PSYCHOLOGY, Class-XII

& Topicwise,
Chapterwise
Bank
S w a a l
CBSE Question

o3JECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONSS

( mark each)

rapid breathing
Q.3. The
hyperventilation is part of techniques to
AMultiple Choice Questions
(A) sudarshana kriya (B) pranav induce
yoga.
1.
that everyone should
Nishant feels verystrongly selected to represent (C) kundalini nayama
(D) ashtanga
him and he should be
love When this does Ans. Option (A) is correct.
the
school for all competitions.
miserable and is
unable to Explanation: The rapid breathingfocl
not happen, he feels be the
concentrate. Which form of therapy would induce hyperventilating as in
most suitable for him to
o v e r c o m e this problem
Yoga is found to be a beneficial treatm shana Kriv
CBSE Delhi, 2019] U refers to tment.
(A) Cognitive therapy Q.4. repeated association of a
(B) Psychodynamic therapy
(C) Behaviour therapy
response with a postitive consequence.
(A) Aversion
desired
(D) Biomedical therapy (B) Positive Reinforcement
Ans. Option (A) is correct. (C) Punishment
is a
Explanation: Cognitive behavioural therapy
psycho-social intervention that aims to
reduce (D) Flooding
conditions, Ans. Option (B) is correct.
smptonms of various mental health Explanation: It an adaptive-behaviour
primarly depressions and anxiety-disorders. occur
is to increase an individual's rarely, positive reinforcement is given to incs
Q.2. The goal of .
R the deficit.
self-awareness and self-acceptance.
(A) Gestalt therapy Q.5. The client centered therapy was given by
(B) Client-centred therapy (A) Sigmund Freud (B) Aaron Beck
(C) Logotherapy (C) Carl Rogers (D) Skinner
(D) None of the above Ans. Option (C) is correct.
Ans. Option (A) is correct.
is form of Explanation: Client centered therapy was given by
Explanation: Gestalt therapy a

increasing Carl RogerS.

psychotherapy that is centered on a

person's awareness, freedom and self directions.

SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONSS

relationship in which the client can reconnect
Very Short Answer Type
(1 mark each)
with her/his disintegrated feelings. The therapist
Questions shows empathy, i.e. understanding the client's
Q.1. Explain cognitive distortion with the help of an experience as if it were her/his own, is warm
and has unconditional positive regard, ie. total
example. A ICBSE Delhi, 2019] U
acceptance of the client as she/he is.
Ans. Cognitive distortions are ways of thinking which
are general in nature but which distort reality in a
Q.5. What is token economy? R
negative manner. They lead to errors of cognition Ans. Persons with behavioural problems can be given a
about social reality. e.g. I am ugly, I am stupid, etc. token as a reward every time a wanted behaviour
CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] occurs. The tokens are collected and exchanged for
a reward.
Q.2. Explain theterm 'empathy. R
AICBSE Delhi, 2016]1 Short Answer Type
Q.3. Whatis Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT?
CBSE Delhi, 2016, 2014] Questions-I (2 marks each)

Ans. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is a short Q. 1. A clientexperiences irrational thoughts that are
and efficacious treat1ment for a wide range self-defeating in nature. Suggest a suitable
of psychological disorders such as anxiety, therapy that will help her/him to reduce her/his
depression, panic attacks and borderline distress. Also provide the rationale for selecting
personality disorder. It combines cognitive this therapy. A CBSE SQP, 2020-21
therapy with behavioural techniques.
Ans. Cognitive therapy - 1 mark
CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016, 2014]
Rationale- faulty or irrational thoughts -I mark
Q.4. What do you mean by Client Centered Therapy?R ICBSE Marking Scheme, SQP 2020-21]2
Ans. Client Centered Therapy provides a warm
These questions are for practce and their solutions are available at the end of the chavter
 THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES 119

, Analyse the chief benefit to the client in both

Q. behavioral and humanistic therapies. Ans. Albert Ellis Rational Emotive therapy.
ABC analysis, to be explained
A[CBSE sQ 2020-21 and
(Antecedent, Belief and Consequence)
anc
An Behaviour therapies: Changing faulty behaviours example explaining the three points.
and cognitions to adaptive ones -1 mark Gentle without
Non directive questioning
-

