ARUSHA TECHNICAL COLLEGE

JUNCTION OF MOSHI-ARUSHA AND NAIROBI ROADS

P.O. BOX 296, ARUSHA-TANZANIA
TELEPHONE: +255-27-2503040/2502076, FAX: +255-27-2548337
WEBSITE: http://www.atc.ac.tz, E-MAIL: [email protected]

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

BACHELOR DEGREE IN CIVIL AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

FINAL YEAR PROJECT PROPOSAL- 2021/2022

PROJECT TITLE: ASSESSMENT OF EARTH CANAL PERFORMANCE AT SOKO

SPRING IRRIGATION SCHEME IN MOSHI RURAL DISTRICT.

PREPARED BY: OLENENO ABSON

ADMISSION NUMBER: 19020413038

SUPERVISOR 1: MR. YONA ANDERSON

SUPERVISOR 2: ALLAN NGOMA

SUBMISSION: May 2022

i
 DECLARATION

I OLENENO ABSON do hereby declare to Senate of Arusha Technical College that the work
presented here is my original work and that it has neither been submitted nor being concurrently
submitted for degree award in any other institution.

Student OLENENO ABSON.

Signature ……………………….

Date ………………………..

(Supervisor) Mr. YONA ANDERSON

Signature …………………………..

Date …………………………..

(Supervisor) Mr. ALLAN NGOMA

Signature …………………………..

Date …………………………..

ii
 Table of Contents
DECLARATION..........................................................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1 General introduction.........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Background........................................................................................................................................1
1.3 Problem statement………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2
1.4 Objectives..........................................................................................................................................2
1.4.1 Main objectives..............................................................................................................................2
1.4.2 Specific objectives...........................................................................................................................2
1.5 Significant of the study……………………………………………………………………………………………………3
1.6 Scope of the project..........................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................................4
2.1Earthcanal...........................................................................................................................................4
2.2 Measurement of Intake water Volume..............................................................................................4
2.2.1 By using V- Notch Method..............................................................................................................4
2.2.2 Advantage of V notch weirs............................................................................................................5
2.2.3 Disadvantage of V notch weirs.......................................................................................................5
2.2.4 V notch weir design: calculations...................................................................................................5
2.3.5 Water Seepage loss........................................................................................................................6
2.4 Types of seepage water loss..............................................................................................................6
2.4.1. Vertical seepage water loss...........................................................................................................6
2.4.2. Horizontal seepage water loss.......................................................................................................7
2.5 Determination of Infiltration.............................................................................................................7
2.5.1. Infiltration Meaning.......................................................................................................................7
2.5.2. Standard of Infiltration..................................................................................................................9
BASIC INFILTRATION RATES FOR VARIOUS SOIL TYPES............................................................................9
CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................................10
METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................10

iii
 3.1.1 Location of study area..................................................................................................................10
3.1.2 Field visits.....................................................................................................................................10
3.2 Method of measuring/Determining seepage water losses..............................................................10
3.2.1 Direct measurement method.......................................................................................................10
3.2.2 Inf1ow-outf1ow method..............................................................................................................11
3.2.2.1 Volumetric or volume methods of water measurement...........................................................12
3.2.2.2 Area – Velocity Method............................................................................................................13
3.2.2.3 Float method.............................................................................................................................13
3.2.2.4 Ponding method........................................................................................................................14
3.2.2.5 Seepage Meter method.............................................................................................................15
3.3 Indirect method...............................................................................................................................15
3.4 Factors influencing seepage water loss...........................................................................................16
3.5 Consequences of seepage...............................................................................................................17
3.6 Determination of infiltration rate of the canal................................................................................17
3.7 Determination of manning roughnes coefficient.............................................................................18
3.8 Determination of earth canal intake volume...................................................................................18
3.9 Earth canal seepage loss measurement...........................................................................................18
CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................................................................19
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS........................................................................................................19
4.1 Earth canal measurement..........................................................................................................19
V-NOTCH weir installation at Soko irrigation scheme............................................................................19
TABLE 4 1. EARTH CANAL INTAKE VOLUME RECORDS...........................................................................19
Fig 1. Earth canal measurement............................................................................................................20
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..23

iv
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General introduction

Water is an important resource for agricultural development. The demand for this vital resource
continues to rise with the increasing agricultural production required to meet the food supply for
the rising population. Since water supply is limited, available water for irrigation needs to be
used efficiently (Chow, V. T 2002)
It has been estimated that 1/4 to 1/3 of all the water diverted for irrigation purposes is lost in
conveyance. It is therefore, necessary to compare actual losses with design values used in design
assumptions of conveyance losses in the scheme. This will enable a statement to be made if
changes need to be incorporated in the water delivery schedules (Chow, V. T 2002)

