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The 39th International Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies, 14-17 April 2024, St Andrews, Scotland

Experiments and computations of a floating cylinder


Atle Jensena , Thierry Coupezb
a. Department of Mathematics, University of Oslo, Norway
b. FL / CEMEF / Mines-ParisTech, Sophia-Antipolis, France
Email: [email protected]

Introduction
Polar regions, and the Arctic in particular, have become the focus of increased research
in the last 10 years. Changes in the climate alongside technological developments are
creating new opportunities in these regions for human activities, including sustainable
development of resource-based industries, fishing, tourism, and faster shipping routes
between Europe and Asia. A more profound scientific comprehension of the Arctic en-
vironment is crucial for enhancing our ability to predict sea ice hazards associated with
human activities. This, in turn, will naturally contribute to increased value in polar
regions, promoting safety and environmental sustainability.
This study originated within the research project; ”Dynamics of floating ice (DOFI)”,
which delved into topics related to waves and ice (see e.g. Løken et al. (2022), Løken
et al. (2021) and Sutherland et al. (2019) ). Our approach was twofold: firstly, to identify
methods for assessing the stability of icebergs, and secondly, to enhance our understand-
ing of the coupling between wind, currents, waves, and iceberg drift, with the aim of
improving predictions of iceberg trajectories.
Numerical simulations were executed on complex geometries floating in a wavy en-
vironment. However, these results indicated the need for benchmarking on a simpler
problem. Similar issues have been explored in previous studies, such as Itō (1977) and
Kramer et al. (2021).

Dynamics of a floating cylinder


The first step in comprehending this complex phenomenon involves conducting experi-
ments using simple geometries. Idealized experiments were carried out in a small tank
at the Hydrodynamics Laboratory at UiO, where a cylinder with a diameter of 58.8mm,
length of 243mm and mass of 621gr was utilized. The cylinder is mounted horizontally,
with rods connected to air bearings to induce vertical, frictionless motion. Oscillations
are measured with a laser leveling instrument with an accuracy down to µm.
In addition to laboratory experiments, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) sim-
ulations of floating cylinders were performed. CFD was conducted using finite element
methods and adaptive meshing, representing the cutting edge of numerical methods.
The mixed velocity pressure solver is using unstructured (simplex elements) and is sta-
bilized by a residual based Variational multiscale method (VMS). Adaptive remeshing
are driven by a metric (anisotropic mesh adaptation, Coupez (2011), Coupez & Hachem
(2013)) calculated a posteriori by an error estimate accounting for the dynamics both
of two fluids (air/water) and the solid, within a monolithic formulation of the incom-
pressible Navier-Stokes equation (Coupez et al. (2015), Hachem et al. (2015)). The solid
dynamics are predicted by a penalty method of the deformation in the fluid equations
and post-corrected by a rigid motion. The interfaces (liquid/gas/solid) are all tracked by
a convected level set method (Ville et al. (2011)). The mesh adaptation enables to avoid
any mixture at the interfaces (the formulation is fully Eulerian) without any observed
spurious added mass effects. 2D simulations have been run on a laptop, accuracy of the
3D simulations (running on supercomputer, Digonnet et al. (2019)) are still under inves-
tigation. Several cases were run and the cylinder was initialized in two different positions;
falling and submerged. In the falling case, lower part of the cylinder touched the free
surface, and for the submerged case, the upper part was aligned with the free surface.
After the release, the damping of the cylinder where measured.

Figure 1: Release of submerged cylinder. A first comparison between experiments and


numerical simulations. Black symbols: simulation. Coloured lines: experiments.

Figure 1 displays results from a 2D simulation alongside experimental data for the
submerged case, demonstrating a favorable comparison. Nonetheless, it is worth noting
that the vertical oscillations are highly sensitive to the initial position and the geometry
of the submerged cylinder.

References
Coupez, T. (2011), ‘Metric construction by length distribution tensor and edge based error
for anisotropic adaptive meshing’, Journal of computational physics 230(7), 2391–2405.

Coupez, T. & Hachem, E. (2013), ‘Solution of high-reynolds incompressible flow with sta-
bilized finite element and adaptive anisotropic meshing’, Computer methods in applied
mechanics and engineering 267, 65–85.

Coupez, T., Silva, L. & Hachem, E. (2015), ‘Implicit boundary and adaptive anisotropic
meshing’, New challenges in grid generation and adaptivity for scientific computing
pp. 1–18.
Digonnet, H., Coupez, T., Laure, P. & Silva, L. (2019), ‘Massively parallel anisotropic
mesh adaptation’, The International Journal of High Performance Computing Appli-
cations 33(1), 3–24.

Hachem, E., Feghali, S., Coupez, T. & Codina, R. (2015), ‘A three-field stabilized fi-
nite element method for fluid-structure interaction: elastic solid and rigid body limit’,
International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 104(7), 566–584.

Itō, S. (1977), Study of the transient heave oscillation of a floating cylinder., PhD thesis,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Kramer, M. B., Andersen, J., Thomas, S., Bendixen, F. B., Bingham, H., Read, R., Holk,
N., Ransley, E., Brown, S., Yu, Y.-H. et al. (2021), ‘Highly accurate experimental heave
decay tests with a floating sphere: A public benchmark dataset for model validation
of fluid–structure interaction’, Energies 14(2), 269.

Løken, T. K., Marchenko, A., Ellevold, T. J., Rabault, J. & Jensen, A. (2022), ‘Experi-
ments on turbulence from colliding ice floes’, Physics of Fluids 34(6).

Løken, T. K., Marchenko, A., Rabault, J., Gundersen, O. & Jensen, A. (2021), Iceberg
stability during towing in a wave field, in ‘Proceedings-International Conference on
Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions’, Port and Ocean Engineering
under Arctic Conditions.

Sutherland, G., Rabault, J., Christensen, K. H. & Jensen, A. (2019), ‘A two layer model
for wave dissipation in sea ice’, Applied Ocean Research 88, 111–118.

Ville, L., Silva, L. & Coupez, T. (2011), ‘Convected level set method for the numerical
simulation of fluid buckling’, International Journal for numerical methods in fluids
66(3), 324–344.

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