy plant growth.
A luminous sensor monitors ambient light levels, activating a UV LED when light
intensity falls below a predetermined threshold, thus ensuring adequate light for
photosynthesis. Additionally, humidity and temperature sensors maintain environmental
stability, providing real-time data for the ESP32 to make necessary adjustments. The
relay module interfaces between the ESP32 and actuators such as the water pump and
UV LED, enabling precise control. The system also features a 12V battery backup with
a recharge system for uninterrupted operation during power outages.
A user-friendly interface with an LCD I2C display allows real-time monitoring of
environmental parameters and system status. This design emphasizes sustainability by
minimizing water usage and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
The system's modularity makes it adaptable and scalable for various indoor farming
applications, from small home gardens to large commercial operations. By integrating
advanced technology with traditional farming principles, this system provides an
innovative solution for indoor farming needs., this system offers a promising solution
for efficient, resource-conscious crop cultivation, representing a significant step forward
in the future of agriculture.

24
3.2 Block diagram
The aeroponics system designed for indoor farming represents the pinnacle of
agricultural technology. It employs a meticulously crafted network of components to
create an environment optimized for plant growth. Fig. 3.1 shows the block diagram of
this system. At its core lies the ESP32 microcontroller, serving as the system's brain,
orchestrating the operation of various sensors and actuators to maintain ideal growing
conditions. The air pressure sensor, ingeniously repurposed as a water pressure sensor,
plays a crucial role in ensuring the uniform distribution of water to plant roots
suspended in the air. Continuously monitoring and regulating water pressure, facilitates
efficient nutrient absorption, promoting healthy and robust plant growth.
In tandem with the water pressure sensor, the luminous sensor acts as the system's
eyes, monitoring ambient light levels with precision. When light intensity falls below a
predetermined threshold, signaling suboptimal conditions for photosynthesis, the
luminous sensor triggers the activation of a UV LED. This supplementary light source
ensures that plants receive the necessary light spectrum for sustained growth and
development, even in low-light indoor environments. The integration of these sensors
allows for dynamic adjustments to environmental parameters, ensuring that plants
receive optimal conditions tailored to their specific needs.
In addition, the system includes humidity and temperature sensors to ensure that the
environment remains stable, which is vital for the health of the plants. These sensors
offer real-time data on humidity levels and temperature, allowing the ESP32 to make
necessary adjustments to establish an ideal growing environment. By closely monitoring
and regulating these factors, the system reduces the risk of stressors such as heat or
excessive moisture, thus promoting conditions that support healthy plant growth and
productivity.
The relay module acts as the interface between the ESP32 and the various actuators,
including the water pump and UV LED. Upon receiving commands from the
microcontroller, the relay promptly engages these components, ensuring precise control
over their operation. When triggered, the water pump initiates the delicate misting
process, delivering nutrient-rich water to the plant roots suspended in the air.
Concurrently, if the luminous sensor detects inadequate light levels, the relay activates
the UV LED to supplement the light spectrum, further enhancing photosynthetic
efficiency.
In the event of a power outage, the system seamlessly transitions to a 12V battery

25
equipped with a recharge system, ensuring uninterrupted operation. This backup power
solution not only provides resilience against power disruptions but also reflects the
system's commitment to reliability and continuity. Additionally, the system's user
interface, featuring an LCD I2C display, offers real-time monitoring of environmental
parameters and system status. This user-friendly interface empowers users to track the
system's performance, make informed adjustments, and optimize growing conditions for
maximum yield and efficiency.
Overall, the aeroponics system exemplifies the fusion of advanced technology
and agricultural science, offering a sustainable and high-performance solution for
indoor farming., it holds the promise of reshaping the future of agriculture, ushering in a
new era of efficient, resource-conscious crop cultivation.

Fig. 3.1 Proposed Block Diagram

26
3.3 Components
3.3.1 Hardware Components

 ESP32 microcontroller
 Air pressure sensor
 Luminous sensor
 Humidity and Temperature sensor
 12V rechargeable lead acid battery
 Relay module
 UV LEDS
 Resistors
 Jumper wires
 DC diaphragm pumping motor
 I2C LCD
 DC-DC Buck converter step-down module
3.3.2 Software Components

 Arduino IDE
The Hardware components that have been used are explained in Chapter 4 and
for implementation of the software that has been used is explained in Chapter 5.

27
 Chapter 4
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 Introduction
Designing and implementing an automated aeroponics system for indoor farming
necessitates a meticulous approach, emphasizing the careful integration of various
hardware components. At the heart of this system lies the microcontroller or processor,
which serves as the central orchestrator, coordinating the functions of a myriad of
sensors, actuators, and user interfaces. These sensors play a crucial role in monitoring
environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, CO2 levels, and light
intensity, as well as the nutrient solution's characteristics, including pH and electrical
conductivity (EC) levels. The real-time data provided by these sensors enable the
microcontroller to make informed decisions regarding nutrient delivery, lighting
schedules, and climate control.
A sophisticated nutrient delivery system, which includes a pumping system
coupled with misting nozzles, delivers the nutrient solution as a fine mist to the plant
roots, ensuring efficient nutrient uptake. Additionally, an advanced lighting system,
comprising LED grow lights and controllers, mimics natural daylight cycles to
optimize photosynthesis. This intricate setup ensures that plants receive the optimal
amount of light, enhancing growth and productivity.
To maintain ideal growing conditions, the system incorporates a robust water
management setup and climate control mechanisms. The nutrient delivery system
ensures the proper preparation and adjustment of the nutrient solution to meet the
specific requirements of the plants, with automated pH and EC sensors providing
continuous feedback to the microcontroller. Climate control mechanisms, including
heating and cooling systems, fans, humidifiers, dehumidifiers, and CO2 enrichment
systems, work in concert to create a stable environment conducive to plant growth.
Integration of all these components necessitates a user-friendly interface for
monitoring and control, offering real-time data visualization and control options,
which can also be accessed remotely via mobile devices.
The assembly of the aeroponics system involves meticulous integration and
configuration of all components to ensure seamless communication with the
microcontroller. Through rigorous programming and testing, including sensor
calibration and reliability verification, the system is fine-tuned for optimal

28
performance. This comprehensive approach leads to increased efficiency, crop yield,
and resource utilization, highlighting the potential of automated aeroponics in
revolutionizing indoor farming practices.

