NEED FOR TRAFFIC SIGNALS

Traffic signs provide valuable information to drivers and other road users.

They represent rules that are essential for the safety of the population.

Traffic signals help to communicate messages to drivers and pedestrians so that they can maintain
order and reduce accidents.

Neglecting traffic signals can be dangerous or sometimes even fatal

Most signs make use of pictures, rather than words, thus they are easy to understand and can be
interpreted by people who speak a variety of languages.

Therefore it is important that drivers are familiar with each sign regarding what it represents

Traffic signals are used to inform the other road users regarding the rules of driving.

Failing to obey traffic signals could result in a serious accident or a fine

Fixed and vehicle actuated signals

Fixed time signals are normally installed at the intersection of two major roads.

The signals will change even if no cars or pedestrians are present.

Fixed time signals are less efficient when traffic varies quite a bit through the day, but they are cost-
effective because detectors are not required.

Fixed-time signals are the rule in urban areas for reasons of regularity, network organization,
predictability, and reducing unnecessary delay.

Vehicle-Actuated Signals require actuation by a vehicle on one or more approaches in order for
certain phases or traffic movements to be serviced.

They are equipped with detectors and the necessary control logic to respond to the demands placed
on them.

Vehicle-actuated control uses information on current demands and operations, obtained from
detectors within the intersection, to alter one or more aspects of the signal timing on a cycle-by-
cycle basis.

Timing of the signals is controlled by traffic demand.

Variability allows the signal to allocate green time based on current demands and operations.
A proper clearance interval between the green & the red phases is also ensured.

The various advantages of actuated signals are stated below:

They can reduce delay (if properly timed).

They are adaptable to short-term fluctuations in traffic flow.

Usually increase capacity (by continually reapportioning green time).

Provide continuous operation under low volume conditions.

Especially effective at multiple phase intersections.

The main disadvantages are as following :

If traffic demand pattern is very regular, the extra benefit of adding local actuation is minimal,
perhaps non-existent.

Installation cost is two to three times the cost of a pre-timed signal installation.

Actuated controllers are much more complicated than pre-timed controllers, increasing
maintenance costs.

They require careful inspection & maintenance to ensure proper operation.

There are three basic types of actuated control, each using signal controllers that are somewhat
different in their design:

Semi-Actuated Control

Full-Actuated Control

Volume-Density Control

The various types of detectors used for detection of vehicles are as following:

Inductive loop detectors

Magnetometer detectors

Magnetic detectors

Pressure-sensitive detectors

Radar detectors
Sonic detectors

Microloop detectors etc.

FACTORS AFFECTING DESIGN OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS

The IRC method for designing traffic signs implies the following factors affect the design of traffic
signals

Cycle: A signal cycle is one complete rotation through all of the indications provided

Cycle length: Cycle length is the time in seconds that it takes a signal to complete one full cycle of
indications. It indicates the time interval between the starting of of green for one approach till the
next time the green starts. It is denoted by C.

Interval: Thus it indicates the change from one stage to another. There are two types of intervals -

change interval and

clearance interval.

Change interval is also called the yellow time indicates the interval between the green and red signal
indications for an approach.

Clearance interval is also called all red is included after each yellow interval indicating a period
during which all signal faces show red and is used for clearing off the vehicles in the intersection.

Green interval: It is the green indication for a particular movement or set of movements and is
denoted by Gi. This is the actual duration the green light of a traffic signal is lit.

Red interval: It is the red indication for a particular movement or set of movements and is denoted
by Ri. This is the actual duration the red light of a traffic signal is lit.

Phase: A phase is the green interval plus the change and clearance intervals that follow it. Thus,
during green interval, non conflicting movements are assigned into each phase. It allows a set of
movements to flow and safely halt the flow before the phase of another set of movements start.

Lost time: It indicates the time during which the intersection is not effectively utilized for any
movement. For example, when the signal for an approach turns from red to green, the driver of the
vehicle which is in the front of the queue, will take some time to perceive the signal (usually called as
reaction time) and some time will be lost here before he moves.

