International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177

Volume 7 Issue X, Oct 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com

Stability Improvement of Multi-Machine Power

System Network using STATCOM & UPFC
Sandeep Kumar1, Dr. Deependra Singh2, Dr. K. S. Verma 3
1
M.Tech Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering, Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur, U.P, India
2, 3
Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology, Sultanpur, U.P, India

Abstract: Recent power system transmission networks are becoming with increasing complexity due to growing demand and
restrictions on building new lines. Loss of stability is one of the major problem of such a modern power system following a
disturbance. Transient stability control is an important concept which ensuring the stable operation of power system during the
fault and large disturbances. FACTS technologies are raise to be very effective in a power system transmission network for
better controllability and increase power transfer capability without sacrificing the desired stability margin. This paper provides
the comparative performance of STSTCOM, SVC and UPFC for improvement of transient stability of IEEE 9 bus power system.
Static Synchronous Compensator and Static Var Compensator are the shunt devices of the Flexible AC Transmission Systems
(FACTS) family.
When the system voltage is low, STATCOM generates reactive power and when the system voltage is high then it absorbs
reactive power whereas SVC is also operates as same as the STATCOM. SVC provides the fast acting dynamic compensation in
case of severe fault. The UPFC is more effective Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) device for controlling active and
reactive power flow in a transmission line and power oscillation damping by controlling its series and shunt parameters. To
analyzing the effects of STATCOM, UPFC and SVC on transient stability performance of the system by using the
MATLAB/Simulink environment for multi- machine system. The performance of STATCOM, SVC and UPFC are compared
with each other.
The simulation results will show the effective and robustness of all the three FACTS devices. Higher degree Flexible AC
Transmission Systems (FACTS) device can be identified by this project for transient stability of IEEE 9 bus power system.
Keywords: FACTS, STATCOM, SVC and UPFC, Transient Stability and IEEE 9 bus power system.

I. INTRODUCTION
Power system generally consist of three stages: such as generation, transmission, and distribution. The First stage is generation, the
electric power is generated generally by using synchronous generators. Then the voltage range is increased by transformers before
the power is transmitted in order to decrease the line currents which consequently reduce the power transmission losses. After the
transmission, the voltage is stepped down using transformers in order to be distributed accordingly. Power systems are planned to
provide uninterrupted power supply that hold voltage stability.
However, due to undesired events, such as lightning, accidents or any other uncertain events, short circuits between the phase
conductors of the transmission lines or between a phase conductor and the ground which may occur is called a fault. Due to
occurring of a fault, one or more generators may be severely disturbed causing an instability between generation and demand. If
the fault persists and is not cleared in a pre-specified time frame, it may cause strong damages to the equipment’s which in turn
may lead to a power loss and power outage.
Hence, antifouling equipment’s are compartment to observe faults and clear/separate faulted parts of the power system as quickly
as possible in front the fault energy is pass on to the rest of the system.
MATLAB Simulink is an interactional environment for modelling and simulating a wide variety of dynamic systems. A system is
built easily using blocks and results can be displayed quickly. Simulink is used for perusing the effects of non-linearity of the
system and thus is an ideal research tool.
Use of Simulink is growing rapidly for research work in the area of power system and also in the other areas. Time domain
simulation method is implemented in this paper. In this paper multi machine nine bus system is modelled in Matlab/simulink and
transient stability analysis is done with the fault located in a bus.

© IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 179

 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177
Volume 7 Issue X, Oct 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com

II. POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

Electrical Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system, for a given initial operating condition, to retrieve a state
of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical disturbance, with most system variables bounded so that practically the
entire system remains intact. Stability phenomenon is a single problem associated with various forms of instabilities affected on
power system due to the high dimensionality and complexity of power system constructions and behaviors. For properly understood
of stability, the classification is essential for significant power system stability analysis. Stability classified based on the nature of
resulting system instability (voltage instability, frequency instability), the size of the disturbance (small disturbance, large
disturbance) and time frame of stability (short term, long term). In the other hand, stability broadly classified as steady state stability
and dynamic stability. Steady state stability is the ability of the system to transit from one operating point to another under the
condition of small load changes. Power system dynamic stability appears in the literature as a class of rotor angle stability to
describe whether the system can maintain the stable operation after various disturbances or not.

