ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by:

N. RAKESH (10BEE1054)
ABHINEET KUMAR SINGH (10BEE1006)
AASIF IQBAL (10BEE1001)
SHAKTI MISHRA (10BEE1079)

ELECTICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

NOVEMBER 2012

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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM

ANALYSIS” is the bonafide work of “N. RAKESH, AASIF IQBAL
ABHINEET KUMAR SINGH and SHAKTI MISHRA” who carried out the
Project Based Learning (PBL) work.

SIGNATURE
Prof. Lavanya V
Prof. Meera PS
School of Electrical Engineering
V.I.T University, Chennai Campus

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 INDEX

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. ABSTRACT 4
2. INTRODUCTION 5
3. STABILITY 6
4. SWING EQUATION 7
5. STEADY STATE STABILITY 10
6. NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF SWING 14
EQUATION BY POINT BY POINT
METHOD
7. MATLAB CODE FOR POINT BY POINT 15
METHOD DESIGN
8. OUTPUT IN MATLAB 18
9. CONCLUSION 20
10. REFERENCES 21

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 ABSTRACT

The stability of an interconnected power system is its ability to return to normal or

stable operation after having been subjected to some form of disturbance with
interconnected system continually growing in size and extending over vast
geographical regions. It is becoming interestingly more difficult to maintain
synchronism between various parts of the power system.

In our project we have studied the various types of stability – steady state stability,
transient state stability and the swing equation and its solution using numerical
method using MATLAB. The numerical method which we have used to find the
solution of swing equation is point by point method.

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 INTRODUCTION

Successful operation of a power system depends largely on the engineer's ability to

provide reliable and uninterrupted service to the loads. The reliability of the power
supply implies much more than merely being available. Ideally, the loads must be
fed at constant voltage and frequency at all times. The first requirement of reliable
service is to keep the synchronous generators running in parallel and with adequate
capacity to meet the load demand. Synchronous machines do not easily fall out of
step under normal conditions. If a machine tends to speed up or slow down,
synchronizing forces tend to keep it in step. Conditions do arise, however, such as
a fault on the network, failure in a piece of equipment, sudden application of a
major load such as a steel mill, or loss of a line or generating unit., in which
operation is such that the synchronizing forces for one or more machines may not
be adequate, and small impacts in the system may cause these machines to lose
synchronism. A second requirement of reliable electrical service is to maintain the
integrity of the power network. The high-voltage transmisssion system connects
the generating stations and the load centers. Interruptions in this network may
hinder the flow of power to the load. This usually requires a study of large
geographical areas since almost all power systems are interconnected with
neighboring systems. Random changes in load are taking place at all times, with
subsequent adjustments of generation. We may look at any of these as a change
from one equilibrium state to another. Synchronism frequently may be lost in that
transition period, or growing oscillations may occur over a transmission line,
eventually leading to its tripping. These problems must be studied by the power
system engineer and fall under the heading "power system stability".

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 STABILITY

The tendency of a power system to develop restoring forces equal to or greater

than the disturbing forces to maintain the state of equilibrium is known as
“STABILITY”. The problem of interest is one where a power system operating
under a steady load condition is perturbed, causing the readjustment of the voltage
angles of the synchronous machines. If such an occurrence creates an unbalance
between the system generation and load, it results in the establishment of a new
steady-state operating condition, with the subsequent adjustment of the voltage
angles. The perturbation could be a major disturbance such as the loss of a
generator, a fault or the loss of a line, or a combination of such events. It could also
be a small load or random load changes occurring under normal operating
conditions. Adjustment to the new operating condition is called the transient
period. The system behavior during this time is called the dynamic system
performance, which is of concern in defining system stability. The main criterion
for stability is that the synchronous machines maintain synchronism at the end of
the transient period. So we can say that if the oscillatory response of a power
system during the transient period following a disturbance is damped and the
system settles in a finite time to a new steady operating condition, we say the
system is stable. If the system is not stable, it is considered unstable. This primitive
definition of stability requires that the system oscillations be damped. This
condition is sometimes called asymptotic stability and means that the system
contains inherent forces that tend to reduce oscillations. This is a desirable feature
in many systems and is considered necessary for power systems. The definition

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also excludes continuous oscillation from the family of stable systems, although
oscillators are stable in a mathematical sense. The reason is practical since a
continually oscillating system would be undesirable for both the supplier and the
user of electric power. Hence the definition describes a practical specification for
an acceptable operating condition. The stability problem is concerned with the
behavior of the synchronous machines after a disturbance. For convenience of
analysis, stability problems are generally divided into two major categories-steady
state stability and transient state stability and transient state stability.

SWING EQUATION

Under normal operating conditions, the relative position of the rotor axis and the
resultant magnetic field axis is fixed. The angle between the two is known as the
power angle or torque angle. During any disturbance, rotor will decelerate or
accelerate with respect to the synchronously rotating air gap mmf, a relative
motion begins. The equation describing the relative motion is known as the swing
equation.

Synchronous machine operation:

• Consider a synchronous generator with electromagnetic torque Te running at

synchronous speed ωsm.

• During the normal operation, the mechanical torque Tm = Te.

• A disturbance occur will result in accelerating/decelerating torque Ta=Tm-Te

(Ta>0 if accelerating, Ta<0 if decelerating).

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• By the law of rotation –

where J is the combined moment of inertia of prime mover and generator

• θm is the angular displacement of rotor w.r.t. stationery reference frame on the

stator

• θm = ωsmt+δm, ωsm is the constant angular velocity

• Taking the derivative of θm, we obtain –

• Taking the second derivative of θm –

• Substituting into law of rotation-

• Multiplying ωm to obtain power equation

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Where Pm and Pe are mechanical power and electromagnetic power.

