Application Report

SLAA724 – December 2016

Time Gain Control (Compensation) in Ultrasound

Applications

Sanjay Pithadia, Rahul Prakash

ABSTRACT
This application report explains a vital functionality in Medical Ultrasound Systems called Time Gain
Control or Time Gain Compensation (TGC). Starting from why TGC is important, with examples and
requirements on the control signals for implementing TGC are explained in detail. The selection criteria
and example circuits for external components (like Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) and Op-amp) are
highlighted at the end.

Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2
2 Why is Time Gain Control (TGC) Needed? .............................................................................. 3
3 How Does the Attenuator Work? .......................................................................................... 4
4 What Characteristics are Required for Control Signal for TGC? ...................................................... 6
5 Generating Control Signal for TGC Action ............................................................................... 8
6 Using Unbuffered R2R DAC ............................................................................................... 9
7 Using Current Output MDAC ............................................................................................. 10
8 Using Two MDACs ......................................................................................................... 11
9 Using High Speed DACs .................................................................................................. 11
10 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 11
11 References .................................................................................................................. 12

List of Figures
1 Simplified Block Diagram of AFE58JD18 ................................................................................. 2
2 TGC for an Ultrasound Image.............................................................................................. 3
3 Typical TGC Operation at 5MHz........................................................................................... 4
4 Gain vs. Control Voltage Graph Demonstrating Linear-in-dB Attenuation Characteristic .......................... 4
5 VCNTLP and VCNTLM Configurations ........................................................................................... 5
6 Allowed Noise on the VCNTL Signal Across Frequency and Different Channels ...................................... 6
7 ...................................................................................................... 6
Filtering on VCNTLx Pins
8 Control Voltage and Settling Time Relationships ........................................................................ 7
9 Analog Control for TGC Operation ........................................................................................ 8
10 Using Voltage Output DAC for Generating TGC Signal ................................................................ 9
11 Using Current Output MDAC for Generating TGC Signal (Option # 1) ............................................. 10
12 Using Current Output MDAC for Generating TGC Signal (Option # 2) ............................................. 10
13 Using High Speed DAC for TGC Signal Generation .................................................................. 11

List of Tables
1 Comparison of Different Approaches for TGC Signal Generation ................................................... 11

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Introduction www.ti.com

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1 Introduction
Medical ultrasound imaging is a widely-used diagnostic technique that enables visualization of internal
organs, their size, structure, and blood flow estimation. An ultrasound system uses a focal imaging
technique that involves time shifting, scaling, and intelligently summing the echo energy using an array of
transducers to achieve high imaging performance. The concept of focal point imaging provides the ability
to focus on a single point in the scan region. By subsequently focusing at different points, an image is
assembled. When initiating an imaging, a pulse is generated and transmitted from multiple transducer
elements. The pulse, now in the form of mechanical energy, propagates through the body as sound
waves, typically in the frequency range of 1 MHz to 15 MHz. The sound waves are attenuated as they
travel through the objects being imaged. Most medical ultrasound systems use the reflection imaging
mode. As the signal travels, portions of the wave front energy are reflected back towards the transducer.
Signals that are reflected immediately after transmission are very strong because they are from reflections
close to the surface; reflections that occur long after the transmit pulse are very weak because they are
reflecting from deep in the body. As a result of the limitations on the amount of energy that can be put into
the imaging object, the industry developed extremely sensitive receive electronics with wide dynamic
range. Received echoes from focal points close to the surface require little, if any, amplification. This
region is referred to as the near field. However, echoes received from focal points deep in the body are
extremely weak and must be amplified by a factor of 100 or more. This region is referred to as the far
field. The receiver AFE has this unique challenge. It should be capable to adapt to both weak (far field)
and strong (near field) received signals. This means that any strong echo must be conditioned so as to not
saturate and distort the receive chain and any weak echo must be amplified while inducing minimal noise
to determine the source of the echo. For this purpose, most of the receiver AFEs consists of:
• A highly linear low noise amplifier (LNA) – whose gain is digitally programmable. Sometimes it also has
programmable input impedance for improved ultrasound probe matching characteristics
• A Voltage-Controlled Attenuator (VCAT) – controlled through high bandwidth analog pins, allowing for
fast control (Note that some devices also provide digital attenuation control along with analog control.
The digital control feature can eliminate the noise from the VCNTL circuit and ensure better SNR and
phase noise for the TGC path. However, this document talks about the analog approach only). This
block is capable of increasing or decreasing the gain (linear in dB) using external signal. Typically, a
differential control structure is used to reduce common mode noise.
The function of increasing and decreasing the gain according to the linear in dB scale is termed as Time
Gain Control or TGC. Figure 1 shows the simplified block diagram of Ultrasound Receiver Analog Front
End AFE58JD18 from Texas Instruments. It shows these blocks (in Grey color) that help in TGC
functionality.

