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www.ijcspub.org © 2021 IJCSPUB | Volume 11, Issue 4 December 2021 | ISSN: 2250-1770

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SOME PLANT

EXTRACTS AGAINST ROOT-BORNE FUNGI
OF LIQUORICE
(GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA L.)
Jadhav Ramesh Rangrao
Department of Botany,
M.B.S.K. Kanya Mahavidyalaya,Kadegaon,
Dist.-Sangli – 415304 (M.S.) India.

ABSTRACT: Glycyrrhiza glabra is a most important cultivated drug plant grown in India. They are found to be heavily infected with
variety of fungi in field and storage. These associated fungi are known to deteriorate the plant parts and its chemical contents. These
associated fungi isolated from the roots during storage in gunny bags in store houses .The efficacy of aqueous extracts of some plants
was tested against the growth of the fungi. Poisoned food technique was employed. The plant extracts were found to be inhibitory for
the growth of the test fungi. Considering this situation the present studies on effect of different plant extracts on liquorice plant used
to control fungal infections instead of chemical fungicides.

Key words :Antifungal activity, plant extract,liquorice plant, poisoned food technique

1. INTRODUCTION

Glycyrrhiza glabra is one of the most important drug plant cultivated extensively throughout India.,The roots of
liquorice after harvesting they stored in store houses or godowns in gunny bags.They are found to be heavily
infested with variety of fungi, these associated fungi are known to deteriorate the root and root contents. The aim
of the study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of extracts of different plant species against the pathogenic
fungi .The plant were selected on the basis of their ethnomedicinal uses. Different Fungal pathogens present on
the liquorice plant have significant threat to parts of the plants that requires use of chemical fungicides. The use
of chemical fungicides for drug plants has increasingly, The use of the fungicides is not only expensive, but also
hazardous to the environment this in turn has created a need for alternative sourcing of fungicidal agents that can
be developed for treatment of fungal diseases. Now days, plants are being used against many plant pathogenic
fungi. The plants serve as ecofriendly and economic biocontrol agents. In order to control the diseases of
liquorice plants due to fungi, some plant extracts were tested to control the plant diseases. 10% aqueous extracts
of fresh leaves of 10 different angiospermic plants specially Calotropis gigantea (R.Br.), Ocimum sanctum
(Linn.), Azadirachta indica (A.Juss.), Withania somnifera (Dunal), Vinca rosea (Linn.), Lantana camera (Linn.),
Adathoda vasica (Nees.), Tagetes erecta (Linn.), Vitex negundo (Linn.) Polyalthia longifolia (Benth.and
Hook.),rhizome and bulbs of 4 different medicinal plants Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Allium cepa,
Allium sativum and 3 gymnospermic plants Thuja orientalis, Cupressus sp. ,Araucaria araucariana were tested
against six fungi like Aspergillus flavus (Link.), A. niger (Tieghem.) Fusarium oxysporum (Schle.), Curvularia
lunata (Wakker)Boed, Alternaria alternate (fr.)Keissler. Phytopthora sp.,these six fungi isolated from liquorice
roots during stoaage. Keeping this in view, the present study the efficacy of some plant extracts against the fungi
isolated form the roots of liquorice from stored houses and ayurvedic shops.

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2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Fungitoxicity of plant extracts was studied by the poisoned food technique described by Nane and
Thapliyal (1997). Rose Bengal Agar medium was prepared in flasks and sterilized. To this medium, was added
the requisite quantity of the plant extract to get 1:1 final concentration. The plant extract was thoroughly mixed
by stirring. The medium was then poured into petriplates. Small disc (0.7 cm) of the fungus culture grown on
Potato Dextrose Agar for 7 days was cut with a sterile cork borer and transferred aseptically in the center of the
petridish containing the plant extracts. Suitable checks were kept where the culture discs were grown under the
same conditions on Rose Bengal Agar without plant extract. The fungus colony diameter compared with check,
was taken as a measure of the fungitoxicity. Per cent inhibition was calculated by using the formula suggested
by Bliss, (1934).
Percent inhibition was calculated by using the formula.

Control  Treatment
Percent inhibition =  100
Control

3. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

i) Effect of leaf extracts on growth of roots fungi :
Ten fresh angiospermic plant leaf extracts at 10% (aqueous) concentration were tested against six root
fungi for inhibiton of growth in solid medium. They were added in the solid medium to get 1:1 final
concentration. The fungi were grown on this medium. The medium without plant extract served as control and
the result are summarized in Table 01.

Table:01 Effect of leaf extracts on growth of roots fungi:

Diameter of fungal growth (mm)
Plant extract Alternaria Aspergillus Curvularia Fusarium Phytopthora Rhizoctonia
alternata flavus lunata oxysporum sp. solani
Calotropis gigantea 35 42 36 34 48 40
(48.5) (46.1) (48.5) (47.6) (40.0) (48.0)
Ocimum sanctum 30 38 33 40 36 35
(55.8) (51.2) (52.8) (38.4) (55.0) (54.5)
Azadirachta indica 32 30 30 38 35 43
(52.9) (61.5) (57.1) (41.5) (56.2) (44.1)
Withania somnifera 31 35 40 36 32 30
(54.4) (55.1) (42.8) (44.6) (60.0) (61.0)
Vinca rosea 34 28 29 30 36 28
(50.0) (64.1) (58.5) (53.8) (55.0) (63.6)
Lantana camera 37 35 40 45 32 30
(45.5) (55.1) (42.8) (30.7) (60.0) (61.0)
Adathoda vasica 36 31 33 30 29 38
(47.0) (60.2) (52.8) (53.8) (63.7) (50.6)
Tagetes erecta 28 35 41 29 42 46
(58.8) (55.1) (41.4) (55.3) (47.5) (40.2)
Vitex negundo 29 32 37 31 36 42
(57.3) (58.9) (47.1) (52.3) (55.0) (45.4)
Polyalthia longifolia 34 32 43 30 29 40
(58.69) (38.5) (53.8) (63.7) (48.0)
(50.0)
Control 68 78 70 65 80 77
(Figures in parentheses indicate percent inhibiton of mycelial growth over control )

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The data given in table 01 reveals that 10% aqueous fresh leaf extracts of Calotropis gigantea,Ocimum
sanctum, Tagetes erecta and Vitex negundo proved inhibitory for the mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata.
Similarly Azadirachta indica for Aspergillus flavus and Curvularia lunata, Withania somnifera and Vinca rosea
for Rhizoctonia solani, Lantana camera, Adathoda vasica and Polyathia longifolia for Phytopthora sp. Were
found to inhibit the mycelial growth.