TRAFFIC SIGNALS AFFECTING PEDESTRIAN SAFETY

It has been observed that most pedestrian accidents in built-up areas occur at intersections. The
"Traffic Conflicts Technique" is used to examine risk to pedestrians at intersections.
It has been observed that reduction in speed reduces the pedestrian's risk

A "zebra crossing" located less than 2m from the intersection increases the pedestrian safety

The collected data must distinguish between accidents occurring during pedestrians walking against
red light and green light

An exclusive pedestrian signal phase was found to be extremely safety-beneficial. However, such
traffic signals meant exclusively for pedestrians are possible only in small towns with a very low
population

Pedestrians crossing a road running with heavy traffic is influenced heavily by size of the town and
traffic volume

Short waiting times and police enforcement are the most efficient measures to reduce frequency of
red-walking.

MTV

The Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) is a series of vehicles, based on a

common chassis, that vary by payload and mission requirements. The FMTV is derived from the
Austrian Steyr 12M18 truck, but substantially modified to meet United States Army requirements,
these including a minimum 50 percent U.S.

There were originally 17 FMTV variants—four variants in the nominal 2.5 U.S. ton payload class,
designated Light Medium Tactical Vehicle (LMTV), and 13 variants with a nominal 5 U.S. ton
payload rating, called Medium Tactical Vehicle (MTV).

Street Lighting
Street lighting or street lamp is a raised source of light that is often mounted on a
lamp column or pole either on the side of the road or within the median, or
suspended over a wire above the road to provide illumination, lightning should
always provide at signalized intersections and roundabouts.

In order to have safer, comfortable, more convenient, efficient movement of vehicles

and pedestrians at night time, street lighting or highway lighting is required along
the road.
Lighting should be planned appropriately, it should allow night traffic operations
with maximum possible safety, comfort and convenience.

It should be planned in such a way that the driver should be able to see more clearly
and explore all the important details of the driving environment.

Need for Street lightning:

• street lighting is to enables road users to see accurately and easily the
carriageway and the immediate surroundings in darkness.
• Improved visibility at night through artificial lighting reduces stress on
driving and ensures comfort.
 • Vehicle drivers feel more confident driving under proper street lighting.
• With better lighting, traffic speed generally improves and traffic flow
conditions improve.
• They are especially important at intersections, bridge sites, level crossings and
places where traffic movements are prohibited.
Types of Street Lighting:

1.Single side light system:

This system is extremely economical and suitable for narrow pavements for very light traffic.

2.Staggered light system:

This system is more suitable for wide pavement and light traffic conditions.

3.Central light system:

This system provides very effective lighting at low cost due to savings in luminaire support
and electrical conductors.

It gives consistently well lighted on the road without interruption, but the pavement and
bicycle path is comparatively dark.

Design Factors for Highway Lighting:

1. Size, colour and brightness of the object:
The night visibility depends on the size, color, and brightness of the
object.
2. Contrast:
It is more important that there is sufficient color contrast between the object and its
background so that an object can be detected on the road, hence visual performance during
night driving depends on a factor called contrast.

Principle method of discernment as follows:

Discernment by silhouette:
It is barrier that may appear as a dark field against a bright background.

The brightness and consistency of the road pavement and crossing the roadway is
important to enhance the discretion by silhouette.
Discernment by reverse silhouette:
It is an obstacle that can appear bright against a dark background.

This principle method is generally applied to areas adjacent to roadways and

projections above the surface of the pavement to have greater visibility.

3. Drivers eye glare:

There are certain types of glare that cause serious effects on the driver’s visual
performance, various types of glare as follows:
Physiological glare:
It is also known as a disability glare that develops from stray light, which damages
visual efficiency due to reduced visual efficiency.

This type of glare can be minimized by increasing mounting height, moving the
luminaire from the line of sight and increasing the brightness of the background.

Psychological glare:
It is also called discomfort glare that occurs because of ocular discomfort from a
bright light source.

Such brightness can be reduced by increasing the height and background brightness reducing
the luminaire brightness.

4. Lamps:
It is commonly used for street lighting are sodium vapor lamps, tungsten filament lamps,
mercury vapor lamps, and fluorescent lamps.

5. Lateral placement of lighting poles:

According to I.R.C, the road poles should be located with horizontal clearance from the
pavement edge:

i. For roads with raised kerbs like urban roads, the minimum horizontal clearance is 03 m and
it is desirable to have 0.6 m from the edge of the raised curb.

ii. For roads without raised kerb as rural roads, the minimum horizontal clearance is subject
to 1.5 meters from the edge of the carriage and a minimum of 5 meters from the line of the
center of the carriageway.
6. Layouts of lighting or arrangement of lamps:
Street lights can be arranged in a different system or methods as described below:

• Single Side Light System.

