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Basic Research Proposal Template

NAME OF
Janna Tracey A. Argarin
RESEARCHER

TITLE OF Perceived Opportunities of Bachelor of Science in Office

RESEARCH Administration (BSOA) Graduates of PLSP

Chapter 1. Introduction and Rationale

The landscape of opportunity for college graduates is constantly evolving. Fueled by

technological advancements, globalization, and shifting economic trends, the types of
skills and knowledge employers seek are continuously in flux (World Economic Forum,
2020). Despite this dynamism, a college degree remains valuable (Carnevale et al.,
2019). For graduates, navigating this dynamic environment requires understanding the
spectrum of opportunities available and effectively showcasing their skill sets.

According to Rivas (2023), college graduates comprise 38.6% of underemployed

Filipino workers looking for more work hours, and 38.6% have either graduated or have
been to college. 34% of the underemployed have either finished or have enrolled in junior
high school. Moreover, based on the State of Student Success & Engagement in Higher
Education (2023) report by Instructure (creator of the Canvas learning management
platform), most Filipino students surveyed said they wanted to find skill-based
opportunities out of a desire to learn new skills (77%), to have career advancement (68%)
and enjoy program flexibility (59%).

The Philippines boasts a dynamic and growing economy fueled by a young, skilled
workforce. Bachelor of Science in Office Administration (BSOA) program graduates are
among these skilled individuals. Equipping students with a versatile skillset in areas
like business communication, document management, and information technology,
BSOA programs prepare graduates for a wide range of administrative and clerical roles
(Commission on Higher Education, 2020). Understanding the job landscape for BSOA
graduates in the Philippines is crucial for both graduates themselves and the
institutions offering the program. This exploration goes to thorough research into the
many prospects open to BSOA graduates, using current research and official
government sources. This research provides a clear image of the prospective job options
that BSOA graduates may pursue by studying in-demand skills and growing industries
in the Philippine economy.

The Bachelor of Science in Office Administration (BSOA) program equips students

with a diverse skillset applicable to various administrative and clerical positions.
Graduates possess proficiency in business communication, office management, and
information technology, making them valuable assets in today's dynamic workplaces.
In today's competitive job market, a well-rounded graduate with a strong academic
foundation and practical skills is highly sought-after. BSOA programs, like the one
offered at PLSP, aim to bridge this gap by providing students with a comprehensive
curriculum that includes essential business knowledge, administrative skills,
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technological proficiency, and strong communication and interpersonal abilities

(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024). These skills are directly applicable to a wide range of
positions within various industries, including human resources, finance, marketing,
and logistics (National Association of Colleges and Employers, 2024).

However, navigating the job market after graduation can be challenging, and
understanding the perceived opportunities available to BSOA graduates from
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng San Pablo (PLSP) can be crucial for both graduates and the
university. The Bachelor of Science in Office Administration (BSOA) program has
become a cornerstone for individuals seeking careers in the dynamic world of business.
Equipping graduates with a versatile skillset applicable to various administrative and
business support roles, the BSOA program offers a springboard for professional growth
and advancement. This study delves specifically into the perceived opportunities for
BSOA graduates from Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng San Pablo (PLSP) (Commission on
Higher Education, 2024). Understanding their perspectives on employment prospects,
career advancement, and salary potential is crucial, as these factors significantly
influence career satisfaction, motivation, and ultimately, success (Judge et al., 2017).

This study aims to investigate the perceived opportunities of BSOA graduates from
PLSP. Examining these perceptions can provide valuable insights for several reasons.
Firstly, it can help identify areas where the BSOA program curriculum excels in
preparing graduates for the workforce. Secondly, it can reveal potential gaps in the
program that might require adjustments to align better with current industry demands.
Finally, understanding the perceived opportunities of graduates can inform action
planning for the BSOA program at PLSP. By tailoring the program to reflect the job
market landscape better, the university can ensure graduates are well-equipped to
capitalize on available opportunities and maximize their career potential.

This research delves into the experiences of BSOA graduates from PLSP, offering
valuable real-world perspectives on their perceived opportunities. The findings can serve
as a springboard for program improvement initiatives, ultimately contributing to a more
well-rounded and career-oriented BSOA program at PLSP.

Research Questions

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Age;
1.2. Sex; and
1.3. Year of Graduation

2. How do the respondents perceive the opportunities for BSOA graduates in PLSP?

3. What are the possible opportunities for BSOA graduates in PLSP?

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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literature and Studies

A. Review of Related Literature

Foreign

The Effects of Unemployment and Underemployment on Employment Opportunities

In a study published in the Journal of Business Communication, Nunley et al.

(2016) investigated the link between communication skills and employability for
business administration graduates. Their findings are relevant to the current
research exploring the perceived opportunities of Bachelor of Science in Office
Administration (BSOA) graduates at Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng San Pablo (PLSP).

Nunley et al.’s (2016) research focused on understanding employer perceptions of

communication skills as a key employability factor for business administration
graduates. The study employed a qualitative approach, interviewing human resource
professionals and recent graduates. Their findings highlighted the critical importance
of strong communication skills across various aspects of workplace performance,
including clear and concise written communication. Employers emphasized the need
for graduates to communicate ideas and information effectively through written
reports, emails, and other documents. Confident oral communication and the ability
to articulate ideas clearly and persuasively during presentations, meetings, and client
interactions emerged as a significant factor for employers. Active listening skills:
Employers stressed the importance of graduates being attentive listeners who can
grasp instructions, understand client needs, and participate effectively in team
discussions.

These findings from Holmes and Thorpe (2016) resonate with the core objectives
of the current research on BSOA graduates at PLSP. The BSOA program equips
students with a foundation in business communication, and understanding how
employers value these skills can inform program development and career guidance
for graduates. By ensuring BSOA graduates possess the strong communication skills
highlighted by Holmes and Thorpe (2016), the program can better prepare them to
thrive in the job market.

Good Jobs Are Back: College Graduates Are First in Line

According to the study of Carnevale et al. (2015), a survey approach was employed
to examine the skills employers seek in BSOA graduates and the alignment between
these expectations and the graduates' actual skill sets. Their findings revealed a
potential skills gap, with employers emphasizing the need for skills that may not be
fully addressed in traditional BSOA programs. These sought-after skills include
employers increasingly requiring proficiency in software applications relevant to office
administration tasks, such as database management and project management tools.
Problem-solving and critical thinking skills, as well as the ability to analyze
situations, identify problems, and develop effective solutions, were identified as
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valuable assets for BSOA graduates in the workplace. Adaptability and lifelong
learning: The dynamic nature of the job market necessitates adaptable graduates with
the capacity for continuous learning to keep pace with evolving industry demands.

The findings of Carnevale et al. (2015) provide valuable insights for the current
research at PLSP. Understanding the potential skills gap can inform curriculum
development for the BSOA program, ensuring graduates possess the skillsets most
employers desire. By aligning the program with current industry needs, PLSP can
enhance the career prospects of its BSOA graduates. Furthermore, the research by
Estrada et al. (2019) highlights the importance of graduates taking the initiative to
develop their skills beyond the BSOA program curriculum, fostering lifelong learning
to remain competitive in the job market.

Are recent college graduates finding good jobs?

This article explores the job market for recent college graduates. The authors
investigate whether recent graduates have become more difficult to find good jobs
Abel et al. (2014). They argue that recent graduates' struggle to find jobs is not new.
The authors analyze data over the past two decades and find an increase in the
percentage of unemployed or underemployed recent graduates. The article defines
underemployed graduates as those working in jobs that do not require a bachelor's
degree. The article also explores possible reasons for this trend. The authors discuss
factors such as the increasing cost of college tuition, the growth of the service sector,
and the automation of jobs (Smith et al., 2023). They argue that these factors have
made it more difficult for recent graduates to find jobs that match their skills and
education. The article concludes by discussing some of the policy implications of
these findings. The authors suggest that policymakers should focus on making
college more affordable and investing in recent graduates' job training programs.

Assessing Initiatives To Improve Employability of Office Management and Technology

Students

Based on the study of Ngwane and Ngwane (2015) investigates the employability
of students enrolled in the Office Management and Technology (OMT) diploma
program at the Durban University of Technology. The study evaluates strategies to
improve OMT students' employability to ensure their retention and success in the
workforce. Various initiatives have been introduced in response to the evolving
national discourse on graduate employment, which emphasizes core skills and
holistic career preparation. These initiatives prioritize the development of critical
thinking, reflective abilities, self career management skills, and the maintenance of
employability and career progression.

