PHYSICS

XII (ALL)

CURRENT ELECTRICITY

CONTENTS
KEY CONCEPT - 2-6
IIT MAINS
EXERCISE-I - 7 - 12
EXERCISE-II(Old AIEEE Question) - 13 - 18

IIT ADVANCE
EXERCISE-I - 19 - 26
EXERCISE-II - 27 - 30
EXERCISE-III - 31 - 37
ANSWER KEY - 38 - 39

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 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
1. ELECTRIC CURRENT :
Electric charges in motion constitute an electric current. Any medium having practically free electric charges,
free to migrate is a conductor of electricity. The electric charge flows from higher potential energy state to
lower potential energy state. Positive charge flows from higher to lower potential and negative charge flows
from lower to higher. Metals such as gold, silver, copper, aluminium etc. are good conductors.

2. ELECTRIC CURRENT IN A CONDUCTOR :

In absence of potential difference across a conductor no net current flows through a corss section. When a
potential difference is applied across a conductor the charge carriers (electrons in case of metallic conductors)
flow in a definite direction which constitutes a net current in it. These electrons are not accelerated by
electric field in the conductor produced by potential difference across the conductor. They move with a
constant drift velocity. The direction of current is along the flow of positive charge (or opposite to flow of
negative charge). i = nv deA, where Vd = drift velocity.

3. CHARGE AND CURRENT :

The strength of the current i is the rate at which the electric charges are flowing. If a charge Q coulomb
passes through a given cross section of the conductor in t second the current I through the conductor is
Q Coulomb Q
given by I = = = ampere .
t sec ond t
dq
Ampere is the unit of current . If i is not constant then i = , where dq is net charge transported at a
dt
section in time dt.
In a current carrying conductor we can define a vector which gives the direction as current per unit normal,
cross sectional area.
 I  
Thus J = n or I = J · S
S
Where n is the unit vector in the direction of the flow of current.
 
For random J or S, we use I =  J  ds
4. RELATION IN J, E AND  d :
In conductors drift vol. of electrons is proportional to the electric field in side the conductor
as –  d = E
where  is the mobility of electrons
I
current density is given as J = = ne  d
A = ne(E) = E
1
where  = ne is called conductivity of material and we can also write  =  resistivity

of material. Thus E =  J. It is called as differential form of Ohm's Law.

5. SOURCES OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE & ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE :

Dry cells , secondary cells , generator and thermo couple are the devices used for producing potential
difference in an electric circuit. The potential difference between the two terminals of a source when no
energy is drawn from it is called the " Electromotive force" or " EMF " of the source. The unit of potential
difference is volt.
1 volt = 1 Amphere × 1 Ohm.

6. ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE :
The property of a substance which opposes the flow of electric current through it is termed as electrical
resistance. Electrical resistance depends on the size, geometery, temperature and internal structure of the
conductor.

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7. LAW OF RESISTANCE :
The resistance R offered by a conductor depends on the following factors :
l
R  L (length of the conductor) ; R (cross section area of the conductor)
A
l
at a given temperature R =  .
A
Where  is the resistivity of the material of the conductor at the given temperature. It is also known as
specific resistance of the material .

8. DEPENDENCE OF RESISTANCE ON TEMPERATURE :

The resistance of most conductors and all pure metals increases with temperature , but there are a few in
which resistance decreases with temperature . If Ro & R be the resistance of a conductor at 0º C and º C,
then it is found that R = Ro (1 + ) .

Here we assume that the dimensions of resistance does not change with temperature if expansion
coefficient of material is considerable. Then instead of resistance we use same property for resistivity as
 = 0 (1 + )
The materials for which resistance decreases with temperature, the temperature coefficient of
resistance is negative.

Where  is called the temperature co-efficient of resistance . The unit of is K 1 of ºC 1 reciprocal of
resistivity is called conductivity and reciprocal of resistance is called conductance (G) . S.I. unit of G is ohm.

9. OHM'S LAW :
Ohm's law is the most fundamental of all the laws in electricity . It says that the current through the cross
section or the conductor is proportional to the applied potential difference under the given physical condition.
V = R I . Ohm's law is applicable to only metalic conductors .

10. KRICHHOFF'S LAW'S :

I - Law (Junction law or Nodal Analysis) : This law is based on law of conservation of charge . It states
that " The algebric sum of the currents meeting at a point is zero " or total currents entering a junction equals
total current leaving the junction.
 Iin = Iout. It is also known as KCL (Kirchhoff's current law) .

II - Law (Loop analysis) :The algebric sum of all the voltages in closed
circuit is zero.
IR + EMF = 0 in a closed loop . The closed loop can be traversed in
any direction . While traversing a loop if higher potential point is entered,
put a + ve sign in expression or if lower potential point is
entered put a negative sign . 
V1 V2 +V3 V4 = 0. Boxes may contain resistor or battery or any other element (linear or non-linear).
It is also known as KVL (Kirchhoff's voltage law) .
11. COMBINATION OF RESISTANCES :
A number of resistances can be connected and all the complecated
combinations can be reduced to two different types,
namely series and parallel .
(i) Resistance In Series :
When the resistances are connected end toend then they are said to be in series . The current
through each resistor is same . The effective resistance appearing across the battery .
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ................ + Rn and
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + ................ + Vn .
The voltage across a resistor is proportional to the resistance
R1 R2
V1 = V;V2 = V ; etc
R1R 2 .........R n R1R 2 .........R n

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 (ii) Resistance In Parallel :
A parallel circuit of resistors is one in which the same voltage is applied across all the
components in a parallel grouping of resistors R1, R2, R3, ........, Rn .
Conclusions :
(a) Potential difference across each resistor is same .

(b) I = I1 + I2 + I3 + .......... In .
1 1 1 1 1
(c) Effective resistance (R) then    .......... .
R R1 R 2 R 3 Rn
(d) Current in different resistors is inversally
proportional to the resistance .
1 1 1 1
I1 : I2 : ........... In = : : :..........: .
R1 R 2 R 3 Rn

G1 G2
I1 = I , I2 = I , etc .
G1G 2 .........G n G1G 2 .........G n

I
where G = = Conductance of a resistor..
R

12. EMF OF A CELL & ITS INTERNAL RESISTANCE :

If a cell of emf E and internal resistance r be connected with a resistance R the total resistance of the
circuit is (R + r) .
E E
I= ; VAB = where
R r Rr
E = Terminal voltage of the battery .If r  0, cell is Ideal & V  E .

13. GROUPING OF CELLS :

(i) Cells In Series :
Let there be n cells each of emf E , arranged in series.Let r be the internal resistance of each cell.
nE
The total emf = n E . Current in the circuit I = .
Rnr
nE
If nr << R then I =  Series combination should be used .
R
E
If nr >> R then I =  Series combination should not be used .
r
(ii) Cells In Parallel :
If m cells each of emf E & internal resistance r be connected in parallel and if this
combination be connected to an external resistance then the emf of the circuit = E .
r
Internal resistance of the circuit = .
m
E mE
I= = .
r
R m mR  r

mE
If mR << r ; I=  Parallel combination should be used .
r
E
If mR >> r ; I=  Parallel combination should not be used .
R

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 (iii) Cells In Multiple Arc :
mn = number of identical cells .
n = number of rows
m = number of cells in each rows .
The combination of cells is equivalent to single cell of :
mr
(a) emf = mE & (b) internal resistance =
n
mE
Current I = . For maximum current nR = mr or
R  mr
n

mr
R= = internal resistance of battery .
n
nE mE
Imax =  .
2r 2R
Wheat Stone Network :
When current through the galvanometer is zero (null point or balance point)
P R
= . When PS > QR; VC < VD & PS <QR ; VC > VD or PS = QR
Q S
 products of opposite arms are equal. Potential difference between C &
D at null point is zero . The null point is not affected by resistance of G &
E. It is not affected even if the positions of G & E are
inter changed. ICD  (QR  PS) .

14. POTENTIOMETER :
A potentiometer is a linear conductor of uniform cross-section with a steady current set up in it. This maintains
a uniform potential gradient along the length of the wire . Any potential difference which is less then the
potential difference maintained across the potentiometer wire can be measured using this . The potentiometer
E1 I1
equation is  .
E 2 I2

15. AMMETER :
It is a modified form of suspended coil galvanometer it is used to measure
current . A shunt (small resistance) is connected in parallel with
Ig R g
galvanometer to convert into ammeter . S = ; An ideal ammeter has
II g
zero resistance . where
Ig = Maximum current that can flow through the galvanometer .
I = Maximum current that can be measured using the given ammeter .

16. VOLTMETER :
A high resistance is put in series with galvanometer . It is used to measure potential difference .
Vo
Ig = .
R g R
R  , Ideal voltmeter .

17. RELATIVE POTENTIAL :

While solving an electric circuit it is convinient to chose a reference point and assigning its voltage as zero.
Then all other potential are measured with respect to this point. This point is also called the common point.