Fig. 4.1 Circuit Diagram of Aeroponics system

The circuit diagram consists of a pin-to-pin configuration of components that are

arranged for the working of the aeroponics system. The components used are arranged
in such a way that there is a connection between pin to pin using different cables and
wires.
Here, from fig. 4.1 we use an ESP32 as a central unit, which consists of different
pins. VCC of an air pressure sensor provides a +5V power supply and the SCK pin is
connected to GPIO5 and the OUT pin is connected to GPIO18. For the Luminous
sensor, VCC provides a +3.3V power supply, the SDA pin is connected to GPIO21,
and the SCL pin is connected to GPIO22. For DHT 11 VCC +5V power supply is
provided, and the data pin is given to GPIO32. Also, we provide a 12V battery which
is connected to the GPIO32 of an ESP32 microcontroller. We also connect a relay
module for controlling UV LED and water pump. So, here one relay is connected to
GPIO12 for UV LED control and another is connected to GPIO14 of an ESP32
microcontroller for controlling the water pump. So, the LCD display will display the
values of different environmental parameters where the VCC given is 5V, the SDA
pin is connected to GPIO21, and the SCL pin is connected to GPIO22 of an ESP32
microcontroller.
So, this aeroponics system is powered by an ESP32 microcontroller, which

29
orchestrates various sensors and actuators to maintain optimal growing conditions.
Sensors, including the water pressure sensor and luminous sensor, monitor and
regulate water distribution and light intensity, respectively. Humidity and temperature
sensors ensure environmental stability. A relay module interfaces with actuators like
the water pump and UV LED, controlled by the microcontroller. In case of a power
outage, a backup 12V battery ensures uninterrupted operation. The user interface,
featuring an LCD, allows real-time monitoring and adjustment of parameters. Overall,
the system integrates advanced technology with agricultural science to offer a
sustainable solution for indoor farming, promising efficient crop cultivation.
The components we use are as follows
 ESP 32 microcontroller
 Air pressure sensor
 Luminous sensor
 Humidity and Temperature Sensor
 12V rechargeable lead acid battery
 Relay module
 UV LEDS
 Resistors
 Jumper wires
 DC Diaphragm pumping motor
 I2C LCD
 DC-DC Buck converter step-down module
4.2 Methodology
The methodology for implementing the automated indoor farming system
leveraging the ESP32 microcontroller involves several key steps:
System Design:
 Define the requirements and objectives of the indoor farming system.
 Identify the components needed, such as sensors (for soil moisture, nutrient levels,
light intensity), actuators (for irrigation, nutrient dispensing, lighting control), and
the ESP32 microcontroller.
Hardware Selection and Setup:
 Select suitable sensors, actuators, and other hardware components compatible with
the ESP32.

30
 Set up the hardware components, including wiring connections, sensor placements,
and mounting of actuators.
Software Development:
 Develop firmware for the ESP32 microcontroller using C programming language.
 Implement code to interface with sensors to collect real-time data.
 Program the ESP32 to control actuators based on sensor readings, such as
activating the irrigation system when soil moisture levels are low or adjusting
lighting based on light intensity measurements.
Integration of Wireless Connectivity:
 Integrate Wi-Fi connectivity into the ESP32 to enable remote monitoring and
control.
 Develop a chatbot on the Telegram platform to serve as the interface for receiving
real-time monitoring information and issuing control commands.
Testing and Calibration:
 Test the system components individually to ensure functionality and accuracy.
 Calibrate sensors to provide accurate readings and ensure proper operation of
actuators.
 Conduct comprehensive testing of the entire system to validate performance and
functionality under different environmental conditions.
User Interface Development:
 Design and develop a user-friendly interface for remote monitoring and control,
accessible via smartphones or computers.
 Implement features such as real-time monitoring of sensor data, receiving alerts for
critical events, and sending commands to control actuators.
Deployment and Evaluation:
 Deploy the automated indoor farming system in a suitable indoor environment, such
as a greenhouse or indoor grow room.
 Monitor the system's performance over time, assessing factors such as plant growth,
resource usage efficiency, and user experience.
 Gather feedback from users to identify areas for improvement and further
optimization of the system.
 By following this methodology, the automated indoor farming system can be
effectively implemented using the ESP32 microcontroller, providing users with a

31
 convenient, efficient, and sustainable solution for indoor plant cultivation.
4.3 Hardware Components
The hardware components are explained below

4.3.1 ESP32 Microcontroller

ESP32 is a series of low-cost, low-power systems on a-chip microcontrollers

with integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth. The ESP32 series employs either a
Tensilica Xtensa LX6 microprocessor in both dual-core and single-core variations,
Xtensa LX7 dual-core microprocessor, or a single-core RISC-V microprocessor and
includes built-in antenna switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low-noise receive
amplifier, filters, and power-management modules. ESP32 was created and developed
by Espressif Systems, a Chinese company based in Shanghai, and is manufactured by
TSMC using its 40 nm process. It is a successor to the ESP8266 microcontroller.
Furthermore, the ESP32 offers an extensive selection of peripheral interfaces,
including GPIO pins, SPI, I2C, and UART, facilitating easy communication with
external devices and sensors. Despite its robust capabilities, the ESP32 is designed
with energy efficiency in mind, featuring multiple sleep modes and power-saving
features to minimize power consumption. This makes it suitable for battery-powered
applications and scenarios where power efficiency is paramount. In terms of
development, the ESP32 is compatible with popular development environments like
the Arduino IDE and Espressif's ESP-IDF, providing developers with flexibility and
familiarity in their programming workflow.
Moreover, the ESP32 benefits from a rich software ecosystem, with abundant
documentation, tutorials, and libraries available online. This vast resource pool
empowers developers of all levels to quickly get started with ESP32 development and
leverage existing solutions for their projects. Notably, the ESP32's affordability has
contributed to its widespread adoption, making it accessible to hobbyists, students,
and professionals alike. Its combination of features, performance, and affordability
has positioned the ESP32 as a go-to choice for a wide range of applications, from
simple IoT projects to complex embedded systems. Overall, the ESP32 embodies a
harmonious balance of versatility, performance, and cost-effectiveness, making it a
compelling solution for diverse engineering endeavors.
Features:

32
 Single or Dual-Core 32-bit LX6 Microprocessor with clock frequency up to 240
MHz.
 520 KB of SRAM, 448 KB of ROM, and 16 KB of RTC SRAM.
 Supports 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi connectivity with speeds up to 150 Mbps.
 Support for both Classic Bluetooth v4.2 and BLE specifications.
 34 Programmable GPIOs.
 Up to 18 channels of 12-bit SAR ADC and 2 channels of 8-bit DAC
 Serial Connectivity include 4 x SPI, 2 x I2C, 2 x I2S, 3 x UART.
 Ethernet MAC for physical LAN Communication (requires external PHY).
 1 Host controller for SD/SDIO/MMC and 1 Slave controller for SDIO/SPI.
 Motor PWM and up to 16 channels of LED PWM.
 Secure Boot and Flash Encryption.
 Cryptographic Hardware Acceleration for AES, Hash (SHA-2), RSA, ECC, and
RNG.

