QUESTION 2: BASIC AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

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2.1 The table below shows substances used in agriculture.

2.1.1 Classify the compound in the table above. (1)

2.1.2 Name the elements labelled A and B. (2)

2.1.3 Describe the type of bond involved in the table above. (2)

2.1.4 Indicate the charge of the elements below after bonding:

(a) Element B (1)

(b) Element A (1)

2.1.5 Name ONE importance of the compound in the table above. (1)
2.2 In an experiment, the educator mixed equal quantities of HCℓ and NaOH with the
same concentration.

2.2.1 Predict the pH of the mixture. (1)

2.2.2 Indicate the substance in the mixture that is:

(a) A base (1)

(b) An acid (1)

2.2.3 Tabulate TWO differences between the substances in the mixture. (4)

2.3 Analyse the flow chart below and answer the questions based on it.

2.3.1 Name the compound labelled A. (1)

2.3.2 Identify label B and C. (2)

2.3.3 Indicate the letter of a bio-molecule that matches each of the

characteristics below:

(a) It is of animal origin (1)

(b) Liquid at room temperature (1)

2.3.4 Give TWO functions of the compound named in QUESTION 2.3.1. (2)

2.3.5 Write the chemical formula of the compounds labelled D. (1)

2.4 Sugarcane and maize are grown and processed for their alcohol content
produced by means of fermentation as shown in the equation below:

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2 CO2

2.4.1 Name the alcohol in the equation above. (1)

2.4.2 Draw the structural formula of the alcohol in QUESTION 2.4.1. (3)

2.4.3 State ONE difference between alcohols and alkanes based on their
structural formulae. (2)

2.5 The structure below represents a structural formula of an organic compound.

2.5.1 Identify the structure illustrated above. (1)

2.5.2 Provide the label for A and B in the structure above. (2)

2.5.3 Name the polymer formed when the structures above are joined in a
chain. (1)

2.5.4 Give TWO functions of the polymer stated in QUESTION 2.5.3. (2)
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SECTION B

QUESTION 2: BASIC AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

Start this question on a NEW page.

2.1 The table below shows substances used in agriculture.

SUBSTANCE A SUBSTANCE B SUBSTANCE C

Water and NaCl Sand and Salt NH3

2.1.1 Identify the SUBSTANCE A, B and C from the table above that suit each
of the descriptions below:

(a) Components can be separated by physical means

(b) Used as a household cleaning product

(c) Can form a homogenous mixture (3)

2.1.2 Indicate the role of water in SUBSTANCE A. (1)

2.1.3 Write the structural formula of SUBSTANCE C. (2)

2.1.4 Components in SUBSTANCE A are regarded as compounds. Justify

this statement. (2)

2.2 The structure below shows a carbohydrate.

2.2.1 Classify the carbohydrate illustrated by the structure above. (1)

2.2.2 Write the chemical formula of a carbohydrate in the structure above. (2)

2.2.3 Name TWO important functions of the carbohydrate illustrated in the

above structure. (2)
2.3 Below are food types containing different fats.

FOOD TYPE A FOOD TYPE B

MEAT

2.3.1 Classify the fat in the food types above as saturated and unsaturated. (2)

2.3.2 Identify the fat from the food types above that is recommended to be
included in a diet. (1)

2.3.3 Give TWO reasons for the answer in QUESTION 2.3.2. (2)

2.3.4 Distinguish between the fat found in food type A and in food type B
with regard to the following:

(a) Reaction at room temperature (2)

(b) Bond between the carbon atoms (2)

2.4 Proteins are complex organic compounds and have different functions
depending on their shape.

2.4.1 Name the building block of a protein molecule. (1)

2.4.2 What is the difference between simple and complex proteins? (2)

2.4.3 Indicate the reason for giving animals protein in each of the following
situations:

(a) Injured animal (1)

(b) Newly born anima l (1)

2.5 The table below shows basic groups of organic compounds, structural formula
as well as molecular formula.

NAME OF A FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURAL MOLECULAR

COMPOUND GROUP FORMULA FORMULA
H H H

A Hydrocarbon H C C C H B

(1) H H H (1)

Ethanol C D C2H5OH
(1) (2)
H O

E Carboxyl H C C OH CH3 COOH

(1) H

2.5.1 Complete the table by providing labels A to E. (6)

2.5.2 Identify the compound that can be used in alcoholic beverages. (1)

2.5.3 Indicate ONE importance of the compound labelled A for rural

communities. (1)
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SECTION B

QUESTION 2: BASIC AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

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2.1 The diagrams below show the structural formula of different compounds.