• Staggered light System.
• Central Light System.
• Contrast lighting.
• Combination of central, staggered and contrast lighting systems.
7. Luminaire distribution of light:
The luminaire distribution of light must be appropriate to obtain optimal use of the source of
light or luminaire.

The distribution of light should be such that it covers the pavement between the kerbs and the
luminaire distribution of light should focus on the pavement and the surrounding area from 3
m to 5 m.
The distribution of light should be more specific or clear so that traffic signs and other objects
on the road can be easily seen and it should be uniform, bright and the pavement should
occupy more area.
8. Mounting height and overhang:
The height and overhang of the lamp from the pole is more important because the distribution
of light, shadow, and brightness effects from street lamps depends on the height of the lamp
and its overhang.

The height of the lamp varies from 6 meters to 9 meters, the increasing value of lamps is
more preferred to important urban roads.

The lamp’s overhang from the pole provides better distribution of light on the pavement and
enables less glare in the eyes of road users.

Spacing of Lamps for Street Lighting:

It should have closer spacing of lights, so that the road has suitable brightness and visibility
during the night.

The spacing of light depends on the importance of highway or road.

By performing experiments, the normal distance is recommended to be from 35 m to 55 m

for better brightness and visibility during the night for all types of roads.
The difference between pales on highways can be calculated from the following expression
as follows:

Lamp lumen x coefficient of utilization x maintenance factor/average flux x width of road.

Note that the maintenance factor is assumed to be 0.8 coefficient of utilization can be
determined from the utilization coefficient charts.

Advantages of Street lighting:

1. Due to proper street lighting, police can do better patrol during the night and their
work becomes easier and more manageable.
2. Increases the business in a city or town, areas during the night that would otherwise
be completely uninhabited.
3. Architects and town planners have considered lighting as a major source for the
beautification of their projects.
4. Due to good street lighting, the accident rate during the night reduces significantly.
5. Illegal works on the streets and anti-social activities are definitely discouraged by
better lighting techniques.
6. It gives a pleasant atmosphere at night.
Disadvantages of Street Lighting:
1. Sometimes street lighting is an expensive process.
2. During installation, it can jam traffic.
3. Also requires a good amount of electricity.
Conclusion:
Street lighting is an essential public service that provides a safe environment for night-time
travelers as well as pedestrians.
Proper use of street lighting can be considered as a protective method that provides economic
and social benefits to the people.

Pedestrian Safety Tips

• Look for cars and bicyclists in all directions—including those turning left or
right—before crossing the street; never assume a driver will stop.
• Be careful crossing multiple lanes of traffic. Make sure each lane of traffic
is clear before you cross.
• Enhance your visibility at night. Walk in well-lit areas, carry a flashlight, or
wear something reflective, such as stickers or armbands, to be more visible.
• Avoid distraction. More and more we see people texting or talking on cell
phones when crossing streets; this diminishes the ability of your two key
senses—hearing and seeing—that are used to detect and avoid cars. So
particularly when crossing streets, put down the phone for a few seconds.
• Be predictable to drivers and follow the rules of the road—obey signs and
signals.
• Obey all pedestrian traffic signals.
• Watch for cars backing up in parking lots; brake lights can mean that a car is
about to back up.
• Cross the street where you have the best view of traffic. At bus stops, cross
behind the bus or at the nearest crosswalk.
• Always walk on the sidewalk; if there is no sidewalk, walk facing traffic and
as far from the roadway as you can.

Bicyclist Safety Tips

• Wear a helmet. It could save your life. However, helmets are fallible. Do not
be fooled into a false sense of security. Riding as safely as possible is still
very important.
• Use a light and reflectors when bicycling at night and be as visible as
possible.

• Ride in the direction of traffic. Drivers may not be looking for you if you are
riding the wrong way.
• Obey all signs and signals. This includes stopping at stop signs and red
lights.

• Use all of your senses – watch and listen for cars, particularly at
intersections and driveways.
 • Avoid distractions such as listening to headphones or answering phones
when riding.

Classification of road signs

Traffic signs are means for exercising control on or passing information to the road
users. They may be regulatory, warning, or informative.

They can be classified into three main categories.

