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Part8 - Infinite Impulse Response Filter Design

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10 views

Part8 - Infinite Impulse Response Filter Design

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khaledwaled535
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Infinite Impulse Response

(IIR)Filter Design
Infinite Impulse Response Filter Format
• An IIR filter is described using the difference equation:

y[n]  b0 x[n]  b1 x[n  1]    bM x[n  M ]


 1  a1 y[n  1]  a2 y[n  2]    a N y[n  N ]
Remarks about IIR filter
1. The IIR filter output y[n] depends not only on the current input x[n] and
past inputs x[n - 1], . . . , but also on the past output(s) y[n - 1], . . .
(recursive terms). Its transfer function is a ratio of the numerator
polynomial over the denominator polynomial, and its impulse response
has an infinite number of terms.

2. Since the transfer function has the denominator polynomial, the pole(s)
of a designed IIR filter must be inside the unit circle on the z-plane to
ensure its stability.

3. Compared with the finite impulse response (FIR) filter the IIR filter
offers a much smaller filter size. Hence, the filter operation requires a
fewer number of computations, but the linear phase is not easily
obtained. The IIR filter is thus preferred when a small filter size is called
for but the application does not require a linear phase.
Bilinear Transformation (BLT) Design Method
• The design procedure includes the following steps: (1) transforming digital
filter specifications into analog filter specifications, (2) performing analog
filter design, and (3) applying bilinear transformation and verifying its
frequency response.
Analog Filters Using Lowpass Prototype Transformation
• This method converts the analog lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 1 radian per
second, called the lowpass prototype, Hp(s), into practical analog lowpass, highpass,
bandpass, and bandstop filters, HLp(s), with their frequency specifications.
• HLP(s) designates the analog lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of ωc
radians/second. The lowpass-prototype to lowpass-filter transformation substitutes s in
the lowpass prototype function HP(s) with s/ωc, and ν is the normalized frequency of
the lowpass prototype and ωc is the cutoff frequency of the lowpass filter to be
designed. Let us consider the following first-order lowpass prototype:

its frequency response is obtained by substituting s = jν into the above equation:


with the magnitude gain:
Analog Filters Using Lowpass Prototype Transformation
• Applying the prototype transformation s/ωc , we get an analog lowpass filter
with a cutoff frequency of ωc as

We can obtain the analog frequency response by substituting s = jω, that is,
Analog Filters Using Lowpass Prototype Transformation
• The transformation from the lowpass prototype to the highpass filter HHP(s) with a cutoff frequency
ωc radians/second is given with s substituted by ωc/s in the lowpass prototype transformation.

• The transformation of the lowpass prototype function to a bandpass filter with a center
frequency ω0, a lower cutoff frequency ωl , and an upper cutoff frequency ωh in the passband
is given with s substituted by (s2 + ω02)/(sW) is substituted into the lowpass prototype. ω0 is
the geometric center frequency, which is defined as while the passband
bandwidth is given by W = ωh - ωl . Similarly, the transformation from the lowpass prototype
to a bandstop (band reject) filter is given with s substituted by sW/(s2 + ω02).
Analog Filters Using Lowpass Prototype Transformation
Table 1

To transfer from a lowpass prototype to a bandpass or bandstop filter, the


resultant order of the analog filter is twice that of the lowpass prototype order.
Example1
Example1, solution cont.

MATLAB program in Example1


Bilinear Transformation (BLT) mapping

• The BLT method is a mapping or transformation of points from the s-plane


to the z-plane, or converting an analog filter into a digital filter such that:

or

where T is the sampling period.


Example2
Example2, solution cont.

y[n] = 0.0476x[n] + 0.0476x[n – 1] + 0.9048 y[n - 1]


Frequency mapping between the s-plane and the z-plane

• As illustrated in the Figure below, the analog frequency ωa is marked on


the jω axis on the s-plane, whereas ωd is the digital frequency labeled on
the unit circle in the z-plane.

of

to get

Simplifying the Equation leads to:

Which can also write its inverse as: The range of the digital frequency ωd is from 0
radian per second to the folding frequency
ωs/2 radians per second, where ωs is the
sampling frequency in radians per second.
Example3

a. Find their digital frequencies using the BLT with a sampling period of 0.01 second,
given the analog filter in Example2 and the developed digital filter.

(ωd ,ωa)
Example4
Example4, solution cont.
Example4, solution cont.
Example4, solution cont.

Frequency responses of the designed digital filter for Example4

MATLAB program for Example4


Digital Butterworth and Chebyshev
Filter Designs
• Lowpass Prototype Function and Its Order
– The analog filter design requirements include the ripple specification at
the passband frequency edge, the attenuation specification at the
stopband frequency edge, the type of lowpass prototype, and its order.

Table 2

where ε is the absolute ripple specification parameter.


Digital Butterworth and Chebyshev
Filter Designs

Table 3
Digital Butterworth and Chebyshev
Filter Designs

Table 4
Digital Butterworth Filter Designs
• The magnitude response function of the Butterworth lowpass prototype
with an order of n is shown in the Figure below, where the magnitude
response |Hp(ν)| versus the normalized frequency ν is given by

Normalized Butterworth
magnitude response function
Digital Chebyshev Filter Designs
• The magnitude response function of the Chebyshev lowpass prototype with
an order of n is shown in the Figure below, where the magnitude response
|Hp(ν)| versus the normalized frequency ν is given by:

Normalized Chebyshev magnitude response function


Conversion from analog filter specifications to lowpass
Table 5 prototype specifications.
Example5: Lowpass Filter Design
Example5: Lowpass Filter Design, cont.

5
Example5: Lowpass Filter Design, cont.
Example5: Lowpass Filter Design, cont.
Example5: Lowpass Filter Design, cont.
matlab code

Frequency responses of the


designed digital filter for Example5
Example6
Example6, cont.
Example6, cont.
matlab code

Frequency responses of the


designed digital filter for Example6
Example7
Example7, cont.

2
Example7, cont.
matlab code

Frequency responses of the


designed digital filter for Example7
Example8
Example8, cont.
Example8, cont.
Example8,
cont.
Example8, cont. matlab code

Frequency responses of the


designed digital filter for Example8
Example9
Example9, cont.
Example9, cont.
Example9, cont.
Example9, cont.
Example9, cont. matlab code

Frequency responses of the


designed digital filter for Example9

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