THEORY NOTES

Course no: HORT-354

Course Title: Production Technology for Ornamental, crops, MAP and Landscaping

Ornamental Horticulture: It refers to the study of various groups of ornamental plants which
are used to decorate indoor and outdoor gardens
Landscape Gardening: It consists of planning and arrangement of home gardens, Public garden
for bio – aesthetic purpose.
Landscape gardening and ornamentals: It is branch of horticulture science which deals with
planning and execution of ornamental gardens, parks, landscape garden for pleasure and fashion
purpose.

Scope of Floriculture in India

Importance:
1. Flowers have been considered as the symbol of grace and elegance and a feast for our eyes.
2. They are used on all religious festival occasions. Flowers are given as a birthday presents,
wedding gifts or while meeting sick people and even at funerals.
3. Most Hindu ladies adhere their; hair style with flowers i.e. Gajara and Veni and it is one of the
important floral ornament which will and grace to their beauty.
4. All the people irrespective of their origin, race, sex and cadre love flowers.
5. Generally flowers are offered by devotees in Temple, Gurudwara, Church and Masjids-
Flowers are used as a floral decoration.
6. Even dried flowers are also used in flower craft or arrangement of garlands and bouquets are
prepared and offered to welcome the dignitaries.
7. When cut flowers are used for vase decoration, that will be a marvelous piece of indoor
decoration.
8. Importance of flowers is not restricted upio the beautification, decoration or preparation of
Gajra, Garland, Veni or Bouquets but afso have the industrial importance too. Some flowers like
Rose, Jasmines, Tuberose, Kevda, Bakul are used for extraction of essential oils which is base
for preparation of perfumes, scents or attar. From rose Gulkand, Rose water etc. products are
also prepared.

Scope :
There is a good scope for commercial floriculture. The important factors which decide the scope
for Commercial Floriculture are Soil, Climate, labour. Transport and Market.
1. All most all big cities are developing very speedily to accommodate this fast growing
population, cement concrete, jungle is also developing at the same rate and thus peoples are now
realizing the importance of open space, parks and garden for relaxation, peace of mind,
recreation and unpolluted air. Thus, to meet out all these problems bio-aesthetic planning is
essential, which runs hand in hand with town planning.
2. In modem life floriculture garden in the country yard is an integral part of the modern life and
thus ornamental plants has find a pride of place in home gardening.

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
3. As far as flower trade is concerned i.e. for cut flowers and loose flowers, it is growing very
well in our state because these cut flowers are used for vase decoration and now-a-days there is a
craze for indoor decoration. As far as loose flowers are concerned these are mainly used for
preparation of gajara, veni, garland and bouquets and thus demand of flowers for these purpose
is unending.
4. Thus, taking into consideration the different points i.e. bio-aesthetic planning, floral garden,
indoor decoration, social functions and religious functions the demand for floricultural plants is
increasing day by day and to meet out the same there is a good scope for growing and raising of
Ornamental or Floricultural plants. When Flower Trade is concerned; different flowers like Rose,
Chrysanthemum, Gladiolus, Tuberose are demanded in the market as cut flowers. While Aster,
Gaillardia, Marigold, Chrysanthemum, Jasmines, Tager^ Nerium as loose flowers

Importance Of Landscape Gardening

The landscape gardening is not only aesthetic which is meant to beautify places but also
functional and important. Surroundings make a significant contribution to our quality of life. The
word ‘landscape’ does not only mean attractive scenery, but represents a rich historical record of
natural features, molded by human activity over the centuries. It forms the context for our
everyday lives and is reflected in our literature, music and painting.
• The art of landscape gardening will involve considering the total environment of any new
development and then shaping it using natural elements such as landform, trees, shrubs,
and water to form a pleasing harmony.
• This can make a constructive contribution to the improvement rather than the destruction
of environment.
• Plants that form an important element in landscape design aid in reducing the pollution of
the environment and minimizing some of the effects of heat, sound, wind, air etc.
• Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen during photosynthetic process and
purifying the air.
• Plants with thick foliage also trap pollutants, which are later on washed away by the
rains.
• Some plants, such as Hydrangea, Mustard, and Hyacinth absorb toxic material from the
environment they are in.
• Plants can block, diffuse, guide or channel winds. Plants can be used to direct wind so
that the wind flushes out the polluted air.
• Plants control erosion caused due to excessive wind, rain or snow.Plants with good
branching and deep root system and also those with fibrous surface roots help reducing
the loss of fertile top soil.
• Plants reduce radiated heat thereby bringing down temperature.
• In winter, deciduous trees which shed their leaves allow lights to pass through, thereby
warm the space.

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
Medicinal plants
Medicinal plants are those plants rich in secondary metabolites and are potential sources of
drugs. These secondary metabolites include alkaloids, glycosides, coumarins, flavonoids,
steroids etc.
These plants form the main base for the manufacture of drugs of Indian systems of medicine
(ayurveda, Unani, Siddha) and Homeopathy. These plants are found in various parts of the
country in different environmental and climatic conditions. Plants which grow wild in forest
regions, classified as minor forest produce, supply a substantial amount of raw material required
for the indigenous drug industry.

Importance and scope for cultivation of medicinal plants in India.