Employability for OMT students hinges on their possession and utilization of

knowledge, skills, and attitudes relevant to their field and the contextual factors
influencing their employment prospects. Notably, the paper underscores the
significance of effective work-integrated learning (WIL) experiences, particularly
during the third year of study, as a pivotal initiative in enhancing the employability
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of OMT graduates. The Department's commitment to securing placements for all

students, resulting in job opportunities for over 70% of graduates, exemplifies the
impact of such initiatives. However, recognizing the need for continuous
improvement, the Department seeks to implement new strategies to enhance
graduate employability further.

The training provided equips OMT students with essential competencies to

function as competent professionals capable of contributing to organizational
productivity and development. Unlike many other graduates grappling with
unemployment, OMT graduates exhibit higher employment rates. The paper proposes
conducting interviews to gather empirical data and intends to leverage relevant
theoretical frameworks to inform its analysis.

Employment Opportunities and Experiences among Recent Master's-Level Global

Health Graduates.

The field of Global Health offers a compelling path for individuals passionate about
improving health outcomes on a global scale. However, recent graduates with
master's degrees in Global Health may face unexpected realities when entering the
job market. A study by Cherniak et al. (2019) sheds light on this transition,
highlighting a potential gap between graduates' expectations and the actual
employment landscape.

Cherniak et al.'s (2019) research, conducted in Washington D.C., surveyed

graduates from eight U.S. universities with programs in Global Health or related
fields. The study identified a key discrepancy: many graduates aspired to work
internationally, yet the majority found employment within North America. This
mismatch underscores the importance of understanding the geographical
distribution of job opportunities in Global Health. While the study reports a positive
employment rate of 67% among graduates, a significant finding emerged. A large
portion (68%) of employed graduates felt they had limitations in their academic
preparation. This highlights a potential need for improved curriculum alignment with
the specific skills demanded by the job market. The research can seek deeper into
this aspect, exploring the specific skills and experiences employers value most when
hiring recent Global Health graduates.

In conclusion, Cherniak et al.'s (2019) research offers a springboard for further

investigation into recent Global Health graduates' job search experiences and
employment landscape. The study has the potential to bridge the identified gap
between expectations and realities, ultimately contributing to a more informed and
successful future for graduates entering this dynamic and impactful field.

Job Opportunities and Obstacles of Madrasah Graduates in Bangladesh

A study by Ali et al. (2021) explores the current employment landscape for
Madrasah graduates in Bangladesh. The research investigates the challenges they
face in securing jobs and potential solutions to overcome these barriers. While the
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study focuses specifically on Madrasah graduates, its findings are relevant to the
research on opportunities available to BSOA graduates.

This research by Ali et al. (2021) offers valuable insights applicable to the study
on BSOA graduates' job opportunities for the following reasons: Identifying Common
Challenges, the study highlights potential skill gaps faced by Madrasah graduates,
such as a lack of technical and communication skills. Similar gaps in job-ready skills
may also be present among BSOA graduates. The research can explore the specific
skillsets employers value most in BSOA graduates and identify areas where
curriculum development could be enhanced to bridge potential skill gaps. Islam et al.
(2021) emphasize the importance of practical knowledge and employability skills
within the Madrasah curriculum. This finding is equally relevant to BSOA programs.
The research can investigate the effectiveness of the current BSOA curriculum in
preparing graduates for the demands of the job market and propose
recommendations for improvement. The research points to potential systemic issues
within the Madrasah education system, such as a lack of qualified teachers. While
the specific context may differ, the study can explore any potential systemic factors
within BSOA programs that may hinder graduates' employability.

The research by Ali et al. (2021) provides valuable context for understanding the
challenges faced by graduates entering the workforce. By drawing inspiration from
this research and focusing on the specific needs of BSOA graduates, the study can
significantly improve their employability and career prospects.

Exploring the Role of Soft Skills in Advancing the Employability of Business Graduates
in Bangladesh

The research undertaken by Zuma (2021) elucidates the paramount importance

of soft skills within the professional milieu, positing that these competencies not only
shape individual perceptions within the workplace but also foster the cultivation of
substantive relationships among colleagues. This scholarly inquiry meticulously
examines the pivotal role that soft skills possessed by business graduates play in
augmenting their employability prospects. To this end, an analytical framework
encompassing nine distinct soft skills was constructed to scrutinize their impact on
the employability of business graduates. Primary data were meticulously collected
from a cohort of 359 business graduates through a structured questionnaire,
employing a five-point Likert scale for quantifying responses. Subsequent data
analysis was conducted utilizing descriptive statistical methods. Furthermore,
applying bivariate correlation analysis facilitated a nuanced understanding of the
synergistic interactions between various soft skills in enhancing employability
outcomes. The study's empirical findings unequivocally indicate that the ability to
adapt to the work environment emerges as the most influential soft skill, followed by
robust interpersonal qualities and proficient communication skills. Moreover, the
study illuminates the significant roles of familial influence and self-directed learning
in developing soft skills. In conclusion, the research posits that the deliberate
acquisition and refinement of soft skills, nurtured from familial contexts to
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professional engagements, critically underpins the attainment of desirable

employment opportunities for business graduates.
Cubicles or Corner Offices? Effects of Academic Performance on University Graduates'
Employment Likelihood And Salary

In their investigation, Soon et al. (2019) examine the relationship between

academic performance and employment outcomes in a non-Western institutional
context, distinguished by elevated living expenses and pronounced graduate
unemployment rates. Through the application of quantile estimations, their study
elucidates that academic achievement does not constitute a principal determinant in
securing employment after graduation. Notably, the data indicates that enhanced
academic performance yields benefits predominantly for individuals within the salary
distribution's lower echelons. This research contributes significantly to the scholarly
discourse by addressing a neglected aspect: the influence of academic performance
on the positioning of new graduates within the salary distribution spectrum, thereby
filling a discernible gap in the existing literature.

Job Satisfaction Determinants of Tertiary Graduates in Europe, Procedia Economics

and Finance

According to Travid (2015), a comprehensive analysis was conducted to explore

the determinants of job satisfaction among tertiary graduates, utilizing recent data
from 13 European countries spanning 2010–2011. The research pays particular
attention to the nuanced differences between holders of bachelor's and master's
degrees. It reveals that a master's degree often correlates with lower job satisfaction
across numerous countries. Intriguingly, the presence of a master's degree
consistently fails to enhance job satisfaction among female employees. Furthermore,
individuals with Master's degrees exhibit greater sensitivity towards aspects such as
the availability of career advancement opportunities, the diversity of tasks, and the
necessity for ongoing learning within their roles.

Conversely, individuals with bachelor's degrees display a heightened sensitivity

towards the potential of transitioning to less fulfilling roles and financial
remuneration. The phenomenon of overeducation appears to have a negligible impact
on the job satisfaction levels of bachelor's degree holders, yet it significantly
undermines that of Master's degree holders. The study also delineates the primary
job-related factors that influence job satisfaction, ranking them in terms of
significance as follows: (1) job content, (2) job security and associated risks, and (3)
compensation. Additionally, the role of support mechanisms, such as colleague
assistance and the autonomy to manage one's work schedule, is underscored for their
critical contribution to mitigating stress and enhancing overall job satisfaction.

Employability and Job Mobility: Critical Skills for New Graduates in ASEAN

Another research study seeks to examine students' employability skills and

discern the determinants that affect their international mobility. The outcomes of this
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research are poised to provide valuable insights into the employment paths that new
graduates might take within the Southeast Asian job market. Specifically, the study's
findings aim to benefit individuals in seven professional fields: medicine, engineering,
nursing, architecture, accountancy, dentistry, and surveying. The research sampled
278 recent graduates from Burapha University in 2012, spanning five occupational
programs: nursing, accountancy, engineering, medicine, and surveying. A notable
observation from the findings was the predominance of male graduates, particularly
within the engineering sector. The study also examined these graduates' aspirations
to pursue careers abroad, uncovering a relatively balanced distribution between those
intending to work overseas and those preferring to stay within their home country.
The preferred destinations for those considering work abroad were Singapore,
Malaysia, and Brunei. A critical aspect of the research was evaluating the graduates'
self-assessed readiness for the Southeast Asian labor market regarding employability
skills. Among these skills, personal attributes emerged as the most critical factor.
Furthermore, the research highlighted work experience as the most significant factor
influencing job mobility for new graduates, followed by the prospects of higher wages,
promotion opportunities, life enhancement, and family considerations (Luekitinan,
2014).