1.2 Background

HIMO/KAHE (SOKO SPRING) Background Soko Spring is located in the ward of Kahe East.
The Spring supplies water, for both irrigation and domestic usage, to the Soko Spring Irrigation
Scheme (SSIS) and the village of Kyomu. The source of water for Soko scheme is Soko springs
which form Soko river, which later joins with Dehu river to form one river, Soko river runs the
whole year round unless at critical drought where the water levels decreases. P, Mine (IUCN
EARO) M, Angela (PBWO) & Z, Samwel (PAMOJA)(2004).
History of the scheme Soko scheme irrigations come from the following villages: Soko, Kyomu.
Mwangaria, Ngasinyi, Oria and Kiteriani. Settlement in the area is said to have started over 50
years ago, while rice production started in 1979s. After local community efforts intervention
came in 1979 by constructing a concrete structure during the intervention the farmers contributes
labour whereas the government provided materials as well as expertise. Below the map of Soko
Spring Irrigation Scheme

1
1.3 Problem statement
Water shortage at Soko irrigation scheme lead to increase in water demands and results to
conflict between upstream and downstream water users. With this study, it is better to evaluate
performance of water loss along the unlined irrigation canal at soko spring irrigation scheme.

1.4 Objectives

1.4.1 Main objectives

The main objective of the project is to assess the performance of earth canal at Soko spring
irrigation scheme.

1.4.2 Specific objectives

i. To determine earth canal intake water volume by the use of V- notch method
ii. To asses earth canal water seepage loss
iii. To determine the infiltration rate of Soko spring canal.

2
1.5 Significant of the study
The significant of the study is aimed to evaluate performance of earth canal along Soko Spring
Irrigation Scheme. The information generated by the study will give an indication on the
efficiency with which the water resource is being utilized.

1.6 Scope of the project

The scope of this project is limited to evaluate performance of earth canal only 90m which will
gives the whole pictures on how solution can be addressed to meet demands of water supply as
follows

i. To determine earth canal intake water volume by the use of V- notch method
ii. To asses earth canal water seepage loss
iii. To determine the infiltration rate of Soko spring canal.

3
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1Earthcanal
Earth canals are lined up with impermeable materials (clay soil) to prevent excessive seepage
and growth of weeds. Lining canals is also an effective way to control canal bottom and bank
erosion. The materials mostly used for canal lining are concrete slabs, brick or rock masonry and
asphaltic concreteby https://www.fao.org/3/r4082e/r4082e06.htm

Earth canals are used to convey and distribute irrigation water. A large amount of the irrigation
water can be lost during these processes .Such losses can occur due to seepage or evaporation.

2.2 Measurement of Intake water Volume

2.2.1 By using V- Notch Method

V notch weirs really are just that – a thin plate weir with a ‘V’ notch cut into it. The weir is
placed to obstruct open channel flow and allow water to flow over the notch. This enables us to
accurately measure the flow, by measuring the head upstream of the V notch. These types of
weirs are particularly effective at measuring low flow rates, as the V notch weir design allows
small changes in head to be accurately measured and thus the flow rate calculated.

Source of information: https://siris.co.uk/v-notch-weir-design-how-does-it-work

4
When designed, installed and maintained correctly, thin plate V notch weirs provide a highly
accurate solution for open channel flow measurement. In order to maintain accuracy, it’s
essential that V notch weir design is calculated correctly. In this guide we’ll explain how V notch
weirs work, their pros and cons, and the equations involved in V notch weir design.

2.2.2 Advantage of V notch weirs

i. Simple design that is easy to install

ii. Ideal for cleaner effluent, such as industrial discharge and final effluent outfall
iii. Can be supplied as part of a compliant gauging structure
iv. Relatively low cost to design and install

2.2.3 Disadvantage of V notch weirs

i. There needs to be an adequately sized weir pool and approach to sufficiently condition
the flow before it reaches the weir plate to ensure accuracy in measurement
ii. Periodic maintenance is required – it’s important that the weir crest itself is regularly
checked to ensure there is no sediment or fouling. Over the longer term, no rounding or
surface abrasions which can impact flow (SIRIS weir plates are manufactured using
marine-grade steel to avoid this problem)
iii. V notch weirs are not designed to work in submergence conditions and need the weir
crest to be high enough to allow for free-flowing discharge
iv. Not considered accurate for flow heads above two feet

2.2.4 V notch weir design: calculations

There are several standard sizes for V notch weir design. We tend to opt for 28º4′ and 53º8′ and
90º, depending on flow rate. These sizes can be calculated using the BSI equation. For higher
flows we use a rectangular notch rather than a V notch.