1. India is one of the few countries where almost all the known medicinal plants can be
cultivated in some part of the country of the other. Among the various plants in great demand in
the country and abroad are Opium poppy, tropane alkaloid bearing plants, sapogenin bearing
yams, senna, psyllium husk and seeds, cinchona and ipecac.
2. The ancient Indian System of Medicine (ISM) is predominantly a plant-based material medica
making use of most of our native plants. It caters to almost the entire rural population of our
country mainly because of the scarcity of modern allopathic health care in our villages
3.ISM offers most appropriate or first line therapy against many diseases like jaundice, bronchial
asthma, rheumatoid arthiritis, diabetes etc, for which allopathic medicines have as yet no cure. It
is well known that most allopathic medicines have as yet no cure. It is well known that most
allopathic medicines produce many morbid side-effects. It is for this reason that more and more
people in the western societies are showing increasing interest and preference for organic drugs
and their preparations.
4. India has about 2,000 species of medicinal plants and a vast geographical area with high
production potential and varied agro-climatic conditions. Most of these plants can subsist under
stress conditions and are thus suited even for rainfed agriculture. Cultivation of medicinal plants
offers considerable scope for rural employment and export for foreign-ex-change earnings.
5. India is already a major exporter of medicinal plants. It is estimated that rupees
86 crores worth of raw materials and drugs from medicinal plants are exported from India. It
holds monopoly in the production and export of psyllium and senna and is second largest
exporter of Opium latex.
6. Many of the medicinal plants required by the trade are gathered mainly from the wild growth
thus depleting the vegetation of its valuable medicinal plant wealth (eg: Rauvolfia, Dioscorea).
On account of this practice, many species of medicinal plants in our country have become extinct
or endangered. This should be prevented and herbal gardens and gene-banks covering important
medicinal plants should be established to conserve them.

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
Aromatic plants

Aromatics Plants which possess essential oils in one or more plant parts.
Wood – sandal; Bark – cassia; Foliage – lemon grass;
Flowers – jasmine; Fruits – citrus; Seeds – coriander.
Essential oils are secreted in oil glands.
Essential oil: Complex mixture of odoriferous steam volatile compounds, which are deposited by
plants in sub- cuticular spaces, granular hairs, cell organelles, excretory cavities, canals and heart
wood.

Uses of aromatic crops:

1. In food and flavour industry – spices and condiments
2. In perfumery, soap and cosmetics
3. Pharmaceutical and drug industries.
4. To manufacture pesticides, disinfectants due to antifungal, antiseptic and insecticidal
properties.
5. In pain industry – as solvents.
6. Distilled wastes are used in manufacture of card boards, cheap paper, packing material.
Essential oil industry in India:
In India it is a cottage industry. India is the traditional producer of essential oils such as sandal
wood, palmarosa, lemon grass. Indians use the plants and products in rituals, ceremonies. Some
aromatic plants find place in materia medica, sandle wood, mint and fennel etc. Distillation
process was mentioned in charaka and sushrita samhita (written over 3000 to 4000 years ago).
India is endowed with various agro-climatic conditions, suitable for growing different aromatic
plants.

Essential oil industry is not strong in India because:

1. Farmers are not aware of the significance and profitability.
2. Lack of marketing facilities.
3. High initial investment.
4. Price fluctuation
5. Competition for land domestically.
6. Lack of scientific knowledge on cultivation.
7. Deadly diseases like spike disease of sandal wood or fusarial wilt of Geranium
8. Lack of germplasm collection and maintenance.
9. Risk, as the produce is priced on the basis of the principle.
10. Larger quantities are required.
11. Lack of testing facilities.
12. Cheaper synthetic substitutes.
13. Dearth of trained personnel.

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
Importance of Aromatic Plants:
Aromatic plants are from a numerically large group of economically important plants. These are
increasing demand for essential oils, aroma chemicals drugs and pharmaceuticals in the world
market since two decades. Aromatic compounds are present in plants i.e. in root, wood, bark,
foliage, flower, fruit, seed etc.
1. Aromatic plants produce essential oils, perfumes and flavors are in use with our civilization
since several thousand years.
2. Due to Vast area and varied agro-climatic condition, it can be commercial cultivated in
different part of India successfully.
3. Essential oils and aroma chemicals are indispensable in various human activities.
4. They are adjuncts of cosmetics, soaps, pharmaceutical preparation, perfumer confectionery,
ice-cream, aerated waters, disinfectants, agarbatti etc.
5. Some of the important aromatic plants like Lemon grass, Citronella, Palmarose, Vetiver,
Geranium, Lavender, Dawana etc. have great demand in our country.

Principles of Landscaping
A garden may be defined as An area embellished with plants, a valuable and pleasurable adjunct
to a house.
A mere collection of plants will not make a garden. It is the skilltul arrangement and disposition
of plants over the area making a design or pattern or picture as it were that forms a garden.
Therefore, gardening warrants apart from a knowledge pf the Science of Plant growing, an
artistic aste on the part of the gardener. Before planning a design one must be used for what
purpose the garden is Utility or Beauty or Both.
Initial Approach of Designing a Garden:
In theory, everyone would like to have a perfect plot of land, but in actual practice the plot
available for gardening, in three out of five cases, either will not be in a good site or the shape
and size will not be ideal. Whatever, may be the case, one should not throw one’s hands up in
despair even if the site appears to be not so good. A good designer is orte who will make best use
of such a site-. As has already been stated, land with natural undulations should never be leveled,
but rather the. differences in levels should be utilized with advantage.
The other terms and principles used in landscape design are briefly discussed below:
Axis :
This is an imaginary line in any garden around which the garden is created striking a balance. In
a formal garden, the central line. is. the axis. At the end of an axis, generally there will be a focal
point although another architectural features such as bird-bath or sundial can also be created at
about the mid point,
Focal Point:
In every garden there is a center of attraction which is generally an architectural feature focused
as a point of interest. A focal point is one of the elements of good landscape design.
Mass Effect:
The use of one general form of plant material in large numbers in one place is done to have mass
effect To see that mass airangements do not become monotonous, the sizes of masses should be
varied.