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18. ELECTRICAL POWER :
The energy liberated per second in a device is called its power . The electrical power P delivered by an
electrical device is given by P = VI , where V = potential difference across device & I = current. If the
current enters the higher potential point of the device then power is consumed by it (i.e. acts as load) . If the
current enters the lower potential point then the device supplies power (i.e. acts as source) .

V2
Power consumed by a resistor P = I2R = VI = .
R

19. HEATING EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT :

When a current is passed through a resistor energy is wested in over coming the resistances of the wire .
This energy is converted into heat .

V2
W = VIt Joule ; = I2 Rt Joule ; = t Joule .
R

20. JOULES LAW OF ELECTRICAL HEATING :

The heat generated (in joules) when a current of I ampere flows through a resistance of R ohm for T
second is given by :

I2 RT
H= I2 RT Joules ; = Calories .
4.2
If current is variable passing through the conductor then we use for heat produced in resistance in time 0 to
t
2
t is: H= I Rdt
0

21. UNIT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION :

1 unit of electrical energy = Kilowatt hour = 1 KWh = 3.6 × 106 Joules.

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 IIT Mains EXERCISE-I
ONLY ONE OPTION IS CORRECT
Take approx. 2 minutes for answering each question.
1. Two wires each of radius of cross section r but of different materials are connected together end to end (in
series). If the densities of charge carriers in the two wires are in the ratio 1 : 4, the drift velocity of electrons
in the two wires will be in the ratio:
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 4 : 1 (D) 1 : 4

2. In a wire of cross-section radius r, free electrons travel with drift velocity v when a current I flows through the wire.
What is the current in another wire of half the radius and of the same material when the drift velocity is 2v?
(A) 2I (B) I (C) I/2 (D) I/4
3. A current I flows through a uniform wire of diameter d when the mean electron drift velocity is V. The same
current will flow through a wire of diameter d/2 made of the same material if the mean drift velocity of the
electron is :
(A) v/4 (B) v/2 (C) 2v (D) 4v

4. A wire has a non-uniform cross-section as shown in figure. A steady current flows through it. The drift speed
of electrons at points P and q is v P and v Q.
(A) vP = vQ
(B) vP < vQ
(C) vP > vQ
(D) Data insufficient

5. A uniform copper wire carries a current i amperes and has p carriers per metre3. The length of the wire is
 metres and its cross-section area is s metre2. If the charge on a carrier is q coulombs, the drift velocity in
ms–1 is given by
(A) i/sq (B) i/psq (C) psq/i (D) i/psq

6. The current in a metallic conductor is plotted against voltage at two different temperatures T1 and T2. Which
is correct
(A) T1 > T2
(B) T1 < T2
(C) T1 = T2
(D) none

7. A piece of copper and another of germanium are cooled from room temperature to 80 K. The resistance of :
(A) each of them increases (B) each of them decreases
(C) copper increases and germanium decreases (D) copper decreases and germanium increases

8. A brass disc and a carbon disc of same radius are assembled alternatively to make a cylindrical conductor.
The resistance of the cylinder is independent of the temperature. The ratio of thickness of the brass disc to
that of the carbon disc is [ is temperature coefficient of resistance & Neglect linear expansion ]
 C C  C B  B C  B B
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 B B  B C  C B  C C

9. A wire of resistance 10.0 ohm is stretched and increases its length by 20%. Its resistance then would be :
(Neglect any change in volume or resistivity).
(A) 10.0 ohm (B) 12.0 ohm (C) 14.4 ohm (D) 10.2 ohm

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10. In the circuit shown, what is the potential difference VPQ?
(A) + 3V
(B) + 2V
(C) –2V
(D) none

11. One end of a Nichrome wire of length 2L and cross-sectional area A is attatched to an end of another
Nichrome wire of length L and cross-sectional area 2A. If the free end of the longer wire is at an electric
potential of 8.0 volts, and the free end of the shorter wire is at an electric potential of 1.0 volt, the potential at
the junction of the two wires is equal to
(A) 2.4 V (B) 3.2 V (C) 4.5 V (D) 5.6 V

12. A storage battery is connected to a charger for charging with a voltage of 12.5Volts. The internal resistance of the
storage battery is 1. When the charging current is 0.5 A, the emf of the storage battery is:
(A) 13 Volts (B) 12.5 Volts (C) 12 Volts (D) 11.5 Volts

13. In the figure shown, battery 1 has emf = 6 V and internal resistance = 1 . Battery 2 has emf = 2V and
internal resistance = 3 . The wires have negligible resistance. What is the potential difference across the
terminals of battery 2 ?
(A) 4 V
(B) 1.5 V
(C) 5 V
(D) 0.5 V

14. The terminal voltage across a battery of emf E can be

(A) 0 (B) > E (C) < E (D) all of above

15. Two batteries one of the emf 3V, internal resistance 1 ohm and the other of emf 15 V, internal resistance
2 ohm are connected in series with a resistance R as shown. If the potential difference between a and b is
zero the resistance of R in ohm is
(A) 5
(B) 7
(C) 3
(D) 1

16. The battery in the diagram is to be charged by the generator G. The generator has a terminal voltage of 120
volts when the charging current is10 amperes. The battery has an emf of 100 volts and an internal resistance
of 1 ohm. In order to charge the battery at 10 amperes charging current, the resistance R should be set at
(A) 0.1 
(B) 0.5 
(C) 1.0 
(D) 5.0 

17. Under what condition current passing through the resistance R can be increased by short circuiting the
battery of emf E2. The internal resistances of the two batteries are r1 and r2 respectively.
(A) E2r1 > E1 (R + r2)
(B) E1r2 > E2 (R + r1)
(C) E2r2 > E1 (R + r2)
(D) E1r1 > E2 (R + r1)

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18. The resistance of all the wires between any two adjacent dots is R. Then equivalent resistance between A
and B as shown in figure is :
(A) 7/3 R
(B) 7/6 R
(C) 14/8 R
(D) None of these

19. In the diagram resistance between any two junctions is R. Equivalent resistance across terminals A and B
is
11R 18R
(A) (B)
7 11
7R 11R
(C) (D)
11 18

20. A Wheatstone's bridge is balanced with a resistance of 625  in the third arm, where P, Q and S are in the
1st, 2nd and 4th arm respectively. If P and Q are interchanged, the resistance in the third arm has to be
increased by 51 to secure balance. The unknown resistance in the fourth arm is
(A) 625 
(B) 650 
(C) 676 
(D) 600 

21. ln a balanced wheat stone bridge, current in the galvanometer is zero. It remains zero when:
[1] battery emf is increased [2] all resistances are increased by 10 ohms
[3] all resistances are made five times [4] the battery and the galvanometer are interchanged
(A) only [1] is correct (B) [1], [2] and [3] are correct
(C) [1], [3] and [4] are correct (D) [1] and [3] are correct

22. If X, Y and Z in figure are identical lamps, which of the following changes to
the brightnesses of the lamps occur when switch S is closed?
(A) X stays the same, Y decreases (B) X increases, Y decreases
(C) X increases, Y stays the same (D) X decreases, Y increases

23. Power generated across a uniform wire connected across a supply is H. If the wire is cut into n equal parts
and all the parts are connected in parallel across the same supply, the total power generated in the wire is
H H
(A) 2 (B) n2H (C) nH (D)
n n
24. A constant voltage is applied between the two ends of a uniform metallic wire. Some heat is developed in it.
The heat developed is doubled if
(A) both the length and the radius of the wire are halved.
(B) both the length and the radius of the wire are doubled
(C) the radius of the wire is doubled
(D) the length of the wire is doubled

25. Two bulbs rated (25 W – 220V) and (100W – 220V) are connected in series to a 440 V line. Which one is
likely to fuse?
(A) 25 W bulb (B) 100 W bulb
(C) both bulbs (D) none

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26. Rate of dissipation of Joule’s heat in resistance per unit volume is (symbols have usual meaning)
(A) E (B)  J (C) J E (D) None

27. If the length of the filament of a heater is reduced by 10%, the power of the heater will
(A) increase by about 9% (B) increase by about 11%
(C) increase by about 19% (D) decrease by about 10%

28. A heater A gives out 300 W of heat when connected to a 200 V d.c. supply. A second heater B gives out
600 W when connected to a 200 v d.c. supply. If a series combination of the two heaters is connected to a
200 V d.c. supply the heat output will be
(A) 100 W (B) 450 W (C) 300 W (D) 200 W

29. Two bulbs one of 200 volts, 60 watts & the other of 200 volts, 100 watts are connected in series to a 200 volt
supply. The power consumed will be
(A) 37.5 watt (B) 160 watt
(C) 62.5 watt (D) 110 watt

30. Three 60 W light bulbs are mistakenly wired in series and connected to a 120 V power supply. Assume the
light bulbs are rated for single connection to 120 V. With the mistaken connection, the power dissipated by
each bulb is:
(A) 6.7 W (B) 13.3 W (C) 20 W (D) 40 W