STRUCTURE A STRUCTURE B

H H H H H

H C C C C H H N

H H H H H

STRUCTURE C STRUCTURE D

H O
O C O
H

STRUCTURE E

2.1.1 Classify the compounds represented by structures A and B into two

categories. (2)

2.1.2 Give a reason for your answer in QUESTION 2.1.1 based on their
structures. (2)

2.1.3 The structures labelled A and E have the same molecular formula but
different structures. Give the name of such compounds. (1)

2.1.4 Write the chemical formula of the compound represented by structure A (2)

2.1.5 Identify the letter of the compound responsible for the following:

(a) Catalyst in many chemical reactions

(b) Used as a cleaning product (2)
2.2 Analyse the flow chart below and answer the questions based on it.

MMatter

Elements A Mixtures

Hydrogen Oxygen Water Table B C

salt E.g. salt
E.g. salt
and water and silt

2.2.1 Identify the substances labelled in A, B and C. (3)

2.2.2 Explain the difference between an element and a substance in A. (2)

2.2.3 Distinguish between mixtures B and C. (2)

2.3 The structures below show the bonding of carbon atoms in fatty acids:

FATTY ACID A FATTY ACID B

C C C C C C C C C C C C

2.3.1 Identify the type of fatty acid labelled A and B. (2)

2.3.2 Indicate the letter representing the fatty acid that matches each of the
descriptions below:

(a) Originates from plants (1)

(b) Solid at room temperature (1)
(c) Has a high melting point (1)
(d) Liquid at room temperature (1)

2.3.3 Name TWO reasons why fats are important in living organisms. (2)
2.4 Below are substances with different pH values.

 Baking powder
 Orange juice
 Milk
 Battery acid

2.4.1 Indicate whether each of the substances above is neutral, acidic,

strongly acidic, alkaline or strongly alkaline. Write the substance and
the pH indicator. (4)

2.4.2 Indicate the substance in QUESTION 2.4 that has a high concentration
of the following:

(a) Hydroxide ion (1)

(b) Hydrogen ion (1)

2.5 The structural formula below represents monosaccharides.

STRUCTURE A STRUCTURE B

2.5.1 Name structure A and structure B. (2)

2.5.2 Indicate the compound formed when structure A and B are joined
together. (1)

2.5.3 Give TWO elements that are the basic composition of all
carbohydrates. (2)
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SECTION B

QUESTION 2: BASIC AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

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2.1 The chemical properties of organic compounds are determined by their

functional groups and the formulas below are the compounds are important for
humans.

2.1.1 Indicate the letter of a compound that matches each of the following
descriptions:

(a) Formed by the fermentation process. (1)

(b) It is also known as acetic. (1)

(c) It is formed when the structure represented by letter B

reacts with structure in C. (1)

(D) Can be used for heating in rural homes with no electricity. (1)

2.1.2 Explain the impact of a compound labelled D on the environment. (2)

2.1.3 Describe the benefit of using a compound labelled C as a source of

energy of cars Instead of petrol. (2)

2.1.4 Indicate the function group of compound labelled B and C. (2)

2.2 Salt forms part of a diet for animals and human beings. It is important part of
the fluid electrolytes of humans and other living organisms.
 2.2.1 Give the chemical name and formula for salt. (2)

2.2.2 Indicate the bond that exists between the elements forming salt. (1)

2.2.3 During ancient times, salt was a valuable mineral in people’s daily lives.
Validate this Statement by giving THREE uses of salt during this era. (3)

2.3 Acids and bases play a vital role in agriculture.

2.3.1 Indicate TWO differences between acid solution and base solution. (4)

2.3.2 If an acid solution is mixed with an alkaline solution, a chemical reaction

takes place. Give the name of this reaction. (1)

