BOHR International Journal of Civil Engineering

and Environmental Science

2023, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1–7
DOI: 10.54646/bijcees.2023.01
www.bohrpub.com

EXPERIMENTAL ARTICLE

The usage of hen eggshell and water hyacinth (Eichhornia

crassipes) as biodegradable plastic
Renelle V. Caraig 1* , Ivan B. Carido2 , Marc Nathan Curato 3 , Jarell L. Mariquina 4 , James B. Russel
Magnaye 5 , Dianne B. Datinguinoo6 and Carla Mei B. Austria7
1 Institute of Education, Lecturer VI at Far Eastern University Manila, Manila, Philippines
2 University of the Philippines Los Banos, Los Banos, Philippines
3 National University Laguna, Laguna, Philippines
4 Batangas State University, Batangas, Philippines
5 City College of Calamba, Calamba, Philippines
6 Pamantasanng Cabuyao, Cabuyao, Philippines
7 Anihan Technical School, Calamba, Philippines

*Correspondence:
Renelle V. Caraig,
[email protected]

Received: 02 January 2023; Accepted: 06 January 2023; Published: 30 January 2023

Conventional plastics are deemed to be harmful to the health of the people, wildlife, and environment. Therefore,
developing biodegradable plastics is needed because it is a better alternative to conventional plastics since they
can be broken down through natural processes. This study investigates the effectiveness of eggshells and water
hyacinth as one of the main components of biodegradable plastic. Three variations of biodegradable plastic were
made in this study, one with 70% eggshell and 30% water hyacinth; the second one has 30% eggshell and 70%
water hyacinth; and finally, 50% eggshell and 50% water hyacinth was recommended due to its poor plastic
property. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was used for comparison. Experiments were conducted to test each of
the biodegradable plastics’ durability, elasticity, ductility, and solubility. After analyzing the results, it suggests that
there is a significant difference in durability, elasticity, and solubility but no significant difference in ductility. The
results of this study also suggest that the biodegradable plastic with 30% eggshell and 70% water hyacinth has
higher durability and elasticity while decreasing its solubility in water. In contrast, bioplastic with 70% eggshell and
30% water hyacinth has lower durability, elasticity, and higher ductility and solubility. Finally, the bioplastic with
50% eggshell and 50% water hyacinth has the least durability and moderate elasticity, ductility, and solubility.
Keywords: biodegradable plastic, water hyacinth, eggshell, durability, elasticity

Introduction downsides. Most conventional plastics that are being used

today are made up of non-biodegradable polymers. This
Plastics are widely used in the community because of their means that plastics are almost impossible to decompose
versatility and unique properties—it is flexible, durable, and because it is an inorganic material; they would take a very
lightweight. In addition, plastic can be molded into various long time to be broken down (1). This implies that most
shapes, and it is cheaper to manufacture than any other of the plastics that were produced many years ago are
material that also possesses these characteristics. These led to still lingering in the environment. If not properly disposed
numerous applications of plastics. To serve as an example, it of, the accumulation of plastics harms the environment
has been used in producing packaging materials, containers, in many ways. For instance, plastics can be ingested by
utensils, building materials, and electronic machinery. marine animals, poisoning them as a result. If the plastics
However, the widespread usage of plastics also has its are disposed of by incineration, it can lead to air pollution.

1
2 Caraig et al.