31. The ratio of powers dissipatted respectively in R and 3R, as shown is:
(A) 9 (B) 27/4
(C) 4/9 (D) 4/27

32. In the figure shown the power generated in y is maximum when y = 5. Then R is
(A) 2  (B) 6 
(C) 5  (D) 3 

33. For the situation shown, the switch labeled S in the circuit is S  (battery-2)
originally open. Assume that the batteries have no internal
resistance, identical emf, and the light bulbs have equal resistance. Bulb-2 R
Which statement is correct after closing the switch ?  (battery-1)
(A) Bulb-1 brightens
(B) Battery-2 provides more power than Battery-1
R
(C) Bulb-2 is brighter than Bulb-1
(D) The current from Battery-1 is unchanged
Bulb-1

34. In the circuit shown, the resistances are given in ohms and the
battery is assumed ideal with emf equal to 3.0 volts. The resistor
that dissipates the most power is
(A) R1
(B) R2
(C) R3
(D) R4

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35. Resistances R1 and R2 each 60 are connected in series as shown in figure. The Potential difference
between A and B is kept 120 volt. Then what will be the reading of voltmeter connected between the
point C & D if resistance of voltmeter is 120.
(A) 48 V
(B) 24 V
(C) 40V
(D) None

36. Which of the following wiring diagrams could be used to experimentally determine R using ohm's law?
Assume an ideal voltmeter and an ideal ammeter.

(A) (B) (C) (D)

37. In the circuit shown the resistance of voltmeter is 10,000 ohm and that of ammeter is 20 ohm. The ammeter
reading is 0.10 Amp and voltmeter reading is 12 volt. Then R is equal to
(A) 122 
(B) 140 
(C) 116 
(D)100 

38. In the circuit shown the readings of ammeter and voltmeter are 4A and 20V respectively. The meters are non
ideal, then R is :
(A) 5 (B) less than 5
(C) greater than 5 (D) between 4 & 5

39. By error, a student places moving-coil voltmeter V (nearly ideal) in series with the resistance in a circuit in
order to read the current, as shown. The voltmeter reading will be
(A) 0
(B) 4V
(C) 6V
(D) 12V

40. In a galvanometer, the deflection becomes one half when the galvanometer is shunted by a 20 resistor. The
galvanometer resistance is
(A) 5
(B)10
(C)40
(D)20

41. A galvanometer has a resistance of 20 and reads full-scale when 0.2 V is applied across it. To convert it into
a 10 A ammeter, the galvanometer coil should have a
(A) 0.01 resistor connected across it
(B) 0.02 resistor connected across it
(C) 200 resistor connected in series with it
(D) 2000  resistor connected in series with it

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42. A galvanometer coil has a resistance 90  and full scale deflection current 10 mA. A 910 resistance is
connected in series with the galvanometer to make a voltmeter. If the least count of the voltmeter is 0.1V, the
number of divisions on its scale is
(A) 90 (B) 91 (C) 100 (D) none

43. In the figure shown for gives values of R1 and R2 the balance point for Jockey is at 40 cm from A. When R2 is
shunted by a resistance of 10 , balance shifts to 50 cm. R1 and R2 are (AB = 1 m):
10
(A) , 5  (B) 20 , 30 
3
15
(C) 10 , 15  (D) 5 , 
2

44. A 6 V battery of negligible internal resistance is connected across a uniform

wire of length 1 m. The positive terminal of another battery of emf 4V and
internal resistance 1  is joined to the point A as shown in figure. The
ammeter shows zero deflection when the jockey touches the wire at the
point C.
The AC is equal to
(A) 2/3 m (B) 1/3 m (C) 3/5 m (D) 1/2 m

45. A potentiometer wire has length 10 m and resistance 10. It is connected to a battery of EMF 11 volt and
internal resistance 1 , then the potential gradient in the wire is
(A) 10 V/m (B) 1 V/m (C) 0.1 V/m (D) none

46. The length of a potentiometer wire is l. A cell of emf E is balanced at a length l/3 from the positive end of the
wire. If the length of the wire is increased by l/2. At what distance will the same cell give a balance point.
2l l l 4l
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 6 3

47. In the figure, the potentiometer wire AB of length L and resistance 9r is joined to the cell D of emf  and
internal resistance r. The cell C’s emf is /2 and its internal resistance is 2r. The galvanometer G will show no
deflection when the length AJ is
4L 5L
(A) (B)
9 9
7L 11L
(C) (D)
18 18

48. In the given potentiometer circuit length of the wire AB is 3 m and resistance
is R = 4.5 . The length AC for no deflection in galvanometer is

(A) 2 m
(B) 1.8 m
(C) dependent on r1
(D) none of these

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 IIT Mains EXERCISE-II
OLD AIEEE QUESTIONS
1. A wire when connected to 220 V mains supply has power dissipation P1. Now the wire is cut into two equal
pieces which are connected in parallel to the same supply. Power dissipation in this case is P2. Then P2 : P1
is [AIEEE-2002]
(A) 1 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 3

2. If in the given circuit, power dissipation is 150 W, then R is R [AIEEE-2002]

(A) 2  (B) 6 
2
(C) 5  (D) 4 
15V

3. The length of a wire of a potentiometer is 100 cm, and the e.m.f. of its stand and cell is E volt. It is employed
to measure the e.m.f. of a battery whose internal resistance is 0.5 . If the balance point is obtained at  =
30 cm from the positive end, the e.m.f. of the battery is [AIEEE-2003]
30 E 30 E
(A) (B)
100.5 100 – 0.5
30 (E – 0.5i) 30 E
(C) , where I is the current in the potentiometer wire. (D)
100 100

4. A strip of copper and another germanium are cooled from room temperature to 80 K. The resistance of
(A) each of these decreases [AIEEE-2003]
(B) copper strip increases and that of germanium decreases
(C) copper strip decreases and that of germanium increases
(D) each of these increases.

5. A ammeter reads upto 1 ampere. Its internal resistance is 0.81 ohm. To increase the range to 10 A the value
of the required shunt is [AIEEE-2003]
(A) 0.03  (B) 0.3  (C) 0.9  (D) 0.09 

6. A 3 volt battery with negligible internal resistance is connected in a circuit as shown in the figure. The current
I, in the circuit will be [AIEEE-2003]

3V 3 3

3

(A) 1 A (B) 1.5 A (C) 2 A (D) 1/3 A

7. A 220 volt, 1000 watt bulb is connected across a 110 volt mains supply. The power consumed will be
(A) 750 watt (B) 500 watt (C) 250 watt (D) 1000 watt [AIEEE-2003]

8. The length of a given cylindrical wire is increased by 100%. Due to the consequent decrease in diameter the
change in the resistance of the wire will be [AIEEE-2003]
(A) 200% (B) 100% (C) 50% (D) 300%
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9. The total current supplied to the circuit by the battery is [AIEEE-2004]
(A) 1 A
(B) 2 A 2 6

(C) 4 A
6V 1.5
(D) 6 A 3

10. The resistance of the series combination of two resistances is S. When they are joined in parallel through
total resistance is P. If S = nP, then the minimum possile value of n is [AIEEE-2004]
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1

11. An electric current is passed through a circuit containing two wires of the same material, connected in
parallel. If the length and radii of the wires are in the ratio of 4/3 and 2/3, then the ratio of the currents passing
through the wire will be [AIEEE-2004]

1 8
(A) 3 (B) (C) (D) 2
3 9

12. In a metre bridge experiment null point is obtained at 20 cm from one end of the wire when resistance X is
balanced against another resistance Y. If X < Y, then where will be the new position of the null point from the
same end, if one decides to balance a resistance of 4X against Y? [AIEEE-2004]
(A) 50 cm (B) 80 cm (C) 40 cm (D) 70 cm

13. A moving coil galvanometer has 150 equal divisions. Its current sensitivity is 10 divisions per milliampere and
voltage sensitivity is 2 divisions per millivolt. In order that each division reads 1 volt, the resistance in ohms
needed to be connected in series with the coil will be [AIEEE-2005]
(A) 103 (B) 105 (C) 99995 (D) 9995

14. In the circuit, the galvanometer G shows zero deflection. If the batteries A and B have negligible internal
resistance, the value of the resistor R will be [AIEEE-2005]

500
G
2V
R
B 12V A

(A) 200  (B) 100  (C) 500  (D) 1000 

15. Two sources of equal emf are connected to an external resistance R. The internal resistance of the two
sources are R1 and R2 (R2 > R1). If the potential difference across the source having internal resistance R2 is
zero, then [AIEEE-2005]
(A) R = R2 (R1 + R2)/(R2 – R1) (B) R = R2 – R1
(C) R = R1R2 / (R1 + R2) (D) R = R1R2 / (R2 – R1)

16. A heater coil is cut into two equal parts and only one part is now used in the heater. The heat generated will
now be [AIEEE-2005]
(A) doubled (B) four times (C) one fourth (D) halved

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17. An energy source will supply a constant current into the load if its internal resistance is [AIEEE-2005]
(A) equal to the resistance of the load.
(B) very large as compared to the load resistance.
(C) zero.
(D) non-zero but less than the resistance of the load.