Device (1 of 16 Channels)
SPI IN SPI OUT
SPI Logic

JESD
JESD Outputs
3rd-Order LPF
VCAT Digital
PGA with 10, 15, 20, 12-, 14-Bit
LNA 0 dB to -40 dB Processing
24, 30 dB 30, 35, and ADC (Optional)
LNA IN 50 MHz
LVDS
LVDS
Outputs
16X CLK
16 Phases Summing
CW Mixer Reference Reference
Generator Amplifier
1X CLK
16 x 8
Crosspoint SW 1X CLK

CW I/Q Differential
VOUT TGC VCNTL

Figure 1. Simplified Block Diagram of AFE58JD18

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www.ti.com Why is Time Gain Control (TGC) Needed?

2 Why is Time Gain Control (TGC) Needed?

Before discussing more details of how TGC is implemented, it is important to understand the function of
TGC. If an ultrasound element in the transducer is approximated as a point transmitter, then the transmit
wave spreads in that area while the power density of the wave-front falls off in a classic case as inversely
proportional to the square of the distance from the transducer. Reflecting from a tissue target, the return
signal also diminishes in the same proportions. Thus, the total round-trip spreading signal attenuation
varies as the inverse of the transducer-to-target distance to the fourth power. Body tissue reduces the
signal due to scattering and dissipation. A good rule of thumb for such attenuation is that it varies as 1
dB/MHz/cm of tissue thickness. While high-frequency signals are desirable because they provide higher
resolution due to their shorter wavelength, they are more rapidly attenuated - decreasing the signal-to-
noise ratio of deep penetrating signals.
During an ultrasound send-receive cycle, the magnitude of reflected signal depends on the depth of
penetration. The purpose of TGC is to normalize the signal amplitude with time; compensating for depth.
When the image is displayed, similar material should have similar brightness, regardless of depth and this
is achieved by “Linear-in-dB” Gain, which means the decibel gain is a linear function of the control voltage.
Figure 2 shows such an example of TGC for an Ultrasound image.

Figure 2. TGC for an Ultrasound Image

SLAA724 – December 2016 Time Gain Control (Compensation) in Ultrasound Applications 3

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How Does the Attenuator Work? www.ti.com

Going into more details, Figure 3 shows an example of B-mode TGC in action. As shown, a 5 MHz
ultrasound signal enters the LNA with 350 mVPP single ended Near Field (NF) amplitude and 3.5 VPP
differential NF amplitude appears at the LNA output (differential gain = 20dB) where the TGC equalizes
the signal so that the ADC FS range of 3.12 VPP can be transversed to maximize the data acquisition
resolution. Note that this is just an example taken from the LM96511 Ultrasound Receive Analog Front
End (AFE) Data Manual (SNAS476).

IOR-Level

Differential

TGC
Differential Differential 3.12V
350 mV 3.5V 3.5V

ADC
Dynamic
Range

IOR-Level

31 dB
DVGA & 6'
20 dB
-32 dB 38 dB ADC
-

Figure 3. Typical TGC Operation at 5MHz

3 How Does the Attenuator Work?

Taking an example of AFE5812 from TI, the voltage-controlled attenuator is typically designed to have a
linear-in-dB attenuation characteristic; that is, the average gain loss in dB (see Figure 4) is constant for
each equal increment of the control voltage (VCNTL).
45
Low noise
40 Medium power
Low power
35

30
Gain (dB)

25

20

15

10

0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Vcntl (V)

Figure 4. Gain vs. Control Voltage Graph Demonstrating Linear-in-dB Attenuation Characteristic

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www.ti.com How Does the Attenuator Work?