A. Transient Stability
Whenever a power system is under steady state, the load and transmission loss equals to the generation in the system. The
generating units run at synchronous speed and system frequency, voltage, current and power flows are steady. When a large
disturbance such as three phase fault, loss of load, loss of generation etc., occurs the power balance is upset and the generating units
rotors experience either acceleration or deceleration. The system may come back to a steady state condition maintaining
synchronism or it may break into subsystems or one or more machines may pull out of synchronism. In the previous case the system
is said to be stable and in the later case it is said to be unstable.

III. FACTS CONTROLLERS

FACTS are defined by the IEEE as “a power electronic based system and other static equipment that provide control of one or more
AC transmission system parameters to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability”. Basically, FACTS controllers
can be divided into four categories:

1) Series Controller
2) Shunt Controller
3) Combined series-series Controller
4) Combined series-shunt Controller

Table 1. Comparison among FACTS Controllers

Name Type Controller Used Purpose
SVC Shunt Thyristor Voltage Control
SSSC Series GTO Power Flow Control
STATCOM Shunt GTO Voltage Control
UPFC Shunt and GTO Voltage and Power Flow
Series Control
TCSC Series Thyristor Power Flow Control
TCPAR Shunt and Thyristor Power Flow Control
Series

A. Static VAR Compensator (SVC)

Static VAR Compensator (SVC) provides the fast reactive power on high voltage transmission networks. An SVC is based on
thyristor controlled reactors (TCR), thyristor switched capacitors (TSC), and/or Fixed Capacitors (FC) tuned to Filters as shown in
fig1. A TCR consists of a fixed reactor in series with a bi-directional thyristor valve. TCR reactors are as a rule of air core type,
glass fibre insulated, epoxy resin impregnated.

© IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 180

 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177
Volume 7 Issue X, Oct 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com

Figure 1. SVC Model

Static VAR Compensator (SVC) had a great advantage over simple mechanically-switched compensation schemes is their fast
instantaneous response to changes in the system voltage. For this reason they are often operated at close to their zero-point in order
to maximize the reactive power correction they can rapidly provide in system whenever required. They are in general cheaper,
higher- capacity, faster, efficient and more reliable over dynamic compensation schemes such as synchronous condensers.

B. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

STATCOM is a shunt-connected static Var compensator whose capacitive or inductive output current can be controlled
independently of the ac system voltage. STATCOM is made up of a coupling transformer, a VSC and a dc energy storage device as
shown in fig2. STATCOM is capable of exchanging reactive power with the transmission line

Figure 2. STATCOM Model

C. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is the most versatile FACTS controller developed so far, with all-encompassing
capabilities of voltage regulation, series compensation, and phase shifting. It can independently and very rapidly control both real-
and reactive power flows in a transmission line. It is configured as shown in Fig.3 and comprises two VSCs coupled through
common dc terminal. One VSC—converter1—is connected in shunt with the line through a coupling transformer; the other VSC—
converter 2— is inserted in series with the transmission line through an interface transformer. The dc voltage for both converters is
provided by a common capacitor bank. The series converter is controlled to inject a voltage phasor, Vpq, in series with the line,
which can be varied from 0 to Vpq max. Moreover, the phase angle of Vpq can be independently varied from 00 to 3600. In this
process, the series converter exchanges both real and reactive power with the transmission line. Although the reactive power is
internally generated/ absorbed by the series converter, the real-power generation/ absorption is made feasible by the dc-energy–
storage device—that is, the capacitor. The shunt-connected converter 1 is used mainly to supply the real-power demand of converter
2, which it derives from the transmission line itself. The shunt converter maintains constant voltage of the dc bus.

© IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 181

 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177
Volume 7 Issue X, Oct 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com

Figure 3. UPFC Model

D. Power System Stabilizers

PSS have been extensively used as supplementary excitation controllers to damp out the low frequency oscillations and enhance the
overall system stability. Fixed structure stabilizers have practical applications and generally provide acceptable dynamic
performance. There have been arguments that these controllers, being tuned for one nominal operating condition, provide sub
optimal performance when there are variations in the system load. There are two main approaches to stabilize a power system over a
wide range of operating
Conditions, namely robust control. The block diagram for the designed conventional PSS is shown in Fig.4

Figure 4. Power System Stabilizer Model

IV. SIMULATION MODEL AND RESULTS

A. IEEE 9-bus power system installed with P

Figure 5. Simulink model of three machine 9-busbar power system network with PSS

© IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 182

 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177
Volume 7 Issue X, Oct 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com