18. In a potentiometer experiment the balancing with a cell is at length 240 cm. On shunting the cell with a
resistance of 2the balancing length becomes 120 cm. The internal resistance of the cell is [AIEEE-2005]
(A) 1  (B) 0.5  (C) 4  (D) 2 

19. The resistance of hot tungsten filament is about 10 times the cold resistance. What will be the resistance of
100 W and 200 V lamp when not in use ? [AIEEE-2005]
(A) 40  (B) 20  (C) 400  (D) 200 

20. In a Wheatstone's bridge, three resistances P, Q and R connected in the three arms and the fourth arm is
formed by two resistances S1 and S2 connected in parallel. The condition for bridge to be balanced will be

P R P 2R
(A) Q  S  S (B) Q  S  S [AIEEE-2006]
1 2 1 2

P R(S1  S 2 ) P R(S1  S 2 )
(C) Q  S1S2
(D) Q  2S S
1 2

21. The current l drawn from the 5 volt source will be [AIEEE-2006]

10

5 10 20

10
l

+ –
5 Volt

(A) 0.17 A (B) 0.33 A (C) 0.5 A (D) 0.67 A

22. The resistance of a bulb filament is 100  at a temperature of 100ºC. If its temperature coefficient of resistane
be 0.005 per ºC, its resistance will become 200 at a temperature of [AIEEE-2006]
(A) 200ºC (B) 300ºC (C) 400ºC (D) 500ºC

23. An electric bulb is rated 220 volt – 100 watt. The power consumed by it when operated on 110 volt will be
(A) 50 watt (B) 75 watt (C) 40 watt (D) 25 watt [AIEEE-2006]

24. The resistance of a wire is 5 ohm at 50ºC and 6 ohm at 100ºC. The resistance of the wire at 0ºC will be :
(A) 2 ohm (B) 1 ohm (C) 4 ohm (D) 3 ohm [AIEEE-2007]

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25. Shown in the figure below is a metter-bridge set up with null deflection in the galvanometer. The value of the
unknown resistor R is [AIEEE-2008]

55 R

20 cm

(A) 13.75  (B) 220  (C) 110  (D) 55 

26. A 5V battery with internal resistance 2 and a 2V battery with internal resistance 1 are connected to a 10
resistor as shown in the figure. The current in the 10 resistor is [AIEEE-2008]

P2

5V 2V
10
2 1

P1

(A) 0.27 A P2 to P1 (B) 0.03 A P1 to P2 (C) 0.03 A P2 to P1 (D) 0.27 A P1 to P2

Comprehension (Q.27 to Q.28) [AIEEE-2008]

Consider a block of conducting material of resistivity '' shown in the figure. Current 'l' enters at 'A' and leaves
from 'D'. We apply supperposition principle to find voltage 'V' developed between 'B' and 'C'. The calculation
is done in the following steps :
(i) Take current 'l' entering from 'A' and assume it to spread over a hemispherical surface in the block.
(ii) Calculate field E(r) at distance 'r' from A by using Ohm's law E = j, where j is the current per unit area at
'r'.
(iii) From the 'r' dependence of E(r), obtain the potential V(r) at r.
(iv) Repeat (i), (ii) and (iii) for current 'l' leaving 'D' and superpose results for 'A' and 'D'.

l l
v

a b a
A B C D

27. V measured between B and C is

l l l l l l l
(A) – (B) – (C) – (D)
a (a  b) a (a  b) 2a 2(a  b) 2(a – b)

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28. For current entering at A, the electric field at a distance 'r' from A is

l l l l
(A) 2 (B) (C) 2 (D)
8r r 2
2r 4r 2

29. Statement-1 The temperature dependence of resistance is usually given as R = R0 (1 + t). The
resistance of a wire changes from 100  to 150  when its temperature is increased from
27°C to 227°C. This implies that  = 2.5 × 10–3/ °C. [AIEEE-2009]
because
Statement-2 R = R0 (1 +  t) is valid only when the change in the temperature T is small and
R = (R – R0) < < R0.
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is correct explanation for Statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true and Statement-2 is NOTcorrect explanation for Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(D) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true

30. If a wire is stretched to make it 0.1% longer, its resistance will : [AIEEE-2011]
(A) increase by 0.05% (B) increase by 0.2% (C) decrease by 0.2% (D) decrease by 0.05%

31. Two electric bulbs marked 25W - 220V and 100W-220V are connected in series to a 440V supply. Which of
the bulbs will fuse ? [AIEEE-2012]
(A) 100W (B) 25W (C) neither (D) both

32. The supply voltage to a room is 120 V. The resistance of the lead wires is 6. A 60 W bulb is already
switched on. What is the decrease of voltage across the bulb, when a 240 W heater is switched on in parallel
to the bulb? [IIT JEE Main - 2013]
(A) 10.04 Volt (B) zero Volt (C) 2.9 Volt (D) 13.3 Volt

33. In a large building, there are 15 bulbs of 40 W, 5 bulbs of 100 W, 5 fans of 80 W and 1 heater of 1 kW. The
voltage of the electric mains is 220 V. The minimum capacity of the main fuse of the building will be :
(A) 10 A (B) 12 A [IIT JEE Main - 2014]
(C) 14 A (D) 8 A

6V 2
P

1 9V
34.

3 Q 3
In the circuit shown, the current in the 1 resistor is : [IIT-JEE Mains 2015]
(A) 0.13 A, from P to Q (B) 1.3 A, from P to Q
(C) 0A (D) 0.13 A, from Q to P
35. When 5V potential difference is applied across a wire of length 0.1 m, the drift speed of electrons is
2.5 × 10–4 ms–1. If the electron density in the wire is 8 × 1028 m–3, the resistivity of the material is close to
[IIT-JEE Mains 2015]
(A) 1.6 × 10–5 m (B) 1.6 × 10–8 m (C) 1.6 × 10–7 m (D) 1.6 × 10–6 m
36. A galvanometer having a coil resistance of 100 gives a full scale deflection, when a current of 1 mA is
passed through it. The value of the resistance, which can convert this galvanometer into ammeter giving a full
scale deflection for a current of 10A, is [IIT-JEE Mains 2016]
(A) 0.01  (B) 2  (C) 0.1  (D) 3 

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37. In the following circuit the current in each resistance is : [IIT-JEE Mains 2017]
2V 2V 2V

1 1
1

2V 2V 2V
(A) 0.25 A (B) 0.5 A (C) 0 A (D) 1 A

38. When a current of 5 mA is passed through a galvanometer having a coil of resistance 15 , it shows full scale
deflection. The value of the resistance of be put in series with the galvanometer to convert it into a voltmeter
of range 0 – 10 V is : [IIT-JEE Mains 2017]
3 3 3
(A) 2.045 × 10  (B) 2.535 × 10  (C) 4.005 × 10  (D) 1.985 × 103 

39. Two batteries with e.m.f. 12 V and 13 V are connected in parallel across a load resistor of 10. The internal
resistances of the two batteries are 1and 2 respectively. The voltage across the load lies between :
[JEE-Mains-2018]
(A) 11.7 V and 11.8 V (B) 11.6 V and 11.7 V (C) 11.5 V and 11.6 V (D) 11.4 V and 11.5 V

40. On interchanging the resistances, the balance point of a meter bridge shifts to the left by 10 cm. The
resistance of their series combination is 1 k. How much was the resistance on the left slot before interchanging
the resistances? [JEE-Mains-2018]
(A) 910  (B) 990  (C) 505  (D) 550 

41. In a potentiometer experiment, it is found that no current passes through the galvanometer when the terminals
of the cell are connected across 52 cm of the potentiometer wire. If the cell is shunted by a resistance of
5 , a balance is found when the cell is connected across 40 cm of the wire. Find the internal resistance of
the cell. [JEE-Mains-2018]
(A) 2.5  (B) 1  (C) 1.5  (D) 2 

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 IIT Advance EXERCISE-I
ONLY ONE OPTION IS CORRECT
1. An insulating pipe of cross-section area 'A' contains an electrolyte which has two types of ions their
charges being –e and +2e. A potential difference applied between the ends of the pipe result in the drifting of
the two types of ions, having drift speed = v (–ve ion) and v/4 (+ve ion). Both ions have the same number per
unit volume = n. The current flowing through the pipe is
(A) nev A/2 (B) nev A/4 (C) 5nev A/2 (D) 3nev A/2

2. The total momentum of electrons in a straight wire of length 1000 m carrying a current of 70 A is closest to.
(A) 40 × 10–8 N-sec (B) 30 × 10–8 N-sec
(C) 50 × 10–8 N-sec (D) 70 × 10–8 N-sec

i 2i
3. In the box shown current i enters at H and leaves at C. If iAB = , iDC = ,
6 3
i i i
iHA = , iGF = , iHE = , choose the branch in which current is zero
2 6 6
(A) BG (B) FC (C) ED (D) none

4. A cell of emf E has an internal resistance r & is connected to rheostat. When resistance R of rheostat is
changed correct graph of potential difference across it is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

5. A battery consists of a variable number n of identical cells having internal resistance connected in series. The
terminals of the battery are short circuited and the current I measured. Which one of the graph below shows
the relationship between I and n?