• Regulatory signs: These signs require the driver to obey the signs for the
safety of other road users.
• Warning signs:These signs are for the safety of oneself who is driving and
advice the drivers to obey these signs.
• Informative signs: These signs provide information to the driver about the facilities available
ahead, and the route and distance to reach the specific destinations

Special types of traffic signs namely work zone signs are used to give warning to
the road users when some construction work is going on the road. They are placed
only for short duration and are removed soon after the work is over and when the
road is brought back to its normal condition.

Regulatory signs
These signs are also called mandatory signs because it is mandatory that the drivers
must obey these signs. If the driver fails to obey them, the control agency has the
right to take legal action against the driver. These signs are primarily meant for the
safety of other road users. These signs have generally black legend on a white
background. They are circular in shape with red borders. The regulatory signs can
be further classified into :
1. Right of way series: These include two unique signs that assign the
right of way to the selected approaches of an intersection. They are the STOP
sign and GIVE WAY sign For example, when one minor road and major road
meets at an intersection, preference should be given to the vehicles passing
through the major road. Hence the give way sign board will be placed on the
minor road to inform the driver on the minor road that he should give way for
the vehicles on the major road. In case two major roads are meeting, then the
traffic engineer decides based on the traffic on which approach the sign board
has to be placed. Stop sign is another example of regulatory signs that comes
in right of way series which requires the driver to stop the vehicle at the stop
line.
2. Speed series: Number of speed signs may be used to limit the speed
of the vehicle on the road. They include typical speed limit signs, truck speed,
minimum speed signs etc. Speed limit signs are placed to limit the speed of
the vehicle to a particular speed for many reasons. Separate truck speed
limits are applied on high speed roadways where heavy commercial vehicles
 must be limited to slower speeds than passenger cars for safety reasons.
Minimum speed limits are applied on high speed roads like expressways,
freeways etc. where safety is again a predominant reason. Very slow vehicles
may present hazard to themselves and other vehicles also.
3. Movement series: They contain a number of signs that affect specific
vehicle maneuvers. These include turn signs, alignment signs, exclusion
signs, one way signs etc. Turn signs include turn prohibitions and lane use
control signs. Lane use signs make use of arrows to specify the movements
which all vehicles in the lane must take. Turn signs are used to safely
accommodate turns in unsignalized intersections.
4. Parking series: They include parking signs which indicate not only
parking prohibitions or restrictions, but also indicate places where parking is
permitted, the type of vehicle to be parked, duration for parking etc.
5. Pedestrian series: They include both legend and symbol signs. These
signs are meant for the safety of pedestrians and include signs indicating
pedestrian only roads, pedestrian crossing sites etc.
6. Miscellaneous: Wide variety of signs that are included in this category
are: a "KEEP OF MEDIAN" sign, signs indicating road closures, signs
restricting vehicles carrying hazardous cargo or substances, signs indicating
vehicle weight limitations etc.

Warning signs

Warning signs or cautionary signs give information to the driver about the impending
road condition. They advice the driver to obey the rules. These signs are meant for
the own safety of drivers. They call for extra vigilance from the part of drivers. The
color convention used for this type of signs is that the legend will be black in color
with a white background. The shape used is upward triangular or diamond shape
with red borders. Some of the examples for this type of signs are shown below
Informative signs

Informative signs also called guide signs, are provided to assist the drivers to reach
their desired destinations. These are predominantly meant for the drivers who are
unfamiliar to the place. The guide signs are redundant for the users who are
accustomed to the location.

Some of the examples for these type of signs are route markers, destination
signs, mile posts, service information, recreational and cultural interest
area signing etc. Route markers are used to identify numbered highways. They have
designs that are distinctive and unique. They are written black letters on yellow
background. Destination signs are used to indicate the direction to the critical
destination points, and to mark important intersections. Distance in kilometers are
sometimes marked to the right side of the destination. They are, in general,
rectangular with the long dimension in the horizontal direction. They are color coded
as white letters with green background.

Mile posts are provided to inform the driver about the progress along a route to reach
his destination. Service guide signs give information to the driver regarding various
services such as food, fuel, medical assistance etc. They are written with white
letters on blue background. Information on historic, recreational and other cultural
area is given on white letters with brown background.

LOCATION OF SIGNS

Driving safely is affected by the locations where traffic signs are placed. The
following points provide guidance on the sites where traffic signs should be
placed.

