Introduction

Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force

that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully
or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that
the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the
center of mass of the displaced fluid. Archimedes' principle is
a law of physics fundamental to fluid mechanics.
In this project, we will be talking about:
• Density
• Buoyant Force
• Archimedes' Principle
• Explanation
• Formula
• Problems

• Principle of Floatation
• Fluid Mechanics
• Uses of Archimedes' Principle
 Density

The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a

substance is its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used
for density is p (the lowercase Greek letter rho), although the Latin
letter D can also be used. Mathematically, density is defined as mass
divided by volume:

where p is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. In

some cases (for instance, in the United States oil and gas industry),
density is loosely defined as its weight per unit volume, although
this is scientifically inaccurate - this quantity is more specifically
called specific weight.
The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure.
This variation is typically small for solids and liquids but much
greater for gases. Increasing the pressure on an object decreases the
volume of the object and thus increases its density. Increasing the
temperature of a substance (with a few exceptions) decreases its
density by increasing its volume. In most materials, heating the
bottom of a fluid results in convection of the heat from the bottom
to the top, due to the decrease in the density of the heated fluid.
This causes it to rise relative to denser unheated material.
The reciprocal of the density of a substance is occasionally called
its specific volume, a term sometimes used in thermodynamics.
Density is an intensive property in that increasing the amount of a
substance does not increase its density; rather it increases its mass.
 Density is commonly expressed in units of grams per cubic
centimetre. For example, the density of water is 1 gram per cubic
centimetre, and Earth's density is 5.51 grams per cubic centimetre.
Density can also be expressed as kilograms per cubic metre (in MKS
or SI units). For example, the density of air is 1.2 kilograms per cubic
metre. The densities of common solids, liquids, and gases are listed
in textbooks and handbooks. Density offers a convenient means of
obtaining the mass of a body from its volume or vice versa; the mass
is equal to the volume multiplied by the density (M = Vd), while the
volume is equal to the mass divided by the density (V = M/d). The
weight of a body, which is usually of more practical interest than its
mass, can be obtained by multiplying the mass by the acceleration
of gravity.
Buoyant Force

In science, buoyancy or upthrust, is an upward force exerted by a

fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object. In a column of
fluid, pressure increases with depth as a result of the weight of the
overlying fluid. Thus, the pressure at the bottom of a column of fluid
is greater than at the top of the column. Similarly, the pressure at the
bottom of an object submerged in a fluid is greater than at the top of
the object. This pressure difference results in a net upwards force on
the object. The magnitude of that force exerted is proportional to
that pressure difference, and (as explained by Archimedes' principle)
is equivalent to the weight of the fluid that would otherwise occupy
the volume of the object, i.e. the displaced fluid.
For this reason, an object whose density is greater than that of the
fluid in which it is submerged tends to sink. If the object is either less
dense than the liquid or is shaped appropriately (as in a boat), the
force can keep the object afloat. This can occur only in a non-inertial
reference frame, which either has a gravitational field or is
accelerating due to a force other than gravity defining a
"downward" direction. In a situation of fluid statics, the net upward
buoyancy force is equal to the magnitude of the weight of fluid
displaced by the body.
The centre of buoyancy of an object is the centroid of the displaced
volume of fluid.
A simplified explanation for the integration of the pressure over
the contact area may be stated as follows:
Consider a cube immersed in a fluid with the upper surface
horizontal.
The sides are identical in area, and have the same depth
distribution, therefore they also have the same pressure distribution,
and consequently the same total force resulting from hydrostatic
pressure, exerted perpendicular to the plane of the surface of each
side.
There are two pairs of opposing sides, therefore the
resultant horizontal forces balance in both orthogonal
directions, and the resultant force is zero.
The upward force on the cube is the pressure on the bottom
surface integrated over its area. The surface is at constant depth, so
the pressure is constant. Therefore, the integral of the pressure over
the area of the horizontal bottom surface of the cube is the
hydrostatic pressure at that depth multiplied by the area of the
bottom surface.
 Archimedes' Principle
The Story of
Archimedes' principle, physical law of Archimedes
buoyancy, discovered by the ancient Greek
There is a famous
mathematician and inventor Archimedes,
story that a crown
stating that anybody completely or partially
was once made for
submerged in a fluid (gas or liquid) at rest is King Hiero and he
acted upon by an upward, or buoyant, wanted to know if
force there was a way to
the magnitude of which is equal to the weight know if it was of
of the fluid displaced by the body. The pure gold or silver
volume of displaced fluid is equivalent to the had been mixed in
volume of an object fully immersed in a fluid it. He
or to that fraction of the volume below the approached his
surface for an object partially submerged in a cousin
liquid. The weight of the displaced portion of Archimedes who
the fluid is equivalent to the magnitude of got a brainwave
when he was in a
the buoyant force. The buoyant force on a
bath and ran on
body floating in a liquid or gas is also
the streets
equivalent in magnitude to the weight of the shouting
floating object and is opposite in direction; Eureka! (I've found
the object neither rises nor sinks. it!).
 Explanation

