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Linear differential equation with constant coefficients

A linear differential equation with constant coeficients is that in which

dependent variables and its differentials occur only in first degree. and
not multiplied together. and coefficients are all constants

.(1)Where

Xis a function of x only and a. a2. . a are constants is called linear

differential equation with constant coefficients of n orde.

We can write (1) as

D y+a Dly + a2Dy+.+aay=X

D+aD +a2D+..+ay=X
dra
fD)y=X

Dr.Gaje ndra Purohit (PhD,NET)

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1. Complementary Function:e
For the sake of convenienc
equation
rok e cogsider a second order linear

(1)

+ a1m + a2 ....(2)
auxilnry equation is m*
=0

Then

Theeots of (2) are real and distinet:

Case I:

Let mi. m be the two real and distinct roots of (2).

Then e.eare the solutions of (1)

Hence. the complementary function

of (1) is y= Ge +Ce"*
(3)
Purohit (PhD,NET)
Dr.Gaje ndra
Referal Code GPSIR
Linear diferential equation with constant coefficients
A linear differential equation with constant coef+cients is that in which
dependent variables and its differentials occur only in first degree. and
not multiplied together, and coefficients are all constants

a + .+ =X ...(1)Where
Xis a function of x only and a). a2, . are constants is called linear
differential equation with constant coeficients of n order.

We can write (1) as

Dy +a Dy +aDy+..+aay =X

[DataD+a2D+..+aa y =X
dra
fD)y = X

Dr.Gajendra Purohit(PhD,NET
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1.
Complementary Function: e

For the sake of

equation taro
conveniencg SAgslder a second order linear

dy (1)

Then auxilnry equation is m + am+ a2 = 0 . . 2 )

Case I: Theoots of (2) are real and distinct:

Let mi, m be the two real and distinct roots of (2).

Then e.e"" are the solutions of(1)

Hence. the complementary function of (1) isy = qen +ce*
.(3)
Dr.Gajendra Purohit (PhD,NET)

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Case II: The roots of (2) are real and equal

Let roots mi = m2= m

then y= (c1 +czx)eis a complementary function.

Case I l : The roots of(2) are complex

Let a +ib and a - ib are the roots of (2)

Then the general solution of (1)

y=e"[Acosbr +Bsinbr)

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 Dr.Gajendra Purohit (PhD,NET)
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Particular Integral (P.I)

If n order linear differential equation with constant coefficient is

sDy=0
Then Particular Integral is given by
fD)
i s an operator so
SD)
dra
-Jo:-1ae e

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a j

Method of Evaluation (P.L)

Case 1: When=e. Mereaes any constant

e

sD) a)
e
r sla)=Othen P.I.D)laprovided la)=0o
i) If Sla)= othen

PI provided f"(a)=0 and so on

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Q.4. Consider the differentíeqyalión

Then whichone of the following is true? IIT JAM 2022

(a) Ifa&0, then all the solutions of (**) are unbounded over R.
b) Iftr 1. then all solutions of (**) are unbounded over (0, o).
(c) Ifa =1. then all the solutions of (**) tend to zero as r->
(d) Ifa = 2. then all solutions of (**) are bounded over ( - , 0)

n. aiandra Durahie (Dkn METI

 -5+4y =0 .s.t. lime is finitely exist. Then
y(log 2) is
IT
(a) Constant ne ofx
(c) in tem of (Qone of these

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9.2. If y(x) is the solution of the initial value problem

+4+4y =0.y(0) =2.0)=0, then y(ln 2) is

IT JAM-2019
(a) divisible by 4 (b) divisible by 5

(c) integer number (d) real number

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he +e, B* 2. is solution of the differential

Q.3. If y(x) a
=

is
equation +-6y=0 satisfying()=5 .then y0)

equal to

(a) 3 (b) 4

(c) 5 (d) 6

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Referral Code GPSIR
 Linear differential equation with constant coefficients
A linear differential equation with constant coefficients is that in which
dependent variables and its differentials occur only in first degree, and
not multipied togethe. and coefficients are all constants
d"y d*y d*7y ...(1)Where
Xis a function of x only and a, a2. a are constants is called linear
differential equation with constant coefficients of n order.