• Traffic signals are normally placed at intersections and crossings

• In some countries, these signals are placed ahead of the actual signal
causing the traffic to stop well in advance of the intersection thereby
enhancing the purpose of the signals (prevent accidents)

• Traffic signs or road signs are signs erected at the side of or above roads to
give instructions or provide information to road users

What Is Pavement Marking Meaning?

Pavement Markings are defined as the markings used on
paved roadways to provide guidance and information
to pedestrians and drivers. These are also can be applied in
other facilities used by vehicles to mark parking spaces
or nominated areas for other uses. These are also used
to indicate no parking pavement markings on the road.

Pavement Marking
Whenever you see white and yellow color lines divide travel
lanes or mark the center of the road, they indicated if the traffic
is traveling in one or two directions. The yellow line separates
traffic in opposite directions and the white line separates traffic
lanes moving in the same direction.

Pavement markings are exclusive of roadway striping. They are

a factor of a guidance system for carrying regulatory and vehicle–
path information to the user beyond requiring them to alter
their attention from the road. Markings are generally used
to inspire safe, orderly traffic flow and optimize roadway
capacity.

To be effective pavement markings require to be

easily Perceived and understood. A reliable system of
marking color, shape, and utilization has been developed to pass
the same message each time
a pavement marking is encountered.

All pavement markings should be accurately maintained to

provide good daytime and nighttime visibility. Once a
municipality has been deciding to install a marking, it is
their liability to maintain it.

If the municipality has decided that the marking is no longer

needed, documentation of the selection process should
be recorded. Pavement markings Consider non-applicable or
complicated should be removed as soon as practical.

Types of Pavement Marking And Their

Meanings
Following are different types of pavement marking used,

1. Longitudinal Markings.
2. Yellow Center Line Pavement Markings & Warrants.
3. White Lane Line Pavement Markings.
4. Edge Line Pavement Markings.
5. Raised Pavement Markers (Rpm).
6. Roundabout pavement markings
Let discuss in details sign signals and pavement markings on
the road.

1. Longitudinal Pavement Makings

Longitudinal Markings are commonly located parallel and

adjoining to traffic flow – lane lines, centerlines, edge
lines, channelizing lines, etc. These markings are guide traffic on
the roadway by providing the visual solution to the travel lane.
This is one of the superior pavement markings used on the road.

Longitudinal Pavement Markings

Longitudinal Line Functions

Double Line: Maximum or major restrictions

Solid Line: Stops or prohibits crossing (depends on operation)
Broken Line: Permitting condition
Dotted Line: Provides advice or warning of
route function variation ahead

The widths and arrangement of longitudinal lines shall be as

follows:-
Normal line – 4 to 6 inches broad.
Wide line – littlest of double the width of a normal line.
The line width indicates the degree of emphasis.

Double line – double separated parallel lines

Broken line – normal line section (10 feet) is distinct by (30
feet) gaps
Dotted line – considerably shorter line sections (2 feet) distinct by
fewer gaps(2 to 6 feet) when used for intersections and narrow –
3 feet line section with 9 feet gaps when used for the lane lines.
The Line width is at least equal to the width of the line it widens

White or yellow broken lines enable vehicles to cross or

change lanes. As declared above, these markings are adjusted
with ten-foot painted running and thirty-foot
spacing. Accordingly, the distance from the beginning of the
first dash to the beginning of the later dash is 40 feet in
yellow pavement markings on the road.

2. Yellow Pavement Markings

Yellow center line pavement markings divided opposite traffic

lanes for routes. These yellow pavement markings can be
equipped at locations that are not the perfect center of the
roadway. Short sections on the roads (beyond steady center line
markings) may be marked with centerline pavement road
markings to control traffic, where necessary for curves,
hills, grade crossings, bridges, etc.
Two-Lane Road Pavement Markings Example
Centerline Marking Options:
Two Direction Passing Zone
The Broken yellow lines were passing with care is allowable by
traffic in either direction. Vehicles can pass.
Two yellow lines (broken and solid) where traffic can pass
if moving adjoining to the broken line, but is prohibited if
traveling adjoining to the solid line. Do not pass if driving close to
the solid line.

Double solid yellow lines where crossroad the centerline are

restricted for traffic passing in either direction.
Nevermore drive to the left of these lines.