Practically, Archimedes' principle allows the buoyancy of an object

partially or fully immersed in a liquid to be calculated. The downward
force on the object is simply its weight. The upward, or buoyant,
force on the object is that stated by Archimedes' principle, above.
Thus, the net upward force on the object is the difference between
the buoyant force and its weight. If this net force is positive, the
object rises; if negative, the object sinks; and if zero, the object is
neutrally buoyant - that is, it remains in place without either rising or
sinking. In simple words, Archimedes' principle states that, when a
body is partially or completely immersed in a fluid, it experiences an
apparent loss in weight that is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the immersed part of the body.
If the weight of an object is less than that of the displaced fluid,
the object rises, as in the case of a block of wood that is released
beneath the surface of water or a helium-filled balloon that is let
loose in air. An object heavier than the amount of the fluid it
displaces, though it sinks when released, has an apparent weight loss
equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. In fact, in some accurate
weighing, a correction must be made in order to compensate for the
buoyancy effect of the surrounding air.
The buoyant force, which always opposes gravity, is nevertheless
caused by gravity. Fluid pressure increases with depth because of the
(gravitational) weight of the fluid above. This increasing pressure
applies a force on a submerged object that increases with depth. The
result is buoyancy.
 Let's use a battleship as an example. A battleship is made of steel.
Right about now, you may be saying, 'But steel doesn't float!' So
how is it a battleship can float?
Look at the image of the battleship. Now imagine drawing a line
where the water comes up on the hull of the ship. Then, fill the ship's
hull with water up to that line. How much do you think the water
would weigh? If you said 'a lot,' you're right. It would actually weigh
as much as the entire ship!

The weight of the water to fill up the hull of the ship weighs the
same as the ship, so the water applies a buoyant force up on the ship
with this much force. Therefore, the ship made of steel floats!
Let's look at another example. If you put an ice cube in a glass of
water, the cube floats because ice is less dense than water. So, the
ice underwater displaces that volume of water.
For example, a ship that is launched sinks into the ocean until the
weight of the water it displaces is just equal to its own weight. As the
ship is loaded, it sinks deeper, displacing more water, and so the
magnitude of the buoyant force continuously matches the weight of
the ship and its cargo.
 Formula