The attenuator is controlled by a pair of differential control inputs, the VCNTLM and VCNTLP pins. The
differential control voltage spans from 0 to 1.5 V. This control voltage varies the attenuation of the
attenuator based on its linear-in-dB characteristic. Its maximum attenuation (minimum channel gain)
appears at VCNTLP – VCNTLM = 1.5 V and minimum attenuation (maximum channel gain) occurs at VCNTLP –
VCNTLM = 0. When only single-ended CNTL signal is available, this 1.5-Vpp signal can be applied on the
VCNTLP pin with the VCNTLM pin connected to ground; As Figure 5 and Figure 8 show, the TGC gain curve is
inversely proportional to the VCNTLP – VCNTLM.

1.5V

VCNTLP

VCNTLM = 0V

X+40dB

TGC Gain

XdB

(a) Single-Ended Input at VCNTLP

1.5V
VCNTLP

0.75V

VCNTLM
0V

X+40dB

TGC Gain

XdB

(b) Differential Inputs at VCNTLP and VCNTLM

W0004-01

Figure 5. VCNTLP and VCNTLM Configurations

SLAA724 – December 2016 Time Gain Control (Compensation) in Ultrasound Applications 5

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4 What Characteristics are Required for Control Signal for TGC?

The control voltage input has few characteristics that help in defining the specs for the DAC and op-amp
used for generating these signals:
• The control voltage input (VCNTLM and VCNTLP pins) represents a high-impedance input. The VCNTLM and
VCNTLP pins of multiple AFEs can be connected in parallel with no significant loading effects.
• When the voltage level (VCNTLP – VCNTLM) is above 1.5 V or below 0 V, the attenuator continues to
operate at its maximum attenuation level or minimum attenuation level, respectively.
• Noise requirements: Noise at the CNTL pins must be low enough to obtain good system performance
because this noise is correlated across channels. Also, the VCNTLM and VCNTLP circuit achieves low noise
to prevent the VCNTLM and VCNTLP noise being modulated to RF signals. VCNTLM and CNTLP noise is
recommended to be below 25 nV/√Hz at 1 kHz and 5 nV/√Hz at 50 kHz. In high-channel count
premium systems, the VCNTLM and VCNTLP noise requirement is higher as shown in Figure 6.
10
16 Channels
9 32 Channels
8 64 Channels
128 Channels
7 192 Channels
Noise (nV/—Hz)

6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 7 10 20 30 50 100 200 500 1000 5000
Frequency (kHz) D063

Figure 6. Allowed Noise on the VCNTL Signal Across Frequency and Different Channels

• The AFE5812 gain-control input has a –3-dB bandwidth of approximately 800 kHz. This wide
bandwidth, although useful in many applications (for example, fast CNTL response), can also allow high-
frequency noise to modulate the gain control input and finally affect the Doppler performance. In
practice, this modulation can be avoided by additional external filtering (RVCNTL and CVCNTL) at VCNTLM
and VCNTLP pins as Figure 7 shows. However, the external filter's cutoff frequency cannot be kept too
low as this result in low gain response time.

R VCNTL C VCNTL
200 470pF
VCNTLP IN VCNTLP
AFE
VCNTLM IN VCNTLM
R VCNTL C VCNTL
200 470pF

Figure 7. Filtering on VCNTLx Pins

6 Time Gain Control (Compensation) in Ultrasound Applications SLAA724 – December 2016

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www.ti.com What Characteristics are Required for Control Signal for TGC?