2.3.3 State TWO products of the chemical reaction QUESTION 2.3.3 above. (2)

2.4 Analyse the structure below and answer the questions based on it.

2.4.1 Identify the structure above. (1)

2.4.2 Indicate the letter (A or B) that gives the structure in QUESTION 2.4.1
the following:
(a) Basic property (1)

(b) Acidic property (1)

2.4.3 Two or more of the structures mentioned in QUESTION 2.4.1. Above,

can be joined together to form a polymer. Provide the name of this
reaction. (1)

2.4.4 The polymer formed from joining two or more of the structures above
plays a vital role in the body of an animal. Justify this statement with
THREE reasons. (3)

2.5 Carbohydrates are organic molecules which act as energy suppliers in the
food of animals. Some carbohydrates are very large and complex while others
are simple. Different food supply different types of carbohydrates.

Indicate the example of monosaccharide or disaccharide or polysaccharide

supplied by each of the following food and plant source:

2.5.1 Fruits (1)

 2.5.2 Milk (1)

2.5.3 Sugar cane (1)

2.5.4 Wood (1)

2.5.5 Plant cell (1)

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SECTION B

QUESTION 2: BASIC AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

Start this question on a NEW page.

2.1 The diagram below is the periodic table showing the arrangements of different
elements according to their atomic numbers.

2.1.1 Refer to the periodic table above to complete the table below: DO NOT
RE-DRAW the table.

ELEMENTS VALENCE ATOMIC MASS

ELECTRONS NUMBER NUMBER
Copper (a) 29 (b)
Magnesium 2 (c) (d)
Calcium (e) (f) 40 (6)

2.1.2 Elements in the periodic table are arranged in periods and groups.
Indicate the common characteristic of elements in the same:

(a) Period (1)

(b) Group (1)

2.1.3 Elements in group 17 and group 18 differ. Explain how the elements in
these groups differ with regard to chemical reactivity. (2)

2.1.4 Give a reason for the answer in QUESTION 2.1.2. (2)

2.2 Analyse the structural formula of compounds below and then answer
questions that follow:

A B

H H H H

H C C OH H C C H

H H H H
C D

O H

H C OH H N

2.2.1 Indicate the functional group of each of the compounds labelled:

(a) A (1)

(b) C (1)

2.2.2 Write down the chemical formula of the compound labelled C. (2)

2.2.3 The compound labelled B plays a protective role in plants. Justify this
statement by explaining THREE roles. (3)

2.2.4 Draw the Lewis structure of the compound labelled D showing a

covalent link between the atoms. (4)

2.2.5 Compare compound A and B on the basis of their structural formulae. (2)
2.3 The pyramid below shows the feed components and their quantities that are
included in a ration prepared for animals:

2.3.1 Name the organic compound in A and C. (2)

2.3.2 Indicate the building block of the compound in C and D. (2)

2.3.3 The compound in C can be simple or complex. Provide a distinction

between the two. (2)

2.3.4 State TWO reasons why the compound labelled B is important. (2)

2.3.5 Indicate whether the compound in D is saturated or unsaturated. (1)

2.3.6 Support with a reason the answer in QUESTION 2.3.5. (1)

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SECTION B
QUESTION 2: BASIC CHEMISTRY

A B

C D
H H H

H C H H—C— C— OH
H H

H
E

2.1 Study the compounds illustrated above and answer the questions that follow:
2.1.1 Name the compounds labelled A, B, C, D and E. (5)
2.1.2 Identify the type of bond involved in binding the molecules in compound B and explain the
charge (3)
2.1.3 When compound labelled E in the table above is high in the atmosphere, the atmospheric
temperature rises and that is known as… (2)
In Nigeria and other parts of Africa, bio – gas is produced from animals waste
when it decays in the absence of oxygen. The gas is used for heating, cooking
and lighting. It is commonly known as “Natural gas” or marsh gas and is
classified as an alkane. It is also found in mines where it is extremely
2.2. dangerous.
Study the Case study below and answer the questions that follow:
2.2.1 Give the general name of the gas mentioned above in the case study. (1)
2.2.2 Provide the molecular formula of the gas mentioned in 2.2.1 above. (1)
2.2.3 Give any TWO properties of the gas mentioned in the case study. (2)
2.3 The following questions are based on the compound shown below:

xx

Na X Cl xx
2.3.1 Name the compound (1)
2.3.2 Write down the formula of this chemical compound. (1)
2.3.3 Identify the type of chemical bonding involved in binding the atoms in the compound
shown above and explain the charge. (3)
20
2.4 An atom of an element 40. 08Ca

2.4.1 Briefly name and explain the numbers 20 and 40.08 in the element. (6)
2.4.2 Give the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in this atom. (3)
2.4.3 State the name of the element represented by the symbol Ca. (1)
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2.5 Read the extract below and answer the questions that follow:

Atoms or molecules are sometimes positively or negatively charged.