3. No-Passing Zones

No–passing zones shall be used on two and three-lane roadways

(with centerline markings) where engineering studies show
that passing must be prohibited due to inadequate sight
distance or other special conditions

Common No-Passing Zone Locations,

• Lane reduction transitions
• Obstruction approaches (requisite passed on the right
side)
• Grade crossings
• Highway-rail grade crossings
• Inadequate sight distance locations
The manual on uniform traffic control devices mandates using
either one-direction or two-direction no-passing
zone pavement markings. No-passing zone signs may be used
in addition to markings to maintain the limits of a no-passing
zone.

One-Direction No-Passing Zone Markings:

One Direction
No-Passing Zone Pavement Markings
Double yellow line: one normal broken line and one
normal solid line passing is acceptable for traffic adjacent to the
broken line and prohibited for traffic adjacent to the solid line.

Two-Direction No-Passing Zone Markings:

Two-Direction No-Passing Zone Pavement Markings

Double solid yellow lines that prohibit passing in each
of two directions

4. White Lane Line Pavement Markings

White
Lane marking for Same Direction of Travel
White pavement markings define traffic lanes with the same
direction of travel. These markings should be placed on
the pavement with two or more adjoining traffic lanes in
the same direction of travel (unless required
for reversible lanes).
Broken White Line – Vehicles May Change Lane
Solid White Line: it requires drivers to settle within
the lane and marks the shoulder of the roadway.
Broken White Line: In the broken white line motorists may
change lanes if it is safe to do so.

5. Edge Line Pavement Markings

Edge Line Pavement Markings
Edge line pavement marking defining roadway edges. These
are useful as visual references over adverse weather and
visibility conditions. Edge lines should not
be extended through intersections or major driveways.

For divided highways, one-way streets, or ramps – normal

solid yellow lines can be used to define the left side of a roadway
or to indicate restrictions left of these markings.

Normal solid white lines can be used for defining the right-
hand edge of the roadway.

Wide solid edge line markings can be used at locations with

an essential for greater.

6. Raised Pavement Markings (Rpm)

 Raised
Pavement Markers (Rpm)
Raised pavement markings can addition or replaced for
roadway pavement markings. These may be
either retroreflective or non-retroreflective along
prismatic cube-corner reflectors used
for mandatory retroreflective properties.

Raised pavement markers shall be enhancing visibility under

adverse weather conditions, better durability than
markings, tactual warnings, and use, as the
transverse rumble strips.

7. Stop & Yield Lines

Stop and Yield Lines
Stop and yield lines are transversal pavement markings used
to instruct drivers where to should stop or yield
when reaching an intersection or mid-block crosswalk.

These markings are ordinarily white lines that

are perpendicular to the travel lane (stop lines, yield lines,
crosswalks) as well as major markings (symbols, word
markings, channelization markings, etc.).

Yield lines are also called Give Way Line instruct drivers where
a yield is intended or obligated at an intersection
or roundabout restrained by a yield sign.

8. Crosswalks Pavement Markings

Crosswalk pavement markings serve the direct pedestrians to

cross at locations where convenient traffic control (including
traffic signals or adult school crossing guards) either directly exist
or can be provided. However, the marked pedestrian
crosswalks by themselves do not moderate traffic or reduce
pedestrian crashes

Pedestrian Crosswalk Pavement Markings

Depending on the detection, multiple traffic laws state that

a crosswalk exists at an intersection even if or not it is
marked. Crosswalk markings describe and outline routes
for signalized intersections and on approaches to where traffic
stops. These crosswalks alert road users
to nominate pedestrian crossings across roadways that are
not restrained by signals or signs.

9. Roundabout Pavement Markings

Roundabout Pavement Markings
Roundabout is a defined type of circular intersection designed to
keep control speeds and having specific traffic control features.
Pavement markings and signing of the roundabout is must
be integrally designed to considering the geometric design
and intended lane use of a roundabout.

Pavement Marking Advantages

1. The pavement marking is easily installed without the use
of special type equipment.
2. Marking is more durable and providing 5 to 8 years
of service life depending on the traffic environment.
3. It can be high retro–reflectivity.
4. Marking is environment friendly and it can be little
damage to the local environment and workers.

Pavement Marking Disadvantages

1. Pavement markings have higher initial costs.
2. It can be not suitable for old roads in poor conditions.