Consider a cube immersed in a fluid, with its sides parallel to the

direction of gravity. The fluid will exert a normal force on each face,
and therefore only the forces on the top and bottom faces will
contribute to buoyancy. The pressure difference between the bottom
and the top face is directly proportional to the height (difference in
depth). Multiplying the pressure difference by the area of a face
gives the net force on the cube - the buoyancy, or the weight of the
fluid displaced. By extending this reasoning to irregular shapes, we
can see that, whatever the shape of the submerged body, the
buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
Apparent loss in weight of water = weight of object in air - weight of
object in water
The weight of the displaced fluid is directly proportional to the
volume of the displaced fluid (if the surrounding fluid is of uniform
density). The weight of the object in the fluid is reduced, because of
the force acting on it, which is called upthrust. In simple terms, the
principle states that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the object, or the density of the fluid
multiplied by the submerged volume times the gravitational
constant, g. Thus, among completely submerged objects with equal
masses, objects with greater volume have greater buoyancy.
Suppose a rock's weight is measured as 10 newtons when
suspended by a string in a vacuum with gravity acting on it. Suppose
that, when the rock is lowered into water, it displaces water of
weight 3 newtons. The force it then exerts on the string from which it
hangs would be 10 newtons minus the 3 newtons of buoyant force:
10-3=7 newtons. Buoyancy reduces the apparent weight of objects
that have sunk completely to the sea floor. It is generally easier to lift
an object up through the water than it is to pull it out of the water.
 For a fully submerged object, Archimedes' principle can be
reformulated as follows:
Apparent immersed weight = weight of object - weight of
displaced fluid then inserted into the quotient of weights,
which has been expanded by the mutual volume
Density of object / Density of fluid = Weight / Weight of
displaced fluid yields the formula below. The density of the
immersed object relative to the density of the fluid can easily be
calculated
without measuring any volume is
Density of object / Density of fluid = Weight/Weight - Apparent
immersed weight
(This formula is used for example in describing the measuring
principle of a dasymeter and of hydrostatic weighing.)
 PROBLEMS

Problem 1: A ball of mass 2 kg that has a diameter of 50 cm falls

in the pool. Compute its buoyant force and volume of water
displaced Answer:
Known:
Mass of water, m = 2 kg,
Diameter of ball, d = 0.5 m, r = 0.25
m Volume of sphere V = 4/3 πr3 = 4/3
π
0.253 Hence the density is given by ρ
= mass/volume The force is given by
F = mg.
Hence buoyant force is F = 2 kg x 9.8 m/s2 = 19.6 N
The Archimedes formula is given by F = ρρg Vdisp
Hence the volume of displaced fluid is Vdisp = F/ρg = 19.6/96 x 9.8 =
0.0208 m3 Hence volume of given body = volume of displaced liquid.
Problem 2: Calculate the buoyant force acting on it, if a stone of
masss 250 g is thrown in water?
Answer:
Known: m (Mass of stone) =0.25 kg,
The buoyant force is given by
F = mg
=0.25 x 9.8
=2.45 N
Thus, 2,45 N of upward force is being applied on the stone.
 Principle of Floatation

When the buoyant force equals 1 ton, it will sink no farther. When
any boat displaces a weight of water equal to its own weight, it
floats. This is often called the "principle of flotation". A floating
object displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own weight.
In other words, for an object floating on a liquid surface (like a
boat) or floating submerged in a fluid (like a submarine in water or
dirigible in air) the weight of the displaced liquid equals the weight
of the object. Thus, only in the special case of floating does the
buoyant force acting on an object equal the objects weight. Consider
a 1-ton block of solid iron. As iron is nearly eight times as dense as
water, it displaces only 1/8 ton of water when submerged, which is
not
enough to keep it afloat. Suppose the same iron block is reshaped
into a bowl. It still weighs 1 ton, but when it is put in water, it
displaces a greater volume of water than when it was a block. The
deeper the iron bowl is immersed, the more water it displaces, and
the greater the buoyant force acting on it. When the buoyant force
equals 1 ton, it will sink no farther.
When any boat displaces a weight of water equal to its own
weight, it floats. This is often called the "principle of flotation": A
floating object displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own weight.
Every ship, submarine, and dirigible must be designed to displace a
weight of fluid at least equal to its own weight. A 10,000-ton ship's
hull must be built wide enough, long enough and deep enough to
displace 10,000 tons of water and still have some hull above the
water to prevent it from sinking. It needs extra hull to fight waves
that would otherwise fill it and, by increasing its mass, cause it to
submerge. The same is true for vessels in air: a dirigible that weighs
100 tons needs to displace 100 tons of air. If it displaces more, it
rises; if it displaces less, it falls. If the dirigible displaces exactly
its weight, it hovers at a constant altitude.
It is important to realize that, while they are related to it,
the principle of flotation and the concept that a submerged
object displaces a volume of fluid equal to its own volume are
not
Archimedes' principle. Archimedes' principle, as stated above,
equates the buoyant force to the weight of the fluid
displaced.