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
Unity:
Unity in a garden is very important as when this is achieved it will improve the artistic look of
the garden. Unity has to be achieved from various angles.
First, the unity of style^ feeling, and function between the house and the garden has to be
achieved
Secondly, the different components of the gardens should merge harmoniously with each other.
The aim is to give the visitor an overall impression of the garden rather than blowing up some
special features.
The last point, which is also very important, is to achieve some harmony between the landscape
outside and the garden.
Space:
The aim of every garden design should be such that the garden should appear larger than its
actual size. One way of achieving this is to keep vast open spaces, preferably under lawn and
restrict the plantings in the periphery, normally avoiding any planting in the center.
Divisional Lines:
In a landscape garden, there should not be any hard and fast divisions] lines. But there is
necessity of dividing or rather screening a compost pit or a mali’s quarter or a vegetable garden
from the rest of the garden, [n fact areas under lawn, gravel, stpne or cement path, and shrubbery
border have their natural divisional lines from its immediate neighbour though these are not
discreet. This is what is exactly needed. The divisional lines should be artistic with gentle curves
and these should also be useful. Above all these lines should be harmonize with one another.
Proportion and Scale:
Proportion in a garden may be defined as a definite relationship between masses.
For example a rectangle having a ratio of 5:8 is considered to be of pleasing proportion. As this
ratio comes down the form looks neither in square nor a rectangle, and the design becomes
undesirable.
Texture:
The surface character of a garden unit is referred to as texture. The texture of the ground, the
leaves of a tree or shrub will all determine the overall effect of the garden. The texture of rugged
looking ground can be improved to an appreciable extent by laying metaculously chosen small
pebbles from fee river beds, if establishing a lawn is out of the question.
Time and Light:
In a garden the time factor is very important There are three different categories of time in a
garden.
First comes the dally time, which provides different quantities and qualities of light during the
course of the day. As the morning Sun is vital for all flowers, the designer has to take this into
account while planning.
Tone and Colour :
A tendency on the part of an amateur gardner is to create a riot of colours by indiscriminately
planting flowering annuals of all shades. This practice is not desirable. Moreover, such riot of
colours has only temporary effect. In a landscape garden, the permanent backdrop is the green
tones of the various trees and shrubs. It is possible to lay out a garden with subtle tone of the
entirely white or yellow flowers, but at the same time making it charming also. Another
important point is that it is better to have masses of a single colour against a mixture of colours.
A bed of roses containing only a single colour of say red, yellow1 or pink has a much soften tone
and beauty than a bed containing a mixture of colours.

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
Mobility:
In a temperate country, the "garden changes colour very sharply and contrastingly from one
season to the other thus symbolizing mobility or movement. As for example, many trees ia the
temperate regions attire themselves with wonderful hues due to the changes in their leaf colour in
the autumn’. Then suddenly in the winter leaves fall and everything goes to rest bringing an
atmosphere of melancholy and dullness-all around
Style:
Lastly, one has to decide about the style to be adopted for one’s garden. Broadly speaking, every
garden lover has to invent his own style of gardening commensurate with his budget, taste, and
the nature of the site.

Rose
Scientific Name – Rosa indica
Family – Rosaceae
Origin – USA Queen of Flower King of Flower

Classes of Roses –

Hybrid Tea :-They bear large & highly scented flower.

Polyanthus :-Dwarf plants &small flower.
Floribundus :- Hybrid T X Polyanthus ,bear both character
Grandiflora :- Hybrid T x Floribunda, bear flower in cluster & large flower.
Miniature- Hardy plants , bear small leaves and flowers.
Climbers: They have bigger size flowers. The climbers are most suitable for arches, pergola,
pillars e.g. Golden showers, Royal, gold, Delhi white pears.
Shrub: Plants smaller than climbers and provide continuous flowering. Suitable for hedge and
shrubbery e.g. Fountain, Cock tail, Butterfly wings.

Types of Roses –
1. Long stemed roses (70-90 cm) – Large flower :-Hybrid tea
2. Medium stemmed roses (50-70 cm) – Intermediate flower :-Floribunda
3. Short stemmed roses (30-50 cm) – small flowers:- Sweet heart roses
4. Spray Roses –Spray:- Spray floribundas
5. Miniature roses- small flowered:- Sweet heart roses

Variety
Hybrid Tea :- Gladiator, Papameilland, Landora, First Prize, Superstar Floribunda: Iceberg,
Angleface, Queen elizabeth, Sea pearl Polyanthus :- Anjani, Swati. Pusa Mohit – Thornless
variety.
Soil - It is generally suitable for higher elevation (1500 m and above).
Soil must be loose, depth upto 50 cm. It can also be grown in the plains under ideal condition of
fertile loamy soils with salt-free irrigation water. Ideal pH is 5.5
Climate - Rose growing should have temperature with a min. of 15°C and max. of 28°C.
Light is important factor which decides the growth. The growth is slowed by day length, i.e. > 12
hours and heavy overcast, cloudy/mist conditions. High relative humidity exposes the plant to

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
Serious fungal diseases. In tropics the ideal temperature is 25°C – 30°C on sunny day and on
cloudy day 18°C – 20°C. The optimum temperature should be 15°C – 18°C. Proper aeration can
control humidity under control in green houses. According to rose variety & growing season
CO2 will kept within range of 500-1500 ppm.
Propagation
Method: T /shield budding
Rosa indica, Rosa multiflora, Rosa indica var. Odorata, Rosa Edward are used as rootstocks.
Normally 16-18 months old plants are used as rootstock. Mostly rooted cuttings are used for
budding. Sprouted cutting are budded with required varieties. For proper growth of budded eyes
upper portion is cut off after 3 weeks of budding. Soil preparation:
Top soil& sub-soil tested separately. In salt condition , soil must flushed with water. 40-50 cm
deep ploughing. A humus contain 10-12% is the optimum for light soil. Organic matter peat rice
husk, oil cakes, coir dust, bark compost, FYM, are generally used.
Soil sterilization: It should be done with any one of following chemicals
1. Formaline1%
2. Chloropicrin etc
3. Basamid granuales@40g/m2

