measurement.

DATA MANAGEMENT USING MS

-Line graph or line chart is a type of chart
EXCEL most often used to visualize the value of a
continuous variable over time.
Data Management -It consists of a horizontal x-axis and a
- is the practice of managing data as a vertical y-axis. The x-axis could
valuable resource to unlock its
potential for an organization. A scatter plot , also called a scatter
- diagram, is a graph consisting of points that
represent paired values for two different
Descriptive Statistics: numeric variables.
- Methods of organizing, summarizing, This is usually drawn before a linear
and presenting data in an correlation analysis or a simple regression
informative way. analysis. This is useful in detecting if there
- gives numerical or graphics is a linear relationship between 2 variables
- procedures to summarize a and if there are outliers in your data
collection of data in a clear and
understandable way.
- Measures of Central DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS WITH
Tendency/Position MSExcel
- Measures of Shape and Measures
of Variability • A function is a predefined formula
- that quickly performs specific
calculations.
Inferential Statistics :
• Basic Syntax
- methods used to determine
something about a population on the • equals sign (=), the function name
basis of a sample (SUM, for example), arguments.-
- Provides procedures to draw
inferences about apopulation from a RELATIVE REFERENCE : A2+10
sample: Estimation, Test of • IF THE ABOVE FORMULA
hypothesis, prediction CONTAINING A2 IS IN B2 AND IS
COPIED
Data Visualization ONTO C2,B3 AND C3
- TELLS THE STORY BEHIND
YOUR NUMBERS
ABSOLUTE REFERENCE :$A$2+10
Bar charts
MIXED REFERENCE : A$2+10
organize data into rectangular bars that
make it easy to compare related data Measures of Central Tendency
sets.
It can be used for all levels of
 - gives measures about specific - Excel SYNTAX: Example: 30th
location, usually central location, percentile=PERCENTILE(B2:B26
of a group of numbers , k) where k is between 0 and 1

• Mode Quartiles
• Median - Measures that divide a group of
• Mean data into four subgroups
• Percentiles - Q1: 25% of the data set is below
• Quartiles the first quartile
- QUARTILE(cell range/values , k)
Mean - where k is an integer from 1 to 4
- is the average of a group of
numbers Measures of variability
- The most common, most - describe the spread or the
widely used, and widely dispersion of a set of data
reported measure of
location. Common measures of variability
- Not recommended for data - Variance
with extreme values - Standard deviation
- Excel function: average - Mean Absolute Deviatiom
- Cofficient of Variation
Median
- Middle value in an ordered array .Range
of numbers. - Simplest measure of variiability
- not affected by - Difference between the highest
extreme values and lowest value in the data set.
- Excel function : =median - Range =Max(cell range/values )-
Min(cell range/values )
Mode
- most frequently occurring VARIANCE
value in a set of data
- Not affected by extreme value Population Variance
- Excel function : MODE - sum of the squared differences
around the mean divided by the
Percentiles population size
- Measures of central tendency - =VARP
that divide a group of data into
100 parts Sample Variance
- Example: 30th percentile - sum of the squared differences
around the mean divided by the
sample size minus 1.
 - VAR
Shift 1 tas 5 for reg 3 for sum
STANDARD DEVIATION
MEASURES OF SHAPE
Population Standard Deviation
- Square root of the population Kurtosis
variance - describes the distribution of
- =STDEVP(cell observed data around the mean.
- range/values ) - measures the relative
peakedness or flatness of a
Sample Standard Deviation distribution
- Square root of the sample - Excel Function : Kurt
variance
- = STDEV(cell range/values ) Three Types of Kurtosis
● Leptokurtic
Mean Absolute Deviation are distributions where
- Also called Average Deviation values clustered heavily or
- Sum of the absolute deviations pile up in the center.
from the mean divided by the • (k >0)
number of values
- Excel Formula:=AVEDEV(cell ● Mesokurtic
range/values) are intermediate distribution
w/c are neither too peaked
How to compute using calculator? nor too flat.
1. Shift+9 tas all (k = 0).
2. Shift mode tas press down tas
3stat tas 1on
3. Press mode press 2stat press ● Platykurtic
1varia are flat distributions with
4. Tas lagay na lahat tas press ac values more evenly
5. Shift 1 press 3 distributed about the center
with broad humps and shot
Kay mam tails. (k 0)
1. Mode 2stat 1varia
2. Tas lagay lang lahat then ac Coefficient of Skewness
3. Shift 1 tas 4 var tas 2x para - Measures the general shape of
makuha si mean the distribution or the lack of
symmetry of a distribution.
Pagdalawahan namarn - Ranges from –3 to +3