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

6. In previous problem, if the cell had been connected in parallel (instead of in series) which of the above
graphs would have shown the relationship between total current I and n?

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

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7. Consider an infinte ladder network shown in figure. A voltage V is applied between the points A and B. This
applied value of voltage is halved after each section.

(A) R1/R2 = 1 (B) R1/R2 = 1/2 (C) R1/R2 = 2 (D) R1/R2 = 3

8. A wire of length L and 3 identical cells of negligible internal resistances are connected in series. Due to the
current, the temperature of the wire is raised by T in time t. N number of similar cells is now connected in
series with a wire of the same material and cross section but of length 2L. The temperature of the wire is
raised by the same amount T in the same time t. The value of N is :
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9

9. When electric bulbs of same power, but different marked voltage are connected in series across the power
line, their brightness will be :
(A) proportional to their marked voltage
(B) inversely proportional to their marked voltage
(C) proportional to the square of their marked voltage
(D) inversely proportional to the square of their marked voltage
(E) the same for all of them

10. For the circuit shown, a shorting wire of negligible resistance is added to
the circuit between points A and B. When this shorting wire is added,
bulb-3 goes out. Which bulbs (all identical) in the circuit brighten?
(A) only bulb 2
(B) only bulb 4
(C) only bulbs 1 and 4
(D) only bulbs 2 and 4

11. In the circuit shown in figure reading of voltmeter is V1 when only S1 is closed, reading of voltmeter is V2 when
only S2 is closed. The reading of voltmeter is V3 when both S1 and S2 are closed then
(A) V2 > V1 > V3
(B) V3 > V2 > V1
(C) V3 > V1 > V2
(D) V1 > V2 > V3

12. When an ammeter of negligible internal resistance is inserted in series with circuit it reads 1A. When the
voltmeter of very large resistance is connected across X it reads 1V. When the point A and B are shorted by
a conducting wire, the voltmeter measures 10 V across the battery. The internal resistance of the battery is
equal to
(A) zero
(B) 0.5 
(C) 0.2 
(D) 0.1 

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13. An ammeter A of finite resistance, and a resistor R are joined in series to an ideal
cell C. A potentiometer P is joined in parallel to R. The ammeter reading is I0 and
the potentiometer reading is V0. P is now replaced by a voltmeter of finite resistance.
The ammeter reading now is I and the voltmeter reading is V.
(A) I > I0, V < V0 (B) I > I0, V = V0
(C) I = I0, V < V0 (D) I < I0, V =V0

14. The diagram besides shows a circuit used in an experiment to determine the emf and internal resistance of
the cell C. A graph was plotted of the potential difference V between the terminals of the cell against the
current I, which was varied by adjusting the rheostat. The graph is shown on the right ; x and y are the
intercepts of the graph with the axes as shown. What is the internal resistance of the cell?
(A) x
(B) y
(C) x/y
(D) y/x

15. A milliammeter of range 10 mA and resistance 9  is joined in a circuit as shown. The metre gives full-scale
deflection for current I when A and B are used as its terminals, i.e., current enters at A and leaves at B (C is
left isolated). The value of I is
(A) 100 mA
(B) 900 mA
(C) 1 A
(D) 1.1 A

16. A battery of emf E0 = 12 V is connected across a 4m long uniform wire

having resistance 4/m. The cells of small emfs 1 = 2V and 2 = 4V
having internal resistance 2 and 6 respectively, are connected as shown
in the figure. If galvanometer shows no deflection at the point N, the distance
of point N from the point A is equal to
1 1
(A) m (B) m
6 3
(C) 25 cm (D) 50 cm

17. In the arrangement shown in figure when the switch S2 is open, the galvanometer shows no deflection for

l = L/2. When the switch S2 is closed, the galvanometer shows no deflection for l = 5L 12 . The internal
resistance (r) of 6 V cell, and the emf E of the other battery are respectively

(A) 3, 8V
(B) 2, 12V
(C) 2, 24V
(D) 3, 12V

18. The figure shows a metre-bridge circuit, with AB = 100 cm, X = 12 and
R = 18, and the jockey J in the position of balance. If R is now made 8,
through what distance will J have to be moved to obtain balance?
(A) 10 cm (B) 20 cm
(C) 30 cm (D) 40 cm

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 ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTION MAY BE CORRECT
Take approx. 3 minutes for answering each question.
19. A metallic conductor of irregular cross-section is as shown in the figure. A constant potential difference is
applied across the ends (1) and (2). Then :

(A) the current at the cross-section P equals the current at the cross-section Q
(B) the electric field intensity at P is less than that at Q.
(C) the rate of heat generated per unit time at Q is greater than that at P
(D) the number of electrons crossing per unit area of cross-section at P is less than that at Q.

20. Which of the following quantities do not change when an ohmic resistor connected to a battery is heated due
to the current?
(A) drift speed (B) resistivity (C) resistance (D) number of free electrons

21. A current passes through an ohmic conductor of nonuniform cross section. Which of the following quantities
are independent of the cross-section?
(A) the charge crossing in a given time interval. (B) drift speed
(C) current density (D) free-electron density

22. In the circuit shown E, F, G and H are cells of e.m.f. 2V, 1V, 3V and 1V respectively and their internal
resistances are 2, 1, 3 and 1 respectively.
(A) VD – VB = – 2/13 V
(B) VD – VB = 2/13 V
(C) VG = 21/13 V = potential difference across G.
(D) VH = 19/13 V = potential difference across H.

23. A simple circuit contains an ideal battery and a resistance R. If a second resistor is placed in parallel with the
first,
(A) the potential across R will decrease
(B) the current through R will decreased
(C) the current delivered by the battery will increase
(D) the power dissipated by R will increased.

24. Consider the circuit shown in the figure

(A) the current in the 5  resistor is 2 A
(B) the current in the 5  resistor is 1 A
(C) the potential difference VA – VB is 10 V
(D) the potential difference VA – VB is 5 V

25. A battery is of emf E is being charged from a charger such that positive terminal of the battery is connected
to terminal A of charger and negative terminal of the battery is connected to terminal B of charger. The internal
resistance of the battery is r.
(A) Potential difference across points A and B must be more than E.
(B) A must be at higher potential than B
(C) In battery, current flows from positive terminal to the negative terminal
(D) No current flows through battery

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26. The equivalent resistance of a group of resistances is R. If another resistance is connected in parallel to the
group , its new equivalent becomes R1 & if it is connected in series to the group , its new equivalent becomes
R2 we have :
(A) R1 > R (B) R1 < R (C) R2 > R (D) R2 < R

27. Two identical fuses are rated at 10A. If they are joined
(A) in parallel, the combination acts as a fuse of rating 20A
(B) in parallel, the combination acts as a fuse of rating 5A
(C) in series, the combination acts as a fuse of rating 10A.
(D) in series, the combination acts as a fuse of rating 20A.

28. A battery of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a resistance R. Resistance R can be
adjusted to any value greater than or equal to zero. A graph is plotted between the current (i) passing through
the resistance and potential difference (V) across it. Select the correct alternative(s).
(A) internal resistance of battery is 5 
(B) emf of the battery is 20V
(C) maximum current which can be taken from the battery is 4A
(D) V- i graph can never be a straight line as shown in figure.

29. The value of the resistance R in figure is adjusted such that power
dissipated in the 2 resistor is maximum. Under this condition
(A) R = 0
(B) R = 8
(C) power dissipated in the 2  resistor is 72 W.
(D) power dissipated in the 2  resistor is 8 W.

30. A galvanometer may be converted into ammeter or voltmeter. In which of the following cases the resistance
of the device will be the largest ? (Asssume maximum range of galvanometer = 1 mA)
(A) an ammeter of range 10A (B) a voltmeter of range 5 V
(C) an ammeter of range 5 A (D) a voltmeter of range 10 V.

31. Mark out the correct options.

(A) An ammeter should have small resistance. (B) An ammeter should have large resistance.
(C) A voltmeter should have small resistance. (D) A voltmeter should have large resistance.