Humanistic therapies: Achieving personal probing, leads to reduction in psychological

growth, i.e. increasing understanding of oneself
distress 4
and one's aspirations, emotions and motives CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
1 mark Detailed Answer:
CBSE Marking Scheme, SQP, 2020-21] 2 (a) ABC analysis: The first step in RET is the
o.3. What is systematic Desensitisation?
antecedent- belief-consequence (ABC) analysis.
Antecedent events, which caused the
R ICBSE Delhi, 20171 noted.
psychological distress, are

Short Answer Type The lient is also interviewed to find the

irrational beliefs, which are distorting the
Questions-II (3 marks each) beliefs may not
present reality. Irrational
0.1. Describe the rehabilitation of the mentally ill. U the
be supported by empirical evidence in
environment. These beliefs are characterised by
ICBSE Delhi 2015]
thoughts with 'musts'and 'shoulds', i.e. things
Ans. The aim during the treatment of
psychological must and 'should' be in a particular manner.
disorders is to reduce the symptoms and
the
improve Examples, "One should be loved by everybody
tunctioning quality of life. Rehabilitation
or
is Tequired to all the time", etc. This distorted perception of
help patients to become self-
sufficient. In rehabilitation, the patients are the antecedent event due to the irrational belief
given leads to the consequence, i.e. negative emotions
occupational therapy, social skills training and
vocational and behaviours.
therapy.
In occupational
therapy, the
patients are taught skills such as candle making, (b) Non directive questioning: In the process of
RET, the irrational beliefs are refuted by the
paper bag making and weaving to help them
to form a work
discipline. Social skills training therapist through a process of non-directive
helps the patients to develop interpersonal skills questioning. The nature of questioning is
through role-play, imitation and instruction. gentle, without probing or being directive. The
The objective is to teach the patient to function questions make the client think deeper into her/
in a social group. Cognitive his assumptions about life and problems.
retraining is given Q.2. Explain psychological distress according to
to imprOve the basic cognitive functions of
attention, memory and executive functions. After humanistic-existential therapy. U
the patient improves sufficiently, vocational ICBSE Delhi, 2017]
training is given wherein the patient is helped to
gain skills to undertake productive employment.
Ans. Psychological distress arises from the feelings
of loneliness, alienation and an inability to
CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] find meaning and genuine fulfilment in life.
Q.2. How is empathy different
from sympathy? U Human beings are motivated by the desire for
Q.3. What do you mean by transference eurosis? personal growth and self actualisation. When
Describe its types. these needs are curbed by
Ans. The client expresses his/her frustrations, anger, fear society and family,
human beings
and depression that had been suppressed experience psychological
during distress
the early childhood years. The therapist acts as the
Healing occurs when the client is able to
substitute for an authority figure and this stage is perceive the obstacles to self actualisation in
called transference neurosis. It is of two his /her life and is able to remove them.
types:
I. Positive transference: When the client idolises The therapy creates a permissive, non
or falls in love with the therapist and seeks
the therapist's approval, positive transterence
judgmental and accepting atmosphere.
The therapist is a
takes place. facilitator and guide.
II. Negative transference: When the client has Aim of the therapy is to expand the client's
feelings of hostility, anger and resentment awareness. (Any one point)
towards the therapist negative transterence
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2017]4
OCcurs.

Short Answer Type

Questions-III (4 marks each)
Commonly Made Error
Q.1. How does rational emotive therapy help in Students usually write briefly about
reducing distress? Support your answer with the multiple
points
help of an example. ACBSE Delhi, 2019]
These questions are for practice and their solutions are available at the end ofthechapter
 & Topie
Bank Chapterwise
Oswaal CBSE
Question
120
Distorted perception of the
Answering Tips
event due to their antece
rational beliatden
negative emo leads to
the consequence 1..