Fig. 4.2 ESP32 Microcontroller

4.3.2 Air Pressure Sensor

The air pressure sensor is a crucial device used to measure atmospheric pressure
in its surrounding environment. It serves a variety of functions across different
industries and applications. Operating based on principles like piezoresistivity or
capacitive sensing, these sensors detect pressure changes by either measuring
resistance variations or changes in capacitance due to the deformation of a diaphragm
under pressure. This measurement is typically expressed in units such as Pascals (Pa)
or millibars (mbar). Air pressure sensors find extensive use in meteorology for
weather monitoring, automotive systems for tire pressure monitoring, altimeters for
altitude measurement, and HVAC systems for airflow control. Their accuracy and

33
reliability are essential, often requiring calibration to ensure precise readings over
time. They output either analog signals, such as voltage or current, or digital signals,
providing pressure data suitable for interfacing with microcontrollers or digital
devices.
In this aeroponics system, an air pressure sensor is converted to a water pressure
sensor for the measurement of water pressure.
Converting an air pressure sensor into a water pressure sensor entails several key
modifications to adapt it for liquid environments. Primarily, the sensor must be
housed within a waterproof enclosure to shield its sensitive components from water
exposure, necessitating the use of waterproof seals, gaskets, or potting materials to
ensure complete protection. Additionally, the sensor's construction materials should
be carefully chosen to resist corrosion and withstand prolonged contact with water,
often favoring materials like stainless steel or waterproof plastics. Calibration
adjustments are essential, as air pressure sensors are calibrated for atmospheric
pressure, while water pressure sensors require calibration to accurately measure the
pressure exerted by water.
This may involve recalibrating the sensor's settings or coefficients to
accommodate the different densities and properties of water. Furthermore,
consideration must be given to the sensor's pressure range, ensuring it can effectively
measure the higher pressures typically encountered in water systems. In applications
where water pressure fluctuations are common, safeguards against water hammer
effects may also be necessary to protect the sensor from damage. By implementing
these modifications, an air pressure sensor can be transformed into a reliable water
pressure sensor suitable for this system.
In this system VCC provides a +5V power supply to the sensor, SCK is
connected to GPIO5, and OUT is connected to GPIO18 of an ESP32 microcontroller.
Here, the MPS20N0040D air pressure sensor is used.

34
 Fig. 4.3 Air Pressure Sensor MPS20N0040D

4.3.3 Luminous Sensor

A luminous sensor, also known as a light sensor or lux sensor, is an electronic
device designed to measure the intensity of light in its surrounding environment.
These sensors operate on principles such as photoresistors, photodiodes, or
phototransistors, where changes in light intensity cause corresponding changes in
electrical output.
Luminous sensors find wide-ranging applications across various fields,
including automatic lighting control systems, display brightness adjustment in
electronic devices, outdoor lighting systems, and agriculture. They play a crucial role
in regulating light levels based on ambient conditions, enhancing energy efficiency,
and ensuring optimal visibility and safety. Key features of luminous sensors include
their detection range, sensitivity, response time, and spectral response, which vary
depending on the specific application requirements. Common types of luminous
sensors include photoresistors, photodiodes, phototransistors, and ambient light
sensors, each offering different levels of sensitivity, response time, and spectral
response. Overall, luminous sensors are indispensable tools for achieving precise light
measurement and control in diverse lighting environments, contributing to improved
performance, efficiency, and functionality across various industries.
The luminous sensor in the aeroponics system plays a crucial role by monitoring
ambient light levels and ensuring optimal conditions for plant growth. Integrated into
the system, it continuously measures light intensity and triggers the activation of a UV
LED when levels drop below the threshold necessary for photosynthesis. This
dynamic adjustment based on real-time data ensures consistent plant development,

35
minimizing manual intervention and maximizing productivity. Overall, the luminous
sensor's integration exemplifies the system's proactive approach to indoor farming,
promoting efficient plant growth while conserving resources.
In this system VCC provides a +3.3V power supply to the sensor, the SDA pin is
connected to GPIO21, and the SCL pin is connected to GPIO22 of an ESP32
microcontroller and BH1750 luminous sensor is used.

Fig. 4.4 Luminous Sensor BH1750

4.3.4 Humidity and Temperature Sensor

A humidity and temperature sensor is a versatile device designed to measure
both humidity levels and temperature in its surrounding environment. Operating on
principles such as capacitive or resistive sensing for humidity and thermistors or
semiconductor-based sensors for temperature, these sensors provide essential data for
a wide range of applications. Commonly used in HVAC systems, weather monitoring
stations, food storage facilities, and industrial processes, humidity and temperature
sensors play a crucial role in maintaining optimal environmental conditions. Key
features of these sensors include their measurement range, accuracy, response time,
and output signal type, which vary depending on the specific application requirements.
With various types of humidity sensors available, such as capacitive, resistive, and
thermal conductivity sensors, users can choose the most suitable option based on
factors like accuracy, response time, and cost. Overall, humidity and temperature
sensors are indispensable tools for ensuring comfort, safety, and quality in indoor
environments, contributing to efficient climate control and process optimization

36
across industries.
In an aeroponic system, humidity and temperature sensors continuously monitor
the growing environment, ensuring optimal conditions for plant health. They provide
real-time data on humidity levels and temperature, allowing the system to make
immediate adjustments such as activating humidification or cooling mechanisms to
maintain ideal conditions. By preventing stress, and disease outbreaks, and optimizing
nutrient uptake, these sensors play a crucial role in maximizing plant growth and
productivity in aeroponic farming.
In this system, VCC provides a +5V power supply to the sensor. The data pin is
given to the GPIO32 of an ESP32 microcontroller.