Preparation of bed
Raised beds are prepared having 30-40cm height, 90 cm width, & 60 cm path in between two
beds. Length of bed should be parallel to width.
Spacing –
Double row system: 50 cm between two rows & 15 cm between two plants.6-7 plants/m2 Hy.
Tea:120x120cm Floribunda : 60x90cm miniature:30x60 cm climber: 90x120cm
Planting –shallow planting roses seedling is done. Due to shallow planting there will be faster
sprouting of roses. Excessive roots length should be cut before planting the seedling.
Immediately after palnting watering is to be done.
Small plant are planted in April-May & bigger in Aug.-Sept.
Budded plants are in active growing stagr at the time of planting. Such plants needs the
environmental humidity. Similarly the thin layer of polyethylene is applied as a mulch. Rose
plants required nitrogen at early stage of development if the soil media is less content of nitrogen
then it should be applied at the time of first irrigation.
Care after planting:
Once the plants are in place, the greenhouse should be kept warm and humid for a period of 1
month, so that the plants start to grow vigorously. Water loss immediately after planting is the
serious problem. Therefore, sufficient moisture must be available in the soil to encourage the
plant to form new roots. During strong sunshine hours the young plants must be frequently
overhead spray with water to help establishment and reduce post planting losses.
Building up the plant:
Four weeks after plantation when the flower buds have reached the size of a pea, the flower bud
is removed bud without removing any leaves. If lateral shoots are formed in the leaf axil below
the removed bud, remove them, the plant is established and it is possible to cut the shoots down
and start production of flowers. Prof. A. C. Jadhav, Department of Horticulture, K K W college
of Agriculture, Nashik

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
Regulation of flowering: when last flower of previous season is harvested the application of
water and fertilizeris stopped. Depending upon the soil, this dry period should last 4-8 weeks.
Most of the leaves will then drop. The plants are pruned 30-60cm above the soil. After pruning
start irrigation and feeding slowly. This will give bottom break.
Irrigation - Two most widely used system are mist and Drip irrigation.
Initially less water is applied: 4-5 l per m2
Full growth condition water applied as per climatic conditions: 5-6 l (rainy reason), 6-8 l (winter
reason), 8-10 l(summer season).
Nutrtion - After establishment fertilisers should be applied through fertigation. Standard
nutrition for roses: N K Ca Mg S (M Mol/L): 3.0 3.5 2.0 1.1 1.1
Harvesting & yield –
Harvesting should be early in the morning
Tight Bud Stage –for Distant Market. Fully Open – Local Market.
Yield : 150-200 flowers/m2
Pruning : For development of frame work
For maximum flowers yield
Time
1. June to Sept.
2. Nov.- Dec to March

Type: Light pruning(June), Medium Pruning (Oct.), Hard pruning(Oct,)

Special cultural practices
Support of the plants Post is placed at internals of 3m on both sides of the bed. Along the sides
of the bed, galvanized wires or plastic string are fastened at the posts at 30cm – 40cm intervals to
support the plant. Between the wires across the bed, thin strings can be tied to keep the width of
the beds constant.
Disbudding Varieties produce some side buds below the centre bud. These side buds have to be
removed or disbudded. The disbudding must be done regularly and also as soon as possible in
order to avoid large wounds in the upper leaf axil.
Bending In first growth phase 1 to 3 weeks after planting 2-3 eyes buds per branch will sprout.
They will grow until flowering in 5-6weeks. Since the plants do not have any roots to start with,
this first growth will usally be no longer than 20 cms. When most of the buds show colour knock
off the buds and left the suckers grow as they come.
After knocking the buds second growth will come to flower again in 4-5 weeks. By then
vegetation will be 50-60cm high, which is necessary to have enough growing speed in the plant
and to have enough foliage for bending. Wait until the majority of the branches are showing big
buds, nearby colouring. Then bending has to be started.
Bending is necessary for keeping enough leaves on the plants .Leaf is a source of food for every
plant. There should be balance between Source (Assimilation) and sink (Dissimilation). From
each plant a minimum of 4 stems, either flowers or blind shoots must be bend. For blind shoot
take out the growing tips to avoid the new growth on the top after bending. The place where to
bend is very close to the original bush as possible (max. 5cm), without breaking the branches to
avoid breaking, it is advisable to do the bending in the afternoon and to create two 45o bend
rather than one 90o bend.
The bending should be such that the tops of the stems are lying below horizontal. This is
important for the apical dominance of the plant. When the stem is not bend below horizontal,

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
eyes on the end of the stems will sprouts. These ends are very unsteady. So these stems will
sprout and will become thin and curve.
The stems mainly have to be bend in the direction of path because that is an unsteady place. One
or two small branches may be bend into the middle of the bends. Make sure that the bend
branches are not lying on the top of each other or on the base of other plants, for they catch away
the light from the underlying branches.
Bottom break
Soon after bending the first bottom break or ground shoot will start coming from the base. These
bottom breaks are most important for life time of plants, because they will carry the production.
Strong ground shoots should be cut at 5th five pair of leaves and medium ground shoots should
be cut at 2nd or 3rd five pair of leaves.

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
 Carnation
Botanical name : Dianthus caryophyllus Family : Caryophyllaceae

Importance and Uses:

Winter season flower

Important cut flowers

Used for bedding, pots, edging vase decoration and bouquets

Types of carnation
1. Border carnation : Large flower , double fragrant

2. Marguerite carnation: self coloured, round yr flushes, good vase life

3. Perpetual carnation :single, double, easy to cultivate

Varieties

Standard type varieties: Damingo, Master, Baltico, Algar, Fuente, Falico etc

Spray type varieties: Aveiro, Fancy, Foego, Osiris, Celebration, Abril, Belon

Variety as per colour of flowers

Red: Scania, Tanga, Red William, Granda, Espana, Master,Killer.

Pink: Pamir, Nora, Lena, Sharina, Pink Sim, candy, Manon,

Yellow: Pallas, Raggio di Sole, Candy, Yellow Dusty, Murcia,

White: White Sim, Roma, Candy, Calypso, Sonsara.

Orange: Tangerine Sim, Orange Triumph.