Table:02 Effect of rhizome and bulb extracts on growth of roots fungi:

Fresh rhizome and bulb extracts at 10% (aqueous) concentration were tested for inhibiton of mycelial
growth of the six roots fungi in solid medium and results or summarized in Table 02

Table:02 Effect of rhizome and bulb extracts on growth of roots fungi :

Diameter of fungal growth (mm)

Plant extract Alternaria Aspergillus Curvularia Fusarium Phytopthora Rhizoctonia
alternata flavus lunata oxysporum sp. solani

Curcuma longa 28 30 25 29 46 35
(54.0) (55.8) (61.5) (58.5) (22.0) (53.3)

Zingiber officinale 30 28 46 26 I 40
(55.8) (58.8) (29.2) (62.8) (46.66)

Allium cepa 46 38 40 50 41 37
(24.5) (44.1) (38.4) (28.5) (30.5) (50.6)

Allium sativum 38 41 39 55 40 31
(37.7) (39.7) (40.0) (21.4) (32.2) (58.6)

Control 61 68 65 70 59 75

( I-Induction of mycelial growth over control )

It becomes clear from table that, Zingiber officinale for Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus, Curcuma
longa for all fungi, except, Phytopthora sp. , Allium cepa for Rhizoctonia solani and Aspergillus flavus, Allium
Sativum for all fungi, except Fusarium oxysporum showed strong inhibiton of mycelial growth. However
Zingiber officinale for Phytopthora sp.proved to be stimulatory.

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Table:03 Effect of gymnospermic plants on growth of roots fungi :
Fresh gymnospermic leaf extracts at 10% (aqueous concentration were tested for their effect on mycelial
growth of root fungi in solid medium and results are summarized in Table 03

Table:03 Effect of gymnospermic plants on growth of medicinal plant parts fungi :

Diameter of fungal growth (mm)

Plant extract Alternaria Aspergillus Curvularia Fusarium Phytopthora Rhizoctonia
alternata flavus lunata oxysporum sp. solani

Thuja orientalis I 48 52 I 46 58
(17.2) (25.7) (23.3) (25.6)

Cupressus sp. 40 49 52 60 43 65
(31.0) (26.8) (25.7) (11.7) (28.3) (16.6)

Araucaria araucariana 47 51 49 52 51 53
(18.9) (23.8) (30.0) (23.5 (15.0) (32.0)

Control 58 67 70 68 60 78

(Figures in parentheses indicate percent inhibiton of mycelial growth over control )

( I-Induction of mycelial growth over control )

It is clear from the results that gymnospermic leaf extracts were less inhibitory than that of angiospemic leaf
extracts. Thuja orientalis for Aspergillus flavus, Curvularia lunata, Phytopthora sp.and Rhizoctonia solani,
Cupressus sp. For all fungi, except Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani,Araucaria araucariana for all
fungi were inhibitory for mycelial growth. Thuja orientalis for Alternaria alternata,Fusarium oxysporum proved
stimulatory for mycelial growth.
In the present investigation studies were carried out to understand the qualitative and quantitative
pathogenic and non pathogenic fungi on liquorice plants during their developmental stages in field and also
during storage and transport of drug plants to market. The findings are mainly on I) Isolation of fungi from
different medicinal plants in field and under storage condition, II) Biodeterioration of medicinal plant parts
during pathogenesis due to artificially infested fungi
In order to control the diseses of liquorice plant due to fungi, some plant extracts were tested to control
the plant disease. 10% aqueous extracts of fresh leaves of 10 different angiospermic plants and 4 fresh
gymnospermic leaf extracts were used. All these extracts were found to be inhibitory for the mycelial growth of
all the tested fungi. Among these plant extracts, gymnospermic leaf extracts were less effective than
angiospermic plants. This study reveals that, these plant extracts offer much scope for further exploitation as a
promising material for use in plant disease control. In the present study, growth of some fungi was found to be
stimulatory by some of the plant extracts. Much work has been done on the use of plant extracts against plant
pathogenic fungi. Advesh Narain and Satapathy (1977) observed that root, stem, leaves and flower extract of
two varieties of vinca rosea effective against Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger.Allium cepa, Allium
sativum,Azadirachta indica, Calotropis procera, Ocimum sanctum, Polyathia longifolia ,Datura
stamoniumVinca rosea,Tagetes erecta and Withania sominifera showed fungicidal properly against Fusarium
oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani (Shivpuri et al, 1997). Azadirachta indica,Ocimum basillicum and Lantana
camera against Fusarium oxysporum (Bansal et al, 2000). Abraham and Prakasan (2001) noted that ten percent
concentrations of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum and Vite xnegundo were inhibitory for Fusarium
solani,Cladosporium oxysporum and Geotrichum candidum.

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5. CONCLUSION
All 10% aqueous extracts of angiospermic leaves, rhizome,bulb and gymonospermic leaves were
found to be inhibitory for mycelial growth of all the fungi. While, Zingiber officinale for Phytopthora sp. and
gymnospermic plant Thuja orientalis for Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum proved non inhibitory.

6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author thanks to Incharge Principal, Dr.V.Y.Kadam, M.B.S.K. Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Kadegaon,
Dist.Sangli for encouragement and provision of necessary facilities. The author is also thankful to all
departmental faculty for kindly sharing their knowledge with us, for their suggestions and fruitful discussions.

7. REFERENCES

[1].Abraham S and Prakasan V, 2001. Efficacy of botanicals on post-harvest pathogens of carrot. J. Mycol. Pl.
Pathol. 31(2): 257-258.

[2].Advesh Narain and Satapathy JN, 1977 Anifungal characteristics of Vinca rosea extracts. Indian Phytopath.
30(1): 36-40. 4.
[3].Bliss, C.I. 1934.The methods of probits. Sci., 79: 38-39.