Table 2. Stability chart for PSS

Fault PSS Stability Stability Stability
position position time for time for time for
delta1_2 delta2_3 delta3_1
(in sec) (in sec) (in sec)
Between Connected 3.9 3.65 4.3
bus 5 with all three
and bus machine
7

Figure 5.1Rotor angle deviation between machine M1 and M2

Figure 5.2. Rotor angle deviation between machine M2 and M3

Figure 5.3. Rotor angle deviation between machine M3 and M1

© IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 183

 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177
Volume 7 Issue X, Oct 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com

B. IEEE 9-bus power system installed with STATCOM and PSS

Figure 6. Simulink model of three machine 9-busbar network with PSS and STATCOM

Table 3. Stability chart for STATCOM

Fault STATCOM Stability Stability Stability
position position time for time for time for
delta1_2 delta2_3 delta3_1
(in sec) (in sec) (in sec)
Between Between bus
bus 5 4 and bus 5
and bus 4.2 4.1 4.3
7

Figure 6.1. Rotor angle deviation between machine M1 and M2

© IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 184

 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177
Volume 7 Issue X, Oct 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com

Figure 6.2. Rotor angle deviation between machine M2 and M1

Figure 6.3. Rotor angle deviation between machine M3 and M1

C. IEEE 9-bus Power System Installed with UPFC and PSS

Figure 7. Simulink model of three machine 9-busbar network with PSS and UPFC

© IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 185

 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177
Volume 7 Issue X, Oct 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com

Table 4. Stability chart for UPFC

Fault UPFC Stability Stability Stability
position position time for time for time for
delta1_2 delta2_3 delta3_1
(in sec) (in sec) (in sec)
Between Between bus 3.7 3.42 3.8
bus 5 and 4 and bus 5
bus 7

Figure 7.1. Rotor angle deviation between machine M1 and M2

Figure 7.2. Rotor angle deviation between machine M2 and M1

Figure 7.3. Rotor angle deviation between machine M3 and M1

© IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 186

 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177
Volume 7 Issue X, Oct 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com

Table 5. Comparison chart for stability

PSS/FACTS Location Stability Stability Stability
device time for time for time for
delta1_2 delta2_3 delta3_1
(in sec) (in sec) (in sec)
PSS Connected 3.9 3.65 4.3
with all
machine
PSS+STATC Between
OM bus 4 and 4.2 4.1 4.3
bus 5