Meanwhile, other means of plastic disposal such as deep were the first to be invented rather than conventional
landfills can cause the plastics to seep their harmful chemicals plastics. In fact, the first known biodegradable plastic was
into the soil, which could spread to groundwater (2). invented by Maurice Lemoigne. This bioplastic is referred
Considering that groundwater is the main source of drinking to as polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB), which was derived by
water, this is detrimental to people’s health. utilizing the bacterium Bacillus megaterium. However, his
Taking the disadvantages of using plastics into account, discovery was overshadowed by the rise of petroleum-
this is an environmental problem that needs to be resolved based plastics, which are generally cheaper and abundant
lest the people’s health and wildlife be at a state of risk. during his time (5). Nevertheless, when the harms of
Moreover, the amount of plastics that are being mass plastics were recognized, the interest in biodegradable
produced would only increase as time goes by; therefore, plastics came back as researchers seek for an alternative to
the relevance of this issue would persist until the problem petroleum based plastics.
is solved. Even so, the issue with plastics proved to be In accordance with the findings of Samadhan (6),
problematic which is why the solution for this problem seems biodegradable plastics can be made from polylactide acid
to be non-existent. The convenience that plastics provided (PLA), which can be made by using starches from
to the people while being cost-efficient is difficult to replace; cassava, corn, and potato. This can potentially replace
therefore, stopping the mass production of plastics is not an petroleum based polymers in creating plastics because it has
option. This implies that the problem should be approached high mechanical strength, transparency, and low toxicity.
in a different way. To address this problem, biodegradable This knowledge can be utilized in formulating various
plastics were developed. Since biodegradable plastics are kinds of bioplastics.
made up of organic materials such as starch, they can be Although biodegradable plastics have come a long way,
broken down relatively quicker than conventional plastics. researchers are still finding a way to create high-quality
In general, biodegradable plastics are also compostable, and bioplastic that can completely replace conventional plastics.
they can decay without spreading harmful chemicals in the Various types of starches are tested in their effectiveness as
soil (3). Replacing conventional plastics with biodegradable the main component of biodegradable plastic. For instance,
plastics in the market can be the solution to the crisis brought it was found that cassava starch has higher tensile strength
by plastic waste. Besides, biodegradable plastic almost has and dissolubility compared with corn starch (7), which
the same properties as conventional plastics; therefore, it is why the researchers in this study chose cassava starch
can provide consumers with a better substitute for non- in creating starch-based bioplastic. It was also found that
biodegradable plastics. adding reinforcing materials or fillers in biodegradable
The purpose of this study was to substantiate the plastics increase its tensile strength even further (8). Materials
effectiveness of eggshells and water hyacinth as reinforcing such as eggshells and cellulose of water hyacinth are
material in a biodegradable plastic made from cassava great examples of fillers that can be used in strengthening
starch. Furthermore, the researchers aim to create bioplastic biodegradable plastics. Thus, the researchers intend to test
with higher quality with the help of several low-cost the effectiveness of these fillers in enhancing starch-based
materials that are naturally found in the environment. biodegradable plastic.
Likewise, the findings of this research would be assistance Considering the history and the findings regarding
for the development of biodegradable plastic. This would biodegradable plastics, the researchers used cassava starch,
aid in creating a bioplastic that can compete with eggshell, and water hyacinth as the main components
conventional plastics. of biodegradable plastics. Furthermore, the compatibility
between these raw materials was tested in this study, and
the optimal amount of fillers for bioplastics would be
Research elaborations determined. The findings of this study would provide insights
into the constant pursuit of sustainable bioplastics that can
Every minute, two million plastic bags are being used potentially replace conventional plastics.
worldwide. This adds to a ginormous amount of between This study aimed to determine how the amount of eggshell
500 billion to 1 trillion plastic bags every year (4). and water hyacinth present in the cassava starch based
This is alarming considering that conventional plastics biodegradable plastics affects its several properties.
are primarily petroleum-based; specifically, it is made up Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following
of polyethylene terephthalate. These kinds of plastics are questions:
inorganic materials which are why microorganisms are not
able to break down these materials into simpler compounds. 1. What are the properties of biodegradable plastic with
To solve this issue, multiple studies have been conducted 70% (42 g) eggshell and 30% (18 g) water hyacinth in
to develop biodegradable plastics. Unlike conventional terms of the following:
plastics, biodegradable plastics are essentially made up of
organic materials to make it possible for microorganisms 1.1 Durability
to break the plastics down naturally. Ironically, bioplastics 1.2 Elasticity
10.54646/bijcees.2023.01 3