Fig. 4.5 Humidity and Temperature Sensor

4.3.5 12V rechargeable lead acid battery

A 12V rechargeable lead acid battery is a type of electrochemical energy storage
device that uses lead dioxide (PbO2) and sponge lead (Pb) as electrodes, and sulfuric
acid (H2SO4) as the electrolyte. These batteries have been widely used since their
invention in the mid-19th century due to their reliability and relatively low cost. They
are common in various applications, including automotive (starting engines and
powering electrical systems), backup power (uninterruptible power supplies for
computers and other critical systems), renewable energy storage (solar power
systems), recreational vehicles (boats, RVs, golf carts), and mobility devices (electric
wheelchairs and scooters).
Lead acid batteries come in two main types: flooded (wet cell) and sealed lead
acid (SLA) or valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA). Flooded batteries contain a liquid
electrolyte and require regular maintenance, such as checking and topping off the

37
water levels. SLA and VRLA batteries are maintenance-free and come in two
subtypes: absorbent glass mat (AGM), which uses a fiberglass mat to absorb the
electrolyte, and gel cell, which uses a gelled electrolyte.
These batteries offer several advantages, including cost-effectiveness, reliability,
high power output, and recyclability. However, they also have disadvantages, such as
being heavier than newer battery technologies like lithium-ion, requiring longer
charging times, having lower energy density and efficiency, and exhibiting a
moderate memory effect, although not as pronounced as in some other battery types.
Proper charging and maintenance are crucial for the longevity and performance
of lead-acid batteries. They require a specific charging profile to prevent overcharging
or undercharging, which can damage the battery. Flooded batteries need regular
checks and topping off with distilled water, whereas SLA and VRLA batteries do not
require maintenance. Storage should be in a cool, dry place, and the batteries should
be kept fully charged to prevent sulfation, which can reduce battery life.
In an aeroponics system, a 12V battery with a recharge system serves as a
backup power source during power outages. It ensures the uninterrupted operation of
critical components like water pumps and sensors, maintaining optimal growing
conditions for plants. This backup power solution safeguards against disruptions,
ensuring consistent plant growth and health in aeroponic farming. In this system,
voltage is given to GPIO32 of an ESP32 microcontroller.

Fig. 4.6 12V rechargeable lead acid battery

38
4.3.6 Relay Module
A relay module is a compact electronic device that integrates one or more relays
along with supporting components onto a single circuit board. These modules serve as
convenient interfaces between low-power control signals, such as those from
microcontrollers or sensors, and high-power devices like motors, lights, or heaters. A
relay module is a small electronic device that consolidates one or more relays and
supporting components onto a single circuit board. These modules act as convenient
interfaces between low-power control signals (e.g., from microcontrollers or sensors)
and high-power devices such as motors, lights, or heaters. Typically, a relay module
includes the relay itself, driver circuitry to power the relays, status indicator LEDs,
and frequent protection diodes or other components to improve reliability and safety.
They are available in different configurations, offering varying numbers of relays and
switching capacities to meet diverse application needs. Relay modules are commonly
used in projects ranging from home automation to industrial control systems, offering
an easy-to-use and dependable solution for controlling high-power circuits with low-
power signals. They provide benefits such as isolation between control and load
circuits, electrical protection, and easy integration, making them essential components
in many electronic projects and systems.
In an aeroponics system, the relay module acts as a control interface, receiving
instructions from the ESP32 to manage the water pump and UV LED operation.
When triggered, the relay activates the water pump, initiating the spraying of nutrient-
rich water onto the plant roots, facilitating efficient nutrient absorption and growth.
Concurrently, if the luminous sensor detects insufficient light, the relay engages the
UV LED to compensate, ensuring consistent growth regardless of external lighting
conditions.
In this system, one relay is connected to GPIO12 for UV LED control and
another is connected to GPIO14 of an ESP32 microcontroller for controlling the water
pump.

39
 Fig. 4.7 Relay Module
4.3.7 UV LED
UV LEDs, or ultraviolet light-emitting diodes, are semiconductor devices that
emit light in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically ranging
from around 10 nanometers (UV-C) to 400 nanometers (UV-A). Similar to traditional
LEDs, UV LEDs have diverse applications across various industries. UV-A LEDs are
commonly used in applications like counterfeit detection, insect traps, and fluorescent
displays, while UV-B LEDs find applications in medical phototherapy, polymer
curing, and environmental monitoring. UV-C LEDs, particularly valued for their
germicidal properties, are used for water purification, air sterilization, surface
disinfection, and medical sterilization applications. UV LEDs offer advantages over
traditional UV lamps, including longer lifespans, lower power consumption, and
precise control.
However, it's essential to consider safety precautions due to the potential harm
of UV radiation, especially UV-C. Ongoing research and development efforts are
focused on improving UV LED efficiency, output power, and spectral characteristics,
expanding their range of applications, and enhancing their performance across various
industries.
The UV LED is activated in the aeroponics system when the luminous sensor
detects insufficient light levels. It provides supplemental UV light, which is beneficial
for plant growth and can help prevent diseases.

40
 Fig. 4.8 UV LED
4.3.8 Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal device electrical component that implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to
reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses as shown in below figure 4.19. High-
power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used
as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators.
Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time,
or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as
a volume control or a lamp dimmer) or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity,
force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and
are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can
be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within
integrated circuits. The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance:
common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders
of magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing
tolerance, indicated on the component.
We use 220kΩ and 33kΩ resistors in this aeroponics system.

Fig. 4.9 Resistor

41
4.3.9 Jumper Wires
Jumper wires make changing circuits as simple as possible. They come in a wide
array of colors, too. A jumper wire may appear uncomplicated, and it doesn’t get
much more basic than other wires or cables. But there are tiny details you need to pay
attention to. Continue reading to learn the basics of jumper wires, their uses, types,
and color schemes as shown in below Fig 4.10.
Generally, jumpers are tiny metal connectors used to close or open a circuit part.
They have two or more connection points, which regulate an electrical circuit board.
Their function is to configure the settings for computer peripherals, like the
motherboard. Suppose your motherboard supports intrusion detection.
A jumper can be set to enable or disable it. Jumper wires are electrical wires
with connector pins at each end. They are used to connect two points in a circuit
without soldering. We can use jumper wires to modify a circuit or diagnose problems
in a circuit. Further, they are best used to bypass a part of the circuit that does not
contain a resistor and is suspected to be bad.

This includes a stretch of wire or a switch. Suppose all the fuses are good and the
component is not receiving power; find the circuit switch. Then, bypass the switch with
the jumper wire The I and V rating will depend on the copper or aluminum content
present in the wire. For an Arduino application is no more than 2A and 250V. We also
recommend using solid-core wire, ideally 22 American Wire Gauge (AWG).
Jumper Wire Colors:
Although jumper wires come in a variety of colors, they do not mean anything.
The wire color is just an aid to help you keep track of what is connected to which. It
will not affect the operation of the circuit. This means that a red jumper wire is
technically the same as the black one.
Even so, the colors can be used to your advantage to differentiate the types of
connections. For instance, red is ground, and black is power.
Types of Jumper Wires
Jumper wires come in three versions:
 Male-to-male jumper
 Male-to-female jumper
 Female-to-female jumper
 And two types of head shapes: square head and round head.