This is a state of electrical imbalance, which nature will try to cancel out.
Atoms with a charge are called ions. Liquids are either acidic or basic.

Distilled water is an exception in this case.

2.5.1 Differentiate between acids and bases. (6)
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SECTION B

QUESTION 2: BASIC AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

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2.1 The illustration below shows substances used in agriculture.

2.1.1 Indicate the substance (A and B) from the above illustration that
represents a compound and a mixture. (2)

2.1.2 Give a difference between substances labelled A and B. (2)

2.1.3 Use a diagram to show the chemical bond when the substance in
picture A is formed. (3)

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2.2 The pictures below show food types containing different fats.

FOOD A FOOD B

2.2.1 Classify the fat in the food above as unsaturated and saturated. (2)

2.2.2 Identify the fat from the food types above that is recommended to be
included in a diet. (1)

2.2.3 Give TWO reasons for your answer in QUESTION 2.2.2. (2)

2.2.4 Distinguish between food A and food B under the following headings:

(a) Melting point (2)

(b) Bond between the carbon atoms (2)

2.3 Proteins are complex organic compounds and have different functions
depending on their shape.

2.3.1 Name the building block of a protein molecule. (1)

2.3.2 Give a difference between simple and complex protein. (2)

2.3.3 Indicate the reason to give animals protein in each of the following
situations:

(a) Racing horse (1)

(b) Injured animal (1)

(c) Newly born animal (1)

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2.4 The table below shows basic groups of organic compounds, structural formula
as well as molecular formula

Name of a Functional Structural Molecular

compound group formula formula
A (1) H H H B (1)

Hydrocarbon H C C C H

H H H
C (1) D (2)
Ethanol C2H5OH

E (1) F (1) G (2)

H O

H C C OH

2.4.1 Complete the table by providing labels A to G. (9)

2.4.2 Indicate ONE important use of the compound labelled E for rural
communities. (1)

2.5 Below are pictures of carbohydrate-rich foods.

2.5.1 Classify the food above into different types of carbohydrates. (2)

2.5.2 Write the chemical formula of the type of carbohydrate which sugar
belongs. (1)
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SECTION B

Start this question on a NEW page.

QUESTION 2: BASIC AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

2.1 The diagram below illustrates atoms responsible for the formation of a
compound.

2.1.1 Identify the compound formed by the atoms in the diagram above. (1)

2.1.2 Indicate the health benefit of the above compound in food. (1)

2.1.3 Name the parts labelled A, B and C. (3)

2.1.4 Elements in the periodic table are grouped according to similar

chemical characteristics. Indicate the group to which each of the
elements illustrated in QUESTION 2.1 belong. (2)

2.1.5 Name TWO common characteristics of the elements in a group

where Cl belong. (2)

2.2 Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharide molecules join to

form one molecule which can be broken down during hydrolysis process.
Name a disaccharide formed when the following monosaccharide’s are
joined together:

2.2.1 A glucose and a fructose (1)

2.2.2 A glucose and a galactose (1)

2.2.3 Write a chemical formula of the molecules mentioned in

QUESTION 2.2.1 and QUESTION 2.2.2 above. (2)

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2.2.4 Mention the importance of starch in animals prepared for the

following functions:

(a) Racing (1)

(b) Selling at a market (1)

2.3 The following structures illustrate the compounds playing a role in

agriculture.

O H H H H H H H H H
A.
C C C C C C C C C C H

O H H H H H H H

O H H H H H H H H H

B. C C C C C C C C C C H

O H H H H H H H H H

O
C.