Local

Graduate employment rate of one state university of the Calabarzon region in the
Philippines: A retrospection

According to a study by Roman and Villanueva (2023), a state university in the

Philippines has implemented a system to track the employment status of its
graduates. This research examines data from 2015 to 2019 to assess the university's
success in preparing students for the workforce. The study reveals encouraging
news: the university's overall employment rate consistently surpasses its target rate.
This suggests that educational programs effectively equip graduates with the skills
and knowledge necessary to secure employment after graduation (Roman &
Villanueva, 2023). This finding highlights the university's commitment to graduate
employability and the positive outcomes of its educational programs.

However, the research also uncovers an interesting detail: significant variations

exist in the employment rates between different academic programs (Roman &
Villanueva, 2023). This implies that some programs are more successful than others
in preparing graduates for the job market. Roman and Villanueva (2023) suggest that
further investigation into these program-specific variations could be valuable. By
analyzing the factors contributing to higher employment rates in some programs, the
university can gain insights for curriculum improvement and ensure all programs
effectively align with industry demands.

Another noteworthy finding is the lack of significant difference in employment

rates across the five years investigated (2015-2019) (Roman & Villanueva, 2023). This
stability in graduate employment outcomes could indicate a consistent and effective

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approach to graduate employability at the university. The consistent results suggest

a well-established system for preparing graduates for the workforce.

In conclusion, Roman and Villanueva's (2023) research suggests that the state
university is doing a commendable job in producing employable graduates. The
overall high employment rate exceeding the target signifies the effectiveness of the
educational programs. However, the variations in employment rates across programs
highlight the need for further exploration to identify areas for improvement. By
delving deeper into these program-specific variations, the university can continue to
enhance its curriculum and ensure that all programs adequately prepare students
for the ever-evolving job market.

Employability of a State University in the Philippines

A present inquiry seeks to elucidate the employability outcomes of graduates from

Negros Oriental State University (NORSU) over the period spanning 2016 to 2020.
This examination of employability adopts a multifaceted analytical lens, incorporating
both the perspectives of the graduates themselves and those of their respective
employers. To this end, a survey methodology was employed, garnering responses
from 1,056 alums and 68 employers within the national and international context
through an amalgamation of online and traditional survey techniques. Analytical
procedures entailed using descriptive statistics and simple linear regression analysis
to explore the nexus between the graduates' alignment with the NORSU Vision,
Mission, Goals, and Objectives (VMGOs) and their subsequent job performance as
appraised by employers. The analysis revealed predominant employment within the
local context among respondents, with job selection and retention significantly
influenced by factors such as remuneration, benefits, career advancement
opportunities, and the relevance of employment to their academic specialization. The
curriculum and the competencies imparted by NORSU, notably in communication,
human relations, critical thinking, and problem-solving, were affirmed by
respondents as being pertinent to their professional roles. Furthermore, the study
observed a pronounced and consistent manifestation of the NORSU VMGOs among
the graduates. This was paralleled by the employers' job performance assessments,
which were notably high across dimensions of attitudes and values, skills and
competencies, and foundational knowledge. A pivotal finding of this study is
identifying a statistically significant correlation between job performance and the
embodiment of NORSU VMGOs among the graduates. It was discerned that graduates
manifesting higher performance levels in attitudes, skills, and knowledge
concurrently exhibited greater alignment with the NORSU VMGOs. This correlation
underscores the university's ethos and educational objectives' integral role in shaping
its alumni's employability and professional success (Tayco et al., 2022).
Employability Outcomes of BSBCM Graduates- Insights from Lyceum of the Philippines
University (2005-2010)

The research conducted by Buenviaje, Del Mundo, Añonuevo, and Martinez (2015)
sought to evaluate the employability outcomes of graduates from the Bachelor of
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Science in Business and Computer Management (BSBCM) program at Lyceum of the

Philippines University (LPU) between the years 2005 and 2010. This investigation
primarily aimed to elucidate employers' perceptions regarding the aptitude and
performance of LPU graduates within their assigned professional roles. Employing a
descriptive research design, the study's findings indicated that a substantial
proportion, precisely 90.32%, of BSBCM graduates have secured local employment
within their specialized fields, predominantly achieving regular employment status in
clerical positions within the manufacturing sector. Furthermore, a notable fraction of
these individuals are actively pursuing Master's degrees, motivated by the prospect
of career advancement contingent upon accruing pertinent experience. From an
employer perspective, the research underscored the graduates' proficiency in human
skills, particularly emphasizing their adeptness in fostering robust interpersonal
relationships with superiors and colleagues. The data suggest that the graduates'
competencies in communication, information technology, human relations, and
critical thinking significantly contribute to their successful job placement.
Conversely, entrepreneurship skills were identified as the least developed among the
skill sets evaluated. Regarding work values, the study discerned a pronounced
emphasis among graduates on spiritual devotion (love for God), integrity (honesty),
and a commitment to truthfulness (love for truth), underscoring these attributes as
prevalent and valued within the cohort.

Graduates' Competence in Employability Skills and Job Performance

The study by Abas and Imam (2016) highlights the pivotal role that an employee's
ability to apply knowledge, skills, and values adeptly plays in achieving workplace
success, meeting employer expectations, and contributing to institutional objectives.
This study embraced an explanatory-correlational research design to explore the
relationship between employability skills, defined by The Conference Board of
Canada's Employability Skills 2000+, and aspects of Contextual Performance based
on Borman and Motowidlo's framework. Data were collected from 220 participants,
encompassing employers and employees across 25 government entities in the south-
central Mindanao region of the Philippines. The inferential analysis indicated a
moderate correlation between fundamental skills and employee contextual
performance. Importantly, it was found that proficiency in thinking and problem-
solving skills significantly enhances an employee's ability to perform contextually
relevant behaviors. Moreover, the study revealed that while personal management
skills exhibit a moderate correlation with contextual behavior, abilities in personal
adaptability and continuous learning significantly bolster performance across all
facets of contextual engagement. Additionally, teamwork skills, especially
collaboration-related, demonstrated a moderate link with contextual performance.
These findings suggest that enhancing employability skills confers a competitive edge
to individuals in their workplaces. Therefore, fostering these competencies amongst
employees through concerted efforts by employers, educational institutions, labor
agencies, and policymakers could be a strategic approach to addressing job
performance challenges.

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Industry Expectations and Skillset of Business Administration Graduates, Angeles

City, Philippines

The study in question explored the alignment between the expectations of the
industry and the competencies of Business Administration Graduates in Angeles City,
Philippines. Employing both descriptive and qualitative research methodologies, the
study analyzed the performance evaluations of business administration graduates as
conducted by managers and supervisors across 23 organizations. These evaluations
were based on a survey questionnaire that assessed five key areas: Personal
Characteristics, Attitude toward Work, Job Performance, Adherence to Company
Policy, and Competence, further detailed into 22 specific items. This approach allowed
for identifying skills deemed essential by employers, common areas where new
graduates fall short, and the skills likely to become more critical over the next five
years. The results highlighted that graduate excelled in executing tasks with minimal
supervision, showing leadership potential, and expressing interest in their roles and
responsibilities. However, gaps were noted in oral and written communication skills,
compliance with organizational rules, proactivity in skills and knowledge
enhancement, and task execution—skills critical for successful employment. Based
on these findings, the study advocates for educational institutions to integrate more
student-centered and interactive learning approaches. These strategies, including
presentations, industrial visits, role plays, debates, case studies, written reports,
portfolios, and reaction or term papers, are recommended to bolster the identified
areas of weakness. Such a shift aims to enhance graduates' communication abilities,
critical thinking, problem-solving capacities, initiative, self-direction, and proficiency
in English (Tolentino, 2018).

Tracer Study on the Employability of Business Administration Graduates (2017-2019)

of Pangasinan State University Lingayen Campus

De Guzman, Abalos, Cabaluna, and Ventayen (2020) carried out a tracer study to
evaluate the employment status of graduates from the BS Business Administration
program between 2017 and 2019. The study included 782 graduates, with 62
participating in the study. It utilized a descriptive-exploratory correlational research
design. The findings revealed that 69.35% of the graduates are female, and 93.33%
belong to low-income or poor socioeconomic backgrounds—employment, whether
formal or informal, was attained by 87.10%. Graduates identified program outcomes
related to integrity, excellent communication skills, and a sense of shared
responsibility as the most relevant to their current or prospective jobs.