Others: Charmeur, Aurthor Sim, Toledo, Solar, Laurella, Vanessa.Indian cultivars: Arka Flame
and Arka Tejas

Soil and Climate:

Light texture loam or sandy loam soil which is well drained and aerated. pH: 6-7

Photoperiod (long days over 13 hours). Temperature: 10-15o C(night) & 20-25o C(day) for
excellent growth.

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
Relative humidity: 50-60% favour growth & production. CO2 level should be 500ppm during
day time.

Preparation of Media & Bed

To create suitable growing media pH should be 6-7 with good quantity of organic manure. It is
recommended to work soil deeply upto 80-100 cm before bedding. Best ratio of soil mixture:
50%sand, 30% loam, 20% clayis used. Soil should be well drained. He media should be
sterilized before use by steam or chemicals. Raised bed of 30cm height, 80cm width and as per
requirement length is kept. A minimum distance in between two beds must be 50-60cm.

Propagation
1. Terminal stem cuttings: Terminal cutting of 8-10 cm long is taken in Nov.- Feb. Shear off
lower most 1-2 leaf pairs. Give sharp cut below node. Dip the cuttings in a solution of Dithane
M. 45 (0.1%) + Bavistin(0.1%) for 5 min. Put the lower end of cuttings in a solution of NAA or
IBA 500 ppm for 5 sec. Plant the cuttings in sterile sand at a spacing of 3 x 3 cm. Spray water 4-
5 times in a day so that 90% or more humidity is maintained. Rooting occur in 3-4 weeks

2. Seed: Sowing on raised bed in Sept.- Oct. Germinate within week. One month seedlings are
use for transplanting. Seedrate is 400 to 500 gm/ha

Planting: Deep planting of cutting should be avoided.

Best time of planting-.Oct.- Nov.

Spacing - 15x 15 cm,20 x 20cm.

Irrigation: After planting spraying of water through mist has been found to be more effective
than the surface watering. After 3 weeks of planting drip irrigation has been given. Through drip
irrigation: 4-5 lits /sq. mt. /day. Stagnation of water should be avoided.

Nutrition Requirements:

5-10 kg FYM and 20:20:10 gm NPK per sq. mt. At the time of planting

250:80:200:125:40 gm N, P, K, Ca, Mg per Sq. mt every year in 20-24 split doses at 15 days
interval will give good plant growth and production of quality flowers.

Special cultural practices

a) Pinching: In pinching terminal growing shoot about 2-3 cm long is removed to overcome
apical dominance and to promote side branching when the plants are at 6-8 leaf pair stage.

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
TYPES OF PINCHING

1.Single pinching: In single pinching terminal growing shoot about 2-3 cm long is removed
once in all the shoots.

2. Pinch and a half: First pinching is done in all the shoots. When the side shoots are 6-8 cm
long and this stage occur at 40-50 days after pinching, then half of the shoots are again pinched.
This increases the duration of flowering.

3.Double pinching: First pinching is done in all the shoots. When the side shoots are 6-8 cm
long and this stage occur at 40-50 days after pinching, then again do the pinching in all the
shoots. This delays the flowering and flower quality is also poor.

4. Pinch plus pull pinch: First pinching is done in all the shoots. Later on keep removing the
shoots by pulling up to 2 months, so as to get single large peak flowering.

In marguerite and annual carnations pinching is done at 40 and 60 days after transplanting.

b) De-shooting: When the side shoots after pinching are 3-5 cm long then retain 3-5 shoots per
plant in standard cultivars. When the side shoots after pinching are 3-5 cm long then retain 6-10
shoots per plant in spray cultivars.

c) Disbudding: Disbudding is the removal of visible (5-10 mm diameter) undesirable buds. In

standard cultivars terminal bud is retained and all the lateral buds are removed. In spray cultivars
terminal bud is removed and lateral buds are retained.

d) Staking : Wire mesh, plastic nets, string or bamboo canes are used to support plants.Wire
mesh or plastic nets having inner size of 10-15 cm squares are placed on the squares are placed
on the ground in three layers, which are erected at 20, 35 and 50 cm above the ground level with
the growing plants.String or rope is erected in three rows at the same distance along the rows.

Harvesting & Yield:

Harvesting 4 months after planting

Standard varieties: Tight bud or cross bud condition

300 to 350 flowers / sq. mt /year

Spray varieties: At least two flowers are opened & other buds show colour

250 flowers / sq. mt /year

8-10 flowers per plant per year

Calyx splitting

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
The sepal beneath the flowers is united to form a cylindrical calyx which support the base of
petal. As the buds open and petals approach their full size the calyx may plit down.

Causes:
1. Genetical : Epson, Palmir etc. are less prone

2. Environmental: High temp. a sharp drop in night temperature.

3. Nutritional: low, N, Boron deficiency, over feeding

4. Cultural

Control:
This can also be reduced by placing a rubber band or 6mm wide clear plastic tape is used around
the calyx of the flowers which are just start opening.

Spray [email protected]%

Insect pest

Aphids, Red spider mites, Heliothis caterpillar

Diseases

Wilt , Foot- rot , Stem rot, Flower bud rot , Bacterial wilt , Rust,Viral diseases

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
 Marigold
Botanical Name : Tagets erects, (African Marigold) Tagets patula (French marigold)

Family : Compositae

Importance:

Marigold is one of the most commonly grown flowers for garden decoration and extensively
used as loose flowers for making garlands for religious and social functions.

It has gained popularity amongst the gardeners on account of its easy culture and wide
adaptability. Its habit of free flowering, short duration to produce marketable flowers, wide
spectrum of attractive colours, shape, size and good keeping quality has attracted the attention of
flower growers.

Marigolds are ideal for cut flowers, especially for making garlands. They can be planted in the
beds for mass display or grown in pots. The French Marigolds are suitable for hanging basket
and edging. The demand for Marigold flowers during Dashara and Diwali is very high.

Soil and Climate:

It requires well drained loamy soil. It can be grown well in hot and dry as well as humid climate.
It can not stand severe cold.