1.3 Ductility that it can carry before tearing it apart. The measurement of
1.4 Solubility the biodegradable plastic for this test will be 10 × 10 cm.
Moving on, the elasticity of a material is measured by its
2. What are the properties of biodegradable plastic with ability to return to its original shape when the applied stress
30% (18 g) eggshell and 70% (42 g) water hyacinth in is removed. In testing the elasticity, a 3 × 8 cm bioplastic
terms of the following: will be stretched out. Later, the researchers will determine
what percent of the initial length was retained when it is
2.1 Durability released from being stretched out. To further illustrate, the
2.2 Elasticity mathematical formula for this is shown below:
2.3 Ductility Length of Elongation = LFinal − LInital
2.4 Solubility
Where LInitial is the length of the biodegradable plastic
3. What are the properties of biodegradable plastic with before it is stretched, while LFinal is its length when
50% (30 g) eggshell and 50% (30 g) water hyacinth in released from being stretched. The quotient of the two
terms of the following: multiplied by 100 will represent how much of the initial
length of the bioplastic was preserved—this will serve as the
3.1 Durability measure of elasticity.
3.2 Elasticity
3.3 Ductility
TABLE 1 | List of materials.
3.4 Solubility
Materials Quantity and Description
4. Is there a significant difference between biodegradable Measurements
plastic with 70% eggshell (42 g) and 30% water 1 Cassava starch 55 g A carbohydrate product
hyacinth (18 g); 30% eggshell (18 g) and 70% water that has an excellent
hyacinth (42 g); and 50% eggshell (30 g) and 50% water binding property
hyacinth (30 g) in terms of the following: 2 Eggshells 30% = 18 g A shell that is made up of
50% = 30 g calcium carbonate
4.1 Durability 70% = 42 g
3 Water hyacinth 30% = 18 g A floating aquatic plant
4.2 Elasticity 50% = 30 g characterized as an invasive
4.3 Ductility 70% = 42 g plant species.
4 Sodium 5 g per 200 mL of It is a corrosive white
4.4 Solubility hydroxide water crystalline solid that readily
absorbs moisture until it
The research design should be determined for it is crucial dissolves
in providing answers for the statement of the problem. To 5 Sodium 200 mL per batch of It is a type of compound
have the most efficient way of gathering data and insights hypochlorite water hyacinth made from reacting
chlorine with a sodium
in accomplishing the objectives of this study, the researchers hydroxide solution
used the experimental method of quantitative research design commonly found in
since this study deals with how the amount of eggshells disinfecting agents such as
and water hyacinth affect several properties of biodegradable bleach.
plastic. The amount of eggshell and water hyacinth will be the 6 Metal trays Six A flat and shallow
container where the
independent variable for it affects the dependent variable, the bioplastic is placed to dry.
durability, elasticity, ductility, and solubility. 7 Glycerin 15 mL per batch It is a colorless or
pale-yellow liquid: sweet
and warm taste.
Data gathering procedure 8 Water 210 mL per batch It is a substance composed
of the chemical elements’
oxygen and hydrogen and
After creating the biodegradable plastic with their respective exists in gaseous, liquid,
amount of eggshell and water hyacinth, the researchers will and solid states.
conduct four tests on every bioplastic created—each test has 9 Vinegar 9 mL per batch It is a sour liquid that is
three trials, measuring the durability, elasticity, ductility, and made up of fermenting
solubility. An object’s durability is measured by its ability substances that contain
sugar, such as fruit and
to withstand pressure. Therefore, the biodegradable plastic’s wine.
durability will be tested by determining the maximum weight
4 Caraig et al.