32. In the circuit shown the readings of ammeter and voltmeter are 4A and 20V respectively. The meters are non
ideal, then R is :
(A) 5 (C) greater than 5
(B) less than 5 (D) between 4 & 5

33. A micrometer has a resistance of 100 and a full scale range of 50A. It can be used as a voltmeter or a
higher range ammeter provided a resistance is added to it. Pick the correct range and resistance
combination(s).
(A) 50 V range with 10 k resistance in series. (B) 10 V range with 200 k resistance in series.
(C) 5 mA range with 1  resistance in parallel. (D) 10 mA range with 1 k resistance in parallel.

34. In a potentiometer wire experiment the emf of a battery in the primary circuit is 20V and its internal resistance
is 5. There is a resistance box in series with the battery and the potentiometer wire, whose resistance can
be varied from 120 to 170. Resistance of the potentiometer wire is 75. The following potential differences
can be measured using this potentiometer.
(A) 5V (B) 6V (C) 7V (D) 8V

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35. In the given potentiometer circuit, the resistance of the potentiometer
wire AB is R0. C is a cell of internal resistance r. The galvanometer G
does not give zero deflection for any position of the jockey J. Which of
the following cannot be a reason for this?
(A) r > R0 (B) R > > R0
(C) emf of C > emf of D (D) The negative terminal of C is connected to A.

36. A battery of emf 0 = 5V and internal resistance 5 is connected across a 5V 5

long uniform wire AB of length 1 m and resistance per unit length 5  m–1.
Two cells of 1 = 1V and 2 = 2V are connected as shown in the figure. P
A B
(A) The null point is at A
(B) If the Jockey is touched to point B the current in the galvanometer A
1
1V G
will be going towards B
(C) When Jockey is connected to point A no current is flowing through 1 V battery 2V 2

(D) The null point is at distance of 8/15 m from A

37. The diagram shows a modified meter bridge, which is used for measuring two unknown resistance at the
same time. When only the first galvanometer is used, for obtaining the balance point, it is found at point C.
Now the first galvanometer is removed and the second galvanometer is used, which gives balance point at D.
Using the details given in the diagram, find out the value of R1 and R2.
(A) R1 = 5R/3
(B) R2= 4R/3
(C) R1 = 4R/3
(D) R2 = 5R/3

38. The current in a wire is doubled keeping temperature constant Which of the following statements is/are
wrong?
(A) The current density is doubled (B) The conduction electron density is doubled
(C) The mean time between collisions is constant (D) The electron drift speed is doubled

39. If the switch at point P is opened (shown in the figure) choose the correct option

R2 P

R1 R4
R3
E

(A) the current in R1 would not change

(B) the potential difference between point X and the ground would increase
(C) the current provided by the battery would increase
(D) the emf produced by the battery (assumed to have no internal resistance) would change

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40. Electrons are emitted by a hot filament and are accelerated by an electric field as shown in figure. The two
stops at the left ensure that the electron beam has a uniform cross-section. Match the entries of column-I
with column-II as electron move from A to B :
E

A B

Column-I Column-II
(A) Speed of an electron (P) Inreases
(B) Number of free electrons per unit volume (Q) Decreases
(C) Current density (R) Remains same
(D) Electric potential (S) any of the above is possible

41. Statement-1 : The resistivity of a semiconductor decreases with increases of temperature.

Statement-2 : In a conducting solid, the rate of collision between free electrons and ions increases with
increase of temperature.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

42. Statement-1 : When two conducting wires of different resistivity having same cross section area are joined
in series, the electric field in them would be equal when they carry current.
Statement-2 : When wires are in series they carry equal current.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

43. Statement-1 : Potential difference across the terminals of a battery is always less than its emf.
Statement-2 : A battery always has some internal resistance.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.

Paragraph for question nos. 44 to 46

All bulbs consume same power. The resistance of bulb 1 is 36 .

3 2

4 1

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44. What is the resistance of bulb 3 :
(A) 4 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D) 18

45. What is the resistance of bulb 4 :

(A) 4 (B) 9 (C) 12 (D) 18

46. What is the voltage output of the battery if the power of each bulb is 4W :
(A) 12V (B) 16V (C) 24V (D) None of these

Paragraph for question nos. 47 to 49

The power dissipated in resistor R3 shown in the figure is 15W. The reading on the ammeter is 500 mA and
the reading on the voltmeter is 10V. Ammeter, voltmeter and battery are ideal.
=?

R2 = 10 R3 = ?

R1 = ?
A

V
47. Find the resistance R1 :
(A) 10 (B) 15 (C) 20 (D) 25

48. Find the resistance R3 :

(A) 10 (B) 15 (C) 20 (D) 25

49. What is the emf  of the supply battery ?

(A) 10V (B) 15V (C) 20V (D) 25

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 IIT Advance EXERCISE-II
1.(a) The current density across a cylindrical conductor of radius R varies according to the equation
 r 
J = J 0 1   , where r is the distance from the axis. Thus the current density is a maximum Jo at the axis
 R
r = 0 and decreases linearly to zero at the surface r = R. Calculate the current in terms of Jo and the
conductor’s cross sectional area is A = R2.
(b) Suppose that instead the current density is a maximum Jo at the surface and decreases linearly to zero at
r
the axis so that J = J0 . Calculate the current.
R
2. By what factor will the resistance of a circuit consisting of
five identical conductors change if two similar conductors
are added as shown by the dashed line in figure.

3. Find the resistor in which maximum heat will be produced.

4. In the circuit shown in figure the reading

of ammeter is the same with both
switches open as with both closed. Then
find the resistance R. (ammeter is ideal)

5. In the given circuit the current flowing through the resisitance 20 ohms is 0.3
ampere while the ammetre reads 0.8 ampere. What is the value of R1?

6. Six resistors each of 10  are connected as shown. Find the equivalent resistance between points X and Y.

7. If the switches S1, S2 and S3 in the figure are arranged such that
current through the battery is minimum, find the voltage across
points A and B.

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8. Find the current I & voltage V in the circuit shown.

9. If a cell of constant E.M.F. produces the same amount of the heat during the same time in two independent
resistors R1 and R2, when they are separately connected across the terminals of the cell, one after the
another, find the internal resistance of the cell.

10. Find the current through 25V cell & power

supplied by 20V cell in the figure shown.

11. Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit between points A and B shown in
figure is: (each branch is of resistance = 1)

12. For what value of R in circuit, current through 4 resistance is zero.

13. In the circuit shown in figure, all wires have equal resistance r.
Find the equivalent resistance between A and B.

14. The current I through a rod of a certain metallic oxide is given by I = 0.2 V5/2, where V is the potential
difference across it. The rod is connected in series with a resistance to a 6V battery of negligible internal
resistance. What value should the series resistance have so that :
(i) the current in the circuit is 0.44
(ii) the power dissipated in the rod is twice that dissipated in the resistance.

15. A network of resistance is constructed with R1 & R2 as shown

in the figure. The potential at the points 1, 2, 3,.., N are V1, V2,
V3 , .., Vn respectively each having a potential k time smaller
than previous one. Find:
R1 R2
(i) and
R2 R 3 in terms of k
(ii) current that passes through the resistance R2 nearest to the V0 in terms V0, k & R3.

16. A person decides to use his bath tub water to generate electric power to run a 40 watt bulb. The bath tube is
located at a height of 10 m from the ground & it holds 200 litres of water. If we install a water driven wheel
generator on the ground, at what rate should the water drain from the bath tube to light bulb? How long can
we keep the bulb on, if the bath tub was full initially. The efficiency of generator is 90%.(g = 10m/s–2)

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17. In the circuit shown in figure, calculate the following :
(i) Potential difference between points a and b when switch S is open.
(ii) Current through S in the circuit when S is closed.

18. A rod of length L and cross-section area A lies along the x-axis between x = 0 and x = L. The material obeys
Ohm’s law and its resistivity varies along the rod according to  (x) = 0 e–x/L. The end of the rod at x = 0 is
at a potential V0 and it is zero at x = L.
(a) Find the total resistance of the rod and the current in the wire.
(b) Find the electric potential in the rod as a function of x.

19. An ideal cell having a steady emf of 2 volt is connected across the potentiometer wire of length 10 m. The
potentiometer wire is of magnesium and having resistance of 11.5 /m. An another cell gives a null point at
6.9 m. If a resistance of 5 is put in series with potentiometer wire, find the new position of the null point.
20. An enquiring physics student connects a cell to a circuit and measures the current drawn from the cell
to I 1. When he joins a second identical cell is series with the first, the current becomes I 2. When the
cells are connected are in parallel, the current through the circuit is I 3. Show that relation between the
current is 3 I 3 I 2 = 2 I 1 (I 2 + I 3)

21. Find the potential difference VA – VB for the circuit

shown in the figure.

22. A resistance R of thermal coefficient of resistivity =  is connected in parallel with a resistance = 3R, having
thermal coefficient of resistivity = 2. Find the value of eff .