42
 Fig. 4.10 Jumper wires

4.3.10 DC Diaphragm Pumping Motor

Direct current (DC) pumping motors are specialized electric motors designed to
operate using DC power sources. These motors leverage electromagnetic principles,
where the interaction between electric current and magnetic fields generates rotational
motion in the motor's armature. This rotational energy is then transmitted to the pump
shaft, facilitating fluid movement.
DC pumping motors come in various types, including brushed and brushless
variants, each offering unique advantages. Brushed motors feature brushes and
commutators for current direction switching, while brushless motors employ
electronic commutation for improved efficiency and reliability. These motors find
applications in diverse fields such as water pumping for irrigation, solar-powered
systems, automotive applications, and industrial processes requiring precise fluid
control. Their benefits include high efficiency, variable speed control, compact design,
and reliability.
When selecting a DC pumping motor, factors such as voltage and current ratings,
environmental conditions, and control requirements should be considered to ensure
optimal performance and longevity.
Overall, DC pumping motors play a crucial role in fluid transfer and circulation
applications, offering efficiency and reliability where DC power sources are available
or preferred. In an aeroponics system, the DC pumping motor is activated by the relay
module to spray water onto the plant roots suspended in the air. This method ensures
efficient nutrient delivery to the plants.

43
 Fig. 4.11 DC diaphragm Pumping Motor

4.3.11 I2C LCD Display

An I2C LCD is a liquid crystal display (LCD) module that uses the Inter-
Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol for communication with microcontrollers. The I2C
protocol is advantageous for LCDs because it reduces the number of required data
pins, enabling more efficient use of limited GPIO pins on microcontrollers. Typically,
an I2C LCD includes an LCD combined with an I2C backpack module, which
handles the conversion from the I2C communication to the parallel signals required
by the LCD. This setup is particularly popular in Arduino projects and other DIY
electronics due to its simplicity and ease of use. By utilizing just two wires (SDA for
data and SCL for clock) for communication, I2C LCDs facilitate the integration of
multiple peripherals on the same communication bus, thereby streamlining complex
circuitry and reducing the likelihood of wiring errors.

In an aeroponics system, this LCD provides real-time data on environmental

conditions such as temperature, humidity, light levels, and system status. It allows
users to monitor the system's performance at a glance. Here, to the ESP32
microcontroller VCC given is 5V, SDA is connected to GPIO21, and SCL is
connected to GPIO22.

44
 Fig. 4.12 I2C LCD Display

4.3.12 DC-DC buck converter step-down module

A DC-DC buck converter, also known as a step-down converter, is an electronic
device that efficiently converts a higher DC voltage to a lower DC voltage. It is
commonly used in applications requiring voltage reduction, such as in battery-
powered devices, automotive electronics, and renewable energy systems. The key
components of a buck converter include an inductor, capacitor, switching device
(usually a MOSFET), diode, and control circuit. The inductor stores energy when
current flows through it and releases it when the current decreases, smoothing out the
voltage. The capacitor reduces voltage ripple, providing a stable output. The
switching device rapidly turns on and off to regulate the voltage conversion, while the
diode allows current flow during the off phase of the switch. The control circuit
adjusts the duty cycle to maintain the desired output voltage. Buck converters are
highly efficient, often exceeding 90%, resulting in minimal power loss and low heat
generation. When choosing a buck converter module, it is important to consider the
input voltage range, output voltage range, current rating, efficiency, and size to ensure
it meets the requirements of the specific application.
The DC-DC buck converter module is integrated into the power distribution
network of the aeroponics system. It is connected to the main power supply and the
backup battery system, stepping down the input voltage to the required levels for
different components. The ESP32 microcontroller, sensors, and actuators are then
connected to the output of the buck converter, ensuring they receive the appropriate
voltage.
In summary, the DC-DC buck converter module is essential for providing stable

45
and efficient power to the various components of the aeroponics system. Stepping
down the voltage from the main power source or backup battery ensures that the
ESP32 microcontroller, sensors, and actuators operate reliably and efficiently,
contributing to the overall performance and sustainability of the indoor farming setup.

Fig. 4.13 DC-DC buck converter step-down module

46
 Chapter 5
SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 C Programming as Programming Language

C programming is a powerful and efficient language well-suited for embedded
systems, making it ideal for programming the ESP32 microcontroller in an automated
aeroponics system. Utilizing C allows for direct control over hardware components,
ensuring precise management of sensors and actuators. The setup begins by
configuring the development environment using tools like the Arduino IDE or
PlatformIO, which support C/C++ for ESP32. Including relevant libraries, such as
those for I2C communication and specific sensor interfaces, facilitates seamless
integration of various components.
Writing C code enables the initialization and calibration of sensors, allowing the
system to accurately monitor environmental parameters like humidity, temperature,
light intensity, and water pressure. Control logic in C manages the relay module to
activate the water pump and UV LED based on sensor inputs, ensuring optimal
conditions for plant growth.
Additionally, C programming offers efficient power management by monitoring
battery levels and optimizing energy use, crucial for maintaining operation during
power outages. The language's capabilities extend to developing a user interface with
an LCD, providing real-time monitoring and system status updates. By leveraging C
programming, the automated aeroponics system achieves precise control, reliability,
and efficiency, essential for sustainable indoor farming.
5.2 Arduino IDE
The Arduino IDE is a user-friendly software that is easy to install and use. It
supports many programming languages, including C and C++, and provides a simple
interface for users to write and upload their code. The IDE also includes a built-in
serial monitor that allows users to view the output of their code and debug any issues
that may arise. One of the key features of the Arduino IDE is its vast library of pre-
written code, known as "sketches." These sketches can be downloaded and used to
quickly build complex projects without having to write code from scratch.
C programming is a powerful and efficient language well-suited for embedded
systems, making it ideal for programming the ESP32 microcontroller in an automated
aeroponics system. Utilizing C allows for direct control over hardware components,