Types of Varieties of Marigold:

Varieties of Marigold are grouped in two groups :

A) African Marigold: Tall growing plant / big size flowers

B) French marigold: Dwarf plant with small flowers

Varieties:

A) African Marigold : Cracker jack. Climax, Yellow supreme, Hawai, New Alaska, Aapricot,
Glitters, Happiness, Primrose, Fiesta B) French marigold : Rusty red, Star of India, Red Bokardo,
Flash, Petit spray, Harmony, Gypsy, Lemon drops

Propagation: By seed

Seed Rate: 1 to 1.5 kg per ha

Raising of Seedlings and Transplanting :

For raising seedlings, well dried flowers are crushed by hand and seeds are broadcasted on the
raised bed during May – June and watered regularly. When seedlings will attend the age of one

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
month or a height of 10-15 cm then those seedlings are transplanted in well manured and
fertilized bed at the spacing of 60 x 60 cm or 45 x 45 cm.

Nutritional Requirements:

20 to 25 tones FYM + 25 kg N + 25 kg P + 25 kg K per hectare

Special Culture Practice:

Pinching:

Three weeks after transplanting earthing up is done and then one week after earthing up or 1
month after transplanting the seedlings, pinching is followed for bushy growth of the plant and
development of lateral branches. Pinching results into production of more number of flowers.

Irrigation:

Constant moisture supply be maintained from bud formation to harvesting of flowers.

Harvesting of Flowers:

French Mangold starts flowering 1 to 1 Vz months after transplanting while African Marigold I
14 to 2 months after transplanting of seedlings. For Garland stalk less fully opened flowers
(loose flowers) are picked, white for vase decoration also fully opened flowers with stalk are
plucked.

Loose flowers are packed in a bamboo basket, while flowers with stalk are bunched in bundles
and transported to market. From one plant near about 100 to 150 flowers are obtained. Blooming
duration is near about 3 months.

Yield:

6000 to 8000 kg flowers per ha, 100 to. 150 qtl flowers per ha.

Pests and Diseases:

Thrips and Caterpillar : 0.1 % Nuvacron spray Black spot, leaf spot : 0.2 % Dithane M 45

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
 Periwinkle
Botanical name: Catharanthus roseus

Family : Apocyanaceae

Plant part : Leaves, seeds, roots

Importance:
Periwinkle is a perennial ornamental herb found throughout India on waste lands and sandy
tracts. It has medicinal importance owing to the presence of indole alkaloids raubasin
(ajmalicine) and serpentine in its root which have anti-fibrillic and hypertensive properties.

The leaves contain two alkaloids viz., Vinblastine and Vincristine which form the constituents of
patented cancer drugs and vincristine alkaloids are distributed in different parts of the plant but
the roots contain the maximum (0.75 t to 1.20%) followed by the leaf (0.60 to 0.65%).

Uses

1. Leaves used in curing blood cancer

2. Leaves useful in treating menstrual disorders, diabetes mellitus.

3. Decoction of leaves & roots active on hypertension.

4. Roots control high blood pressure.

Botany:

It is a perennial herb, often grows in garden for its pink and white flowers which bloom
throughout the year.It bears flexible long branches with simple opposite leaves. Flowers 2-3 in
cymes, axillary and terminal clusters. Fruit is a cylindrical follicle with many black seeds.

Varieties:

There are no recognized varieties but there are three local types based on the colour of the
flowers viz., alba with white flowers roseus with pink rose coloured flowers and ocillata with
white flowers having rose purple spot in the center are recognized.

Climate and Soil:

The cosmopolitan distribution of the plant shows that it has no specific climatic requirements. Its
natural environments are, however, tropical and sub- tropical areas. A well distributed rainfall of
100 cm or more is considered ideal for raising it as commercial crop under rainfed conditions.

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
Similarly, it grows on any type of soil except those which are highly alkaline or waterlogged. It
grows wild in coastal area. Light sandy soils rich in humus are preferred for large scale
cultivation of the plant. Ph should be upto 8.5.

Propagation:

Method of propagation: Seeds

Fresh seeds are preferable as they lose viability on long storage.

1. Direct sowing method

About 2 to 3 kg seed is required for raising one hectare.

The seeds are mixed with sand about 10 times its weight for even distribution and are sown
during beginning of monsoon.

2. Seedling Transplanting method

Seedrate: 500 grams/ hectare.

The seeds are sown in well prepared beds during March or April in rows about 1.5 cm deep,
covered with light soil and leaf mould mixture and are watered to keep the bed moist.

In about 10 days time the seeds germinate and in 2 months time (height 6-7 cm ) they become
ready for transplanting. 200 square meters bed is required for producing seedlings for one
hectare.

Planting: Seedling are transplanted at a spacing of 45 cm x 30 cm or 45 cm x 45 cm during

monsoon season.

Weeding: The crop requires two weeding’s, the first one about 60 days after sowing or
transplanting and the second one in another 60 days.

Irrigation: The plant do not require much water as they have drought resistant capacity. In
areas, where rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year, no irrigation is required, but in
areas where monsoon is restricted, 4 to 5 irrigations are required during the life of the plant to get
good yield.

Manuring:

They are not generally manure, however, for getting a good yield of both leaves and roots, farm
yard manure at about 15 tons per ha should be applied and a fertilizer mixture of N (20 Kg),
P2O5 (40 Kg) and K2O (40Kg) per hectare is applied as a basal dose and 6 kg N is further
drilled in rows in 3 spits at thinning, 90days and 120 days after planting.

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
Harvesting:

The crop becomes ready for harvest of roots after one year. But two leaf strippings can be taken,
the first one after 6 months and the second after 9 months of sowing. Third stripping of leaves
can also be taken when the whole plant is harvested after one year. For seed collection, matured
fruits are hand picked and dried in shade and threshed lightly. This method ensures mature seeds
with even germination. But the usual practice is to uproot the plants, dry them in shade and
thereafter thresh lightly for seeds. The seeds obtained by this method, are not uniform and their
germination is poor.