Fluid Mechanics
Fluid mechanics is a branch of physics concerned with the
mechanics of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on
them. Fluid mechanics has a wide range of applications, including
mechanical engineering, civil engineering, chemical engineering,
biomedical engineering, geophysics, astrophysics, and biology. Fluid
mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at
rest; and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid
motion.
It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models
matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms;
that is, it models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint rather than
from microscopic. Fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an
active field of research with many problems that are partly or wholly
unsolved. Fluid mechanics can be mathematically complex, and can
best be solved by numerical methods, typically using computers. A
modern discipline, called computational fluid dynamics (CFD), is
devoted to this approach to solving fluid mechanics problems.
Particle image velocimetry, an experimental method for visualizing
and analysing fluid flow, also takes advantage of the highly visual
nature of fluid flow.
•Statics
• Dynamics • Archimedes'
principle Bernoulli's principle Navier-Stokes equations
• Poiseuille equation
• Pascal's law
•Viscosity (Newtonian, non-Newtonian)
• Buoyancy
• Mixing Pressure
• Surface tension
• Capillary action • Atmosphere Boyle's law Charles's law
Gay- Lussac's law
• Combined gas law
The study of fluid mechanics goes back at least to the days of
ancient Greece, when Archimedes investigated fluid statics
and buoyancy and formulated his famous law known now as
the
Archimedes' principle, which was published in his work On Floating
Bodies - generally considered to be the first major work on fluid
mechanics. Rapid advancement in fluid mechanics began with
Leonardo da Vinci (observations and experiments), Evangelista
Torricelli (invented the barometer), Isaac Newton (investigated
viscosity) and Blaise Pascal (researched hydrostatics, formulated
Pascal's law), and was continued by Daniel Bernoulli with the
introduction of mathematical fluid dynamics in Hydrodynamica
(1739). Inviscid flow was further analysed by various mathematicians
(Leonhard Euler,
Jean le Rond d' Alembert, Joseph Louis Lagrange, Pierre- Simon
Laplace, Siméon Denis Poisson) and viscous flow was explored by a
multitude of engineers including Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille and
Gotthilf Hagen.
 Uses of Archimedes' Principle

1. Submarine:
A submarine has a large ballast tank, which is used to
control its position and depth from the surface of the sea. A
submarine submerges by letting water into the ballast tank
so that its weight becomes greater than the buoyant force.
Conversely, it floats by reducing water in the ballast tank. Thus
its weight is less than the buoyant force.
2. Hot-air balloon:
The atmosphere is filled with air that exerts buoyant force on any
object. A hot air balloon rises and floats due to the buoyant force
(when the surrounding air is greater than its weight). It descends
when the balloon's weight is higher than the buoyant force. It
becomes stationary when the weight equals the buoyant force. The
weight of the Hot-air balloon can be controlled by varying the
quantity of hot air in the balloon.
3. Hydrometer:
A hydrometer is an instrument to measure the relative
density of liquids. It consists of a tube with a bulb at one end.
Lead shots are placed in the bulb to weigh it down and
enable the hydrometer to float vertically in the liquid. In a
liquid of
lesser density, a greater volume of liquid must be displaced
for the buoyant force to equal to the weight of the
hydrometer so it sinks lower.
Hydrometer floats higher in a liquid of higher density. Density
is measured in the unit of g cm-3.
4.Ship:
A ship floats on the surface of the sea because the volume of
water displaced by the ship is enough to have a weight equal to the
weight of the ship. A ship is constructed in a way so that the shape is
hollow, to make the overall density of the ship lesser than the sea
water.
Therefore, the buoyant force acting on the ship is large enough to
support its weight. The density of sea water varies with location. The
PLIMSOLL LINE marked on the body of the ship acts as a guideline to
ensure that the ship is loaded within the safety limit. A ship
submerge lower in fresh water as fresh water density is lesser than
sea water. Ships will float higher in cold water as cold water has a
relatively higher density than warm water.
5. Fishes:
Certain group of fishes uses Archimedes' principles to go up and
down the water. To go up to the surface, the fishes will fill its swim
bladder (air sacs) with gases. The gases diffuse from its own body to
the bladder and thus making its body lighter. This enables the fishes
to go up. To go down, the fishes will empty their bladder, this
increases its density and therefore the fish will sink.
6. FLIP-Floating instrument platform:
This is a research ship that does research on waves in deep water.
It can turn horizontally or vertically. When water is pumped into
stern tanks, the ship will flip vertically. The principle that is used in
FLIP is almost similar with the submarines. Both ships pump water in
or out of tank to rise or sink.
 Future Scope

