TERMINOLOGIES IN RELATIONAL

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

SUMA . R
Terminologies
● Entity:- is a real world object such as student, teacher.
● Relation:- is a collection of data in the form of rows and column.
● Tuple:-The row in a table is called tuple. It is also called record.
● Attribute:-A column in a table (Relation) is called attribute.
● Degree:-The number of columns in a table is called degree.
● Cardinality:-The number of rows in a table is called cardinality.
● Domain:-The set of possible values for a column (Attribute) is called
domain.
● Schema:-The overall design (Description) of a database

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Keys
● Candidate Key :- is a column or set of columns that uniquely
identifies each record in the table. A table may contain more than one
candidate key. For example Roll No + Mark can be considered as a
candidate key in the Student table.
● Primary Key:-A primary key is a candidate key which is used to
uniquely identify each row in a table. A table can have only one
primary key. Eg:- Rollno is a primary key
● Alternate Key:- An alternate key is a candidate key that is not the
primary key.

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Keys
● Foreign Key:- is a field in one table that must match a primary key
value in another table. It is used to join two tables together. It is also
called reference key. A foreign key is used to represent relationship
between tables.
● Super Key:- is a set of one or more columns in a table for which no
two rows can have the same value. For Example Rollno and Total
mark can form a Super Key in the Students table.

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Key - Student Table Example
Student is a Table having Rollno , Name and Total mark as Columns or
Attributes.
● Candidate Keys - Rollno and Total mark
● Primary Key - Rollno
● Alternate Key - Total Mark
● Foreign Key - Teacher id from teacher table ( primary Key in Teacher
table
● Super Key - Rollno nad Total mark

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Components of DBMS
● Hardware - includes computers (Server) and storage devices for data
storage and retrieval.
● Software:- consists of application programs and utilities. A DBMS
acts as a bridge between the users and database. The users access
the database using application programs.
● Data:-It is an important component of DBMS. The data in the DBMS
is organized in the form of Field, Record and Files. A DBMS provides
a centralized control of data

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Components of DBMS
● Users:-The users access the data by using application programs.
Depending on the mode of interaction with a DBMS database users
are classified into three types - Data Base Administrator (DBA),
Application Programmer, Sophisticated user and Naive user.
● Procedure:- Procedures are rules and instructions that govern the
design and use of a database. It may include instruction to start and
stop DBMS, backup database, login to database etc.

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Users of DBMS
● Database Administrator - is a person who has central control over the
database. He is responsible for the installation, configuration,
upgrading, administration, monitoring, maintenance, and security.
Database administrator is responsible for managing and controlling
the activities associated with the database..
● Application Programmer - are computer professionals who interacts
with the database through application programs written in any
languages such as C, C++, Java etc.

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Users of DBMS
● Sophisticated User - interact with database through queries. They
include engineers, analyst, professionals etc.
● Naive Users - are unsophisticated users . They interact with database
by invoking previously written application programs. They are not
aware of details of DBMS. Eg:- Person in Super Market.

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Database Abstraction
● The system hides details of how data is stored and maintained.
● Retrieving essential details without including background details.
● Example is Bike.
● A database system is designed using three levels of abstraction,
Physical Level, Logical Level, View Level.

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Levels of Database Abstraction
● Physical Level (Internal Level) - It is the lowest level of abstraction. It
describes how data is actually stored in the storage medium.
● Logical Level ( Conceptual Level ) - It describes what data are stored
in the database and the relationship between data. It is also called
global view and represents the entire database. It is used by
database administrator.
● View Level (External Level) - This is the highest level of database
abstraction and is near to the users. It is concerned with the way in
which individual users view the data. It describes only a part of entire
database..
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THANK YOU