Vietnam National Universities – HCMC

International University
School of Biomedical Engineering
Department of Medical Instrumentations

Principles of EE I Laboratory
BM054IU

Lab 6
Frequency and
Phase Shift Measurement

Instructor:
Assoc. Prof. Pham Thi Thu Hien

Submitted by
Full name Student ID Contribution (%)

Ho Chi Minh City

Semester 1, 2023 - 2024
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 Vietnam National Universities – HCMC
International University
School of Biomedical Engineering
Department of Medical Instrumentations

1. Pre-lab
*You must provide all calculations in-details in separate sheets and/or simulation results
as attachments.

Figure 1. RC circuit
Question 1. Find the voltage drop across the resistor R1, the voltage drop across the
capacitor C1 and the mesh current I for the circuit shown in Figure 1. All the value must be in
phasor form.
Question 2. Draw a phasor diagram showing the source voltage V1, the voltage drop
across the resistor R1, the voltage drop across the capacitor C1 and the mesh current calculated
I in question l. Use the source voltage V1 as your reference. Show the module and phase of
each phasor.
Question 3. Using Multisim, run a simulation of the circuit presented in Figure 1. Plot a
graph showing the source voltage V1, the voltage drop across the resistor R1, the voltage drop
across the capacitor C1 and the mesh current I in at least 3 period. Based on the graph, identify
these values in phasor form and explain.

Figure 2. RLC circuit

Question 4. For the circuit shown in Figure 2, find the input impedance Zin and
determine at which frequency, ω in rad/s, giving |XL| = |XC|.
Question 5. For this value of ω, what is the phase shift between the applied voltage V1
and the loop current I1?
Question 6. Using Multisim, run an AC Sweep simulation from 200 Hz to 4000 Hz
measuring voltage source and voltage drop across R1. Draw the graph in your submission.
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 Vietnam National Universities – HCMC
International University
School of Biomedical Engineering
Department of Medical Instrumentations

2. Lab objectives
In this laboratory, you should be able to:
1. Graphically represent complex number (phasor diagram).
2. Use an oscilloscope to measure the frequency and phase shift of periodic waveforms.
3. Calculate equivalent impedance a circuit using the oscilloscope.
4. Verify theoretical relations among frequency, impedance, voltage, and current in an AC
network.
3. Background information
This laboratory will explore the effects of an AC source on electric circuits. With AC
circuits, capacitors and inductors will prove to be more challenging than they might be in DC
circuits. These capacitors and inductors are energy storage elements that behave differently
depending on the frequency of the source. Therefore, an AC circuit designed for 60 Hz cannot
be used in radio frequency (RF goes from 90 kHz to 110 MHz), or microwave circuits (up to
300 GHz). This concept must be clearly understood in order to successfully design electronic
circuits.
In AC circuits, the value of the circuit impedance can change depending on the frequency
of the source. The impedance of an inductor is ZL = j𝜔L Ω, and the impedance of a capacitor
becomes (j𝜔C)-1 Ω. These values will change with 𝜔, which is the frequency of the AC source.
Thus, a circuit could go from a small impedance to a large impedance or vice versa just by
changing the frequency of the input signal.
When the AC circuit has capacitors and inductors, not only the magnitude of the
impedance changes but also its phase. Therefore, the impedance of an AC circuit can change
from being inductive to capacitive or vice versa depending on the frequency of the source.
This laborat01Y will analyze the impedance change of simple AC circuits when the
frequency of the power source is changed.
4. List of Equipment and Components
No. Description Quantity
1 100Ω resistor 1
2 1uF capacitor 1
3 15 mH 1
4 0.47uF capacitor 1
5 Osciloscope 1
6 Digital multimeter 1
7 Breadborad 1
8 Function generator 1
9 Probes and connecting wires

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 Vietnam National Universities – HCMC
International University
School of Biomedical Engineering
Department of Medical Instrumentations