23. A battery of emf 0 = 10 V is connected across a 1 m long uniform wire

having resistance 10/m. Two cells of emf 1 = 2V and 2 = 4V having
internal resistances 1 and 5 respectively are connected as shown
in the figure. If a galvanometer shows no deflection at the
point P, find the distance of point P from the point a.

24. A potentiometer wire AB is 100 cm long and has

a total resistance of 10ohm. If the galvanometer
shows zero deflection at the position C, then
find the value of unknown
resistance R.

25. In the figure shown for which values of R1 and R2 the balance point for
Jockey is at 40 cm from A. When R2 is shunted by a resistance of 10 ,
balance shifts to 50 cm. Find R1 and R2. (AB = 1 m): 

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26. A part of a circuit is shown in figure. Here reading of ammeter is 5 ampere
and voltmeter is 96V & voltmeter resistance is 480 ohm. Then
find the resistance R

27. An accumulator of emf 2 Volt and negligible internal resistance is connected across a uniform wire of length
10m and resistance 30. The appropriate terminals of a cell of emf 1.5 Volt and internal resistance 1 is
connected to one end of the wire, and the other terminal of the cell is connected through a sensitive galvanometer
to a slider on the wire. What length of the wire will be required to produce zero deflection of the galvanometer?
How will the balancing change (a) when a coil of resistance 5 is placed in series with the accumulator, (b)
the cell of 1.5 volt is shunted with 5 resistor?

28. In the primary circuit of potentiometer the rheostat can be varied from 0 to 10. Initially it is at minimum
resistance (zero).
(a) Find the length AP of the wire such that the galvanometer shows zero
deflection.

(b) Now the rheostat is put at maximum resistance (10) and the switch S is
closed. New balancing length is found to 8m. Find the internal resistance r of
the 4.5V cell.

29. A galvanometer (coil resistance 99 ) is converted into a ammeter using a shunt of 1and connected as
shown in the figure (i). The ammeter reads 3A. The same galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by
connecting a resistance of 101  in series. This voltmeter is connected as shown in figure(ii). Its reading is
found to be 4/5 of the full scale reading. Find
(a) internal resistance r of the cell
(b) range of the ammeter and voltmeter
(c) full scale deflection current of the galvanometer

30. In the figure ammeter (I) reads a current of 10 mA, while the voltmeter reads a potential difference of
3 V. What does ammeter (II) (in mA) read? The ammeters are identical, the internal resistance of the battery
is negligible. (Consider all ammeters and voltmeters as non ideal)
I.
100 A
4V
A II.
100 V

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 IIT Advance EXERCISE-III
1. In the circuit shown in the figure, the current through :
(A) the 3 resistor is 0.50 A
(B) the 3resistor is 0.25 A
(C) 4  resistor is 0.50 A
(D) the 4resistor is 0.25 A

[JEE’98, 2]

2. In the circuit shown, P  R, the reading of the galvanometer is same with

switch S open or closed. Then
(A) IR = IG
(B) IP = IG
(C) IQ = IG
(D) IQ = IR
[JEE’99, 2]

3. The effective resistance between the points P and Q of the electrical circuit shown in the figure is
(A) 2 Rr / (R + r)
(B) 8R(R + r)/(3R + r)
(C) 2r + 4R
(D) 5 R/2 + 2r

[JEE 2002 (Scr), 3]

4. A 100 W bulb B1, and two 60 W bulbs B2 and B3, are connected to a 250
V source, as shown in the figure. Now W 1, W 2 and W 3 are the output
powers of the bulbs B1, B2 and B3 respectively. Then
(A) W 1 > W 2 = W 3
(B) W 1 > W 2 > W 3
(C) W 1 < W 2 = W 3
(D) W 1 <W 2 < W 3

[JEE 2002 (Scr), 3]

5. A thin uniform wire AB of length l m, an unknown resistance X and a resistance of 12  are connected by
thick conducting strips, as shown in figure. A battery and a galvanometer (with a sliding jockey connected to
it) are also available. Connections are to be made to measure the unknown resistance X using the principle
of Wheatstone bridge.
Answer the following question.
(a) Are there positive and negative terminals on the galvanometer?

(b) Copy the figure in your answer book and show the battery and
the galvanometer (with jockey) connected at appropriate points.

(c) After appropriate connections are made, it is found that no deflection takes place in the galvanometer
when the sliding jockey touches the wire at a distance of 60 cm from A. Obtain the value of resistance X.
[JEE’ 2002, 1 + 2 + 2]

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6. Arrange the order of power dissipated in the given circuits, if the same current is passing through all circuits
and each resistor is 'r'

(I) (II) [JEE’ 2003 (Scr)]

(III) (IV)

(A) P2 > P3 > P4 > P1 (B) P3 > P2 > P4 > P1

(C) P4 > P3 > P2 > P1 (D) P1 > P2 > P3 > P4

7. In the given circuit, no current is passing through the galvanometer. If the cross-sectional diameter of AB is
doubled then for null point of galvanometer the value of AC would
(A) x
(B) x/2
(C) 2x
(D) None
[JEE’ 2003 (Scr)]

8. How a battery is to be connected so that shown rheostat will behave like a

potential divider? Also indicate the points about which output can
be taken.
[JEE’ 2003]
9. Six equal resistances are connected between points P, Q and R as shown
in the figure. Then the net resistance will be maximum between
(A) P and Q
(B) Q and R [JEE’ 2004 (Scr)]
(C) P and R
(D) any two points

10. For the post office box arrangement to determine the value of unknown
resistance, the unknown resistance should be connected between
(A) B and C
(B) C and D [JEE’ 2004 (Scr)]
(C) A and D
(D) B1 and C1

11. Draw the circuit for experimental verification of Ohm's law using a source of variable D.C. voltage, a main
resistance of 100 , two galvanometers and two resistances of values 106  and 10–3  respectively. Clearly
show the positions of the voltmeter and the ammeter.
[JEE’ 2004]

12. In the figure shown the current through 2 resistor is

(A) 2 A
(B) 0 A
(C) 4 A
(D) 6 A
[JEE’ 2005 (Scr)]

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13. A galvanometer has resistance 100and it requires current 100A for full scale deflection. A resistor 0.1 
is connected to make it an ammeter. The smallest current required in the circuit to produce the full scale
deflection is [JEE’ 2005 (Scr)]
(A) 1000.1 mA (B) 1.1 mA (C) 10.1 mA (D) 100.1 mA

14. An ideal gas is filled in a closed rigid and thermally insulated container. A coil of 100 resistor carrying
current 1A for 5 minutes supplies heat to the gas. The change in internal energy of the gas is
(A) 10 KJ (B) 20 KJ (C) 30 KJ (D) 0 KJ [JEE' 2005 (Scr)]

15. An unknown resistance X is to be

determined using resistances R1, R2 or
R3. Their corresponding null points are
A, B and C. Find which of the above will
give the most accurate reading and why?

[JEE 2005]
16. Consider a cylindrical element as shown in the figure. Current flowing the through element is I and resistivity
of material of the cylinder is . Choose the correct option out
the following.
(A) Power loss in second half is four times the power loss in first half.
(B) Voltage drop in first half is twice of voltage drop in second half.
(C) Current density in both halves are equal.
(D) Electric field in both halves is equal.
[JEE 2006]
17. A resistance of 2  is connected across one gap of a metre-bridge (the length of the wire is
100 cm) and an unknown resistance, greater than 2 , is connected across the other gap. When these
resistances are interchanged, the balance point shifts by 20 cm. Neglecting any corrections, the unknown
resistance is
(A) 3  (B) 4  (C) 5  (D) 6  [JEE 2007]

18. Figure shows three resistor configurations R1, R2 and R3 connected to 3V battery. If the power dissipated by
the configuration R1, R2 and R3 is P1, P2 and P3 respectively, then
Figure : [JEE 2008]

1 1
1
1 1 1 3V
1 1
3V 3V 1 1
1
1 1 1 1

R1 R2 R3
(A) P1 > P2 > P3 (B) P1 > P3 > P2 (C) P2 > P1 > P3 (D) P3 > P2 > P1
19. Statement-1 : In a Meter Bridge experiment, null point for an unknown resistance is measured. Now, the
unknown resistance is put inside an enclosure maintained at a higher temperature. The null point can be
obtained at the same point as before by decreasing the value of the standard resistance.
Statement-2 : Resistance of a metal increases with increase in temperature.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True [JEE 2008]
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20. For the circuit shown in the figure [JEE-2009]
(A) the current I through the battery is 7.5 mA 2k
I R1
(B) the potential difference across RL is 18 V
(C) ratio of powers dissipated in R1 and R2 is 3
24 V
(D) if R1 and R2 are interchanged, magnitude of the power 6k R2 RL 1.5k
dissipated in RL, will decrease by a factor of 9