For harvesting of roots, the crop is cut about 7.5 cm above the ground and dried for stems, leaves
and seeds and then the whole field is copiously irrigated and ploughed and the roots are
collected. The roots are washed well and dried in shade and later made into bundles for
marketing.

Yield:

Under rainfed conditions about 0.75 tonne of roots, 1.0 tonne of stems and

2 tonnes of leaves (all dry basis) may be obtained from one hectare. But under irrigated
conditions, 1.5 tonnes each of roots and stems and 3 tonnes of leaves per ha can be obtained.

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
 ISABGOL (Plantago)
Botanical name: Plantago ovata

Family : Plantaginaceae

Plant part used : Seeds and husks

Introduction:

Isagbol or Psyllium is important for its seed and husk which have been used in the indigenous
medicine for many countries. The husk yields a colloidal mucilage consisting mainly of xylose,
arabinose and galacturonic acid.

Botany:

It is a stemless annual herb often attaining a height of 30 – 40 cm, with rosette leaves. The plant
bears erect ovoid or cylindrical spike with minute white flowers about 45 – 68 protogynous. Fruit
is capsule, each seed is encased in a thin, white, translucent membrane, the husk, which is
odorless and tasteless.

Climate and soil:

It requires cool and dry weather and hence in India, the crop is grown in winter i.e. from
November – December to March-April. Humid weather at maturity results in shattering of seeds.
A light well drained sandy loam to rich loamy soil with a pH of 7 – 8 is ideal.

Uses

1. . It has the property of absorbing and retaining water (40-90%) and therefore it works as an
anti- diarrhoea drug.

2. The seed has also cooling and demulcent effect and is used in ayurvedic, unani and allopathic
medicines.

3. It is beneficial in cronic dysenteries of amoebic and bacillary origin, constipation, also control
inflammatory condition of mucocus membrane of gastro intenstinal and urinary tracts.

4. Used as stabilizer in ice cream, as ingredient in chocolates & basefor cosmetics.

Varieties:

Gujarat Agricultural University has released two improved varieties viz., Gujarat Isabgol – 1 and
Gujarat Isabgol -2 which have a yield potential of 800 –900 kg and 1000 kg per ha respectively.
Niharika, IR-89, rrl-011, sel-10 etc.

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
Preparation of land:

Field must be free of weeds and clods and should have fine tilth for good germination.The land is
laid into flat beds of convenient sizes i.e. 1.0 m x 3.0 m or 2.5 m x 2.5 m

Sowing:

Fresh seeds from the preceding crop season should be sown for getting high per cent
germination. Sowing is done inNov.-Dec. The seed rate varies from 4 – 5 kg and is sown after
pretreatment with thiram @ 3 g per kg of seed to protect the seedlings from the possible damage
of damping off. The seeds, being small and light are mixed with sufficient quantity of fine sand
before sowing. The seeds are sown broadcast and are swept lightly with a broom in one direction
to cover them with some soil. Light irrigation will give to facilitate germination. Seed germinate
6-7 days after sowing.

Weeding : Timely weeding is important to encourage good growth of the plants. After 20-25
days of sowing, first weeding is done and 2-3 weeding are required within 2 months of sowing.

Manuring: 25 kg N/ha and 25 kg P/ha are applied as basal dose at the last Ploughing and
another dose of 25 kg N/ha is top dressed 30 days after sowing.

Irrigation: Immediately after sowing light irrigation is essential. First irrigation should be given
with light flow of water. The seeds normally germinate in 6 – 7 days.If the germination is poor,
second irrigation may be given. Later on, irrigations are given as and when necessary.Last
irrigation should be given at the time when maximum number of spike have reached the milk
stage.

Harvesting and processing:

The crop will be ready in about 110-130 days after sowing. When mature, the crop turns
yellowish and the spike turns brownish. The seeds are shed when the spikes are pressed even
slightly. At the time of harvest, the atmosphere must be dry and there should not be any moisture
on the plant. The plants are normally cut at the ground level or are uprooted if the soil is loose
textured. The harvested plants are threshed and winnowed, and the seeds repeatedly sifted until
clean. The seeds may be marketed whole or the husk may be sold separately. Seeds are fed to a
series of shellers, in each sheller the grinding pressure is so adjusted to remove only the husk.
This is separated by fans and sieves at each sheller and the ungrounded material is sent to the
next sheller.

The husk: seed ratio is 25:75 by weight.

The average yield is about 500-1000kg/ha

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
 Lemon Grass
B.Name - Cymbopogon flexuosus

Family: Graminae

Plant part use: Leaves

Three types of lemon grasses viz.

1. East Indian lemongrass (C flexuosus): C. flexuosus grown commercially in Kerala and

nearby adjacent state, its oil is popularly known as "Cochin oil" as it is shipped mainly through
Cochin port. 90% oil is exported.

2. West Indian lemon grass (C. citrates):Origin-Malaysia/ Shrilanka, cultivated in West Indies
and

3. Jammu lemongrass (C. pendulus)

India is annually producing nearly 1000 MT per year while the world demand is much more.
Annually, we are exporting lemon grass oil in a tube of about Rs. 5 crores. Our country is facing
a critical competition from Gautemaja in the International market.

Uses of Lemon Grass:

1. The chief constituent of the oil is the citral. It is the starting material for the preparation of
important ionone viz. A – Ionone, used in flavors, cosmetics and perfume and P – Ionone- used
in the manufacture of synthetic vitamin A.

2. Oil has bactericidal, insect repellent and medicinal uses.

3. The spent grass is a source of good cattie feed and can be converted into good silage.

4. Spent grasses are also useful for the manufacture of card boards and papers or as fuel.

5. In culinary flavouring in alcoholic & non-alcoholic beverages, frozen dairy dessert, candy,
baked foods, gelatins & pudding, meat & meat products

6. Use in preparation of soap and detergent making

Climate and Soil:

Tropical plant. The plants are hardy and grow under a variety of conditions. The most ideal
conditions are a warm and humid climate with, plenty of sunshine and rainfall of 250-280 cm per
annum, uniformly distributed. Day temp. 25-30oC is optimum for good oli production.