5. Safety precautions (in case of any possible lab hazards)

• Make sure that the power has been switched off safely after using electrical equipment.
• If the power cannot be switched off, operate the device with just one hand. This will
stop a circuit from entering your heart, which might be fatal.
• Internal energy storage systems, such as capacitors, must be discharged.
• When handling high voltage, put on insulating gloves made of leather, strong cotton,
or rubber.
• When dealing with electrical devices, only use tools and equipment with non-
conducting handles.
• Never make wire changes while the circuit is connected to a power source.
• Never plug leads into power source unless they are connected to an established circuit.
• Avoid using moist hands or other wet objects to interact with circuits.
• Verify that circuits are properly grounded in relation to the power source.
• Avoid using extremely flammable substances close to electrical equipment.
• Before turning on the power, double check circuits for good connections and polarity.
When wiring components into a circuit, especially electrolytic capacitors, always
observe polarity.
• Before conducting a measurement, double-check that the test instruments are set for the
correct function and range.
6. Experimental procedure
*Using DMM, check the value of electronic components before starting the experiment.
6.1. RC Circuit
Step 1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 1.
Step 2. Power up the circuit using the Function Generator with a sinusoidal waveform
having an amplitude of 10 Vpeak and a frequency of 1 kHz.
Step 3. Using the Osciloscope, connect channel A to measure the voltage source V1 and
channel B to measure the voltage drop across C1. Fill in the Table 1.
Step 4. Using the Osciloscope, select the “Math” function to measure VR1 by choosing
“VA-VB” mode. Draw the graph showing all the sinusoidal waves observed in the Osciloscope.
Step 5. The mesh current I is measured indirectly by measuring the voltage across the
resistor R1 since it can be estimated by dividing this voltage drop by the resistor value. The
phase of the mesh current I is equal to the phase of the voltage drop across the resistor R1.
Step 6. Is the voltage VR1 and VC1 leading or lagging compared to V1? Compare the
measeared values to those calculated and simulated in the Pre-lab section.

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 Vietnam National Universities – HCMC
International University
School of Biomedical Engineering
Department of Medical Instrumentations

Table 1.
Calculations Simulation Measurements
Variable
Magnitude Phase Magnitude Phase Magnitude Phase
V1
VC1
VR1
I

6.2. RLC Circuit and AC Sweep Simulation

Step 1. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 2 with one modification: interchange the
position of the resistor and the capacitor.
Step 2. Power up the circuit using the Function Generator with the voltage source of an
amplitude of 10 V peak and a variety range of frequency from 200Hz to 4000Hz.
Step 3. Using the Osciloscope, connect channel A to measure the voltage source and
channel B to measure the voltage drop across R1.
Step 4. Measure the frequency in Hertz at which |XL| = |XC| Ω by adjusting the frequency
of the sinusoidal waveform generator until the input voltage V1 and the voltage drop across the
resistor R1 are in phase.
VR Simulation VR Measurements
Frequency
Magnitude Phase Magnitude Phase
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2500
2700
3000
3300
3600
4000
|XL| = |XC|

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 Vietnam National Universities – HCMC
International University
School of Biomedical Engineering
Department of Medical Instrumentations

7. Clean-up
Each group is responsible for their Lab bench. After the Lab exercise is over, all
equipment should be powered down and all probes, cords, etc. returned to their proper position.
Do not cut and drop wires on the Lab bench. Lose cut wires have caused many short circuits.
Your Lab grade will be affected if your bench is not tidy when you leave the Lab.
8. Manual information
• This manual is developed by:
o Assoc. Prof. Pham Thi Thu Hien, Instrutor
o M.S. Nguyen Le Y, Lab Technician
o Ngo Minh Khoi, Teaching assistant
o Vu Cao Bang, Teaching assistant
o Bui Minh Duc, Teaching assistant
• Last updated: Semester 2, 2023-2024