explanation type
of question, it is behaviours. In the process of aons and
As it is
essential
an
that the students
should explain the Therapy, the irrational Rational Emotive
beliefs re
the therapist through
concept of psychological distress. by refuted
3. Describe four factors which contribute
R
to
questioning the nature
of non-directive
Q.
treatment of psychological
distress.
CBSE Delhi, 2017] gentle, without probing or being questioning js
Aaron Beck directive
Long Answer Type Psychol
characterised by anxiety ogical distress
or

childhood experiencesdepression.s
Long (6 marks each)
Questions
various techniques
used in behaviour
that states
provided hr
Q.1. Discuss the UINCERT] family and society develop core schem: the
OR
therapy therapies as Negative thoughts are
persistent ie,
Explain key features of cognitiveBeck.
the .
am
explained by Albert
Ellis and Aaron ugly, I am stupid,
I will not
succeed T
U CBSE Delhi, 2020 of
patterns thoughtsare called dysfunctiona
is available for cognitive structures.
Ans. A range of techniques
changing behaviour.
are to Cognitive distortions are the
ways of hinkin
The principles of these techniques which are in
general nature whích
reduce the arousal level of the client.
reality ina negative manner
distort the
Alter behaviour through classical
conditioning or operant conditioning with (Explanation of the above with examples should be
different contingencies of reinforcements, as awarded marks)
well as to use vicarious learning procedures. CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016
Behavioural Techniques OR
reintorcement Aversive
Negative
Conditioning
Positive reinforcement/ Token economy Topper Answer, 2016
desensitisation/Principle of
Systematic
reciprocal inhibition
Modelling
Name and explanation of any of the above six points)
) Neqa umoumt
3) Mo d u g
OR
locate the cause of
Paut Ansmum
Cognitive therapies )rc AGHAVORIAD
psychological distress in irrational thoughts Londiti ouung EHNIOUES
Viaou
and beliefs.
Albert Ellis formulated the Rational Emotive
Sy nat Ataray RLeutial nunsouns
keutui tiatuon

Therapy Antecedent, Belief, Consequence

XPLANALO AI
(ABC) analysis.
Distorted perception of the antecedent (A Negati RjOALOAA
event due to their rational belief leads to hy ttuing at couu
puson t
qet nd 9pand u a l
the consequence i.e. negative emotions and 0AMoid o AcaNL , pouidu ngai u

behaviours. In the process of Rational Emotive m

e JLasm to put woolli chotu,halu uu
Therapy, the irrational beliefs are refuted
by the therapist through non-directive
questioning; the nature of questioning is
Neqad untonmul
gentle, without probing or being directive.
Aaron Beck
-Psychological distress Pauutnd Auunsoumus
characterised by anxiety or depression, states ) ru AEHAVORIA
that childhood experiences Co diti GLng EHNICUES
provided by the
family and society develop core schemas. ViLaou

Sytlnatt RAHOLLtial uusouuaud

Alainug
Negative thoughts are persistent i.e. I am u i tuatiou
ugly, I am stupid, I will not succeed. These
patterns of thoughts are called dysfunctional EXLAANATLn A
Cognitive structures. Negt AjoALt
Cognitive distortions are the ways of thinking hy i g a t a u uson w qet uid a
which are general in nature which distort the uOTO
AcaL , pmoudu ngati A
reality in a negative manner
uuwu
(Explanation of the above with examples should be 1 a n o Rut woolll clotu,hiab
awarded marks)
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
 THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES 121

AEASIVE LONDLIIO NMNG therapeuic

major components of
I a
TheA l A pau 4M atinul t sal adaptint
Ans. The two
alliance are as follows:
nature of the
For e Aw alcoaAC u waelu o u t l l aluohal aud u qusa
he first component is the contractual
a i l d alubuc snota
the
uAualLe pauulug wul uum 9t Aud. 4 alioal relationship in which two willing individuals,
client and the therapist, enter into a partnership
LoSITIVEACINFORL EMENL
10 i a a MLALEL RLLNOALLCUN 0cu aga, tuu l a u i t u which aims at helpingthe client overcome her/
AuAlo DAAit wly Aluuatteel
his problems.
t A A cila wluo oAt do u ho ALLUANk 04 un Aluould kgusn
alliance is
The second component of therapeutic
TuA wAAAL MAt RuLAld. atluauaLr doug uoum uork
the limited duration of the therapy.
0TAKEN10NOM The properties of therapeutic alliance are:
CMANA ut NANLALLALAGbLLLAL taAnb mat ad utu
Trust: This relationship is a trusting and confiding
relationship. The high level of trust enables the
wAAAu a Auiand kuMau uuN D4eLUnd, M ANLou u pruuidid
client to unburden herself/himself to the therapist
and confide her/his psychological and personal
problems to the latter. The therapist encourages
H wstiLA aAu JaLAs tokan aln w oap A0 a d utu
Genuine
this by being: Accepting Empathic
- -
-