Mode 2 tas ax+by

 - The direction of the long tail of Variables.
the distribution points the
direction of the skewness. A Scatter Diagram is a
- Excel Function: - skew chart that portrays the
relationship between two
Symmetrical Variables.
- Data values are evenly
distributed Pearson’s Correlation
- The distribution is unimodal Coefficient/ Pearson’s r
- The mean, median, and mode - is a measure of the strength of
are similar & are at the center of relationship between two
the distribution. variables.
- requires interval or ratio scaled
Positively Skewed (or Right-Skewed) data.
- Most of the values in the data fall - basic assumption is that both
to the left of the mean and group variables are normally distributed.
at the lower end of the - range from-1 to 1.
distribution. - Positive values indicate direct
- The tail is to the right.] relationship
- The mean is to the right of the - Negative values indicate inverse
median, and the mode is to the relationship
left of the media
Coefficient of Determination (r2)
Negatively Skewed (or Left-Skewed) - the proportion of the total
- The mass of the data value fall to variation in the dependent
the right of the mean and group variable (Y) that is explained or
at the upper end of the accounted for by the variation in
distribution. the independent variable (X).
- The tail to the left - ranges from 0 to 1.
- The mean is to the left of the
median, and the mode is to the
right of the median.
LOGIC

One of the rst mathematicians to make

CORRELATION & a serious study of symbolic logic was
REGRESSION ANALYSIS Gottfried
Correlation Analysis is a group Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716).
of statistical techniques to
measure the strength of George Boole mas kilala pero mas
association between two nauna Gottfried
 used to indicate which simple
Logic statements are grouped together.
- Science of reasoning Statements on the same side of a
- Reasoning conducted or comma are grouped together
assessed according to strict
principles of validity Quantifiers and Negation

Statement In a statement, the word some and the

- Declarative sentences that is phrases there exists and at least one
either true or false but not both are called
- Called propositions existential quantiers. Existential
- Represented by p, q, and r quantiers are used as prexes to assert
the existence of something.
Simple statement
- Single ideas In a statement, the words none, no, all,
and every are called universal quantiers.
Compound statements The universal quantiers none and no
- Two or more ideas deny the existence of something,
whereas the universal quantiers all and
Truth Value of a simple statement is every are used to assert that every
either True of False element of a given set satises
some condition.
The truth values of a compound
statements depends on the truth values Two statements are equivalent if they
of its simple statements and its both have the same truth value for all
connectives possible truth values of their simple
statements.
The truth table is a table that shows the
truth value of a compound statement for A tautology is a statement that is
all possible truth values of its simple always true. A self-contradiction is a
statements. statement that is always false.

Compound statements and Grouping Conditional statements can be written

symbols in if p, then q form or in if p, q form.
If a compound statement is written in For instance, all of the following are
symbolic form, then parentheses are conditional statements.
used to indicate which simple
statements are grouped together.\ In any conditional statement
represented by “If p, then q” or by “If p,
If a compound statement is written as an q,” the p statement is called the
English sentence, then a comma is
antecedent and the q statement is A graph is called connected if any vertex
called the consequent. can be reached from any other vertex by
tracing along edges. (Essentially, the
An argument consists of a set of graph consists of one “piece.”) A
statements called premises and connected graph in which every
another statement called the conclusion. possible edge is drawn between vertices
An argument is valid if the conclusion is (without any multiple edges) is called a
true whenever all the premises are complete graph.
assumed to be true. An argument is
invalid if it is not a valid argument.

The Mathematics of Graphs

In 1736 the Swiss mathematician Leonhard

Euler (1707–1783) proved that it
is, in fact, impossible to walk such a path
(across each bridge and return them to the
starting point without traversing the
same bridge twice). His analysis of the
challenge laid the groundwork for a branch
of mathematics known as graph theory

A branch of mathematics called graph

theory illustrates and analyzes
connections such as friends are
connected on Facebook, cities are
connected by roads, computers are
connected across the Internet

A graph is a set of points called

vertices and line segments or curves
called edges that connect vertices.

In general, a graph can include vertices

that are not joined to any edges, but all
edges must begin and end at vertices. If
two or more edges connect the same
vertices, they are called multiple
edges. If an edge begins and ends at
the same vertex, it is called a loop.