[4].Nene YL and Thapliyal PL, 1979. Fungicides in Plant Disease Control. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi. pp 413-414

[5].Shivpuri Asha, Sharma OP and Jhamaria SL, 1997. Antifungal property of plant extract against pathogenic
fungi. J. Mycol. Pl. Path. 27(1): 29-31.

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www.ijcspub.org © 2021 IJCSPUB | Volume 11, Issue 4 December 2021 | ISSN: 2250-1770

RESIDENTIAL WATERFOWL DIVERSITY OF

YAVATMAL DISTRICT, AHARASHTRA,
INDIA.
Praveen Joshi
Professor,
Department of Zoology ,
Amolakchand Mahavidyalaya, Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India. 445001

Abstract : Over the last eleven years of bird watching, continuous study of 16 main reservoirs in 06 Taluka
around Yavatmal has so far recorded a total of 51 local waterfowl of 4 orders and 19 families. Of the 51 local
waterfowl records, 44 Least Concern, 06 Near Threaten, include River Lapwing, Great Thick-Knee, River
Tern, Oriental Darter, Painted Stork, Black Headed Ibis and 01 Vulnerable which is Woolly Necked
Stork. Out of 19 families, the Ardeidae family is dominant with 13 species. These species have some
important records such as River Lapwing, Western reef heron and Ruddy breasted crake. Birds such as Stork
Bill Kingfisher, Ruddy Breasted Crake , River Lapwing, Indian Cormorant and Yellow Bittern are rarely
seen. Importantly, these are likely to appear in his particular habitat for viewing Nilona Dam, Borgaon Dam,
Bembla Dam, Goki Dam, Pathrad Gole and Khateshwar Lake are some of the places where local waterfowl
can be easily seen. Nilona and Bembla dams have the highest number of records. These records are crucial
for the future as reservoir problems continue to grow and habitats are threatened. Proper conservation of
habitat if done then only It is hoped that in the near future, local waterfowl records will be increased by
regular visits to reservoirs in other Taluka of Yavatmal district.

Index Terms : Residential Waterfowl, Diversity, Yavatmal District, Maharashtra State .

INTRODUCTION

We call waterfowl the birds that get their food from the aquatic ecosystem and their habitats in and around
the source of fresh water reservoir. As many as 120 waterfowl have been recorded on Yavatmal water bodies
till date, out of which 70 waterfowl are foreign visitors who come to Yavatmal dam or lake to spend some
time during seasonal migration. Although waterfowl rely mainly on water for their needs, some waterfowl
take refuge in the plains around the reservoir. These waterfowl have adaptations to them such as wedding
feets, long pointed beaks, long legs, as well as some of them are good swimmers and divers. Waterfowl
mainly include Duck, Goose, Kingfisher, Crake, Water hen, Coot, Snipe, Jacana, Curlew, Thick-knee,
Lapwing, Courser, Pratincole, Tern, Grebe, Darter, Cormorant, Egret, Heron, Bittern, Ibis and Stork. The
purpose of this study is to obtain records of the local waterfowl found on the Yavatmal reservoir, as well as

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to find out the habitat problems of the inhabitants and suggest appropriate solutions to the government and
the general public.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Yavatmal is located at this location in Central Maharashtra in India (N 20 ° 23 '60 ", E 78 ° 7' 48"). During
the eleven years of bird watching, six other talukas around Yavatmal and adjoining talukas including
Babhulgaon Ner Kalamb Ralegaon Ghatanji and Darvha. During his visit to over 20 major reservoirs in his
area, records of many migratory and local waterfowl were taken. From the beginning of bird watching, since
2010, regular visits to local waterfowl habitats, such as dams, lakes, rivers and streams, continued, Till
January 2021, numerous visits were made to this domicile around Yavatmal. The habitat was reached by
6:30 am for bird watching, along with Nikon Ocular 10x40 binoculars, lens camera record book and pen and
up to 9:30 am. I used to know about bird watching and habitat problems. The study is based on records of
local waterfowl. Information on each local waterfowl recorded, such as classification, including Order,
Family, Common English Name, Latin Name and IUCN Status. we have also taken great photos. Book of
Indian Birds by Salim Ali and Birds of the Indian Subcontinent by Grimmett, Inskipp and Inskipp were used
for to Identification of birds and also as field guides and for preparing check list.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Since the year 2010, regular visits have been started on 16 main dams in seven other Taluka adjoining
Yavatmal Taluka for bird watching. These include Nilona, Borgaon, Jamwadi Bembla, Chapadoh, Goki,
Pathradgole, Waghadi, Takli, Kapra, Zola, Tembhurni, Singhandov, Arjuna, Mandev, Dattapur, Ghoti,
Eklara and Echori Dam. According to the classification, to date, there are records of 51 local waterfowl
belonging to 4 orders and 19 families. According to IUCN, 01 of the 51 waterfowl are recorded in the
Vulnerable, 06 Near Threaten, 44 Least Concern categories. (Table-01)

S.N. Common English Name Binomial Name IUCN Status

Order : ANSERIFORMES
Family : DENDROCYGNDIAE
1 Lesser Whistling-Duck Dendrocygna javanica Least Concern
Family : ANATIDAE
2 Knob-Billed Duck Sarkidiornis melanotos Least Concern
3 Cotton Pygmy-Goose Nettapus coromandelianus Least Concern
4 Indian Spot-Billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha Least Concern
Order : UPEPIFORMES
Family : ALCEDINIDAE
5 Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis Least Concern
Family : HALCYONIDAE
6 White-Throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Least Concern
7 Stork-Billed Kingfisher Pelargopsis capensis Least Concern
Family : CERYLIDAE
8 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis Least Concern
Order : GRUIFORMES
Family : RALLIDAE
9 Brown Crake Porzana akool Least Concern
10 Ruddy-Breasted Crake Porzana fusca Least Concern
11 White-Breasted Waterhen Mourornis phoenicurus Least Concern
12 Purple Swamphen Porphyrio poliocephalus Least Concern
13 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Least Concern
14 Eurasian Coot Fulica atra Least Concern
Family : JACANIDAE
15 Pheasant-Tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirugrus Least Concern