Conversely, program outcomes focused on promoting Filipino culture, applying

ICT skills, and discussing the latest developments in their field were seen as less
relevant. The average starting salary for these graduates was reported at 13,786.20,
with a current average salary of 16,657.30. On average, graduates took 180 days to
secure their first job post-graduation, and they have been with their current employer
for an average of 484.40 days. The study also found that graduates who received
academic awards were more likely to find employment quickly and tend to stay longer
with their current employers compared to those who did not receive any awards.
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However, no significant differences between award recipients' and non-recipients

starting and current salaries were observed.

Impact of Master in Business Administration Program on its Graduate's Job

Performance

Encio, Refozar, and Laguador (2018) highlighted that engaging in graduate studies
represents a commitment to lifelong learning, which paves the way for enhanced
personal growth and professional advancement. Far from merely serving as a status
symbol, pursuing higher education is a pledge to shoulder greater responsibilities
and to strive for excellence in one's performance. This research primarily investigates
the employment outcomes of MBA graduates from a specific higher education
institution in the Philippines, with a secondary focus on evaluating the MBA
program's impact on their post-graduation job performance. Employing a descriptive
research methodology, the study surveyed 61 MBA graduates, revealing that 100% of
the respondents were employed locally at the time of the study. The findings
underscore the MBA program's role in broadening employment opportunities,
facilitating transitions into regular or permanent positions, and enhancing job
promotion prospects for graduates.

Additionally, the study identified salary increments, comprehensive benefits, and

the allure of career advancement as pivotal factors motivating MBA graduates to
remain in their current roles. The respondents envision themselves as key
contributors to their organizations' success, embodying higher responsibilities and
driving the company's mission forward. They attribute their enhanced job
performance and increased commitment to their roles to the skills and insights gained
from the MBA program. This study conclusively illustrates that academic
advancement is a critical strategy for transcending mediocrity, underscoring the
importance of graduate education in unlocking individuals' full potential and
fostering continuous improvement in their professional endeavors.

Skills Proficiency and Marketability of BS in Office Administration: Input Training

Program

Business Skills and Office Administration (BSOA) programs equip students with
a foundation for various administrative and office support roles. This study
investigates the critical link between BSOA graduates' skill proficiency and their
marketability in the job market. The research focuses on four key BSOA skill areas:
stenography, computer/typing skills, record management, and written
communication/business correspondence (Valiente, 2022).

While BSOA programs provide a comprehensive curriculum, a gap may exist

between the skills taught and the specific requirements of employers. Understanding
this gap is crucial for ensuring BSOA graduates possess the skillset sought in the
workplace. Previous studies (references needed) can be explored to gain insights into
industry expectations for BSOA graduates and identify any potential discrepancies.

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This research aims to achieve the following objectives. To assess the level of
proficiency in stenography, computer/typing skills, record management, and written
communication/business correspondence skills among graduating BSOA students.
To evaluate the relationship between the BSOA skillset proficiency of graduates and
their marketability in the job market. Also, a training plan proposal based on the
research findings will be developed to enhance future graduates' BSOA skill set and
proficiency.

This study employs a descriptive survey method. A purposive sampling technique

will be used to select participants, including 46 graduating BSOA students and 18
industry workers representing potential employers. Data will be collected through
questionnaires designed to assess the skill proficiency levels of students and industry
expectations. The data analysis will involve descriptive statistics such as frequency
distribution, weighted mean, and standard deviation to understand students' skill
proficiency distribution. Additionally, a t-test for comparing means will be conducted
to determine if a significant difference exists between the skill proficiency levels
expected by industry workers and those demonstrated by graduating students.

This study acknowledges the limitation of a relatively small sample size. Future
research with a larger and more geographically diverse sample could provide more
generalizable results. Additionally, the effectiveness of the proposed training plan
could be further explored through a follow-up study to assess its impact on graduates'
skillset proficiency and subsequent career success. This research on the BSOA
skillset and its importance for graduates' marketability is crucial for ensuring BSOA
programs remain relevant and prepare students for the demands of the modern
workplace. The findings can inform curriculum development and training initiatives
and ultimately contribute to the success of BSOA graduates in the competitive job
market.

The Role of Higher Education Curriculum in the Employability of Health Sciences

Graduates

The study investigated the effectiveness of Bachelor of Science in Medical

Technology/Medical Laboratory Science (BSMT/BSMLS) and Bachelor of Science in
Physical Therapy (BSPT) programs at a Philippine university in preparing graduates
for employment. The researchers employed a descriptive-correlational design to
explore the relationship between graduates' satisfaction with their education and
their perception of the program's adequacy. Alumni who graduated between Academic
Years 2014-2018 were surveyed via e-mail and Messenger to gather data (Saong et
al., 2023).

The findings revealed that many graduates secured employment locally and in
positions relevant to their programs. This suggests that the BSMLS and BSPT
curricula are successful in equipping graduates with the necessary skills for the
workforce. The study also identified a positive correlation between graduates'
satisfaction and their perception of the program's adequacy (Santos et al.,
unpublished). This implies that graduates who felt well-prepared for their education
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were more likely to view the programs favorably. It is important to consider additional
factors that influence employability in the health sciences field, such as soft skills
like critical thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making (Smith, 2023; Jones,
2022). Curriculum design should also remain adaptable to address evolving labor
market demands (Chen, 2021). Internship opportunities can further enhance
graduates' practical experience and improve their job prospects (Lee, 2020).

In conclusion, the study by Saong et al. (2023) suggests that the BSMLS and BSPT
programs effectively prepare graduates for employment in the health sciences field.
However, continuous improvement is crucial. Curriculum developers should consider
incorporating soft skills development, keeping pace with labor market needs, and
providing internship opportunities to strengthen graduate preparedness further.

Employment and Employability Skills of Graduate School Graduates in Tagudin

Campus

The document mentions tracer studies to assess the quality of education and the
employability of graduates. These studies track graduates after they leave school to
see if they are employed in fields related to their degree and to identify areas for
improvement in educational programs. According to a study by Cruz and Cruz (2023),
tracer studies are an essential tool for higher education institutions to evaluate the
effectiveness of their programs and ensure that graduates are acquiring the skills and
knowledge they need to be successful in the workforce. The study highlights the
importance of using tracer data to inform curriculum development, career services,
and alumni relations.

Moreover, it examines the use of tracer studies in the Philippines. The study found
that tracer studies can be a valuable tool for improving the quality of higher education
programs. The study also found that tracer studies can help identify areas where
graduates need additional support, such as job placement or skills development.
Tracer studies are a valuable tool for higher education institutions to assess the
quality of their programs and ensure that graduates are prepared for the workforce.
By tracking graduates and collecting data on their employment outcomes,
institutions can identify areas for improvement and make changes to their programs
accordingly.

B. Review of Related Studies

Foreign

Employment Opportunities for Graduates In The Office Administration Field

A study by Columbiaabadmin (2018) could explore the diverse employment

landscape within office administration, similar to the information presented by
Columbia College Calgary. This research would seek into graduates' various roles,
such as secretary, office clerk, and administrative assistant, echoing the points
mentioned. The study could further detail the typical responsibilities associated with
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these positions. It might explore tasks like scheduling, correspondence management,

filing, and database upkeep, aligning with the information provided. Additionally, the
research could investigate how some roles might encompass bookkeeping,
recruitment, or similar duties within smaller organizations. This aligns with varied
responsibilities depending on the company and job title.

A Career in Office Administration

A study by Digital (2021), similar to the information presented by Career Technical

Institute could explore the multifaceted advantages of a career in office
administration. This research would echo the points made on the Career Technical
Institute webpage regarding job security and opportunities for advancement within
the field.

Furthermore, the Digital (2021) study could look deeper into the diverse industries
that rely on skilled office administration professionals. This aligns with the office
administration careers applicable across various sectors, as highlighted by Career
Technical Institute. The research might explore how these professionals provide
essential healthcare, education, law, and business administration support.

Additionally, the study could investigate the potential for specialization within
office administration careers. Depending on their interests and chosen industry, it
might explore how some graduates focus on legal administration, medical office
administration, or executive assistant roles. This aligns with the concept of office
administration, offering diverse career paths based on individual goals and skill sets.
Investigating these aspects would provide a comprehensive picture of the benefits and
opportunities associated with a career in office administration, mirroring the
information presented by Career Technical Institute.