• Settling time requirement: Without external filtering, the gain control response time is typically less than
1 μs to settle within 10% of the final signal level of 1VPP (–6-dBFS) output as indicated in Figure 8.
20000.0 1.3
Output Code 1.2
18000.0 Vcntl 1.1
16000.0 1.0
14000.0 0.9
0.8
Output Code
12000.0

Vcntl (V)
0.7
10000.0 0.6
0.5
8000.0
0.4
6000.0 0.3
4000.0 0.2
0.1
2000.0
0.0
0.0 −0.1
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Time (µs)
20000.0 1.3
1.2
18000.0
Output Code 1.1
16000.0 Vcntl 1.0
14000.0 0.9
0.8
Output Code

12000.0

Vcntl (V)
0.7
10000.0 0.6
0.5
8000.0
0.4
6000.0 0.3
4000.0 0.2
0.1
2000.0
0.0
0.0 −0.1
0.0 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.5
Time (µs)

Figure 8. Control Voltage and Settling Time Relationships

SLAA724 – December 2016 Time Gain Control (Compensation) in Ultrasound Applications 7

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Generating Control Signal for TGC Action www.ti.com

5 Generating Control Signal for TGC Action

For such AFEs, which support analog control for TGC operation, an external circuitry using a DAC and an
op-amp is used as highlighted in Figure 9. The input signal for the DAC is fed through FPGA available on
beam forming board in ultrasound application.

Figure 9. Analog Control for TGC Operation

Based on the previous section that states some of the requirements and characteristics of control signal
waveform for TGC action, the DAC and op-amp can be selected.
For a DAC to be used in the TGC application, it should have the following specifications:
• Resolution and Vref decides the DAC output voltage (Vref/2^n) - Typically 8 to 12 Bits resolution is
enough for TGC.
• Channel count : 1
• Settling Time : sub 1 µsec
• Output Update Rate : >= 1 MSPS
• Interface: The signals are coming from FPGA so in most cases DAC should support SPI interface. For
some of the high-end Ultrasound applications, LVDS or JESD supports can also be useful.
For an amplifier to be used in the TGC application, it should have the following specifications. The basic
functionality of op-amp is to buffer and filter to suppress low frequency noise.
• Should support differential or single-ended control voltage based on the requirement from AFE
• Output Common-Mode voltage Control (based on requirement from AFE)
• Noise requirements as per the AFE data sheet (for example AFE5812 has requirement of noise to be
below 25 nV/√Hz at 1 kHz and 5 nV/√Hz at 50 kHz)
The op-amp can be external or can be integrated into the DAC.
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www.ti.com Using Unbuffered R2R DAC

Given below are some examples of generating control signal for TGC action.

6 Using Unbuffered R2R DAC

This approach uses a voltage output DAC having R2R architecture as shown in Figure 10. The output
voltage has a typical requirement of low noise and fast settling, which means the output must be
unbuffered and fast settling. In such scenario, a low noise external buffer must be used. The output can
range from “0 to VREF” or “-VREF to +VREF”. The unbuffered voltage output R2R DAC requires a
positive reference in order to generate a positive voltage output. The reference input impedance varies
with DAC input code; hence, this topology requires reference drive circuitry to minimize the linearity errors.
On the other hand, the output impedance remains constant with respect to DAC input code. This simplifies
the output buffer design. Using this approach, the settling time is limited by compensation capacitor of the
output buffer.

From Unbuffered 0 to +VREF

Op-amp
FPGA R2R DAC SE Output

Buffer
REF

Differential
Op-amp
Output

Single-Ended to
Differential
Conversion
DAC
Figure 10. Using Voltage Output DAC for Generating TGC Signal

SLAA724 – December 2016 Time Gain Control (Compensation) in Ultrasound Applications 9

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7 Using Current Output MDAC

This method uses a current output MDAC as shown in Figure 11. The reference pin of MDAC exhibits
constant input impedance versus input code. Therefore, this approach does not require reference drive
circuit. Additionally, faster settling time can be achieved since the MDACs outputs current instead of
voltage. Note that the voltage on the output is inverted from the Vref pin. In order to achieve positive
output from this architecture, either the reference must be inverted (see Figure 11) or the Vout must be
inverted using additional op-amp (see Figure 12).