ww, ou talu tung o ku, n i wal kuy m okau nacquut

Raum Agsulanly aAnangci Ju ud o 4e but uufocmet
Warm to the client.
( ikKESENTIAL KEINMACEMNI Unconditional positive regard: The therapist con-
ItaLiA niAatAak AkA0LAAnk wwwaultd lauouu
behaviours that she is
OLAtANAA OmLut autid kthamoLU
veys by her/his words and
not judging the client and will continue to show
the same positive feelings towards the lient even
if the client is rude or confides all the 'wrong things
Ku wotu ald o Aku n Dortay uL ARALuu ausd
that she/he may have done or thought about. This
is the unconditional positive regard which the
therapist has for the client.
LM ut haalAAato na Leau pyat a iejay q Xidy Empathy: The therapist has empathy for the
client. Empathy is present when one is able to
understand the plight of another person, and feel
LtAST
A a h bat flALneL o t u utualuy
like the other person. It means understanding
things from the other person's perspective, i.e.
putting oneself in the other person's shoes.
tL a ada uiguk a Loud. uaus
Empathy enriches the therapeutic relationship
ARLL VARdu b gpuut uuluo suiiialuy act as a and transforms it into a healing relationship.
Some of the ethical standards that need to be
ialiaua w u s JJAin trougln shuuung OAA
practiced by professional psychotherapists are:
Informed consent needs to be taken
Confidentiality of the client should be maintained.
Alleviating personal distress and suffering should
be the goal of all attempts of the therapist.
of the practitioner-client relationship is
Integrity
important.
NIERNAT12NAL ClNA TRADE w Respect for human rights and dignity.
ONFICT
Professional competence and skills are essential.

[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]

Lani

Commonly Made Error

to both the
Q.2 Explain the importance of therapeutic Students normally forget cover

relationships in psychotherapy. State the ethical parts of the question.

standards in psychotherapy. A

[CBSE Delhi, 2018]

 Class-Xu
Question Bank Chapterwise &
Topicwise, PSYCHOLOGY,
0swaal CBSE
122
therapists are
capable of arrivino
to the client's problems.
Answering Tip behaviour and thought
patterns and sulutons
heal
Adaptive
behaviour removal replace ealthy
and ensure

question properly
and cOver all tlhe Existential therapy: These faulty
Read the
points that are required to be cOvered.
--------***
the questions
existence are the cause
about the therapies mptoms.
meaning of postulato
ne's le that
and
of psychoogical
Elaborate any three psychological (therapeutic) Itgives importance
present wheprerem
oblems.the
Q.3. to the
disorders.
to treat mental current feelings of
models proposed eliness,
OR
psycho-therapy?
of futility of one's existence
causes alienation Sense
What are the different types of
humanistic-
problems. The exIstential
therapy r gpcal
Explain the principles on which
therapeutic environment which de
[CBSE OD 2018] U
evistential therapy is based. accepting, warm, empathic and non-iud ve
The therapist acts as a facilita
of psycho-therapies are: in tal
Ans. The different types client arrives the solutions
at which
) Psvchodynamic therapy of personal growth. Thus, the
through the he
(ii) Behaviour therapy oneselt and one's
client process
understar
aspirations, slands
(ii) Existential therapy motives. emotions nd
Details explanation of each of the therapy and OR