47
ensuring precise management of sensors and actuators. The setup begins with
configuring the development environment using tools like the Arduino IDE or
PlatformIO, which support C/C++ for ESP32. Including relevant libraries, such as
those for I2C communication and specific sensor interfaces, facilitates seamless
integration of various components. Writing C code enables the initialization and
calibration of sensors, allowing the system to accurately monitor environmental
parameters like humidity, temperature, light intensity, and water pressure. Control
logic in C manages the relay module to activate the water pump and UV LED based on
sensor inputs, ensuring optimal conditions for plant growth. Additionally, C
programming offers efficient power management by monitoring battery levels and
optimizing energy use, crucial for maintaining operation during power outages. The
language's capabilities extend to developing a user interface with an LCD, providing
real-time monitoring and system status updates. By leveraging C programming, the
automated aeroponics system achieves precise control, reliability, and efficiency,
essential for sustainable indoor farming.
Additionally, the IDE supports many third-party libraries, which can be
downloaded and used to expand the functionality of an Arduino project. Another key
feature of the Arduino IDE is its ability to support a wide range of Arduino boards.
These boards come in different shapes, sizes, and configurations, and the IDE can be
used to program each of them. This means that users can easily switch between
different boards, depending on the requirements of their project.

The Arduino IDE is also highly customizable. Users can change the color
scheme, font size, and other settings to make the IDE more comfortable to use.
Furthermore, the IDE supports many plugins and extensions, which can be
downloaded and used to add new features and functionality. Despite its many benefits,
the Arduino IDE does have some limitations. For example, it may not be suitable for
complex projects that require advanced programming skills. Additionally, the IDE
may not provide the same level of control over hardware as other programming
environments, such as Assembly language.Fig. 5.1 shows the command window with
different commands.

48
 Fig. 5.1 Command Window
The symbols shown in the command window represent different functions as shown in
Table no. 5.1.

Verify
Check your code for errors compiling it.
Upload
Compile your code and upload it to the
configured board. See uploading below for
details.
Note: If you are using an external programmer
with your board, you can hold down the “shift”
key on your computer when using this icon. The
text will change to
“Upload using Programmer”
Debug
Finds the errors in the code given

Table 5.1 Symbols and their indication in Arduino software

49
FILE New
Creates a new instance of the editor, with the bare minimum structure of a sketch
already in place.
Open
Allows to load a sketch file by browsing through the computer drives and folders.
Recent
Provides a short list of the most recent sketches, ready to be opened.
Sketchbook
Shows the current sketches within the sketchbook folder structure; Clicking on any
name opens the corresponding sketch in a new editor instance.
Tools Auto Format
This formats your code nicely: i.e., indents it so that opening and closing curly braces
line up, and that the statements inside curly braces are indented more.
Archive
Archives a copy of the current sketch in .zip format. The archive is placed in the same
directory as the sketch. Fixes possible discrepancies between the editor char map
encoding and other operating system's char maps. Opens the serial monitor window
and initiates the exchange of data with any connected board on the currently selected
Port.
This usually resets the board, if the board supports Reset over serial port opening.
Board
Select the board that you're using. See below for descriptions of the board.
Port
This menu contains all the serial devices (real or virtual) on your machine. It should
automatically refresh every time you open the top-level tools menu.
Programmer
For selecting a hardware programmer when programming a board or chip and not
using the onboard USB-serial connection. Normally you won't need this, but if you're
burning the boot leader to a new microcontroller, you will use this.
Libraries
Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g., working with hardware
or manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from the Sketch > Import
Library menu. This will insert one or more #include statements at the top of the sketch
and compile the library with your sketch. Because libraries are uploaded to the board

50
with your sketch, they increase the amount of space it take up. If a sketch no longer
needs a library, simply delete its #includestatements from the top of your code.
Arduino Software (IDE) includes the built-in support for the boards in the following
list, all based on the AVR Core. The board manager included in the standard
installation allows additional support for the growing number of new boards based on
different cores like Arduino Due, Arduino Zero, Edison, Galileo, and soon.

51
 Chapter 6
INTEGRATION & TESTING

Each module has been tested individually before integrating and testing for easy
debugging.
6.1 Integration
 ESP32 Microcontroller acts as a central hub for data processing and control which
utilizes C programming for automation logic.
 Various Sensors are connected to ESP32 for data input.
 Sensors monitor environmental conditions for plant health.
 Actuators control lightning, and water supply and are controlled by ESP32 to
maintain optimal conditions.
 ESP32’s Wi-Fi enables remote monitoring and control.
 Complete data is displayed on the I2C LCD.
 Telegram chatbot is used to receive alerts.
6.2 Testing
Our suggested system has been set up with proper measurements and has been
observed throughout some specific periods for the growth progress and usage
interactions. It was a pronounced success to see the growth within a 20-day timespan.
With the proper maintenance of the environment to the system we were able to uphold a
better growth compared to traditional farming with soil. The growth result of our setup
shows the successful application of the method. With some adjustments in the nutrient
solution can result in further progress. Our system also monitors the parameter data
while it is proceeding. The proposed design has a perspective for a sustainable future.
The system is easy to design and has competed for structure. Thus, people could grow
the plant in the system on their balconies, terraces, and rooms. This comprehensive
evaluation shows the successful application and testing of the aeroponics system.

52
 Chapter 7
RESULTS
7.1 Hardware Results

The hardware results section of the Automated Aeroponics System For Indoor
Farming using ESP32 presents the findings and outcomes of the hardware setup,
including components used and configurations applied.The results from performance
tests, such as accuracy, responsiveness, and reliability metrics, are detailed,
showcasing the hardware's capabilities and limitations. Challenges encountered
during hardware implementation or testing are discussed, along with the strategies
employed to address them.

Fig. 7.1 Aeroponics setup and Initial stage of a mint plant.

Fig. 7.1 shows the setup of an aeroponics system and the initial stage of a mint
plant, which is kept inside the aeroponic system and monitored using different sensors.

53
 Fig. 7.2 Aeroponics setup and growth of the mint plant after 25 days
Fig. 7.2 depicts the growth of a mint plant after 25 days using an aeroponic
system. Here, the plant is monitored using different sensors.

Fig. 7.3 Values of different environmental parameters displayed on an

I2C LCD.

Fig. 7.3 depicts an LCD I2C display, which offers real-time monitoring of
environmental parameters and system status such as water level, humidity,
temperature, and intensity of light using different sensors. If the intensity of light is
less than 6000 lumens then UV LEDs will glow and provide UV light to the plant
otherwise, they are in off state.

54
Fig. 7.4 Values of different parameters along with battery voltage are displayed in the telegram
chatbot.

Fig. 7.4 shows values of different environmental parameters, along with battery
voltage displayed on a telegram chatbot after connecting to an internet connection. In
this way, these parameters are displayed every 3 minutes.