H H

2.3.1 Classify the compounds labelled A and C. (2)

2.3.2 Indicate the name of the fatty acids labelled A and B. (2)

2.3.3 Write only the letter representing a fatty acid to which each of the
following statement applies:

(a) It is of animal origin (1)

(b) Has a low melting point (1)

2.3.4 The compound labelled C plays an important role in agriculture.

Justify this statement with TWO important roles of this compound. (2)

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2.4 HCl and NaOH are chemical formulae of substances used in agriculture.

2.4.1 Identify the chemical formula representing the following:

(a) Alkali (1)

(b) Acid (1)

2.4.2 Show the chemical reaction when HCl dissolves in water. (3)

2.5 The products below are displayed in a retail shop. Carefully analyse the
products and answer questions that follow.

PRODUCT A PRODUCT B

Alcohol
12,5%

2.5.1 Indicate the functional group of products A and B. (1)

2.5.2 Give the scientific name of both products A and B. (2)

2.5.3 Identify the product (A or B) which is ideal to be used for heating. (1)

2.5.4 Write the structural formula of product B. (2)

2.5.5 Product A can be oxidised to form another product. Give the

scientific name of that product. (1)
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SECTION B

Start this question on a NEW page.

QUESTION 2: BASIC AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

2.1 Organic compounds are very important in our daily lives. They are in the food
we eat and clothes we wear. The chemical properties of organic compounds is
determined by their functional group. The structural formulas below are the
compounds playing a role in our lives.

A. B.
H H H H H

H C C C H H C C OH

OH OH OH H H

C. D.
H O H H H

H C C OH H C C C H

H H H H

2.1.1 Indicate the letter of a compound that matches each of the following
descriptions:

(a) Formed by the fermentation process (1)

(b) It is also known as acetic (1)

(c) It is formed when the structure represented by letter B reacts with

structure in C (1)

(d) Can be used for heating in rural homes with no electricity (1)

2.1.2 Explain the impact of a compound labelled D on the environment. (2)

2.1.3 Describe the benefit of using a compound labelled C as a source of

energy for cars instead of petrol. (2)

2.1.4 Indicate the functional group of compounds labelled B and C. (2)

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2.2 Salt forms part of a diet for animals and human beings. It is an important part of
the fluid electrolytes of humans and other living organisms.

2.2.1 Give the chemical name and formula for salt. (2)

2.2.2 Indicate the bond that exist between the elements forming salt. (1)

2.2.3 During ancient times, salt was a valuable mineral in people's daily lives.
Validate this statement by explaining THREE uses of salt during this
era. (3)

2.3 Acids and base play a vital role in agriculture.

2.3.1 Tabulate TWO differences between acid solution and base solution. (4)

2.3.2 If an acid solution is mixed with an alkaline solution, a chemical

reaction takes place. Give the name of this reaction. (1)

2.3.3 State TWO products of the chemical reaction in QUESTION 2.3.2

above. (2)

2.4 Analyse the structure below and answer the questions based on it.

R
H O
B N C C A
H H OH

2.4.1 Identify the structure above. (1)

2.4.2 Indicate the letter (A or B) that gives the structure in QUESTION 2.4.1
the following:

(a) Basic property (1)

(b) Acidic property (1)

2.4.3 Two or more of the structures mentioned in QUESTION 2.4.1 above,

can be joined together to form a polymer. Provide the name of this
reaction. (1)

2.4.4 The polymer formed from joining two or more of the structures above
plays a vital role in the body of an animal. Justify this statement with
THREE reasons. (3)

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2.5 Carbohydrates are organic molecules which acts as energy suppliers in the
food of animals. Some carbohydrates are very large and complex while others
are simple. Different foods supply different types of carbohydrates.

Indicate the example of a monosaccharide or disaccharide or polysaccharide

supplied by each of the following food and plant source:

2.5.1 Fruits (1)

2.5.2 Milk (1)

2.5.3 Cane sugar (1)

2.5.4 Wood (1)

2.5.5 Plant cell (1)

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SECTION B

Start this question on a NEW page.

QUESTION 2: BASIC CHEMISTRY

2.1 PUMPING BIOFUEL OUT OF JOHNSON GRASS

Johnson grass is found to be packed with energy. A master distiller from the
Free State has developed a process of producing bioethanol from perennial
and invasive Johnson grass by converting its cellulose. It is an excellent
source of biomass and produces more ethanol as compared to maize. It is
an ideal crop to be planted on marginal land and is produced with fewer
input cost.