We can write (1) as

Dy+a Dly + a2Dy+... +aay =X

Dt aDl +a2D2+.. +an] y=X
dra
fD)y= X

Dr.Gajendra Purohit (PhD,NET)

Referral Code GPSIR

1.
Complementary Function e

For the sake of

conveniencw cAgsider a second order linear
equation
pur (1)

Then auxilnry equation is m + amta2 = 0...(2)

Case I: Theeots of (2) are real and distinct:

Let mi, m2 be the two real and distinct roots of (2).

Then e".e""are the solutions of (1)

Hence, the complementary function of (1) isy = q + c e

(3)
Dr.Gaje ndra Purohit (PhD,NET)

Referal Code GPSIR

Case II The roots of (2) are real and equal:

Let roots mi m2= m

then y= (c1 + c2x)eis a complementary function.

Case I I : The roots of (2) are complex

Let a +ib and a -
ib are the roots of (2)
Then the general solution of (1)
y="[Acosbx +Bsinbr]

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Referral Code GPSIR
 Q.1. Let y(x) be a solution of th differential equation
a- 4y = 0 .s.t. lime) finitely exist. Then

ylog 2) is

(a) Constant i n tetof x

(c) in temm of e one of these

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ReferralCode GPSIR

If y(x) is the solution of the initial value problem

Q.2.
dy
44y=0.y0) 2.)=0, then yln 2) is =

IIT JAM-2019

(a) divisible by 4 (b) divisible by 5

(c) integer number (d) real number

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Referral Code GPSIR

If y(x) = Ae + ex, B* 2, is a solution of the differential

Q.3.
equation+6y=0 satisfying(0)=5
d then y0) is

equal to

b)4
(a)3 ra
r a
(c)5 (d) 6

Dr.Gaje ndra Purohit (PhD,NET)

Referral Code GPSIR
 Dr.Gaje ndra Purohit (PhD, NET)

Referral Code GPSIR

Particular Integral (P.I.)

I fn order linear differential equation with constant coefficientis

SD)=0

Then Particular Integral is given by

SD)

TUDS
an operator so
dra

Dr.Gajendra Purohit (PhD,NET)

Referral Code GPSIR

Method of Evaluation (P.I)

Case 1: When=e", herea6sany constant

e e"
ND) a) 0

r slo) = Othen P.1D rovided (a) r 0

If Sla)=0then

D ) arovided"la)=0m so on
PI

Dr.Gaje ndra Purohit (PhD,NET

eterral Code lGPSIR

Q4. Consider the differentmíequalion

()
Then whichone ofthe following is true? IIT JAM 2022
(a) Ifa0, then all the solutions of(**) are unbounded over R.
b) If=1, then all solutions of (**) are unbounded over (0, n).
(c) Ifa= 1, then all the solutions of (**) tend to zero as r
(d) Ifa = 2. then all solutions of (**) are bounded over (-o, 0)

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Referral Code GPSIR
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Method ofEvaluation (P.L)

When=e"V, where V is a function ofx

Case 4:

eV
ID)

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the differential equation

Q.1. A parcular solution of

-3y'-y=e cos2ris
()sin 2r )'sin2
(d) e sin 2r
cos 2

Purohit (PhD,NET)
Dr.Gaje ndra
Referal Code GPSIR
Case 6:
When=rV, where V is a function ndr
xV
ND)D)roF

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of the differential equation

Q.2. A particular integral

=e sinris JAM: MA-20171

a)e *
(a)3cos.r-2sinr) b)- 10
cos.x-2sin x)

)-2cosr+ sinx) d)(2cosx-sin.x)

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