Fig. 7.5 The initial stage of a mint plant

Fig 7.5 depicts the initial stage of a mint plant before placing it in the aeroponics
system.

55
 Fig. 7.6 Growth of the mint plant after 25 days in the aeroponics system.

Fig 7.6 depicts the clear growth of the mint plant after placing it in an aeroponics
system for around 25 days.

7.2 Simulation Results

The simulation results section of the major project report delineates the
outcomes and evaluations stemming from the software development and testing phases.
It commences with an overview of the software environment, specifying the platforms,
frameworks, and tools utilized in the development process. The section proceeds to
present the empirical results obtained from various tests, including functionality,
performance, and security assessments. These results are analyzed against predefined
criteria, benchmarks, or user requirements to assess the software's efficacy and
robustness. Any discrepancies or challenges encountered during testing are elucidated,
along with the strategies employed to mitigate them. Finally, the implications of these
results are discussed in relation to the project's overarching objectives, offering
insights into the software's contribution to achieving desired outcomes and potential
avenues for future enhancements.

56
Fig. 7.7 Simulation results

57
 Chapter 8
CONCLUSION
8.1 Conclusion
Aeroponics is a modern and innovative farming technique that offers
numerous benefits over traditional agriculture. It is a sustainable and eco-friendly
method of farming with faster growth rates and higher yields. Aeroponics uses less
water and space, reduces the risk of pests and diseases, and allows for year-round
cultivation. As a result, it can contribute to food security and reduce the carbon
footprint of agriculture.Aeroponics has the potential to revolutionize food production
and tackle the challenges of feeding a growing global population while conserving our
planet's resources due to its advantages.
8.2 Future Scope
The future scope of automated aeroponics systems in indoor farming is highly
promising due to their potential to revolutionize agricultural practices. With
advancements in it, AI, and machine learning, these systems can optimize plant
growth by precisely controlling nutrient delivery, humidity, and light conditions,
ensuring higher yields and resource efficiency. Automated aeroponics minimizes the
need for soil, reduces water usage by up to 95%, and eliminates the reliance on
pesticides, making an environmentally suitable solution.
Additionally, the integration of real-time monitoring and predictive analysis
urbanization increases and space for traditional farming diminishes, automated
aeroponics systems offer a viable alternative for producing fresh, local produce year-
round, tics can lead to more consistent crop production, addressing food security
challenges.As urbanization increases and space for traditional farming diminishes,
automated aeroponics systems offer a viable alternative for producing fresh, local
produce year-round, even in urban settings. This technology has the potential to play a
rucial role in the development of smart cities and the enhancement of food supply
chains globally.

58
 REFERENCES

[1]. B Mano, B Arthi, M Arthi, R Asha and P Dhivya Prabha, “Aeroponics vertical
indoor farming”-International Journal of Science and Research Archiv(IJSRA),
March 2024.

[2]. Pooja Aspalli, Divya, Vajrapaali and Geeta, “Automated Aeroponics System
for Indoor Farming Using Arduino”-International Journal of Innovative
Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJIRSET), June 2023.

[3]. Rashmi and Dr. Shilpa Shrigiri S, “Smart Cultivation: An Arduino-based IoT
Aeroponics System for Indoor Farming”-International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), August 2023.

[4]. Yaw Long Chua, Shaik Mohamed Faizal Mohamed Bharuddin, Yit Yan Koh,
“Design and Development of Automated Indoor Farming with Alert System”-
Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering
Technology, July 2023.

[5]. Gowtham Rajendiran and Jebakumar Rethnaraj, “Smart Aeroponic Farming

System: Using IoT with LCGM-Boost Regression Model for Monitoring and
Predicting Lettuce Crop Yield”-International Journal of Intelligent
Engineering and Systems, June 2023.

[6]. Teuku Muhammad Roffi, Charisma Aulia Jamhari, “Internet of things based
automated monitoring for indoor aeroponic system”-International Journal of
Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), February 2023.

[7]. Benedetta Fascioloa, Ahmed Awoudaa, Giulia Brunoa, and Franco Lombardi,
“A smart aeroponic system for sustainable indoor farming”-Journal of Cleaner
Production., August 2023.

[8]. Aiswarya Suresh, Anjali J, Aswathy J, Devika Krishnan and Lekshmi P

Govind, “Automated System for Indoor Farming using Arduino”-
International Journal of Enhanced Research in Science, Technology &
Engineering, August 2022.

[9]. Hugo A. Mendez-Guzman, Jose A. Padilla-Medina, Alejandro I. Barranco-

Gutierrez, Coral Martinez-Nolasco, Juan J. Martinez-Nolasco, Luis M.

59
 Contreras-Medina and Miguel Leon-Rodriguez, “IoT-Based Monitoring
System Applied to Aeroponics Greenhouse”-Sensors, October 2022.

[10]. Imran Ali Lakhiar Noman Ali Buttar, Gao Jianmin, Tabinda Naz Syed,
Farman Ali Chandio and Waqar Ahmed Qureshi, “Monitoring and Control
Systems in Agriculture Using Intelligent Sensor Techniques: A Review of the
Aeroponic System”- Journal of Sensors, December 2022.

[11]. Imran Ali Lakhiar, Jianmin Gao, Tabinda Naz Syed, Farman Ali Chandio,
Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Fiaz Ahmad, Kashif Ali Solangi, “Overview of the
aeroponic agriculture -An emerging technology for global food security”-
International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (IJABE),
April 2021.

[12]. Juan Garzon, ORCID, Luis Montes ORCID, Jorge Garzon ORCID, and
Georgios Lampropoulos, “Systematic Review of Technology in Aeroponics:
Introducing the Technology Adoption and Integration in Sustainable
Agriculture Model”-Agronomy, June 2021.

[13]. Reena Kumari and Ramesh Kumar, “Aeroponics: A Review on Modern

Agriculture Technology”-International Journal of Current Microbiology and
Applied Sciences, August 2021.

[14]. Jingya Cai, Vijaykumar Veerappan, Kate Arildsen, Catrina Sullivan, Megan
Piechowicz, Julia Frugoli & Rebecca Dickstein, “A modified aeroponic
system for growing small-seeded legumes and other plants to study root
systems”-Applications in Plant Sciences, October 2021.

[15]. Endale Geta Tafesse, Moses Kwame Aidoo, Naftali Lazarovitch, and Shimon
Rachmilevitch, “Aeroponic systems: A unique tool for estimating plant water
relations and NO3 uptake in response to salinity stress”-Journal of Plant
Nutrition and Soil Science, December 2021.