the principles on which existential therapy

The principles underlying humanistic
existenfial
psychotherapy are:
should be written. () Psychological distress arises from
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2018] 6 of loneliness to find meaning and feelino
lings
fulfillment in life. genuin
uine
Detailed Answer:
(ii) Human beings are motivated
by the desire
The different types of psycho-therapies are as
for personal growth and
follows: and an innate need to grow self-actualisation,
Psychodynamic therapy: According to Psycho
When these needs are curbedemotionall.
dvnamic therapv intrapsychic conflict is the source by society
and family, human beings
of psychological problems. The unfulfilled desires
psychological distress. Frustration experience
of self.
of childhood and unresolved childhood fears
ictualisation also causes distress.
lead to intra-psychic conflicts. Psychodynamic The humanistic existential
therapy uses the methods of free association and therapies encourage
personal growth and actualise the potential. Self-
reporting of dreams to elicit the thoughts and
actualisation requires free emotional expression.
teelings of the client. This material is interpreted The
to the client to help him/ her confront and resolve
family and society curb emotional
expression
which leads to destructive behaviour and
the conflicts and thus overcome problems. The negative emotions by thwarting the process
therapist understands and interprets the thoughts of emotional expression. The
and
therapist is merely
feelings of the client. The cliene's symptoms a facilitator and guide. It is the client who is
and distresses reduce as a consequence of the responsible for the success of the therapy by the
development of emotional insight. process of self-growth through which healing
Behaviour therapy: According to behaviour takes place.
therapies, psychological problems arise due to The therapy creates a permissive, non-growtn
faulty learning of behaviours and cognitions. through which healing takes a judgmental and
The faulty
conditioning patterns, faulty accepting atmosphere in which the clients
learning and faulty thinking and beliefs lead to emotions can be freely expressed and tne
maladaptive behaviours that lead to psychological Complexity, balance and integration coukd De
problems. Behaviour therapy identifies the faulty achieved. The fundamental assumption is tnat

conditioning patterns and sets up alternate the client has the fr dom and responsibility
behavioural contingencies to improve behaviour to control his/her own behaviour and
the cniet
and overcome ent's
psychological distress. Behaviour am of the therapy is to expand the cneu

awareness.

COMPETENCY BASED QUESTIONSS

are
techniques alter
Case based MCQs ne principles of behaviour the
to reduce the arousal level of or

behaviour through classical conditionin ncies

I. Read the
given
passage below and answer the
Operant conditioning with
different continge v i c a r i o u s

questions that follow to well as

Use

of reinforcements, as
Techniques used in behaviour therapy learning procedures, if necessary.
 lavioural techniques discussed:
Negative reinforcement THERAPEUTIC APPROACH 123
Negative reinforcement refers
(A) increases, increases
response with an to the
undesired (C) increases, decreases (B) decreases, decreases
liked. An example ofoutcome that is Ans. (D) decreases, increases
painful
teacher scolds a child negative reinforcementoris not Option (A) is correct.
I.
Aversive Conditioningwho shouts in class. the Read the
passage given below and answer the
Aversive questions that follow:
associationconditioning
of
undesired
refers to
repeated
Gestalt
therapy was developed in the 1940's
Fritz and Laura by
aversive Perls and further
consequence. An response with an likes of Kurt Lewin by the influenced
conditioning is an alcoholicexample of aversive and Kurt Goldstein
electric shock and asked
is
given a mild Wedding, 2000). It was (Corsini &
With to
smell the alcohol. developed as revision to
psychoanalysis and focuses a
repeated
aversive as the
pairings the smell of alcolhol is
on
humanistic approach rather thanexperiential and an