Producing ethanol from Johnson grass uses up to 70% less fossil fuel in the
production process than petrol, so fewer greenhouse gases are released to
the atmosphere.

[Adapted from, Farmers weekly, April 2009]

2.1.1 Mention the functional group of ethanol. (1)

2.1.2 Design a structural formula of an ethanol. (3)

2.1.3 Explain how the use of ethanol above can be an advantage:

(a) Environmentally (1)

(b) Economically (1)

2.1.4 Name and categorise the carbohydrate in the scenario. (2)

2.2 Analyse the diagrams (A and B) below and answer the questions that follow.

A B

2.2.1 Identify the organic compounds labelled A and B. (2)

2.2.2 The carbon atoms are arranged in the form of a ring because of the
linking of two carbon atoms to each other by an oxygen atom.
Give the name of the rings in A and B. (2)

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2.2.3 Although all monosaccharide’s have the same chemical formula,

they differ. Describe how a glucose molecule differs from a
molecule labelled A. (2)

2.3 Indicate where the following polysaccharides are found:

2.3.1 Lignin (1)

2.3.2 Starch (1)
2.3.3 Glycogen (1)

2.4 List THREE indigenous foods that can be used as a source of starch. (3)

2.5 The table below shows the amount of carbohydrates, protein and fat per
100 g of different foods.

Food Carbohydrates (g) Protein (g) Fat (g)

Oats porridge 56 12 9
Peanut butter 24 23 50
Tuna fish 0 27 15

2.5.1 Draw a bar graph to compare the amount of protein, fat and
carbohydrates in oats porridge and peanut butter. (6)

2.5.2 Select the food from the table that contains saturated fat. (1)

2.5.3 Justify your answer in QUESTION 2.5.2. (2)

2.6 Analyse the following reaction and answer the following questions.

HCL + KOH KCL + H2O

2.6.1 Identify the chemical reaction illustrated above. (1)

2.6.2 Give a reason for your answer in QUESTION 2.6.1. (1)

2.6.3 State TWO chemical bonds that are involved in the above reaction
and give ONE example of each. (4)
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SECTION B

START THIS QUESTION ON A NEW PAGE.

QUESTION 2: BASIC AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

2.1 Nutritionists conducted a research on the use of biofuel waste in animal feed,
with possible benefits for the rural agricultural communities. The objective is
to make biofuel more economical to produce and create manufacturing
industries in semi-urban and rural areas. This can include biofuel processing
or the industries created to add value to the processing of by-products such
as oil cake meal. This process will eliminate high pollution of air with carbon
dioxide and the reduction of the greenhouse effect. Biofuel production ended
up being established in the animal feed market and is increasing rapidly.

2.1.1 Suggest the role that the production of biofuel can play in improving
livestock nutrition. (1)

2.1.2 How can the biofuel industry help rural areas and small scale
farmers? (1)

2.1.3 Mention the benefits to the environment of using biofuel. (1)

2.1.4 Explain why the production of biofuel is increasing. (1)

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2.2 Use the periodic table below to answer the following questions.

2.2.1 Identify the lightest element from the periodic table. (1)

2.2.2 Group 18 on the periodic table is composed of gases that are

chemically inactive and cannot react with others as indicated in the
periodic table grouping. Suggest the name given to this group and
give TWO examples. (3)

2.2.3 Copy and complete this table in your answer book.

ELEMENT VALENCY ATOMIC MASS

ELECTRONS NUMBER NUMBER
Magnesium
Sulphur (6)

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2.3 The illustration below shows the types of chemical bonding. Answer the
questions based on these illustrations.

DIAGRAM A DIAGRAM B

2.3.1 Identify the type of bond shown by diagrams A and B. (2)

2.3.2 Differentiate between the two types of bonds, A and B you have
mentioned in QUESTION 2.3.1 above. (2)

2.3.3 Draw the Lewis structure of the sodium chloride (NaCl) and the
magnesium oxide (MgO) respectively and also show how bonding is
formed with cations and anions. (4)

2.4 The table below shows the fat content of different nutritional values of fats.
Analyse it and answer the questions that follow.