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16 Bronze-Winged Jacana Metopidius indicus Least Concern
Family : ROSTRATULIDAE
17 Greater Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis Least Concern
Family : CHARADRIIDAE
18 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius Least Concern
19 Yellow-Wattled Lapwing Vanellus malabaricus Least Concern
20 Red-Wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus Least Concern
21 River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelli Near Threaten
Family : BURHINIDAE
22 Indian Stone Curlew Burhinus indicus Least Concern
23 Great Thick-Knee Esacus recurvirostris Near Threaten
Family : GLAREOLIDAE
24 Small Pratincole Glareola lactea Least Concern
25 Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum Least Concern
26 Indian Courser Cursorius coromandelicus Least Concern
Family : LARIDAE
27 River Tern Sterna aurantia Near Threaten
Family : PODICIPEDIDAE
28 Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis Least Concern
Family : PHALACROCORACIDAE
29 Little Cormorant Microcarbo niger Least Concern
30 Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Least Concern
31 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Least Concern
32 Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster Near Threaten
33 Little Egret Egretta garzetta Least Concern
34 Great Egret Egretta alba Least Concern
35 Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia Least Concern
36 Cattle Egret Bubulcus coromandus Least Concern
37 Indian Pond-heron Ardeola grayii Least Concern
38 Striated Heron Butorides striata Least Concern
39 Black-crowned Night heron Nycticorax nycticorax Least Concern
40 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Least Concern
41 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Least Concern
42 Western Reef-heron Egretta gularis Least Concern
43 Yellow Bittern Ixobrychus sinensis Least Concern
44 Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Least Concern
45 Black Bittern Dupetor flavicollis Least Concern
46 Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala Near Threaten
47 Asian Openbill (Stork) Anastomus oscitans Least Concern
48 Wolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus Vulnerable
49 Indian Black (Red-naped) Ibis Pseudibis papillosa Least Concern
50 Black-headed (White) Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus Near Threaten
51 White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis Least Concern
Table: 1 Classification of Local Waterfowl diversity of Yavatmal.

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14
12 13
10
8
6 6 No. of Species
4 4
2 3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

*Family*
Graph-1 Family wise number of species

Maximum 13 species under Family Ardeidae followed by Rallidae of 06, Charadriidae of 04, Anatidae,
Glareolidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Ciconiidae each 3 species, Halcyonidae, Jacanidae, Burhinidae,
Phoenicopteridae of 02 species each in the family , Dendrocygndiae, Alcedinidae, Cerylidae, Rostratulidae,
Laridae, Podicipedidae, Anhingidae, Passeridae all these families have 1 species each. Anseriformes
and Upepiformes having 04 species each order Gruiformes having 42 and Passeriformes has only 01
species.(Graph-01 and Graph-02)

1
4
4 Order
Anseriformes
Upepiformes
Gruiformes
Passeriformes
42

No. of Species

Graph-2 Order wise number of species

According to the IUCN Red Data List, out of 51 residential waterfowl, the Woolly neck Stork falls into the
Vulnerable category. The other 06 waterfowl include River Lapwing, Great Thick-knee, River Tern, Oriental
Darter, Painted Stork and Black-headed Ibis in the Near Threaten category. The remaining 44 waterfowl fall
into the Least Concern category. (Graph-03)

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45 44
40
35
30
25
20
15 No. of Species
10
5 6
0 1 0 0

IUCN Catogory
Graph-3 Distribution of species in the different IUCN Category

Of the 51 waterfowl entries River Lapwing, Western Reef Egret, Ruddy Breasted Crake, Stork Bill
Kingfisher, Yellow Bittern were rarely recorded. Important dams from bird watching point of view such as
Nilona, Borgaon, Bembala, Goki, Pathrad and Khateshwar and these rare birds were recorded on these
reservoirs. Visits to other reservoirs in Yavatmal district are being started to increase the number of records
from future continuous monitoring of local waterfowl. Today the reservoirs are plagued with numerous
problems. In the future these habitats are not safe so today's records are very important. These local
waterfowl will be safe only if positive efforts are made for habitat conservation otherwise it will not take
long for them to become extinct.

Conclusion :

Eleven years of bird watching focused on important water sources in seven other talukas adjoining Yavatmal
taluka, including dam, lake, nala and streams . According to classification total 51 local waterfowl were
recorded which are belonging 04 orders and 19 families. Records of 06 Near Threaton 01 Vulnerable
species are important as per IUCN. Many species are on the verge of extinction in the future due to potential
threats to water resources. Neglect of local birds is also an important reason for today's need for habitat
conservation, which is expected to automatically increase the number of local waterfowl.

REFERENCES

Arunkumar, J.P. Sati & P.C. Tak (2003). Check list of Indian Waterbirds; Envis News letter: Avian Ecology & Inland wetlands.
Buceros 8(1): 1–29.
Ali, S. & S.D. Ripley (1987). Compact Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan Together with those of Bangladesh, Nepal,
Bhutan and Sri Lanka. Oxford University Press, Delhi, 890pp.
Ali, S. (1996). The Book of Indian Birds. Oxford university press, New Delhi, 466pp.
Daniels, R.J.R. (1997). A Field Guide to the Birds of South-Western India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 217pp.
Grimmett, R., C. Inskipp & T. Inskipp, (2013). Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 528pp.
Islam, M.Z., & A.R. Rahmani, (2004). Important Bird Areas in India: priority sites for conservation. Indian Bird Conservation
Network, Bombay Natural History Society and Birdlife International (UK), 1–1200pp.
IUCN (2015). BirdLife International. Ciconia ciconia. 2015, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 06 May
2016.
Joshi P. (2021). Records Of Migratory Water Birds On The Reservoirs Of Yavatmal District, Maharashtra, Central India.
International Journal Of Recent Scientific Research,40925-40928pp
Joshi P. (2020). Winter Migratory Birds Diversity on Bembla Spillway and Reservoir, Yavatmal District, Maharashtra, India .
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology,13276-13285pp
Kazmierczak, K. (2000). A Field Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. A & C Black Publishers Ltd., Pica press, 352pp.
Kumar, A., J.P. Sati, P.C. Tak & J.R.B. Alfred (2005). Handbook on Indian Wetland Birds and their Conservation. Zoological
Survey of India, 218pp.