with it and the pain of the

shock is associated unconscious which was analysis of the
person will give up alcohol.
Positive reinforcement tools at the time oneof the main therapeutic
Gestalt therapy was
Let us Gestalt therapy rejects the dualities of mind employed.
with
understand positive
a
do his her
help of an example. reinforcement
A child
body, body and soul,
thinking and
and
does not
homework, hisher mother feeling and action. According to feeling, and
positive not made Perls, people are
child's reintorcement and
uses up of separate
favourite dish whenever
prepares the body and soul, rather humancomponents, this is, mind,
work is done the home beings function as a
on time. whole. In doing so, one
The defines who one is
positive reinforcement of food
increase the behaviour
of self)
by choice of responses to (sensee
will environmental
homework at the of the child
of doing interactions (boundaries). The word "Gestalt"
Persons with appointed time. German origin) refers to a
"whole, configuration,
(of
given a token asbehavioural
a reward problems can be integration, pattern or form" (Patterson,
form of Gestalt 1986). The
behaviour occurs. every time a wanted therapy practiced today utilises
The tokens are ideas, data and interventions
collected and from
multiple
a reward
such as an
outing for the
exchanged
for sources, as well as some of the
original techniques
a treat for the
child. This is knownpatient or known to be 'Gestalt
as token noted that Gestalt therapy techniques'. It is
economy. therapy has a history of
Q.1. Which is not a an
approach which creates or borrows being
behavioural technique?
(A) Aversive Conditioning techniques that are focused on specific
(B) Positive Reinforcement to take the next assisting the client
step in their
personal growth and
(C) Negative Reinforcement development.
(D) Existential Therapy Uses and Benefits: There are
Ans.
Option (D) is correct. conditions that Gestalt
a
variety of
Q.2 Negative reinforcement is: treat, incuding: therapy may be used to
Anxiety, Depression, Low self-
(A) Negative reinforcement refers to the undesired efficacy, Low self-esteem.
response with an outcome that is
painful or not
Relationship
also be usefulproblems: Gestalt therapy can
liked. for helping
self-awareness and people gain greater
(B) Negative reinforcement refers to repeated a
greater ability to live in the
association of undesired present moment.
response with an Other potential benefits
aversive consequence. may include:
An improved sense of self-control
C) Only (a) Better ability to monitor and
(D) Both (a) & (b) Better awareness of
regulate nmental states
your needs
Ans. Option Better tolerance for
(A) is correct. negative
emotions
Q.3. Give an allowance or
treat to
Improved communication skills
to encourage children Q. 1. Who developed Gestalt
theory?
complete their chores instead of
nagging is an (A) Fritz and Laura Perls
example of (B) Jean Piaget
(C) BF skinner (D) None
(A) Aversive Conditioning Ans. Option (A) is correct.
(B) Positive reinforcement Q.2. What are a variety of conditions that Gestalt
(C) Negative reinforcement therapy can treat?
(D) None (A)Anxiety (B) Depression
(C) Low self-efficacy (D) All of these
Ans. Option (B) is correct.
Ans. Option (D) is correct.
Q.4. Positive reinforcement the likelihood of
Q.3. Gestalt theory was developed as a revision to:
a
behaviour, and negative reinforcement. (A) Psychotherapy
the likelihood of a behaviour.
 Class-XII
P S Y C H O L O G Y ,

Topicwise,
&
Bank
Chapterwise reinforcement- If an adan
an adaptive behaviour
O s w a a l CBSE
Question
Ans. Positive

orcement
4
ocCurs rarely, posinve reinforcement
15
(B) Psychoanalysis
the deficit Negative given to
(C) Negative reinforcement

None of the above

increase

refers to following
an undesired
reinforceme It
Ans.
(D)
Option (B) is correct.
response with
school of thoughts: outcome that
is painful or not liked. In an
to the gestalt other v
0.4. According
(A) An
individual perceives things
as whole
change
responses that lead organisms to get rid words,
(B)
Reintorcement
and rewards
can

stimuli or avoid and escape from them painful

behaviou
learns from expeneces. negative reinforcement.
constitute
(C) An individual
(D)None of the aboe
the other behaviour theraD
Ans. Option (A) is correct. Q.4. What is used to alter
behaviour?
Questions
Case Based Subjective Ans. Some of the other therapies
are Aversive
Token
1.Read the passage given below carefully and conditioning, Economy, Systematic
that follow: Desensitization, Modeling, and Vicarious
answer the

Bill
questions
6-vear old first grader,
a
was brought to
II. Read the passage given below carefull
earning
he y and
a psvchological clinic by his parents because
teacher had told them answer the questions that follow:
hated school and because his
and
that his showing off was disrupting the class The humanistic-existential therapies
making him
unpopular. It became apparent in late
initial that psychological distress arises from feelino
observing Billy and his parents during the
interview that both his mother and his father were of loneliness, alienation, and an inability to find
non-critbical and approving of everything Billy did.
After further assessment, a three-page program of
meaning and genuine fulfilment in life. Huma
therapy was undertaken: beings are motivated by the desire for personal
(1) Billy's parents were helped to discriminate growth and self-actualisation, and an innate need
between showing-off behaviour and
appropriate behaviour on Billy's part. to grow emotionally. When these needs are curbed
(2) Thev were instructed to ignore Billy when by society family, and beings experience human
he engaged in showing-off behaviour while
psychological distress. Self-actualisation is defined
continuing to show approval of appropriate
behaviour. as an innate or inborn force that moves the person
(3) Billy's teacher was also instructed to ignore to become
Billy, insofar as it was feasible when he engaged
more complex, balanced, and integrated,
in showing-off behaviour and to devote her i.e.achieving complexity the and balance without
attention at those times to children who were being fragmented. Integrated means a sense of
behaving more appropriately. the whole, being a
complete person, being in
essence the same
Although Billy's showing off in class increased person in spite of the variety ot
during the first few days of this behaviour experiences that one is subjected to. Just as lack ot
therapy program, it diminished markedly after his food or water causes distress, the frustration with
parents and teacher longer reinforced it. As his
no
maladaptive behaviour diminished, he was better self-actualisation also causes distress.
accepted by his classmates. This helped reinforce Healing occurs when the client is able to perceive
more
appropriate behaviour patterns and changed the obstacles to self-actualisation in her/his life and
Billy's negative attitude toward school. IS able to remove them. Self-actualisation requires
Q.1. What behaviour therapy was used in
Ans.
Billy's case? free emotional expression. The family and soctety
Differential reinforcement was used on
Billy while Curb emotional expression, as it is feared tnat s