• Swing equation in terms of inertial constant M

• Relations between electrical power angle δ and mechanical power angle δm and
electrical speed and mechanical speed

Where p is pole number

• Swing equation in terms of electrical power angle δ

• Converting the swing equation into per unit system

Where H is the inertia constant.

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 STEADY STATE STABILITY

The ability of power system to remain its synchronism and returns to its original
state when subjected to small disturbances. Such stability is not affected by any
control efforts such as voltage regulators or governor.

3.1 Analysis of steady-state stability by swing equation

• starting from swing equation

• introduce a small disturbance ∆δ

• derivation is from δ=δ0+∆δ

• simplify the nonlinear function of power angle δ

• Analysis of steady-state stability by swing equation

• swing equation in terms of ∆δ

• PS= Pmax cosδ0: the slope of the power-angle curve at δ0, PS is positive when
00< δ < 90o

• the second order differential equation

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• Characteristic equation:

rule 1: if PS is negative, one root is in RHP and system is unstable

rule 2: if PS is positive, two roots in the jω axis and motion is oscillatory and
undamped, system is marginally stable

The oscillatory frequency of the undamped system

3.2 Damping torque:

• phenomena: when there is a difference angular velocity between rotor and air
gap field, an induction torque will be set up on rotor tending to minimize the
difference of velocities

• introduce a damping power by damping torque

• introduce the damping power into swing equation

• Characteristic equation:

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• Analysis of characteristic equation

• for damping coefficient

• roots of characteristic equation

• damped frequency of oscillation

• positive damping (1>ζ>0): s1,s2 have negative real part if PS is positive, this
implies the response is bounded and system is stable

• Solution of the swing equation

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• roots of swing equation

• rotor angular frequency

• response time constant

• settling time:

• relations between settling time and inertia constant H: increase H will result in
longer ts, decrease ωn and ζ

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 NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF SWING EQUATION BY POINT
BY POINT METHOD

Point-by-Point Method

It is always required to know the critical clearing time corresponding to critical

clearing angle so as to design the operating times of the relay and circuit breaker so
that time taken by them should be less than the critical clearing time for stable
operation of the system. So the point-by-point method is used for the solution of
critical clearing time associated with critical clearing angle and also for the
solution of multi machine system. The step-by-step or point-by-point method is
the conventional, approximate but proven method. This involves the calculation of
the rotor angle as time is incremented. The accuracy of the solution depends upon
the time increment used in the analysis.

The following parameters are evaluated for each interval (n)

The accelerating power Pa (n-1)=Ps - Pe(n-1)

From the swing equation α(n-1)=Pa(n-1)/M

∆ωn-1/2= αn-1∆t

ωn-1/2 = ωn-3/2+αn-1∆t

∆δn = ωn-1/2 ∆t =( ωn-3/2 + αn-1∆t) ∆t

= ∆δn-1+ αn-1∆t2

= ∆δn-1+ Pa(n-1) ∆t2/M

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δn== δn-1+∆δn

The above calculations have been programmed using MATLAB-7.0 for a 20

MVA.

MATLAB CODE FOR POINT-BY-POINT METHOD DESIGN

t=0

tf=0

tfinal=0.5

tc=0.125

tstep=0.05

M=2.52/(180*50)

i=2

delta=21.64*pi/180

ddelta=0

time(1)=0

ang(1)=21.64

Pm=0.9

Pmaxbf=2.44

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Pmaxdf=0.88

Pmaxaf=2.00

while t<tfinal,

if (t==tf),

Paminus=0.9-Pmaxbf*sin(delta)

Paplus=0.9-Pmaxdf*sin(delta)

Paav=(Paminus+Paplus)/2

Pa=Paav

end

if (t==tc),

Paminus=0.9-Pmaxdf*sin(delta)

Paplus=0.9-Pmaxaf*sin(delta)

Paav=(Paminus+Paplus)/2

Pa=Paav

end

if(t>tf & t<tc),

Pa=Pm-Pmaxdf*sin(delta)

end

if(t>tc),

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 Pa=Pm-Pmaxaf*sin(delta)

end

ddelta=ddelta+(tstep*tstep*Pa/M)

delta=(delta*180/pi+ddelta)*pi/180

deltadeg=delta*180/pi

t=t+tstep

pause

time(i)=t

ang(i)=deltadeg

i=i+1

end

axis([0 0.6 0 160])

plot(time,ang,'ko-')

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 OUTPUT IN MATLAB

Swing Curve: Fault cleared in 0.125s

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Swing Curve: Fault cleared in 0.5s

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 CONCLUSION

After successfully analyzing and reading thoroughly we come to a conclusion that

stability studies is a crucial part of generation and utilization of electrical energy.
Its significance is so much that if we don’t take into consideration the losses
occurring due to instability there will be a huge drop in the output and a huge
reduction in the efficiency of the system and in distribution throughout the network
will take place.

Summarizing, we have successfully studied, comprehended, analyzed the

systematic study of stability and have successfully coded a system in MATLAB
that simulates the stability studies and have obtained the desired output.

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 REFERENCES

1). Nagrath, I.J., and Kothari, D.P., Power System Engineering, New Delhi, Tata
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 1995.

2). Saadat, Hadi, Power System Analysis, New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Limited, 2002.

3). Wadhwa, C.L., Electrical Power Systems, New Delhi, New Age International
publishers, 2005.

4). IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No. 7 July
1981 “TRANSIENT STABILITY OF A MULTI-MACHINE POWER SYSTEM
PART I: INVESTIGATION OF SYSTEM TRAJECTORIES”.

5). Multimachine Power Systems: Stability, Decomposition, and Aggregation

LJUBOMIR B. JOCIC, MANIA RIBBENS-PAVELLA, AND DRAGOSLAV D.
SILJAK, MEMBER, IEEE

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