PSS+UPFC Between
bus 4 and 3.7 3.42 3.8
bus 5

V. CONCLUSION
The power system stability has been compared and discussed for improvement of a 3-machine 9 bus system by PSS, STATCOM &
UPFC. After simulation results shown in Fig, a comparison is made between the above FACTS devices for stability enhancement of
IEEE 9 bus system as shown in Table-5. From the Table-5, it is inferred that UPFC is the effective FACT device for stability
enhancement over STATCOM and PSS as the post settling time obtained from the use of UPFC is less as compared to that obtained
from STATCOM and PSS.
REFERENCES
[1] Dr. Raja Singh Khela and Sandeep kaur, “Transient Stability Using FACTS Controller”, IJLTET, Volume 7, Issue 1, May 2016.
[2] Shenglong Yu, Tat Kei Chau, and Tyrone Fernando, Andrey V. Savkin, and Herbert H.-C. Iu, “Novel Quasi- Decentralized SMC-Based Frequency and Voltage
Stability Enhancement Strategies using Valve Position Control and FACTS Device”, IEEE Access, May 2016.
[3] Bhuvan Sharma Arvind Sharma, “Power System Stability Enhancement Using FACTS”, IJARCSSE, Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2015.
[4] Tingjian Liu, Youbo Liu, and Junyong Liu, Yue Yang, Gareth A. Taylor, and Zhengwen Huang, “Multi- indicator Inference Scheme for Fuzzy Assessment of
Power System Transient Stability”, IEEE, Volume 2, Issue 3, September 2016.
[5] Yang Liu, Q. H. Wu, and Haotian Kang, Xiaoxin Zhou, “Switching Power System Stabilizer and Its Coordination for Enhancement of Multi-machine Power
System Stability”, IEEE, Volume 2, Issue 2, June 2016
[6] Divya Prakash, Er. Vinay Kumar, “Enhancing Stability of Multi-Machine IEEE 9 Bus Power System Network Using PSS”, IJAREEIE, Volume 4, Issue 5,
May 2015
[7] Ben-Sheng Chen and Yuan-Yih Hsu, “An Analytical Approach to Harmonic Analysis and Controller Design of a STATCOM”, IEEE, Volume 22, Issue 1,
January 2007
[8] Siwei Liu, Gengyin Li, and Ming Zhou, “Power System Transient Stability Analysis with Integration of DFIGs Based on Center of Inertia” IEEE, Volume 2,
Issue 2, June 2016
[9] P. Kundar, “Power System Stability and Control”. NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
[10] Swaroop Kumar.Nallagalva,Mukesh Kumar Kirar, and Dr.Ganga Agnihotri, “Transient Stability Analysis of the IEEE 9-Bus Electric Power System” IJSET,
Volume 1, Issue 3, July 2012.
[11] S.K.Sethy, J.K.Moharana, “Design, Analysis and Simulation of Linear Model of a STATCOM for Reactive Power Compensation with Variation of DC- link
Voltage” IJEIT, Volume 2, Issue 5, November 2012.
[12] Prof. P.S.R. Murthy, “Power System Analysis”, Hyderabad: BS Publications, 2007.
[13] M. Srinivasa Rao, L. Murali Mohan, “Transient Stability Performance Analysis of Power System Using Facts Devices” IJERA, Volume 4, Issue 2, February
2014.
[14] Sanjiv Kumar, Dr. Narendra Kumar, “Effectiveness of FACTS Devices for Power System Stability Enhancement” IJAES, Volume 1, Issue 2, April 2011.
[15] P R Sharma, Narender Hooda, “Transient Stability Analysis of Power System Using Matlab” IJESRT, Volume 1, Issue 7, September 2012.
[16] Hingorani, N. G., &Gyugyi, L. (2000). Understanding FACTS: concepts and technology of flexible AC transmission systems (Vol. 1). M. El-Hawary (Ed.).
New York: IEEE press.
[17] Murali, D., Rajaram, D. M., &Reka, N. (2010). Comparison of FACTS devices for power system stability enhancement. International Journal of Computer
Applications (0975–8887) Volume, 30-35.
[18] Deshpande, A. S., Kadam, P. A. and Rana, V. M. (2011, May). First Swing Stability of Power System Using FACTS Device. 2011 National Conference on
Recent trends in Engineering and Technology.

© IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 187

 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.177
Volume 7 Issue X, Oct 2019- Available at www.ijraset.com

[19] Rath, S., Sahu B., & Dash, P. (2012). Power System Operation and Control Using FACTS Devices. International Journal of Engineering Research and
Technology. 1(5).
[20] Murali, D., &Rajaram, M. (2010). Active and Reactive Power Flow Control using FACTS Devices. International Journal of Computer
Applications. 9(8). 45-50.
[21] Kumar, A., &Priya, G. (2012, December). Power system stability enhancement using FACTS controllers. In Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering and
Energy Management (ICETEEEM), 2012 International Conference on (pp. 84-87). IEEE.
[22] Kodsi, S. M., &Canizares, C. A. (2003). Modeling and simulation of IEEE 14 bus system with FACTS controllers. University of Waterloo, Canada, Tech. Rep.
[23] Haddad, S., Haddouche, A. &Bouyeda, H. (2009, April). The use of FACTS Devices in Distributed power systems-Modelling, Interface and case
study.International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering. 1(1).
[24] Abido, M. A. (2009). POWER SYSTEM STABILITY ENHANCEMENT USING FACTS CONTROLLERS: A REVIEW. Arabian Journal for Science &
Engineering (Springer Science & Business Media BV),34.
[25] Somalwar, R. &Khemaria, M. (2012, March). A Review of enhancement of Transient stability using FACTS Devices. International journal of Emerging
Technologies in Sciences and Engineering, 5(3).
[26] Mohanty, A. K., &Barik, A. K. (2011). Power System Stability Improvement Using FACTS Devices. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research,
1(2), 666-672
[27] ABAZARI, & EMADI. (2003). Transient stability improvement by using advanced static VAR compensators. Electric Power Components and Systems, 31(4),
321-334
[28] Kaur, T. and Kakran, S. (2012). Transient stability Improvement of Long Transmission Line System by Using SVC. International Journal of Advanced
Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering. 1(4).

© IJRASET: All Rights are Reserved 188