gnoring unwanted Behaviour. Tree

expression of emotions har1m
can society
Q. 2. How did
Billy's parents reinforce his unleashing destructive forces. This curb leads to
behaviour?
showing off
destructive behaviour and
Ans.
negative emotion
Billy's parents positively reinforced thwarting the process of emotional integrano
Billy's
behaviour of showing off by not Theretore, the therapy creates a permissive, non
when needed.
correcting him
Judgmental and
accepting atmosphere in wI ch
Q.3. What are the cliente's emotions can be
positive and negative reinforcement? freely expresse
and

the
complexity, balance and integration cou
be
 THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES 125
hieved. The fundamental assumption is that
he client has the freedom and responsibility to feelings of loneliness, alienation, and an inability to find
ntrol her/his own behaviour. The therapist is meaning and genuine fulfilment inlife
merely a facilitator and guide. It is the client who is Q.2. Name all the humanistic-existential therapies.
responsible for the success of therapy. The chief aim
Ans. Logotherapy, Client-centered therapy, Gestalttherapy
of the therapy is to expand the client's awareness. Q3. Explain client-centred and gestalttherapy
Healing takes place by a process of understanding Ans. Client-centred therapy provides a warm relationship
in which the client can reconnect with her/his
the unique personal experience of the client by
herselt himself. The client initiates the process of self- disintegrated feelings. The therapist shows empathy
and unconditional positive regard to the client.
growth through which healing takes place.
Gestalt therapy's goal is to increase an individua>'s
O.1. What
are humanistic-existential therapies?
self-awareness and self-acceptance. The client is
Ans. Humanistic-Existential therapy creates a permissive,
and the
taught to recognise the bodily processes
and accepting atmosphere in which
non-judgmental emotions that are being blocked out from awareness.
can be freely expressed and the
the client's emotions client to
The therapist does this by encouraging the
complexity, balance and integration could be achieved
act out fantasies about feelings and conflicts
It postulates that psychological distress arises from

Solutions for Practice Questions

the suffering of another but is not able to feel like
Very Short
Answer Type Questions is
of another the other person. On the other hand, empathy
Ans Empathy is to understand the
2. plight
when one is able to understand the plight
the other person. It means present
person, and teel ike of another person, and feel like the other person.
understanding things from the other person's other
oneself in the other It means understanding things from the
perspective, i.e. putting
oneself in the
shoes. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
1 person's perspective, i.e. putting
person's enriches the
other person's shoes. Empathy
transforms it into a
therapeutic relationship and
Short Answer Type Questions-I healing relationship.
Ans 3. Systematic Desensitisa
tion -

by Wolpe Short Answer Type Questions-Ill

A treatment for phobias/ irrational fears. Ans 3. Treatment of psychological
distress

The client is interviewed to elidit fear-provoking the therapist and the

1. Techniques adopted by

situations. implementation of the same.

The therapist prepares a hierarchy of anxiety 2. The therapeutic alliance.

the emotional problems.
provoking stimuli. 3. Unburdening of
(catharsis)
The therapist relaxes the client. factors attributable to the client/
able to imagine 4. Non-specific
Over sessions the client is atributable to
-variables) and
situations while patient. (patient
more severe fear provoking variables)
the therapist (therapist-
relaxation. So, the client gets
maintaining the OR
procedure
desensitised to the fear. relaxation
systematically relevant example i.e.
2 any
Scheme, 2017]
ICBSE Marking and cognitive restructuring
4
Scheme, 2017]
ICBSE Marking
Short Answer Type Questions-I
one has compassion
and pity towards
Ans 2. In sympathy,
 SELF ASSESSMENT PAPER - 5