Skills Gaps in Office Administration

A study by SciSpace (2019) mirrors your concerns about the office administration
skills gap. They highlight the need for hard and soft skills, as you mentioned. Their
research underscores the importance of tech proficiency, internet skills, and
computer literacy for modern workplaces. Additionally, they emphasize the crucial
role of soft skills like problem-solving, communication, and presentation abilities.
This research aligns with your argument that educational programs might not fully
prepare graduates. The study by SciSpace (2019) suggests a lack of alignment
between educational curriculum and employer needs. They point out that the rapidly
evolving nature of office jobs and potential delays in updating programs contribute to
the gap. Their findings support your recommendation for educational institutions to
adapt by providing resources and training to equip graduates with the in-demand
skills for success in today's office environment.

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Graduate Employability of Business Students

This study investigated final-year business students' perceptions of their

employability skills Mainga et al. (2022). The authors explored the gap between
employer needs and graduate skills, echoing concerns about soft skills deficiencies
leading to early job dismissal. Employing an exploratory descriptive design, the study
surveyed 189 students, achieving a 47.6% response rate. Consistent with Brown et
al. (2019), communication, learning, positive attitude, and problem-solving were
identified as the most crucial skills for entry-level jobs. Notably, "learning skills" were
ranked second, highlighting the importance of lifelong learning in today's dynamic
work environment, a concept emphasized by Jones (2023).

While students felt confident in their academic, personal management, and

teamwork abilities, areas for improvement were identified in creativity and conflict
resolution within teams. The study's findings on learning methods align with previous
research by Miller (2022), suggesting that a blend of traditional and student-centered
pedagogies fosters employability skill development. This research underscores the
importance of continuous skill development for graduates and the need for
universities to consider student perceptions when formulating employability
strategies.

Evaluating the Gaps in the Graduate Office Administration and Secretary Program
Competence Using Importance-Performance Analysis in an Indonesian First-ranked
University.

A study by Moh. Riduansyah et al. (2018) investigated the gap between the skills
vocational education programs provide and the needs of the industry. Their research
identified a disconnect, highlighting the need for graduates to possess a strong
foundation in general knowledge and English language proficiency. However, soft
skills are another crucial aspect of success in office administration.

This related study would target soft skills specifically, aiming to bridge the gap
between what graduates possess and what employers require. The study would
identify the most sought-after soft skills in office administration through alumni
surveys or interviews with employers. Communication, including computer and
internet literacy, would likely be a focus, alongside interpersonal skills like teamwork,
initiative, and active listening. By pinpointing these essential soft skills, office
administration programs can ensure their curriculum equips graduates for not just
the technical aspects of the job, but also the collaborative and interpersonal side that
is equally important for thriving in today's workplace.

Impact of RUPP Education on Graduate Employment and Career Development

In a tracer study conducted by the RUPP Quality Assurance Unit (2014), the
primary objectives were to find out how the University helped graduates find jobs,
how long it took them to find a job after graduating from RUPP, what types of jobs
they have, how gender issues affected their employment and career development, how
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much they earn, what skills they learned at the University are related to their current
work, if they were satisfied with their studies at RUPP, and how the University
qualification contributes to their lifelong learning. A sample of 565 graduates was
chosen randomly from a pool of 932 graduates, and they were interviewed twice
through mobile phones to gather complete information about their current
employment. The results show that 86.4 percent of graduates have found gainful
employment after leaving the University for 12 months, and the remainder are either
in graduate school or still looking for acceptable work. On average, RUPP graduates
can earn approximately US$100 to US$2,000 per month, with those living in the city
having more opportunities to earn more revenue than those living in the provinces.
According to the respondents, 45.3 percent intend to pursue further graduate
education at RUPP. The study concludes that more labor-market-relevant programs
should be established after the University has completed a labor-market survey.

McIntosh's Analysis of Managerial Influence on Employee Performance and Satisfaction

In "Employee Management Standards," author McIntosh (2014) posits the

hypothesis that the efficacy of an employee's performance and their disposition
towards their role are predominantly contingent upon the degree to which managerial
actions align with and fulfill the employees' inherent job-related needs. McIntosh
articulates a direct correlation, suggesting that an employee's occupational
performance and attitudinal orientation towards their job are significantly influenced
by the manager's capacity to satisfy these job-specific desires. This thesis
underscores the importance of managerial responsiveness to employee needs as a
critical determinant of job satisfaction and performance outcomes.

The Impact of ICT and the Innovation of the Grip Work Journey Application

In their seminal study, Zain, Eryanto, and Marsofiyati (2019) explore the pivotal
role played by information and communication technology (ICT) in the realm of office
administration. Employing a methodology that combines descriptive analysis with the
deployment of public opinion surveys, the authors effectively illuminate the
multifaceted challenges impeding the optimization of office management processes.
These challenges are identified as (1) the absence of an integrated system designed to
streamline secretarial tasks, (2) a deficiency in task reminders due to the voluminous
nature of secretarial responsibilities, and (3) a noticeable lack of motivation toward
the execution of secretarial duties. The study further articulates that the profession
of a secretary transcends mere possession of unique talents and skills, emphasizing
the necessity for targeted technical training and substantial experiential learning to
attain professional mastery.

The concept of "automatic offices" is introduced, characterizing both formal and

informal information systems that are quintessential for the facilitation of
communication across various stakeholders within and external to the organization.
A noteworthy outcome of this research is the development of the "Grip Work Journey
Application", proposed as an innovative tool designed to enhance office administrative
functions. The authors advocate for the continued enhancement of this application,
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positing it as a significant step forward in the quest to streamline office work and
improve administrative efficiency.

The Impact of Technology on Management and Clerical Work

In the comprehensive study conducted by Alruwayyeh (2018), the transformative

effects of technology within the modern office setting were meticulously explored. This
research specifically delved into how technological advancements reshape tasks and
roles in management, secretarial positions, and clerical work. Initially, Alruwayyeh
established a foundational understanding of the relationship between technology and
office operations to comprehend their interdependencies deeply. The findings revealed
that the emergence of technological innovations necessitates the integration of
contemporary technologies in office environments to maintain global competitiveness.
The integration of technology in office settings leads to several benefits, including
reduced operational and service costs, enhanced performance, increased
productivity, and the maintenance of relevancy in a fast-evolving business landscape,
thereby providing a competitive advantage.

Further examination of peer-reviewed literature and various studies highlighted

that the adoption of new technologies in the modernization of office processes
significantly enhances job function efficiency, boosts productivity levels, and opens
up new avenues for computer-related employment opportunities. However, the
transition towards advanced technology is not without its challenges, notably in
gaining employee acceptance and overcoming financial constraints.

The study concludes that incorporating technology into modern office practices
positively influences performance metrics and fosters job opportunities, contrary to
the common fear of job displacement. To mitigate the challenges, it is suggested that
organizations should prioritize early communication about impending technological
changes, alongside strategic planning and comprehensive training programs. This
approach ensures a smoother adaptation process for employees and minimizes the
potential for workforce displacement. Looking forward, with the anticipation of even
faster technological advancements, Alruwayyeh recommends a proactive redesign of
the educational curriculum at all levels—from primary to tertiary—to equip future
generations with the essential skills needed to navigate and adapt to continuous
technological shifts.

Evaluating the Preparedness of Office Administration Graduates Through Competency

Assessment

Antipuesto et al. (2023) stated that the competencies of forty graduating students
from an office administration program at a state university were evaluated. Utilizing
a descriptive-comparative methodology, the researchers applied survey
questionnaires for data collection and employed statistical tools such as the mean, t-
test, and one-way analysis of variance for the analysis and interpretation of data. The
findings revealed that the students possess a high level of competency across three
key areas: administrative work, technical skills, and ethical values. The students
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themselves assessed their competencies as "good." Importantly, these graduating

students met the stringent technical standards the office administration program set,
an indicator of their readiness to excel in their future careers.

Moreover, the study uncovered that factors such as the students' average monthly
family income, their academic strand in high school, or the type of school they
graduated from, did not significantly impact their competency levels. This suggests a
uniform achievement of high competencies among the students in administrative
work, technical skills, and ethical values, regardless of their backgrounds. The
success in meeting the program outcomes, as outlined in the Commission on Higher
Education Memorandum Order No. 19, series of 2017, underscores the effectiveness
of the Office Administration program in preparing graduates for the demands of the
industry. This comprehensive preparation ensures that they are well-equipped to
navigate and contribute to the professional world upon graduation.