21.. Incandescent bulbs are designed by keeping in mind that the resistance of their filament increases with the
increase in temperature. If at room temperature, 100 W, 60 W and 40 W bulbs have filament resistances R100,
R60 and R40, respectively, the relation between these resistances is [JEE 2010]
1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) = + (B) R100 = R40 + R60 (C) R100 > R60 > R40 (D)  
R100 R 40 R 60 R100 R 60 R 40

22. To Verify Ohm’s law, a student is provided with a test resistor R T , a high resistance R1, a small resistance R2,
two identical galvanometers G1 and G2, and a variable voltage source V. The correct circuit to carry out the
experiment is [JEE 2010]
G1 G1
(A) (B)
R2 R1
G2 G2
RT R1 RT R2

V V
R2
R1 G1
G1

(C) (D) G2
G2 RT
RT
R1
R2

V
V

23.. Consider a thin square sheet of side L and thickness t,

made of material of resistivity . The resistance
between two opposite faces, shown by the shaded areas
in the figure is [JEE 2010]
t
(A) directly proportional to L (B) directly proportional to t L
(C) indenpendent of L (D) independent of t

24. When two identical batteries of internal resistance 1each are connected in series across a resistor R, the
rate of heat produced in R is J1. When the same batteries are connected in parallel across R, the rate is J2.
If J1 = 2.25 J2 then the value of R in is [JEE 2010]

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25. Two batteries of different emfs and different internal resistances are connected as shown. The voltage across
AB is volts is [JEE 2011]
6V 1

3V 2
26. Two large vertical and parallel metal plates having a separation of 1 cm are connected to a DC voltage source
of potential difference X. A proton is released at rest midway between the two plates. It is found to move at
45º to the vertical JUST after release. Then X is nearly [JEE 2012]
(A) 1 × 10–5 V (B) 1 × 10–7 V (C) 1 × 10–9 V (D) 1 × 10–10 V

27. For the resistance network shown in the figure, choose the correct option(s). [JEE 2012]

P I2 2 S
2 2
1 1
4 4
Q 4 T

I1
12 V

(A) The current through PQ is zero (B) I1 = 3A

(C) The potential at S is less than that at Q (D) I2 = 2A

28. Two ideal batteries of emf V1 and V2 and R1

V1
three resistances R1, R2 and R3 are
connected as shown in the figure. The R2
current in resistance R2 would be zero if [IIT-JEE Advance 2014]
(A) V1 = V2 and R1 = R2 = R3 (B) V1 = V2 and R1 = 2R2 = R3 V2
(C) V1 = 2V2 and 2R1 = 2R2 = R3 (D) 2V1 = V2 and 2R1 = R2 = R3
R3

29. During an experiment with a metre bridge, the galvanometer shows a null point when the jockey is pressed
at 40.0 cm using a standard resistance of 90 , as shown in the figure. The least count of the scale used in
the metre bridge is 1 mm. The unknown resistance is [IIT-JEE Advance 2014]

R 90

40.0 cm
(A) 60 ± 0.15 (B) 135 ± 0.56 (C) 60 ± 0.25 (D) 135 ± 0.23
30. A galvanometer gives full scale deflection with 0.006 A current. By connecting it to a 4990  resistance, it
2n
can be converted into a voltmeter of range 0 – 30 V. If connected to a  resistance, it becomes an
249
ammeter of range 0 – 1.5 A. The value of n is [IIT-JEE Advance 2014]

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31. In an aluminum (Al) bar of square cross section, a square hole is drilled and is filled with iron (Fe) as shown
in the figure. The electrical resistivities of Al and Fe are 2.7 × 10–8 m and 1.0 × 10–7 m, respectively. The
electrical resistance between the two faces P and Q of the composite bar is [IIT-JEE Advance 2015]

2475 1875 1875 2475

(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
64 64 49 132

32. In the following circuit, the current through the resistor R (= 2) is  Amperes. The value of I is
[IIT-JEE Advance 2015]

33. Consider two identical galvanometers and two identical resistors with resistance R. If the internal resistance
of the galvanometers RC < R/2, which of the following statement(s) about any one of the galvanometers
is(are) true ? [IIT-JEE Advance 2016]
(A) The maximum voltage range is obtained when all the components are connected in series.
(B) The maximum voltage range is obtained when the two resistors and one galvanomete are connected in
series, and the second galvaanometer is connected in parallel to the first galvanometer.
(C) The maximum current range is obtained when all the components are connected in parallel.
(D) The maximum current range is obtained when the two galvanometers are connected in series and the
combination is connected in parallel which both the resistors.

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34. Two identical moving coil galvanometers have 10resistance and full scale deflection at 2µA current. One
of them is converted into a voltmeter of 100 mV full scale reading and the other into an Ammeter of 1mA full
scale current using appropriate resistors. These are then used to measrue the voltage and current in the
Ohm’s law experiment with R = 1000 resistor by using an ideal cell. Which of the following statement(s)
is/are correct ? [IIT-JEE Advance 2019]
(A) The resistance of the Voltmeter will be 100 k
(B) If the ideal cell is replaced by a cell having internal resistance of 5then the measured value of R will be
more than 1000 
(C) The resistance of the Ammeter will be 0.02 (round off to 2nd decimal place)
(D) The measured value of R will be 978  < R < 982 

Hints for Difficult Problems of Advance-II

6. Simplifing the circuit we get a wheat stone bridge.

7. Resistance is maximum in circuit if all switches are kept open.

10. Take lowest points at zero potential thus top most points become 25V.

13. Line FD and EC carry no current and thus can be removed.

V0 V0
15. Take, V1  and V2 
K K2

and apply nodal analysis at V1.

23. When galvanometer is showing zero reading then treat secondary circuit as independent and drop across
this loop is potetiometer reading.

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 ANSWER KEY
IIT Mains
EXERCISE-I
Only one option is correct :
1. C 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. B 7. D
8. A 9. C 10. B 11. A 12. C 13. C 14. D

15. C 16. C 17. B 18. B 19. D 20. B 21. C

22. B 23. B 24. B 25. A 26. C 27. B 28. D
29. A 30. A 31. D 32. D 33. D 34. A 35. A

36. B 37. D 38. C 39. D 40. D 41. B 42. C

43. A 44. A 45. B 46. B 47. B 48. D

EXERCISE-II
1. B 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. C
8. D 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. A 13. D 14. B
15. B 16. A 17. B 18. D 19. A 20. C 21. C
22. B 23. D 24. C 25. B 26. C 27. A 28. C
29. D 30. B 31. B 32. A 33. B 34. D 35. A
36. A 38. D 37. C 39. C 40. D 41. C

IIT Advance
EXERCISE-I
ONLY ONE OPTION IS CORRECT
1. D 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. D 6. A 7. B
8. B 9. C 10. C 11. A 12. C 13. A 14. D

15. C 16. C 17. B 18. B

One or more than one option may be correct
19. ABCD 20. D 21. AD 22. ACD 23. C 24. A 25. ABC
26. BC 27. AC 28. A 29. AC 30. D 31. AD 32. C
33. BC 34. ABC 35. A 36. AB 37. AB 38. B 39. B
40. A–P; B–Q; C–R ; D–P
41. B 42. D 43. D 44. B
45. A 46. B 47. C 48. B 49. B

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 EXERCISE-II
R2 3
1. (a) J0A/3; (b) 2J0A/3 2.  3. 4 4. 600
R1 5
5. 60 ohms 6. 5 7. 1V 8. I = 2.5 A, V = 3.5 Volts
22
9. R1R 2 10. 12A, –20W 11.  12. 1
35
3r
13. 14. (i) 10.52; (ii) 0.3125
5

15. (i)
( k  1) 2
;
k
(ii)
(k  1) k 2  V0 16. 4/9 kg/sec., 450 sec
k (k  1) R3

17. (i) Vab = – 12 V, (ii) 3 amp from b to a

0L  1  V0 A  e  V (e x / L  e1 )

18. R= 1   ; I =   ;V= 0
A  e 0 L  e  1  1  e 1
22 5
19. 7.2 m 21. – V 22. eff = 
9 4
10
23. 46.67 cm 24. 4 ohm 25. , 5  26. 20 ohm
3
27. 7.5 m, 8.75 m, 6.25 m 28. (a) 6 m, (b) 1
29. (a) 1.01 , (b) 0-5A, 0-10V, (c) 0.05 A 30. 0006.67 A

EXERCISE-III
1. D 2. A 3. A 4. D

5. (a) No, (b) (c) 8  6. A 7. A

8. Battery should be connected across A and B. Out put can be taken across the terminals A and C or B and C
9. A 10. C
Voltmeter
106 
G1

100 
Ammeter

G 2 10-3 
11. 12. B 13. D 14. C

E

15. This is true for r1= r2; So R2 given most accurate value
16. A 17. A 18. C 19. D 20. A, D 21. D 22. C
23. C 24. 4 25. 5 26. C 27. ABCD 28. A, B, D 29. C
30. 5 31. B 32. 1 33. B, C 34. C, D

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