Time: 1 hour MM: 30

Maximum

General Instructions:

questions
Anstuver all
()
Marks are mdionted against each question
( -- -*** -**-**-**

directed. (1 x6 = 6)
Answer as
A)
is present when one is able to understand the plight of another person, and feel like the other

erson.
(A) Empathy (B) Confidentiality
C) SVmpathy (D) None of these
transterence in which the client idolises, or falls in love withthe therapist, and seeks
There is the
the therapist's approval
A) positive (B) negative
(C) neutral (D) moderate
wanted behaviour occurs.
3 Persons with behavioural problem scan be given a token as a reward every time a

(True/False)
certain way by observing the behaviour ot a
Modelling is the procedure where in the client learns to behave in a
4
role model or the therapist who initially acts as the role model. (True/False)
Combines pranayama or breathing techniques with chanting of mantras.
5
it is applied in Column II.
6 Match the method in Column I with the therapy approach under which
Column I Column II

(1) Dream interpretation Cognitive therapy

(11) Negative reinforcement (ii) |Psychodynamictherapy
(II) ABC Analysis (iii) Biomedicaltherapy
(IV) ECT (iv) Behaviour therapy
Options:
1) (I1) (III) (IV)
(a) ) (i) (iv) (ii)
(b) (i) (iv 6) (ii)
(C) (iv) i) (i) ()
(d) (iv) ) (i) (iii)
(1 x3=3)
(B) Read the case and answer the questions that follow:
intluenced by the likes of Kurt
7. Gestalt therapy was the 1940's byFritz and Laura Perls and further
developed in revision to psycho analysis and
Lewin and Kurt Goldstein (Corsini & VWedding, 2000). It was developed
as a
unconscious which was one ot the
1OCuses on an experiential and humanistic approach rather
than analysis of the
dualities ot mind
Gestalt therapy rejects the
the rapeutic tools at the time Gestalt therapy was employed. are not made upP
main and feeling and action. According to Perls, people
and feeling,
and body, body and soul, thinking function as a whole. In doing
so, one

components, this is, mind, body and soul, rather human beings interactions (boundaries). The word
Or separate to environmental
deines who one is (sense of self) by choice of responses or form" (Patterson,
1986). I he
integration, pattern
refers to a "whole, configuration, sources, as well
as
estalt (of German origin) utilises ideas, data and interventions from multiple
Gestalt therapy has a
form of Gestalt therapy practiced today It is noted that
known to be 'Gestalt therapy techniques'. on assisting
the client
some of the original techniques are focused that
which creates or borrows specific techniques
nistory Of being an approach
to take the next step in their personal growth and development. used to treat, including:
Anxiety
that Gestalt therapy may be
Uses and Benefits: There are a variety of conditions
self-awareness and a
Low self-esteem. greater
Depression, Low self-efficacy, useful for helping people gain
can also be
Kelationshipproblems: Gestalt therapy
moment.
in the present
greater ability to live
 PSYCHOLOGY, Class-XII
OSwaal CBSE Question Bank Chapterwise
& Topicwise,
128
Other potential benefits may include:
An improved sense of self-control
Better to monitor and regulate mental states
ability
Better awareness of vour needs
Better tolerance tor negative emotions
Improved communication skills
) Gestalt developed as a revision to the:
therapv was
(b) social analysis
(a) phsical analvsis
(d) economic analysis
(c)psvchoanalysis
(ii) The word 'Gestalt is of origin.
(b) Roman
(a) Latin
French (d) German

(iii) Gestalt therapy can be used to treat:

(a) Superiority complex (b) Anxiety
(c) Hvpertension (d) OCD
(CAnswer the following questions in not more than words each.
Ist four characteristics of psychotherapeutic approaches. (2x2 4
What do vou mean by 'unconditional positive regard 7
(D Answer the following question in not more than 60 words.
10

(E
Dscus "transterence"
Answer the
as a means of treatment in psychoanalytic approach.
tollowing question in not more than 100 words.
Analvse the rehabilitation of the mentally ill. 4x2 8
12 ast the features of
therapeutic alliance formed by a therapist and the client.
(F) Answer the foliowing question in not more than 200 words.
13 What are the different types of
Is based
psycho-therapy? Explain the principles on which humanistic
existentialtherapy

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