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
Regarding the soil, it can be grown from poor soils, in the hill slopes. Soil pH ranging from 4.5
to 7.5 is ideal. As it has good soil binding nature, they can be grown as vegetative cover over
naked, eroded slopes. Varieties of Lemon Grass:

Varieties of East Indian lemongrass :

1.Sugandhi(OD-19 ): by The Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Station, Odakkali

(Kerala), Odakkali, Kerala,

herbage yield: 50-55 t/ha, oil: 80-85kg/ha

oil recovery:1.2-1.5%

citral content:80-85%

suitable to all soil types & climate

2. SD-68: by CIMAP, Lucknow

using ionising radiation

oil yield:375kg/ha/year

Citral content: 90-92%

3. Pragati (LS-48): by CIMAP, Lucknow

Through clonal selection from OD-19

Oil contain63-86% citral

4. kavery,

5. Krishna

Varieties of Jammu lemongrass

1. RRL-16

2. Praman

3. VKP-25

Chirharit

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
Method of Propagation: seeds, slips.

Slip propagation is better in Andhra Pradesh. Seed propagation covers larger area.

a) Seed propagation: Nursery:

Seeds are formed in November – December. Seeds are collected in January – February.

Seeds are sown at 10 kg per 25 cents nursery per ha. Nursery beds are prepared and sowing is
done during April – May. After sowing nursery beds are lightly irrigated.

Seedlings will be ready in 60-75 days when hey attain 5-7 leaf stage and height of 12-15 cm.

b) Slips: Mature clump is divided. Slips are treated for rooting. Rooted slips are used for
propagation.

Field Preparations:

The land is cleared of the underground vegetations and pits of 5 cm cube are made. Splits from
old clumps can also be used for propagations. Layout: Ridges & furrow

Season: June-July

Spacing : 60x45 cm.

Place 2-3 slips per hill

Manures and Fertilizers:

100:50:50 NPK kg/ha

Irrigation: only in low rainfall area one day interval upto one month after planting and then 7-10
days interval

Harvesting of Lemon Grass:

Harvest 90 days after planting and subsequently it is harvested at 50-55 days interval.

The grass is cut 10 cm above the ground level and 5-6 cuttings can be taken in a year.

Depending upon the soil and climatic conditions, the crop can be retained in like field for 5 to 6
years.

Average oil yield on 1st yr: 25 kg of oil /year /ha on 2nd yr 80 to 100 kg oil /year /ha

Rainfed condition: 80-100 kg of oil /year /ha

Irrigated condition; 150 -200 kg of oil /year /ha

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
 Citronella
Java citronella : Cymbopogon winterianus

Ceylon citronella : Cymbopogon nardus

Family : Gramineae

Plant part used; leaves

Uses :

1. Starting material for production of Geraniol & citronellal.

2. Perfumery, soap & cosmetics

3. Preparation of detergent, household cleaners, insecticide, polishes

4. In pharmaceuticals

5. In flavouring industries

6. As an ingredient in deodorants, mosquito repellent cream & allied products.

7. Also spent grass in paper preparation & as fuel.

Soil:

Soils rich in humus having good water holding capacity and good drainage sandy loam should be
preferred. pH: 5.0-7.5 Alkaline water logged soils are detrimental for crop growth.

Climate:

Humid climate with warm temperature with well distributed rainfall favours growth of
Citronella. Abundant sunlight well distributed rainfall of 200-250 cm with 75-90% RH. Under
shade growth is poor.

Improved Varieties:

RRL JOR-3-1970: oil%-46.2%

IW 31243, IW 31245 (NBPGR, Delhi)-Java

CIMAP/Bio 13

Manjusha,

Mandakini.

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
Method of Propagation: Slips.

Due to irregularities in Meiosis, viable seeds are not formed. Therefore citronella is propagating
through slips, obtained by dividing healthy mature clumps. Each slip should have 2-3 tillers. At
the time of planting trim fibrous roots and leaves. 0.05 ha of 1- 4 year old plantation is enough as
planting material i.e. slips for planting in 1 ha of main field.

Planting Time:

Onset of monsoon or at the middle of rainy season i.e. June – July

Spacing:

Transplanted on ridges and furrows.

Spacing: 60 x 90 cm (Plant population:18,000 plants/ha)

60x60cm (Plant population:28,000 plants/ha)

Weeding: Weeding is necessary for the first 2-3 months till the planting material get established.
Earthing up: done up to 4 months Manuring:

Recommended dose: 200:80:80kg NPK/ha per year

Usually 8-10 tons of compost mixed with 60 kg P205 and 50 kg K20 per hectare before
plantation. N should be applied in 4 split doses.

Irrigation:

For healthy crop growth it should be irrigated frequently.

Irrigation interval of 15 days in winter and 10 days in summer is required for good yield.

Harvesting:

Three cuttings may be obtained in the first year commencing 6 months after planting. Leaf
blades contain more oil than sheath and hence harvesting is done 15-20 cm above the ground
level.

Optimum oil yield is obtained when the sixth leaf is well developed.

After 1 year the harvesting is needed at 2.5 months interval.

Crop is economical for4-5 years

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar
Yield:

a) Herbage yield

First year: 25-30 t/ha/year

Second year: 40-45 t/ha/year,

b) Oil yield First year: 200 - 300 kg/ha,

Second year: 320 - 450 kg/ha,

Oil constituent: Citronellal-32-45%, Geraniol-12-18%, citronellol-11-15%, geranyl acetate-3-8%

.

Prof. A.C.Jadhav Prof. P.G.Jadhav

K.K.W.College of Agriculture,Nashik V.N.G COA,Kandhar