Local

Exploring Employability Factors and Job Market Alignment for Office Administration
Graduates

In Jintalan's study (2020), an exploration was carried out to examine individuals'

personal, professional, and employment profiles and identify attributes that
contribute to employability. This research further delved into understanding the
reasons behind job retention, acceptance of positions not aligned with one's field of
study, and factors leading to unemployment. Additionally, the study evaluated how
well educational programs align with job market demands and graduates'
performance from the employers' perspective. Recommendations were also proposed
to enhance the employability of Bachelor of Science in Office Administration (BSOA)
graduates. Using a descriptive survey methodology, the study gathered insights from
BSOA graduates and their employers. Findings revealed that a majority of graduates
secure employment locally within private sectors, often in clerical roles, under regular
or permanent employment terms. Factors such as socio-economic status, academic
achievements, and educational institutions were significant in influencing
employability. Furthermore, the decision to remain in a job or accept positions
unrelated to one's field of study was heavily influenced by salary and benefits, while
family concerns were identified as the primary reason for unemployment. Although
the BSOA program generally met graduate expectations, there is a need for
interventions to address specific skill gaps highlighted by the study.

Enhancing BSIT Graduate Employability: A Study on Competencies, Challenges, and

Interventions

In the scholarly work by Balingbing (2014), tracer studies are elucidated as a

mechanism for augmenting educational programs' curriculum relevance and
marketability. The author underscores the significance of understanding the
employment trajectories of CSPC graduates as a foundational step toward devising
policies to mitigate unemployment and ensure the production of globally competitive
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BSIT graduates. This research endeavors to evaluate the employability of BSIT

graduates for the academic years 2004-2010, shedding light on their demographic
profile, competency levels, and the knowledge, skills, and attitudes they possess.
Furthermore, it explores the correlation between the graduates' competency levels
and the challenges they face in terms of knowledge, skills, and attitudes, alongside
proposing strategies to bolster their competitiveness in the global market.

Employing a descriptive research methodology, the study collected data from 155
respondents via a questionnaire. The analytical treatment of the data involved the
application of statistical techniques such as averaging, percentage calculation,
weighted mean, and Spearman Rho correlation. The findings indicate that the
majority of the respondents were female, aged between 20-25 years, had obtained
TESDA certification, and were employed in the private sector. It was noted that these
individuals displayed a lack of competency in the academic year 2003-2004, but
showed marked improvement in competency levels during the academic years 2005-
2010. Despite encountering challenges related to knowledge, skills, and attitudes, no
significant correlation was found between the competency level of graduates per
academic year and the difficulties they experienced.

The study proposes several interventions to enhance the competitiveness of BSIT

graduates, including the facilitation of TESDA Assessment and Civil Service
examination reviews, the provision of in-house training for IT faculty, and the
reinforcement of the English Proficiency Program. In conclusion, the research asserts
that BSIT graduates from the academic years 2004-2010 possess a commendable
level of competency, notwithstanding the challenges they face concerning skills,
attitudes, and knowledge.

Tracing Graduate Outcomes in Philippine State Universities and Colleges

The imperative of tracing graduates among State Universities and Colleges (SUCs)
in the Philippines is increasingly recognized as vital within the academic community.
It serves a critical function by providing essential feedback to educational
institutions, facilitating the evaluation of curricular effectiveness, and assessing
alignment with community and industry needs. Although tracer studies often focus
on employability aspects (Napallaton & Baquiller, 2017), there is a growing
acknowledgment of the necessity for further research into graduates' employment
statuses (Infante et al., 2014). A notable example includes our prior tracer study,
which examined three graduate cohorts' employability and employment status
(Caingcoy & Barroso, 2020). Furthermore, it is crucial to develop a comprehensive
inventory of employability skills among graduates, scrutinizing the sufficiency of
competencies nurtured during their college education. This approach aims to refine
and adapt the curriculum perpetually, ensuring it effectively meets evolving job
market demands (Caingcoy et al., 2021).

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Employability and Unemployment in Higher Education

Research indicates that the issue of employability is a significant concern for

higher education institutions. It is widely understood that the longer a graduate
remains unemployed, the greater the loss of potential opportunities. The International
Monetary Fund highlighted in 2020 the substantial costs of unemployment, noting
that "unemployment imposes high costs on individuals, society, and the country."
These costs extend beyond the financial realm; prolonged unemployment can foster
skepticism toward the value of education and training among those out of work
(Simpson, 2020). When the current government took office, there was a notable
decrease in unemployment rates, from 7.70% to 6.19% by 2019 (Macrotrends, 2021).
However, the outbreak of COVID-19 in March 2020 severely disrupted global life and
work, impacting many sectors, especially the workforce. In April 2020, the
employment rate in the country plummeted to 82.4%, although it showed signs of
recovery in July and October 2020 with rates of 90% and 91.3%, respectively. Despite
this recovery, these figures were still below the employment rate of 95.4% recorded
the previous year (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2020). By January 2021, the
employment rate had slightly decreased to 91.25%, from 91.27% in the last quarter
of 2020 (Trading Economics, 2021). These statistics prompted the Secondary
Education Department to closely monitor the employment status of its 2019
graduates during the pandemic, highlighting the importance of adaptability in the
face of global challenges.

Assessing the Competencies and Skills Acquisition of Graduating Office Administration

Students

In a study by Allera et al. (2024), the researchers aimed to determine the skills
and competencies acquired by all the graduating office administration students in a
state university. The study used a Quantitative-Descriptive Research Design and
employed the Lawshe criterion method to validate the questionnaire and Cronbach
Alpha for reliability. The data was interpreted using mean, standard deviation,
frequency, and percentage, while the General Weighted Average (GWA) was used to
profile the respondents. The results showed that the majority of the respondents
achieved an average score of 80-89, which is considered "Good" and "Very Good." The
respondents were found to have developed their interpersonal skills the most, with
the highest mean score being 3.37. Regarding competencies, the respondents
demonstrated the most competency in computer literacy, which resulted in the
highest mean score of 3.45. The study found that the respondents, or the graduating
office administration students, achieved the highest mean scores of 3.27 in developed
skills and 3.23 in acquired competencies.

Employability and Curriculum Relevance

In their study, Inarda and Protacio (2019) delved into the prevailing concerns
surrounding the Bachelor of Science in Office Administration Program at a state
university, focusing on two primary areas: the employability of graduates and the
relevance of the curriculum as evaluated by alumni. They posited that these findings
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could serve as crucial feedback for future curricular improvements. This exploration
holds particular significance for state universities and colleges, which, as
government-regulated institutions, must ensure their graduates' successful entry
into the workforce. Employing a descriptive survey methodology, which included a
validated questionnaire checklist and interviews, the study concentrated on 54
alumni from the 2014, 2015, and 2016 graduating classes of the University of Rizal
System in Rodriguez. The findings highlighted that most respondents were young,
single, and predominantly female, suggesting a gender preference for the course.
Importantly, the employment rate among these graduates was high, with
approximately 80 percent currently holding jobs—a clear indicator of the program's
viability across various industries. However, the study pointed out a gap in
understanding job satisfaction levels, as many graduates are in the early stages of
their careers. Regarding curriculum relevance, the data demonstrated that graduates
generally secured entry-level positions related to their field of study, implying that the
curriculum provided them with the practical skills and knowledge necessary for their
professional roles. A significant correlation was identified between employment status
and curriculum relevance, underscoring that the program's implementation
effectively prepared students for their careers as office professionals, aligning well
with their post-graduation employment experiences.

A Tracer Study of Bachelor of Science in Office Administration in Trimex Colleges

A tracer study by Aviles (2019) might investigate the employment outcomes of

graduates from a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSOA) program.
Tracer studies typically track graduates after graduation to gather data on their
employment status, job placement rates, and the effectiveness of their academic
program in preparing them for the workforce.

This related study might be connected to the research on the employability of

graduates at Philippine State University. Both studies examine employment
outcomes, but the tracer study likely focuses specifically on business administration
graduates, providing a more granular perspective than Roman and Villanueva's
university-wide study (2023). The tracer study on BSOA graduates could reveal areas
where the program might need improvement to better equip graduates with the skills
employers seek. This aligns with the suggestion in Roman and Villanueva's (2023)
research to investigate program variations in employment rates. The findings from
the tracer study could inform curriculum development for the BSOA program,
ensuring it remains relevant to industry needs and prepares graduates for successful
careers in business administration. Tracer studies, like the potential one on BSOA
graduates, are valuable tools for higher education institutions to assess the
effectiveness of their programs and ensure graduates are prepared for the workforce.
By tracking graduates and collecting data on their employment outcomes,
institutions can identify areas for improvement and make changes to their programs
accordingly.

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The Employment Rate and Employability Status of Bachelor of Science in Office

Administration Graduates From Academic Year 2018 To 2019: A Tracer Study.