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THE PASTE OF ARJUNA BARK

FORMULATION EFFICACY FOR
RECOVERING BURNED SKIN
Ware Renuka Bhanudas Prof. Miss. Nakhate. S. T . Dr . L. D. Hingane

Abstract
Terminalia Arjuna Bark is commonly known as Arjuna Bark. The Paste of
Arjuna Bark has a good safety Outline when used in burned skin condition. This studies are
most important to expose the current Culture. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess
the efficacy of Arjuna Bark Paste as compared to Non- herbal paste. The approach is to make
use of naturally available herbs such as Aloe Vera, Tulasi ( Ocimum Tenuiflorum ) and
Turmeric etc to make paste by using Arjuna Bark. Result/ conclusion: The conclusion is that
the Paste of Arjuna Bark is more efficient in maintenance of Burned skin as compared to other
paste.

Keywords: Bark of Terminalia Arjuna, Aloe Vera , Tulsi, Turmeric.

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Introduction Classical Name

Terminalia Arjuna is known by it’s various classical names such as Arjuna, Dhavala, Kaubha,
Nadisaraja and Veeravriksha.

Botanical Description

Terminalia Arjuna is a large evergreen deciduous tree ( commonly known as Arjuna ) found
throughout India growing to a height of 20-25 m it commonly grows on banks of Rivers, streams
and dry Watercourses and distributed throughout the greater part of Indian sub- continent,
Himalayan track of Uttar Pradesh, Chota Nagpur, Orissa, West Bengal, Panjab. The bark of
Terminalia Arjuna is soft and thick with Gray in colour on outer surface and tinge easily Flakes
off in flat large pieces inside. Leaves of Terminalia Arjuna are simple borne opposite shortly
acute or obtuse at the Apex, glabrous 4-6 Inch long and 2-3 inch wide, there are two glands near
the base of the petiole. There is a morphological Difference in leaf traits of this plant. It has pale
yellow flowers with short auxillary spikes or terminal Panicle arrangement which appear
between March and June; it’s glabrous 2.5-5 cm fibrous Woody fruit With smooth skinned
divided into five hard wings appears between September and November.
Terminalia Arjuna Bark is extensively used in Ayurvedic medicine this comprehensive research
provides Various aspects of it’s clinical significance to burned skin recovery condition. This
research highlights the Uses of Arjuna Bark for the burned skin recovery which plays an
essential role in health care. Still most of The people choose Arjuna Bark for certain uses they
expanded attention due to their effectiveness. After a burned injury the area of burned skin may
appear red and inflamed. This redness gradually Decreases with the help of this Paste of Arjuna
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Bark. It generally takes few days to finish healing and for Skin to fade to a near normal colour.
Treatment of burns depends on the cause of the burned.
How deep it is and how much of the body it Covered. Plant Profile
Kingdom. :- Plantae
Division. :- Magnoliophyta
Class. :- Magnoliopsida
Order. :- Myrtales
Family. :- Combretaceae
Genus. :- Terminalia
Species. :- Terminalia Arjuna

Storage condition
The condition of storage of the Paste of Arjuna Bark are important to ensure that the conditions
are Maintained within the specified range up to 12 months. The paste of Arjuna Bark produces
desired results on Burned Skin conditions.

Benefits
1. Promotes better skin functioning
2. Stress Buster
3. Helps to reduce pain
4. Promotes healthy cell growth.

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Table
Product Description Arjuna Bark powder

Botanical Name Terminalia Arjuna

Family combretaceae

Appearance free flowing powder

Colour Brown coloured powder

Taste characteristic

Odour characteristi

Plant Bark

Other Names T. Arjuna, Arjuna Tree

Significance Statement
This study efforts to give every aspect of literature such as pharmacognosy, phytochemistry,
pharmacological, Ayurvedic traditional and clinical studies on plants and updating available
research data. It can be beneficial for the new researchers and students to collect the
informative knowledge of plant in comprehensive form
Herbal cosmetics are prepared by the association of bioactive ingredients and
pharmaceutical products. The presence of number of phytochemicals and botanical
in the herbal products have dual significance, one that they are used as Cosmetics
for body care and another that phytochemicals improve the biological Functions of
human body naturally results in healthy skin . As the name Suggests the herbal
extracts means the extracts of herbs. It is an ancient methodology because its origin
was discovered from the holy Vedas and in Unani scriptures. As the realization said
that the chemical medicines are not Always work as magic bullets and they may
have side effects. The current trend Moves toward the herbalism and use of natural
products. Indian herbs are the richest source to be used in cosmetic industries .
Herbal cosmetics were gaining tremendous demand
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In the world market. There is a wide range of herbal cosmetic products used as
beauty regime to satisfy the purpose of beautification Adding herbs in cosmetics is
safer for our skin. Herbal skin care cream were serving the purpose of skin treatment
. Herbal skin care cream not only moisturizes skin but also reverses dryness and
conditions.

Method and materials 1) Plant Material

Collection:-
The Bark of Terminalia Arjuna was collected from University road and nearby District area and
Aloe Vera and Tulsi are found in Aditya college campus.

2) Preparation:-

The collected Terminalia Arjuna Barks were cut into small pieces.

The plant parts were dried in an incubator for 7 days at 40°C . crushed in an electrical grinder
and then the powder was separated.

The Paste of Arjuna Bark was prepared by using bark powdered, Aloe Vera hand made gel( by
using Pulp ), Tulsi ( Ocimum Tenuiflorum ) and Turmeric ( Curcuma Long a ).

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1) Aloe Vera Scientific classification

Kingdom :- Plantae

Clade :- Tracheophytes

Clade :- Angiosperms

Clade :- Manocots

Order :- Asparagales

Family :- Asphodelaceae

Subfamily :- Asphodeloideae

Genus :- Aloe
Species :- Aloe Vera.
Uses :-
Aloe gel typically is used to make topical medications for skin conditions such as burns wounds.
Aloe Vera has a cooling property which helps to recover burned skin.