Today CFD simulations are becoming more and more

computationally demanding. In many areas of science and industry
there is a need to guarantee short turnaround times and fast time-
to- market. Such goals can be fulfilled only with huge investments in
hardware and software licenses.
Graphics Processing Units provide completely new possibilities for
significant cost savings because simulation time can be reduced on
hardware that is often less expensive than server-class CPUs. Almost
every PC contains a graphics card that supports either CUDA or
OpenCL.
The computations may be done on the CPUs and GPUs
concurrently. If there are multiple GPUs in the system, independent
computing tasks can be solved simultaneously. When cases are
solved on GPU the CPU resources are free and can be used for other
tasks such as pre- and post-processing. Moreover, the power
efficiency per simulation, is comparable for a dual-socket multicore
CPU and a GPU.
Several ongoing projects on Navier-Stokes models and Lattice
Boltzman methods have shown very large speedups using CUDA-
enabled GPUs.
Just before the first computer 'Eniac' (1942), computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) studies were carried out by human computers.
Hardware was the hurdle that prevented both engineer and scientist
from developing numerical analysis.
Though ascent in the field of hardware is enormous, having
adequate facilities in accordance with hardware is still an issue. As
developments in hardware are getting faster, the curiosity of human
beings is getting faster two times higher. Despite hardware has
come
a long way, it still is needed to dig future up. According to the survey
carried out by Sandler Research, global cloud CFD market to grow at
a CAGR of 10.73% during the period 2016-2020. Thus, cloud
computing is the candidate of the future trend of computational
fluid dynamics, in terms of hardware.

Conclusion
As the project comes to an end, we have realized that some of our
views and concepts were wrong about Archimedes' principle and
fluid mechanics.
Archimedes' principle is indeed a very important concept in today's
date, and it also has a lot of scope in the upcoming future.
We think the tests we did went smoothly and we had no problems,
except for the fact that Archimedes' principle was quite an
interesting and engaging topic for us.
An interesting future study might involve fluid mechanics to help
breathing underwater for human beings as well.
This project was very much educational and enlightening for us. We
could conclude from this project that the Archimedes' principle has
a wide range of applications and we see its instances in day to day
life as well.
 Bibliography
1. References from the internet
• www.britannica.com
• www.prezi.com
• www.wikipedia.com www.slideshare.net
• www.khanacademy.org
• www.byjus.com
• www.study.com
• www.mycbseguide.com
• www.sciencefare.com www.studymode.com
• www.sciencebuddies.org
• www.designmaths.weebly.com
• www.reference.com
• www.meritnation.com
2. References from textbooks
• NCERT Physics Textbook Part-II
• New Simplified Physics Vol. II by S. L. Arora
• Foundations of Physics by H. C. Verma
• Wiley's Halliday / Resnick / Walker Physics Vol 1
3. Help from teachers and experiments done in physics laboratory.