Nutritional Olive oil Sunflower Hard Butter (g)

value per 100 g (g) (g) margarine
Total fat 98 91,6 80 81
Saturated fat 14 12,0 42 51
Unsaturated fat 73 17,0 28 20
Polyunsaturated 11 59,0 10 03

2.4.1 Draw a bar graph to compare the amount of saturated, unsaturated

and the polysaturated fat in lipids that are analysed in the above table. (6)

2.4.2 Distinguish between the saturated and the unsaturated fat. (2)

2.4.3 Mention any TWO functions of fats/lipids in living organisms. (2)

2.5 The structure below shows the structural formula of an incomplete polypeptide
chain.

2.5.1 Complete the structure and show how peptides bonds are formed. (2)

2.5.2 Define polypeptide. (1)

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 21

SECTION B

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QUESTION 2: BASIC CHEMISTRY

2.1 Grade 11 learners were given an investigation to determine the general

properties of colloidal system. Clear water and soil were thoroughly mixed in
a glass container and then left to settle. The suspended particles settled on
the bottom of the container. The large particles settle first, followed by the
smaller particles until finally no further settlement took place. The water still
showed colouring indicating that some particles have not settled at all, but are
still contained in the water. The molecules of a substance forming a solution
are homogenously dispersed among each other.

2.1.1 Suggest the name of the particles that are larger than molecules, but
not large enough to settle under the influence of gravity. (1)

2.1.2 Identify the sentence from the given scenario which describes a
molecular solution. (2)

2.1.3 Differentiate between colloidal dispersions and colloidal suspension

as indicated in the scenario. (2)

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2.2 Analyse the following structural formulae of different organic compounds and
answer the question that follow:

H H H

P CH3CH3 Q H C C C H
OH OH OH

H O CH3 O
R H N C C N C C OH
H H H H

S
CH2OH
CH2OH
C O
C O
H
H H H H
C C O C C
OH
OH H OH H OH
C C C C
H OH H OH

2.2.1 Identify the compound P. (1)

2.2.2 Deduce TWO functional groups from structure R above. (2)

2.2.3 Identify the linkage formed in structure R of the above organic

compounds. (1)

2.2.4 To which group of organic compounds would you classify structure S? (1)

2.2.5 Supply the molecular formula for structure S. (1)

2.2.6 Suggest the name of an organic compound that can be formed by

structure Q. (1)

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2.3 Read the following case study carefully and then answer questions that follow:

Taking too much saturated fat is very dangerous in human lives as it increases the amount
of cholesterol in the blood. In order to reduce the risk ofhaving high cholesterol levels and
heart attacks, people are recommended toreduce the total fats in their diet and replace
saturated fats with unsaturated fats. The following table shows the total fat content and
unsaturated fat content in different types of meat.

Meats Total fat content Saturated fat content

(g/100g) (g/100g)
Pork steak 2,7 1,1
Pork leg 9,6 4,2
Extra lean beef mince 2,2 0,9
Beef rump steak 4,1 1,7
Beef topside 3,4 1,2

2.3.1 Draw a bar graph showing the saturated fat content and total fat
content of different meats type (on the same set of axes). (6)

2.3.2 Deduce TWO negative effect of the high consumption of fats in

human health. (2)

2.3.3 Lipids are also having very important functions in living organisms.
Justify this statement. (2)

2.4 All matter is made up of very small structures called atoms. Atoms can join
together to form a molecule and a compound. Differentiate between matter
and an atom. (4)

2.5 Most farm animals depend on crude fibre as their feed. The constitution of
crude fibre is mainly cellulose. Suggest the general name of the group of
animals which are capable of digesting crude fibre using it as a source of
energy. (2)

2.6 Read the following scenario and answer the questions that follow:

Umqombothi is an indigenous intoxicating beverage which is used as an alcoholic drink

during the traditional festivals and celebrations in Southern African countries. Its
preparation involves the mixing of sorghum and mealiesin water and adding a little quantity
of yeast. After being covered and staying for few days, the mixture will be ready to be
served.
2.6.1 Indicate the process which converts the ingredients into the
intoxicating beverage. (1)

2.6.2 Draw the structural formula of an alcohol which is in this beverage and
name it. (3)

2.6.3 Predict what would happen in a situation where all farm workers on a
farm become addicted to the use of this alcohol daily. (3)
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