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2) Tulsi Scientific Classification

Kingdom :- Plantae

Clade :- Tracheophytes

Clade :- Angiosperms

Clade :- Eudicots Clade :- Asterids

Order :- lamiales

Family :- lamiaceae

Genus :- Ocimum

Species :- Ocimum Tenuiflorum

Uses :-
Tulsi has proved to be highly effective in protecting our body from various infections. So, Tulsi
is rightly called the queen of herbs. Tulsi acts as a sweetening agent

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3) Turmeric Scientific classification

Kingdom :- Plantae
Clade :- Tracheophytes
Clade :- Angiosperms
Clade :- Manocots
Clade :- Commelinids
Order :- zingiberales
Family :- Zingiberaceae
Genus :- Curcuma
Species :- C.Longa

Uses :-
The anti-inflammatory qualities that target your pores and calm the skin Turmeric is also known
to reduce

scarring A mixture of Aloe Vera gel and Turmeric can soothe burns and provide relief by healing
them

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Evaluation :-
To evaluate the quality of prepared formulation, several quality tests were performed

1) colour
The colour of the Paste of Arjuna Bark was checked by visually.

2) odour
The formulation was evaluated for its odour by smelling it.

3) Consistency

It was determined manually

4) pH
pH of the formulation was measured by using a calibrated digital pH meter at constant
temperature.

5) Washability
Formulation were applied on the skin easily remove by washing with water were checked
manually.

6) Spreadability

The spread ability of the Paste was found manually by applying on the skin.

7) Rheological study
The viscosity of the developed Paste formulation was determined.

8) sensitivity
The formulated preparation applied on human volunteers ( on Burned Skin ) and observe for any
side effects.

Formulation table of the Paste of Arjuna Bark

Common name Botanical name Parts used Quantity
Arjuna tree Terminalia arjuna Bark 10gm
Aloe vera Aloe vera Pulp 8gm
Tulsi Ocimum tenuihlorum Leaves extract 5gm
Turmeric Curcuma longa Powder 2gm

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Result :- Colour :- Blackish Odour :-
Pleasant Consistency :- Good
pH :- pH of formulation was found to be 4.2
Washability :- formulation easily removed by washing with water
Rheological study :- Viscosity of formulation was found to be 505cp to 20rpm.
Sensitivity :- no any irritation, itching and redness occurs when applied on the
human skin.

Conclusion
The paste was prepared by using various crude drug powders and then evaluated by
various parameters which report prepared formulation have good consistency better
results and does not have side effects.from the given study it can be concluded that
prepared herbal formulation exhibited satisfactory results.

Reference :-
1) Mandal A, Das. K ,Nandi. D. K. In vitro bioactivity study of bark extract of Terminalia
Arjuna on probiotics, commercially available probiotic formulation Int. J.
Phytopharmacol 2010
2) Patil UH, Gaikwad. D. K. Phayto chemical evaluation and bactericidal potential of
Terminalia Arjuna stem bark Int. J. Pharm Sci 2010
3) Sivalokanath. S, M. R. Vijayababu and M. P. Balasubramanian 2006. Effects of
Terminalia Arjuna Bark extract on apoptosis of human hepatoma cell line Hep G2.
World. J. Gastroenterol.
4) Cheng. H. Y., C. C. Lin and T. C. Lin, 2002. Antiherpes Simplex Virus type 2 activity
of casuarinin from the bark of Terminalia Arjuna Linn Antivir.
5) Halder, S. N. Bharal, P. K. Mediratta, I. Kaur and K. K. Sharma 2009. Anti-
inflammatory immunomodulatory and antinociceptive activity of Terminalia Arjuna
Roxb bark powder in mice and rats Indian. J. Kxp.
6) Mukherjee. P. K., K. Mukherjee, M. Rajesh Kumar, M. Pal and B. P. Saha 2003.
Evaluation of wound healing activity of some herbal formulations phytother .
7) Dudhamal. T. S. 2016. Wound healing activity of Arjuna Bark powder in Dushta Vrana
( non –healing venous ulcers ) a case report. J. Ayurvedic Herbal Med.

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PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF SKIN

CARE HERBAL CREAM
1MR. MAHAJAN SAURABH SATISH, 2Miss. Aswar. A.R, 3Dr. L.D HINGANE
1Under the guidance, 2Assistant professor, 3Principle
1DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, AURANGABAD

ABSTRACT
This herbal skin care was formulated by using various herbs such as Aloe vera, Saffron, Multani Soil, Sandal
wood powder, rose water, Raw honey, Bee wax, turmeric, glycerin and Vitamin E . The Ayurvedic cosmetics are
very helpful and it is less prone any side effects. Ayurvedic cosmetics are also known as herbal cosmetics. All
herbal ingredients are easily available in market
This herbal skin care cream used in treatment of common
skin problems like dark spots, wrinkles , dry skin ,allergies, black heads, acne and unclogs pores.
All the herbal ingredients used in formulation provide
essential nutrients such as vitamins, antioxidant, protein and many essential oils.
Procedure for oil preparation is divided into two parts 1) Grinding of ingredients and
2) cream preparation.

Excellent results in prevention of skin related were seen in

formulation prepared by the above mentioned procedure.
Formulated herbal skin care cream was evaluated for various parameters such as Homogeneity, viscosity,
pH ,irritation , After Feel, removal, spread ability, penetration and skin whitening tests in general herbal
formulations provides good blend of vitamins , antioxidants , and essential oils. All the values in the evaluation
of finished product showed that they are within the acceptable limits. hence, it is concluded that the skin care
cream is beneficial in maintaining glowing skin, prevents skin from drying, removes dark spots, prevents
wrinkles, acnes , providing protection from sunlight and results in healthy skin.

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INTRODUCTION

Herbal cosmetics are prepared by the association of bioactive ingredients and pharmaceutical products. The
presence of number of phytochemicals and botanical in the herbal products have dual significance, one that
they are used as Cosmetics for body care and another that phytochemicals improve the biological Functions of
human body naturally results in healthy skin . As the name Suggests the herbal extracts means the extracts of
herbs. It is an ancient methodology because its origin was discovered from the holy Vedas and in Unani
scriptures. As the realization said that the chemical medicines are not Always work as magic bullets and they
may have side effects. The current trend Moves toward the herbalism and use of natural products. Indian herbs
are the richest source to be used in cosmetic industries .