The next test is to measure biodegradable plastic ductility. For the elasticity test, the bioplastic retained 97.6% of its
In testing the biodegradable plastic’s ductility, a 3 × 8 cm original length after being stretched on the first trial, while
biodegradable plastic will be stretched out until it completely 96.4% on the second and third trials. The bioplastic has an
tears apart. The length of the bioplastic’s elongation before it average of 96.8% on the elasticity test. In the ductility test,
tears will serve as the measure of ductility. To demonstrate, the bioplastic can stretch for 3 cm before tearing apart in the
the equation below will be used in measuring the bioplastic’s first and second trials. In the third trial, the bioplastic can
ductility. stretch for 2.9 cm before completely tearing apart. Therefore,
the bioplastic has an average of 2.97 cm in the ductility test.
Length of Elongation = LFinal − LInital For the solubility, the object resting on the bioplastic fell after
248 s on the first trial; 292 s on the second trial; and 193 s on
where LInitial is the bioplastic’s length before being stretched; the third trial. Recognizing the results of the three trials, the
LFinal is the length of the bioplastic before tearing apart due to bioplastic has an average of 244.33 s in the solubility test.
stretching. The difference between the two will be the length
of elongation, which will also serve as the measurement
of its ductility. The durability, elasticity, ductility, and
In terms of the solubility test, the 3 × 10 cm bioplastic solubility of biodegradable plastic with
will be submerged in water, and then an object with a weight
30% eggshell and 70% water hyacinth
of 42 g will be placed on top of it. Then, the time it takes
for the bioplastic to dissolve and make the object fall will be
Table 3 presents the results of the tests for the bioplastic
measured. These tests will be repeated in every biodegradable
with 30% eggshell and 70% water hyacinth. In the durability
plastic with varying amounts of eggshell and water hyacinth
test, the bioplastic carried 550 g before tearing apart on the
cellulose. The first biodegradable plastic has 70% eggshell
first trial; 548 on the second trial; and 614 on the third
(42 g) and 30% water hyacinth (18 g). The second has 30%
trial. Therefore, the bioplastic can carry an average weight of
eggshell (18 g) and 70% water hyacinth (42 g), while the last
570.67 g. In terms of elasticity, the bioplastic retained 98.8%
biodegradable plastic has 50% eggshell (30 g) and 50% water
of its initial length after being stretched in the first and second
hyacinth (30 g).
trials, while 97.6% in the third trial. This shows that the
After conducting the tests, the data and results gathered
bioplastic has an average of 98.4% on the elasticity test. In
will be analyzed and interpreted by the researchers using a
the ductility test, the bioplastic can stretch for 2 cm before
suitable statistical treatment for this study.
tearing apart on the first trial; 2.6 cm on the second trial;
and 2.2 cm on the third trial. Therefore, the bioplastic has an
average of 2.27 cm in the ductility test. For the solubility, the
Results and findings object resting on the bioplastic fell after 831 s on the first trial;
556 s on the second trial; and 500 s on the third trial. Thus,
The durability, elasticity, ductility, and the bioplastic has an average of 629 s in the solubility test.
solubility of biodegradable plastic with
70% eggshell and 30% water hyacinth
The durability, elasticity, ductility, and
Table 2 shows the results of the four tests conducted on the solubility of biodegradable plastic with
bioplastic with 70% eggshell and 30% water hyacinth; each 50% eggshell and 50% water hyacinth
test is provided with three trials. In terms of durability, the
bioplastic can carry 440 g on the first trial; 467 on the second Table 4 shows the results of the tests for the bioplastic
trial; and 529 on the third trial. Given the results of the three with 50% eggshell and 50% water hyacinth. In testing the
trials, the bioplastic can carry an average weight of 478.67 g. durability, the bioplastic carried 506 g on the first trial 418

TABLE 2 | Results of the tests conducted on the biodegradable plastic with 70% eggshell and 30% water hyacinth.

Percentage of Eggshell Durability (Weight in Elasticity (Percentage of Ductility (Length of Solubility (Amount
and Water Hyacinth Grams it can Carry) Initial Length Retained Elongation in cm Before of Time in Seconds
After Stretching) Tearing Apart) to Dissolve)

70% Eggshell and 30% Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Water Hyacinth

440 467 529 97.6 96.4 96.4 3 3 2.9 248 292 193

Average 478.67 96.8 2.97 244.33

10.54646/bijcees.2023.01 5

TABLE 3 | Results of the tests conducted on the biodegradable plastic with 30% eggshell and 70% water hyacinth.