[16]. P. Gopinath, P. Irene Vethamoni and M. Gomathi, “Aeroponics Soilless

Cultivation System for Vegetable Crops”-Journal of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry, February 2020.

[17]. N.G. Maroya, M. Balogun, and R. Asiedu, “Seed Yam Production in an

60
 Aeroponics System: A Novel Technology”-Agronomy, April 2020.

[18]. Lloyd A. Peterson, Armand R. Krueger, “An Intermittent Aeroponics

System”- Crop Science/Volume 28, Issue 4, June 2020.

[19]. P Mithunesh, Kiran Gupta, Sujata Ghule, Prof. Shailesh Hule, “Aeroponic
Based Controlled Environment Based Farming System”- IOSR Journal of
Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE), August 2020.

[20]. Caroline Merlo Meneghelli, Paulo Cezar Rezende Fontes, Carla do Carmo
Milagres, Jose Maria da Silva and Edimaldo Garcia Junior, “Zinc-
biofortified lettuce in aeroponic system”-Journal of Plant Nutrition, October
2020.

61
 APPENDIX-I
Sample code
#include <WiFi.h>

#include <WiFiClientSecure.h>

#include <UniversalTelegramBot.h>

#include <ArduinoJson.h>

#include <BH1750.h>

#include <Wire.h>

#include <DHT.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h> // LiquidCrystal_I2C library

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2); // LCD HEX address 0x27

#include <Q2HX711.h>

#include <EEPROM.h>

const byte hx711_data_pin = 18;

const byte hx711_clock_pin = 5;

float level;

#define EEPROM_SIZE 100

float eeprom_address = 0;

float eeprom_address1 = 150;

Q2HX711 hx711(hx711_data_pin, hx711_clock_pin);

BH1750 lightMeter;

DHT dht(19, DHT11);

const int uv = 12;

const int motor = 14;

62
const int buttonPin = 33;

#define ANALOG_IN_PIN 32

float x= 0;

// Floats for ADC voltage & Input voltage

float adc_voltage = 0.0;

float in_voltage = 0.0;

// Floats for resistor values in divider (in ohms)

float R1 = 220000.0;

float R2 = 33000.0;

// Float for Reference Voltage

float ref_voltage = 3.40;

// Integer for ADC value

int adc_value = 0;

int buttonState = 0; // variable for reading the pushbutton status

// Replace with your network credentials

const char* ssid = "ACTFIBERNET";

const char* password = "act12345";

// Initialize Telegram BOT

#define BOTtoken "7082567338:AAGZPzw40apWYe35dIN6vTyDPNn0pJ3oNug"

// your Bot Token (Get from Botfather)

// Use @myidbot to find out the chat ID of an individual or a group

// Also note that you need to click "start" on a bot before it can

// message you

#define CHAT_ID "1485818129"

WiFiClientSecure client;

63
UniversalTelegramBot bot(BOTtoken, client);

unsigned long previousMillis1 = 0;

unsigned long previousMillis = 0;

const long interval = 180000;

const long interval1 = 180000;

void setup() {

Serial.begin(115200);

dht.begin();

pinMode(uv, OUTPUT);

pinMode(motor, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(uv,HIGH);

digitalWrite(motor,HIGH);

pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT);

lcd.begin(); // begins connection to the LCD module

lcd.backlight(); // turns on the backlight

lcd.setCursor(1, 0); // set cursor to first row

lcd.print(" Aeroponics"); // print out to LCD

lcd.setCursor(0, 1); // set cursor to first row

lcd.print(" monitoring "); // print out to LCD

delay(2000);

lightMeter.begin();

// Attempt to connect to Wifi network:

Serial.print("Connecting Wifi: ");

Serial.println(ssid);

WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);

64
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

client.setCACert(TELEGRAM_CERTIFICATE_ROOT); // Add root certificate for

api.telegram.org

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

Serial.print(".");

delay(500);

}lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("connected to internet");

delay(1000);

lcd.clear();

Serial.println("");

Serial.println("WiFi connected");

Serial.print("IP address: ");

Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());

bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, "Aeroponics monitoring started up", "");

void loop() {

adc_value = analogRead(ANALOG_IN_PIN);

// Determine voltage at ADC input

adc_voltage = (adc_value * ref_voltage) / 4096.0;

// Calculate voltage at divider input

in_voltage = adc_voltage / (R2/(R1+R2));

// Print results to Serial Monitor to 2 decimal places

Serial.print("Input Voltage = ");

65
Serial.println(in_voltage , 2);

buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin);

unsigned long currentMillis = millis();

float temp = dht.readTemperature();

float h = dht.readHumidity();

lcd.clear();

uint16_t lux = lightMeter.readLightLevel();

//float lux = lightMeter.readLightLevel();

level =((hx711.read()/100.0)-150000);

if (buttonState == HIGH) {

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print("Level:");

lcd.print(level);

delay(1000);

x= level;

level= map(level , x, x+3250, 0, 100);

if (level>100){

level =100;

else if (level<0){

level=0;

Serial.println(x);

lcd.setCursor(0, 0); // set cursor to second row

66
lcd.print("L:");

lcd.print(lux,1); // print out the retrieved value to the second row

lcd.print("lx");

lcd.setCursor(9, 0); // set cursor to second row

lcd.print("WL");

lcd.print(level,1); // print out the retrieved value to the second row

lcd.print("%");

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("T=");

lcd.print(temp,0);

lcd.print("C");

lcd.setCursor(8,1);

lcd.print("H=");

lcd.print(h,1);

lcd.print("%");

if(lux<6000){

digitalWrite(uv,LOW);

else{

digitalWrite(uv,HIGH);

if(in_voltage<10){

if (currentMillis - previousMillis1 >= interval1){

previousMillis1 = currentMillis;

bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, "Battery voltage:", "");

67
bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, String(in_voltage), "");

bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, "v", "");

bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, "Battery voltage is low", "");

if (currentMillis - previousMillis >= interval){

previousMillis = currentMillis;

bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, "Humidity ", "");

bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, String(h), "");

bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, "%", "");

bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, "Temp= ", "");

bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, String(temp), "");

bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, "c", "");

bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, "water level:", "");

bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, String(level), "");

bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, "%", "");

bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, "Battery voltage:", "");

bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, String(in_voltage), "");

bot.sendMessage(CHAT_ID, "v", "");

digitalWrite(motor,LOW);

delay(15000);

digitalWrite(motor,HIGH);

delay(500);

68