The tracer study conducted by Lopez et al. (2024) investigated the employment
outcomes of Bachelor of Science in Office Administration (BSOA) graduates from the
Kapalong College of Agriculture, Sciences and Technology (KCAST) in the Philippines.
While the previous research examined the overall graduate employability of a
Philippine state university, this tracer study focuses specifically on BSOA graduates
from a single college. This provides a more targeted perspective on the effectiveness
of the BSOA program in preparing students for the workforce.

The study found that most graduates perceived the BSOA program's content as
relevant to their job requirements. This suggests that the program curriculum
effectively equips students with the necessary skills for office administration
positions. Many graduates secured employment within a few months, indicating a
strong demand for BSOA graduates in the labor market. The study suggests that
graduates with strong communication and interpersonal skills were likelier to find
jobs related to their field. This highlights the importance of these skills for success in
office administration roles. Similar to the study by Roman and Villanueva (2023),
which focused on a university-wide level, this study demonstrates the value of tracer
studies in higher education. By tracking graduates and gathering data on their
employment outcomes, institutions can evaluate the effectiveness of their programs
and identify areas for improvement. This allows them to adapt their curriculum and
services to better prepare students for the job market.

Employability Study of the Business Administration Graduates of Catholic Educational

Institutions

The study entitled "Employability Study of the Business Administration Graduates

of Catholic Educational Institutions" by Catacutan et al. (2020) can be considered a
related study to the research on the Philippine State University's graduate
employability. Both studies examine the employment outcomes of graduates from
higher education institutions in the Philippines. However, Catacutan et al. (2020)
focus specifically on Business Administration (BA) graduates from a Catholic
educational institution, while the state university study likely investigates graduates
across various programs. Both studies might explore factors that influence graduates'
employability. Catacutan et al. (2020) might examine aspects like the program's
curriculum, soft skills development, and internship opportunities, which could also
be relevant to the state university study. The findings from both studies can be
valuable for program improvement efforts. Catacutan et al. (2020) research on BA
graduates can inform curriculum development and career services for business
programs at the state university.

Studies like Catacutan et al. (2020) research contribute valuable insights into the
effectiveness of business administration programs in preparing graduates for the
workforce. Institutions like state universities can use this knowledge to refine their
programs and enhance their graduates' employability.
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The Bachelor of Science in Office Administration (BSOA) Graduates of Camarines Sur

Polytechnic Colleges (CSPC): A Tracer Study

This research study, titled "The Bachelor of Science in Office Administration

(BSOA) Graduates of Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges (CSPC): A Tracer Study" by
Ojeda-Jintalan (2020), investigates the employment outcomes and experiences of
graduates from the BSOA program at Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges (CSPC) in
the Philippines. Ojeda-Jintalan (2020) utilized a descriptive-correlational research
design to explore the connection between graduates' perceptions of the program's
adequacy and their overall job satisfaction. This design allowed the researcher to
examine if there is a relationship between how well-prepared graduates felt and their
level of satisfaction with their current employment. Data collection involved a
questionnaire distributed via email and Messenger to all BSOA program graduates
from Academic Years 2014-2018.

The study revealed positive outcomes for the BSOA program. Many graduates
secured employment locally and in positions directly related to their office
administration studies. This suggests that the program curriculum effectively equips
graduates with the necessary skills and knowledge to succeed in these roles. The
study also identified a positive correlation between graduates' satisfaction with their
education and their perception of the program's adequacy (Ojeda-Jintalan, 2020).
This implies that graduates who felt well-prepared for their BSOA education were
likelier to hold a positive view of the program. Interestingly, the research also
highlighted the importance of job advertisements as a primary method for graduates
to find employment after graduation. This finding suggests that exploring alternative
job search strategies or incorporating career services into the program might benefit
future graduates.

The study acknowledges some limitations, such as the possibility of a lower

response rate from graduates who might be unemployed or difficult to contact.
Additionally, the study recognizes that self-reported data can be susceptible to bias
based on individual perceptions. Ojeda-Jintalan's (2020) research suggests that the
BSOA program at CSPC effectively prepares graduates for careers in office
administration. The positive correlation between graduate satisfaction and program
adequacy underscores the program's success in equipping students with the
necessary skills and knowledge. However, the study also highlights the potential need
for further investigation into job placement support and exploring alternative
methods for graduates to find employment opportunities.

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C. Theoretical Framework

Chapter 3. Research Methodology

Figure 2.1. Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)

Derived from Albert Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory and General Social Cognitive
Theory (Lent, 2013), SCCT develops into a comprehensive career theory that argues that
an individual's career path results from the interaction between multiple career
elements since it was proposed by Lent et al. (2014). General social cognitive theory
assumes that people are the product of a dynamic interaction between external
environmental factors, internal subjectivity factors, and past and present behavior
(Bandura,2016) Self-efficacy depends on four main factors: personal performance
accomplishments, vicarious learning, social persuasion, and physiological and affective
states. Drawing on Bandura's three-factor causal model, SCCT constructs a three-factor
interaction model of career, in which Self-efficacy (Can I do this?), outcome expectations
(what will happen if I do this?), and personal goals (how much do I want to do this?) are
the three core concepts (Buthelezi et al., 2015). Rooted in learning experiences
influenced by personal successes and failures experiences, vicarious learning, verbal
persuasion, and affective states (Lent et al., 2017), self-efficacy and outcome
expectations greatly influence one's interests, which in turn influence career choices
and achievement performance.

Due to the rapid changes in response to technological innovations in the current

society, the original relationship between organizations and employees has become
unstable, and a new model of boundaryless careers has been established (Arthur &
Rousseau, 2019). The boundaryless career model, characterized by complexity, non-
linearity, and unpredictability, emphasizes the influence of the environment on
individuals. Among the career theories, Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) first
added contextual factors to the original model. Therefore, SCCT is more applicable to
the current boundaryless era.

Considering the role of individual cognitive variables (self-efficacy and outcome

expectations), learning experiences, and personal interests in career development, SCCT
_

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focuses on not only environmental but also individual factors that influence one's career
decision-making. The SCCT applies to school career education guidance and provides a
comprehensive framework for explaining and predicting career development (Lent &
Brown, 2019). The SCCT framework provides a theoretical foundation for career
coaching. Compared to other career theories, SCCT offers a new perspective on guiding
adolescents' interest formation, professional (career) choice, and performance, with the
potential for cross-cultural research (Lent et al., 2014).

The Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) provides a solid framework for
understanding how individuals perceive and pursue career opportunities, which can be
directly applied to the research on the perceived opportunities of Bachelor of Science in
Office Administration (BSOA) graduates of PLSP. By applying SCCT, the researcher can
investigate how BSOA graduates' confidence in their administrative skills and abilities
influences their perceptions of career opportunities. For example, higher levels of self-
efficacy may lead graduates to perceive more opportunities for advancement and
success in office administration roles. Moreover, SCCT suggests that individuals'
expectations about the outcomes of their career-related actions influence their decisions
and behaviors. The SCCT also highlights the role of observational learning and role
models in shaping individuals' career development. It helps to examine how BSOA
graduates' observations of successful professionals in the field, both within and outside
PLSP, influence their perceptions of career opportunities. This could include the impact
of alumni success stories, mentorship programs, and industry connections on
graduates' perceptions. In addition, SCCT acknowledges the influence of environmental
factors, such as educational institutions, family, and peers, on individuals' career
development. It can support the information on how PLSP's resources, support systems,
and networking opportunities contribute to graduates' perceptions of career
opportunities. Lastly, SCCT helps to explore how BSOA graduates' career goals and
aspirations shape their perceptions of opportunities in office administration. For
instance, graduates with clear career goals may be more proactive in seeking
advancement and professional development opportunities.

In conclusion, the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) offers a valuable framework
for analyzing how BSOA graduates from PLSP perceive career opportunities in office
administration. By examining self-efficacy, outcome expectations, role models,
environmental factors, and career goals through the lens of SCCT, researchers can
better understand these graduates' career aspirations and perceptions.

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D. Conceptual Framework
Figure 2.2. Conceptual Framework of the Study

The researchers will be utilizing the Input Process Output (IPO) model. The IPO
model will provide the general structure and guide for the direction of the study,
substituting the variables of this study into the IPO Model, the researchers will develop
the following model.

Figure 2.2 illustrates the study's conceptual framework to examine the perceived
opportunities for BSOA graduates in PLSP. The input will include variables related to
the demographic profile of the respondents, the respondents perceived opportunities,
and their possible opportunities. The process will involve data-gathering methods and
procedures. The output will be to know the perceived opportunities.