Herbal cosmetics were gaining tremendous demand In the world market. There is
a wide range of herbal cosmetic products used as beauty regime to satisfy the purpose of beautification
Adding herbs in cosmetics is safer for our skin. Herbal skin care cream were serving the purpose of skin
treatment . Herbal skin care cream not only moisturizes skin but also reverses dryness and conditions . It
provides numerous essential nutrients required to maintain healthy skin
Materials used :-

Common name Part used Figure

Aloe vera Aloe vera pulp

Sandal Wood Sandal wood powder

Rose water Rose water

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Vitamin E Vitamin E tablet

Common name Part used Figure

Glycerin Glycerin

Turmeric Turmeric powder

Saffron Saffron

Multani soil Multani soil

Raw honey Honey

Beeswax Whole Beeswax

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All the materials used in this preparation were purchased and collected from local market and botanical garden.

e vera has cooling properties and is anti-

inflammatory. Hence, it is one of the most natural remedies for sunburn or burn skin.
Applying this gel helps with a protective layer for the
skin, and it also helps to retain moisture. It is rich in antioxidants and minerals that boost the healing
process. Era pulp-Hydrating aloe vera juice may help reduce the frequency and appearance of acne.
It may also help reduce skin conditions like psoriasis
and dermatitis. Aloe vera is a rich source of antioxidants and vitamins that may help protect your s

Biological source:-cape aloe Synonym: Barbadense mill

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2) Sandalwood:-
The astringent and antiseptic properties of Sandalwood clear the skin of excess
moisture and acne, making it a key ingredient to look for in skin care products for oily skin.

The Truffula Anti-Aging Cream has aloe, saffron and

sandalwood and can be used during day or night on mature skin to work on dry patches, fine lines, wrinkles
and crow's feet. ... The Old Tree Sandalwood Essential Oil can be added to a carrier oil to massage into dry
skin.

Biological source:-Roots of Santalum album Linn Synonym:-Neroli

3)Rose water :-
Rose oil, when used along with another carrier oil,
is known to add luster to hair. It also works effectively towards promoting hair growth and makes
the scalp healthier with its antifungal properties.
You could use it with tea tree oil to help with an itchy
scalp. Rose oil moisturizes your hair strands leaving them soft and shiny. Few drops of the rose essential oil
blended with a carrier oil such as coconut oil or Olive oil will intensely moisturize dry hair. ... Rose oil is also a
good source of Vitamin C and lycopene which have anti-oxidant activity

Biological source:-Rose Petals

Synonym:-Odoriferous

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4) Vitamin E :-
Vitamin E is a nutrient your body needs to support your
immune system and help your cells to regenerate. It also has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
properties that make getting enough essential to your everyday health
Vitamin E is most commonly known for its benefits
for skin health and appearance. It can be applied topically to your face to reduce inflammation and make
your skin look younger. Vitamin E oil can be used on your face as an overnight anti-aging treatment. Since
vitamin E has a thick consistency, it’s best to apply it before bed so that it can fully absorb.
Typically, you can apply a serum or oil mixture
containing vitamin E as an all-over treatment on your face. This is different than using vitamin E to spot-treat a
blemish, using a beauty treatment mask for a brief period of time, or taking an oral
supplement that contains vitamin E
Biological source:- Vegetable oil
Synonym:- Tocopherol

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5) Glycerin:-
Glycerin is great for the skin because it acts as a
humectant, which is a substance that allows the skin to retain moisture. It can increase skin hydration, relieve
dryness, and refresh the skin's surface. It's also an emollient, which means it can soften skin. You can use
glycerin as a moisturizer but keep in mind that using only glycerin on the face might not be a good idea because
it is thick.
It attracts dust which may lead to acne and pimples. You should always dilute it. You
can dilute it with water or a little bit of rose water before applying it to the face. Applying glycerin to your skin
traps moisture in your skin and gives it a youthful, healthy glow. By drawing moisture to the top layer of skin,
glycerin helps reduce the appearance of wrinkles and keeps skin looking soft and smooth. Glycerin also
improves skin function to slow down aging. Glycerin cleanses the skin pores and removes dirt. It keeps the skin
healthy.
Glycerin reduces acne and keeps the skin pores clean
Biological source:-Triglycerides
Synonym:-Glycerol

6)Turmeric Powder:-
Turmeric doesn't darken the skin. In fact, turmeric
has skin-lightening properties which help you get rid of dark spots effectively without causing any side-effects.
Using turmeric along with other moisturizing ingredients such as milk or honey will help improve your skin
complexion.
Turmeric contains antioxidants and anti-inflammatory
components. These characteristics may provide glow and luster to the skin. Turmeric may also revive your skin
by bringing out its natural glow. You may want to try a turmeric face mask at home to see if the spice has any
positive effects on your skin. Turmeric also helps even out skin tone, and its extract may also help reduce the
appearance of acne scars. Studies have shown turmeric to reduce dark spots on the skin AKA
hyperpigmentation. In fact, one study showed that a turmericextract cream reduced hyper-pigmentation up to
14 per cent after four weeks of use

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Biological source:-Curcuma longa
Synonym:-cardamon

7) saffronsaffron-If If you'd like to enhance your skin care routine,

try using saffron. Its active compounds work against inflammation, hyperpigmentation, and UV radiation. It also
offers protection from UV radiation, a common cause of premature skin aging. Be cautious if it's your first time
using saffron. To use saffron essential oil as a moisturizer, mix it with carrier oils like grapeseed or almond in
order to avoid overly sensitizing your skin. Saffron oils can be used as a natural moisturizer for clear, glowing
skin.

Biological source:-Saffron crocus

Synonym:-Waldon

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8) Multani Soil:-
Multani mitti or fuller's earth is used as a natural
cleanser and astringent, offering a host of benefits for the skin, including: reducing oil. fighting
acne.