Current
From 0 to +VREF
Output Op-amp
FPGA SE Output
MDAC

I to V
Converter
Differential
Op-amp
Output
REF Op-amp -VREF

Single-Ended to
Differential
Inverting
Conversion
Buffer
Figure 11. Using Current Output MDAC for Generating TGC Signal (Option # 1)

Current
From 0 to +VREF
Output Op-amp
FPGA SE Output
MDAC

I to V
Converter
VREF Differential
REF Op-amp Op-amp
Output

Buffer
Bias Single-Ended to
Generation Differential
Conversion
Op-amp

Buffer
Figure 12. Using Current Output MDAC for Generating TGC Signal (Option # 2)

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www.ti.com Using Two MDACs

8 Using Two MDACs

The previous two approaches relied on DACs to provide single ended output before converting it into
differential output as shown in Figure 13. This approach utilizes two MDACs to generate a differential
signal. This requires that complimentary codes need to be written to the DAC channels, for example,
DAC-A to zero and DAC-B to full scale is written. This approach helps in configurability but needs two
channels of DACs, hence, increasing cost. There are DACs with dual-channel in a single chip. These
DACs can also be used with a caution that if the write commands to the DACs are sequential; the
differential signaling is achieved after the write to second channel of the DAC only.

9 Using High Speed DACs

Some DACs that support higher speeds are available with differential output. Such DACs help in
interfacing the outputs directly (or with external differential buffer) with the AFEs. High speed DACs are
also available with LVDS and JESD interface support. The drawback of such approach is the output
voltage noise.

Figure 13. Using High Speed DAC for TGC Signal Generation

10 Conclusion
For any ultrasound application, TGC is an important phenomenon. The ultrasound receive AFE includes a
voltage-controlled attenuator for implementing TGC functionality that operates using a control voltage
generated using external circuitry. The control voltage characteristics are used for defining the external
DAC and amplifier specifications. This application report explains the details of selecting DAC and
amplifier and some approaches to use these circuits. Table 1 concludes with the pros and cons for each
approach.

Table 1. Comparison of Different Approaches for TGC Signal Generation

Approach Pros Cons
Need positive reference Requires external buffer
Requires reference drive circuitry to minimize
Using unbuffered R2R Easier output drive
the linearity errors
DAC
Simplified output buffer design because of constant
Higher settling time
output impedance with respect to DAC input code
No buffer required for Vref as input is impedance is
Using current output Vout is negative of reference
fairly constant
MDAC
Faster setting time than voltage output Need to invert the reference
Using two MDACs Configurability Two channels of DAC required
Using high speed DACs Easy interface for differential TGC signal Higher output voltage noise

SLAA724 – December 2016 Time Gain Control (Compensation) in Ultrasound Applications 11

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References www.ti.com

11 References
1. Texas Instruments, LM96511 Ultrasound Receive Analog Front End (AFE) Data Manual (SNAS476)
2. Texas Instruments, AFE5812 Fully Integrated, 8-Channel Ultrasound Analog Front End with Passive
CW Mixer, and Digital I/Q Demodulator, 0.75 nV/rtHz, 14/12-Bit, 65 MSPS, 180 mW/CH (SLOS816)
3. Texas Instruments, AFE58JD16 16-Channel Ultrasound AFE with 90-mW/Channel Power, 1-nV/√Hz
Noise, 14-Bit, 65-MSPS or 12-Bit, 80-MSPS ADC and Passive CW Mixer (SBAS737)
4. TI Designs – Precision: Verified Design Single Supply Unipolar Multiplying DAC Reference Design
(TIDU300)
5. TI Designs – Precision: Verified Design Voltage Mode Multiplying DAC Reference Design (TIDUAF0)
6. TI Precision Designs: Verified Design ±10V 4-Quadrant Multiplying DAC (TIDU031)
7. TI Designs – Precision: Verified Design Low-noise Precision Variable Reference (TIDU543)

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