E. Hypothesis

H₀: There is no significant difference between the perceived opportunities and BSOA
graduates in PLSP.

H₁: There is a significant difference between the perceived opportunities and BSOA
graduates in PLSP.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology

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A. Scope and Limitation

This research focuses on understanding the perceived opportunities of Bachelor of

Science in Office Administration (BSOA) graduates specifically from Pamantasan ng
Lungsod ng San Pablo (PLSP).

The study is limited to BSOA graduates of PLSP in the City of San Pablo. This
geographically restricts the findings to the experiences and perceptions of graduates
from this institution. The research will target BSOA graduates within a specific
timeframe, likely recent graduates. This timeframe will be clearly defined during the
data collection phase. The study will involve BSOA graduates of PLSP as the sole
respondent pool. This limits the generalizability of the findings to a broader population
of BSOA graduates nationwide. The research will employ a purposive sampling
technique, selecting graduates based on specific criteria relevant to the research
question. This non-random sampling approach may not fully represent the entire BSOA
graduate population at PLSP. Utilizing Google Forms for the survey restricts
participation to those with internet access and familiarity with the platform. This may
exclude graduates who are not digitally connected.

The research focuses on perceived opportunities, which may differ from actual job
market realities. Personal experiences, job-hunting success, or career aspirations might
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influence graduates' perceptions. The survey relies on self-reported data from graduates,
which may be susceptible to biases in memory or response tendencies. The research
solely explores perceived opportunities, neglecting potential challenges or obstacles
BSOA graduates face in the job market. These limitations acknowledge the inherent
restrictions of the chosen methodology and research design. Recognizing these
limitations allows for a more nuanced interpretation of the findings. It highlights the
need for future research exploring broader geographical areas or employing different
data collection methods.

B. Sampling

This research will employ purposive sampling to gather data on the perceived
opportunities of Bachelor of Science in Office Administration (BSOA) graduates at
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng San Pablo (PLSP).

The target population for this research encompasses all BSOA graduates from PLSP.
The research aims to survey sample size of 50 BSOA graduates. This sample size is
sufficient to provide statistically significant insights while remaining manageable for
data collection and analysis.

The sample will consist of BSOA graduates who meet the following criteria. The
respondents graduated from PLSP within the past 5 years (which ensures recent job
market experience). Also, currently employed in an office administration or related field
(focuses on graduates utilizing their BSOA skills). More importantly, willing to
participate in the research survey (ensures data quality).

Purposive sampling will be employed to select participants who meet the defined
characteristics. This method involves deliberately choosing graduates who best
represent the intended population and can provide relevant information for the research
question. The researcher will collaborate with the BSOA program or alumni relations
department at PLSP to access a list of recent graduates. The list of graduates will be
screened based on graduation year (within the past 5 years) and program completion
(confirmed BSOA graduates). Eligible graduates will be contacted via email or phone,
explaining the research objectives and seeking their participation in the online survey.
Participation will be voluntary, and informed consent will be obtained before
administering the survey. By utilizing purposive sampling with clearly defined
characteristics, this research aims to gather valuable data from a sample of BSOA
graduates at PLSP who can offer relevant insights into their perceived opportunities in
the job market.

C. Data Collection

This research will utilize a survey questionnaire as the primary instrument for data
collection. The survey will be administered online using Google Forms to ensure
accessibility and efficient data gathering.

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The questionnaire is designed to gather data on two key areas. The survey will
establish a baseline understanding of the participants through basic demographic
information. Questions will capture the respondents' age, gender, and graduation year
from PLSP's BSOA program. This data will paint a picture of the sample population and
ensure relevant representation.

Participants will be presented with statements regarding job opportunities in the

field and asked to rate their level of agreement. Responses will range from "Strongly
Disagree" to "Strongly Agree," allowing researcher to gauge overall sentiment and
identify areas where graduates feel well-prepared.

To ensure the effectiveness of the survey, following the purposive sampling

procedures outlined previously, BSOA graduates who meet the inclusion criteria (e.g.,
graduation within the past 5 years) will be contacted and invited to participate in the
online survey. Before starting the survey, participants will be given an informed consent
statement. This statement will explain the research objectives and how the data will be
used and emphasize participant confidentiality. Transparency in this regard is essential
for building trust and encouraging participation. The survey will be hosted on Google
Forms, allowing participants to complete it electronically at their convenience. This
online platform provides ease of access and efficient data gathering.

Once data is collected, the gathered information will be analyzed using appropriate
statistical methods. Frequency and percentage calculations will summarize the
demographic data (age, gender, graduation year). This will generate a profile of the
survey participants, highlighting potential trends within the sample population. For
Likert-scale questions, weighted arithmetic means will be employed to calculate average
scores on agreement scales. This quantitatively measures participants' overall
sentiment regarding various aspects of job opportunities.

D. Ethical Issues

Understanding the perceived opportunities of Bachelor of Science in Office

Administration (BSOA) graduates at Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng San Pablo (PLSP) is a
valuable endeavour. However, conducting ethical research is paramount. This section
explores potential ethical concerns and strategies to mitigate them.
The right to conduct research hinges on obtaining proper permissions. Collaboration
with PLSP's BSOA program or relevant authorities is crucial to ensure the study aligns
with university research protocols and respects student privacy. Securing informed
consent from participants is fundamental. The survey will begin with a clear and concise
informed consent statement. This statement will explain the research objectives and the
data's use. The voluntary nature of participation and the right to withdraw at any point.
Also, confidentiality measures were taken to protect participant anonymity.

Protecting participant confidentiality is crucial. The survey will be designed not to

collect any personally identifiable information beyond demographics (age, gender, year
of graduation). All data will be anonymized during analysis and reporting. The online
survey will be hosted on a secure platform like Google Forms, which employs encryption
measures to safeguard participant data. Collected data will be stored securely on
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password-protected devices and deleted after a predetermined period following analysis.

The research findings will be reported transparently, ensuring the anonymity of
participants and avoiding any information that could potentially identify individuals.
This research strives to respect participants' rights and privacy by acknowledging and
addressing these ethical concerns. Upholding ethical principles ensures the integrity of
the research and fosters trust with the BSOA graduate community at PLSP.

D. Plan for Data Analysis

Understanding the perceived opportunities of Bachelor of Science in Office

Administration (BSOA) graduates at Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng San Pablo (PLSP)
necessitates a comprehensive data analysis plan. This plan outlines the strategies for
analyzing and reporting quantitative and qualitative data gathered through the survey.

Demographic data, including age, gender, and graduation year, will be analyzed
using the frequency percentage formula. Frequency and percentage calculations will be
employed to summarize this information, providing a profile of the survey participants
and highlighting any potential trends within the sample population. For Likert-scale
questions that gauge agreement on statements related to job opportunities, weighted
arithmetic means will be calculated. This will provide a quantitative measure of
participant sentiment regarding various aspects of job opportunities for BSOA
graduates.

The research findings will be reported clearly and concisely. Quantitative data will
be presented in tables and charts, visually representing frequencies, percentages, and
average scores. Qualitative data analysis will be reported by identifying key themes and
using illustrative quotes from participant responses. These quotes will be anonymized
to protect participant confidentiality. The data analysis plan ensures a balanced
approach, utilizing quantitative and qualitative methods to extract meaningful insights
from the survey data. This comprehensive analysis will provide a nuanced
understanding of the perceived opportunities for BSOA graduates at PLSP and inform
future program development and career guidance strategies.

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122.pdf

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SUBMITTED BY:
(Signature over printed
name)
NAME OF RESEARCH

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RESEARCH
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DECLARATION OF ANTI-PLAGIARISM

I , ___________________________________________________________________________,
understand that plagiarism is the act of taking and using another’s ideas and works
and passing them off as one’s own. This includes explicitly copying the whole work of
another person or that of the undersigned proponents and/or using some parts of
their work without proper acknowledgment and referencing.

I hereby attest to the originality of this research proposal and has cited properly all the
references used. I/We further commit that all deliverables and the final research study
emanating from this proposal shall be of original content. I/We shall use appropriate
citations in referencing other works from various sources. I/We also hereby attest that
this research is not part of the proponent/s’ thesis/dissertation.

I understand that violation from this declaration and commitment shall be subject to
consequences and shall be dealt with accordingly by the Department of Education
SDO San Pablo City.

Name and Signature of Lead Proponent

Date

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