Percentage of Eggshell Durability (Weight in Elasticity (Percentage of Ductility (Length of Solubility (Amount
and Water Hyacinth Grams it can Carry) Initial Length Retained Elongation in cm Before of Time in Seconds
After Stretching) Tearing Apart) to Dissolve)

70% Eggshell and 30% Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Water Hyacinth

30% Eggshell and 70% 550 548 614 98.8 98.8 97.6 2 2.6 2.2 831 556 500
Water Hyacinth

Average 570.67 98.4 2.27 629

TABLE 4 | Results of the tests conducted on the biodegradable plastic with 50% eggshell and 50% water hyacinth.

Percentage of Eggshell and Durability (Weight in Grams Elasticity (Percentage of Ductility (Length of Solubility (Amount of
Water Hyacinth it can Carry) Initial Length Retained Elongation in cm Before Time in Seconds to
After Stretching) Tearing Apart) Dissolve)

70% Eggshell and 30% Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Water Hyacinth

50% Eggshell and 50% Water 506 418 446 98.2 97.6 97.6 3.3 2.6 2.6 515 232 220
Hyacinth
Average 456.67 97.8 2.83 322.33

on the second trial; and 446 on the third trial. The bioplastic Meanwhile, Table 7 shows the significant difference in
can carry an average weight of 456.67 g. In terms of elasticity, ductility of the three bioplastics. It is indicated that the
the bioplastic retained 98.2% of its original length after being p-value is 0.057, which is greater than the p-value of
stretched in the first trial and 97.6% in the second and third
trials. Therefore, the bioplastic has an average of 97.8% on the
elasticity test. In the ductility test the bioplastic can stretch TABLE 5 | Significant difference in durability.
for 3.3 cm on the first trial; 2.6 cm on the second and third p-value F F-critical Value Description
trials. Therefore, the bioplastic has an average of 2.83 cm in
the ductility test. For the solubility the object resting on the Difference in 0.037 5.97 5.14 Significant
bioplastic fell after 515 s on the first trial; 232 s on the second Durability
trial; and 220 s on the third trial. Thus, the bioplastic has an
average of 322.33 s in the solubility test.
TABLE 6 | Significant difference in elasticity.

The significant difference in durability, p-value F F-critical Value Description

elasticity ductility, and solubility of the Difference in 0.045 5.44 5.14 Significant
biodegradable plastics Elasticity

In Table 5, the p-value of < 0.05 is used in calculating the

significant difference in the durability of the three bioplastics TABLE 7 | Significant difference in ductility.
with varying amounts of eggshell and water hyacinth. After
employing one-way ANOVA, the p-value is 0.037, which is p-value F F-critical Value Description

less than 0.05. This means that there is a significant difference Difference in 0.057 4.78 5.14 Not statistically significant
in durability. It is also shown that the F-statistic (5.97) is Ductility
greater than the F-critical value (5.14), which means that the
test is significant.
In contrast, Table 6 shows the significant difference in TABLE 8 | Significant difference in solubility.
the elasticity of the three bioplastics. It is indicated that the
p-value is 0.045, which is also less than 0.05. Therefore, the p-value F F-critical Value Significant
hypothesis that there is no significant difference in elasticity is
Difference in 0.037 6.03 5.14 Solubility
rejected. In contrast, the F-statistic is 5.44, which is more than Description
the F-critical value of 5.14, showing that the test is significant.
6 Caraig et al.

0.05. Therefore, the hypothesis that there is no significant 2. Other plasticizers aside from glycerin should be used
difference in ductility is accepted. It is also indicated in the to determine if the results will be the same.
results of one-way ANOVA that the F-statistic (4.78) is less 3. Future researchers can utilize the findings of this study
than the F-critical value (5.14), showing that the test is not to develop plastic wares or utensils out of eggshell and
statistically significant. water hyacinth.
In contrast, Table 8 presents the significant difference
in solubility of the three bioplastics with varying eggshells
and water hyacinth. Recognizing the results, the hypothesis
that there is no significant difference in solubility is rejected
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