Biological Source:-Deposits of volcanic ash of cretaceous and youn Synonym:-Bleaching clay

9) Raw Honey:-
Raw honey helps balance the bacteria on your skin,
which makes it a great product to use for acne. Manuka honey has been studied as an anti-acne product and
found to be significantly more effective than other popular products. Honey speeds up your skin cells' healing
processes.
Honey has skin brightening properties and also
lends a healthy moisturized glow to the face after usage. Honey is good to treat dry skin but also works
extremely well in treating oily, acneprone and combination skin types as well. It might be time to ditch your
daily face wash. Honey's antioxidants, antiseptic and antibacterial properties make this ingredient a go-to for
fighting acne. It'll open your pores and get rid of those pesky blackheads while keeping your skin hydrated all
day long.

Biological source:-The nectar of flowers by the hive-bee apish malefice and bees o other species of Apies

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Beeswax:-
Beeswax can create a protective layer on the skin. It's also a humectant, which means
that it attracts water. Both of these qualities can help the skin stay hydrated. Beeswax is also a
natural exfoliator, ideal for sloughing away dead skin cells. "Beeswax is an effective occlusive, which
means that it can create a protective layer on the skin, sealing in moisture. It also has antibacterial,
anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, which can help protect the skin as well," Hadley adds.
Biological source:- honey bees of the geus Apis

synonym- crude wax

Method of preparation:-
For the preparation of herbal skin care
cream, I have selected nine important ingredients such as Aloe vera, Saffron, Multani Soil, Sandal wood powder,
rose water, Raw honey, Bee wax, turmeric, glycerin and Vitamin E were collected from local market and Aditya
botanical garden.
We have to take each herbal ingredient and convert
into the fine powder. The conversion of fine powder is done by the help of grinder. With the help of sieves we
can separate out particles of same size each herbal ingredients I have taken Rose water because it provides
cooling effect and scent First Bee wax was melted down and then put in a wide mouth vessel then gradually
add the herbs Bee wax– 50,Turmeric powder 10g, sandalwood powder 10g aloe verra pulp 10g, Saffron 5g,
Multani soil 20g,Rose water 9ml Raw honey 20g glycerin 10g vitamin E 6g.

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All the ingredients were mixed vigorously using spatula for about 30-45 mins and then cooled down slowly.

List and Qauntity of ingredients used in formulation:-

Sr.No Ingredients Quantity (g)

1 Aloe vera 10

2 Turmeric 10

3 Multani soil 20

4 Sandalwood 10

5 Bee wax 50

6 Raw Honey 20

7 Saffron 5

8 Rose water 9ml

9 Glycerin 10

10 Vitamin E 6

Ingredients Batch (g)

B1 B2 B3

1 Aloe vera 15 15 10

2 Turmeric 15 20 10

3 Multani soil 15 10 20

4 Sandalwood 15 10 10

5 Bee wax 55 60 50

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6 Raw Honey 15 10 20

7 Saffron 5 5 5

8 Rose water 5ml 5ml 9ml

9 Glycerin 5 10 10

10 Vitamin E 5 5 6

Ideal batch was found to batch No. B3 Evaluation:

Organoleptic Evaluation:
The Face Cream thus obtained was evaluated for its organoleptic properties like colour, odour and state. The
appearance of the cream was judged by its colour and roughness and graded.

Homogeneity:
Homogeneity of the prepared creams was confirmed by the visual appearance and by touch.
After Feel:
Emollience, slipperiness and amount of residue left after the application of the fixed amount of cream was found
to be good.
Removal:
All the cream formulations are applied on the skin was easily removed by washing with tap water

Irritancy Test:
All formulations shows no redness enema inflammation and irritation and during irritancy studies these
formulations are found to be safe to use for the skin.
Spread ability test
Cream base should spread easily without too much drag and should not produce greater friction in the rubbing
process. Spread ability was calculated using the spread ability apparatus made of wooden board with scale and
two glass slides having two pans on both sides mounted on a pulley

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Skin Whitening Test:
5 volunteers were selected for the following studies. All the preparation are applied and observed for 1 month.
After 1 month skin test has been done that there is no pigmentation and skin gets whitens from F5 formulation
than other formulations. So F5 formulation shows better result than other formulation containing single herb.

The penetration test, using a hemispherical probe, is an imitative test simulating the ease by which
a human finger will deform the sample during application of the cream. This test allows the
consistencies of creams to be assessed.
Test Speed: 2.0 mm/s(ideal test result )
Test Type: Compression
Pre-Test Speed: 1.0 mm/s
Trigger Force: 10 g

Viscosity -Instruments called “rheometers” and “viscometers” are used to measure viscosity of
pharmaceutical liquids and semi-solid materials like creams/ ointments. Viscosity flow curves shown
in the instrument display - see Figure 1 – characterize typical behavior of pharmaceutical products.

pH Test -First, you have to make sure that the cream is o/w and not w/o. Only for the o/w system
based products, you should do the pH of the finished product (as is) using a properly calibrated pH
meter and then (5o% dilution with water.) This will give you the true pH of your product.
1)The penetration test

SrNo The penetration test Observation

1 Batch 1 1.7mm/s

2 Batch 2 1.2mm/s

3 Batch 3 2.0 mm/s

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2)Viscosity test

SrNo Viscosity test Observation

1 Batch 1 32

2 Batch 2 42

3 Batch 3 46

3) pH Test

SrNo. pH Test Observation

1 Batch 1 5.9

2 Batch 2 5.2

3 Batch 3 6.8

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Final product-

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Benefits :-
-Protection from environmental damage such as pollution
-help fighting the effects of aging such as wrinkles and sunburn
-it has no side effects
-manufacturing doesn’t harm animals they are packed with benificial nutrients
Colour:the colour of cream is pail yellow.
Odour:the odour of cream is fantastic.
Result:-
Preparation and evaluation of herbal skin care cream is done

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Ref No : IJCSPUB/Vol 11/ Issue 4/ 001

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Jadhav Ramesh Rangrao

Subject: Publication of paper at International Journal of Current Science.

Dear Author,

With Greetings we are informing you that your paper has been successfully published in the
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Published URL : http://www.ijcspub.org/viewfull.php?&p_id=IJCSP21D1001
Authors : Jadhav Ramesh Rangrao
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