While these are usually sufficient, because it’s essential that the sizing is correct to ensure
accurate flow measurement, sometimes a non-standard size is required. There is a standard
equation to calculate this, known as the Kindsvater-Shen equation.

5
Figure 01.Source of information:https://siris.co.uk/v-notch-weir-design-how-does-it-work

2.3.5 Water Seepage loss

Water seepage loss is the Infiltration downward and lateral movement of water into soil or
substrata from a source of supply such as reservoir or irrigation canal. Or is the slow movement
of water through a small openings and space in the surface of unsaturated soil into or out of a
body surface or subsurface water. ( P Kraatz, 1977). Knowledge of seepage rates is required for
economic evaluation and design of conveyance and distribution channels in irrigation
schemes.

It is common observation that the major seepage losses occur in the field where the channels are
not properly lined, lining irrigation canals is the simplest and most effective method of saving
both water and land in irrigated area.

2.4 Types of seepage water loss

2.4.1. Vertical seepage water loss

The amount of vertical seepage is dependent on the soil texture and soil structure at the canal
bed. For example, if the soil structure allows water to penetrate it, there will be more seepage
composition of soil particles forms the soil structure.If the soil is coarse or sandy, it is more
permeable.The same case occurs with the horizontal seepage. (FAO, 2009)

6
2.4.2. Horizontal seepage water loss

The water escapes through the walls of the canal due to higher permeability induced by the
materials used to build the walls, water pressure and slope. But type of soil in the canal mainly
determines the rate of the seepage.

The seepage loss through the sections wascomputed by inflow outflow method:

Seepage loss = Q1 − Q2
A
I = Seepage loss, cumec/Mm2 of weted area.
Q1=Discharge at upstream end (inflow) cumec

Q2=Discharge of downstream end (outflow) cumec.

A=Wetted area, M

2.5 Determination of Infiltration

2.5.1. Infiltration Meaning

Infiltration is the process of penetration of water into the ground surface and the intensity of this
Process is known as infiltration rate. The infiltration rate is expressed in term of volume of water
Poured per ground surface per unit of time. Soil erosion, surface runoff & ground water recharge
are affected by this process. At a certain moment the maximum infiltration rate can be indicated
by the infiltration capacity of soil. Infiltration of water into the soil can be determined by a
simple instrument called Double ring infiltrometer. The cylindrical ring infiltrometer consist of
single metal cylinder (( Sahoo, M. 2000) A double ring infiltrometer requires two rings: an inner
and outer ring. The purpose is to create a one-dimensional flow of water from the inner ring, as
the analysis of data is simplified. If water is flowing in one-dimension at steady state condition,
and a unit gradient is present in the underlying soil, the infiltration rate is approximately equal to
the saturated hydraulic conductivity.
An inner ring is driven into the ground and a second bigger ring around that to help control the
flow of water through the first ring. Water is supplied either with a constant or falling head
condition, and the operator records how much water infiltrates from the inner ring into the soil

7
over a given time period. The ASTM standard method[2] specifies inner and outer rings of 30
and 60 cm diameters, respectively. By S Sahoo Mnmayee et al(2000) Standard Test for
Determination of Infiltration Rate of SoilUsing Double Ring Infiltrometer

Figure02.SourceofInformation:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Double_ring.JPG

Water was measured by the measuring jar and poured in the bucket. Then the inner ring and
outer ring was filled with water at the same time. 5mins and 10mins interval was taken to
measure the drop of water inside the inner ring only. A long scale was used to measure the depth
of water infiltration. In this way the garden and forest area readings were taken so that a
comparison can be made between the two places. From this it can be concluded that which place
will be better for construction work and which place will be better for agricultural work. As
forest area infiltration rate is high it can be used for both purposes. If an agriculture land faces
problem during the cultivation then at that point of time double ring infiltrometer can be used.
By the help of which water can directly percolate to the ground surface and to the all portion of
the plant which requires water to grow the plant. In this method water logging area can be taken
into consideration. The places which are water logged, the double ring infiltrometer can be used
there from where the water will directly percolate towards the ground water and recharge it
without any loss or wastage ( Michael, D.2005)

8
2.5.2. Standard of Infiltration

BASIC INFILTRATION RATES FOR VARIOUS SOIL TYPES

Table 2: Below gives the rate of seepage losses in millimeters per day from various soil types;
Sr.No Soil Type Seepage water
Losses(mm/day)
1 Sand 25.00-250
2 Sandy loam 13.00-76
3 Loam 8.00-20
4 Clayey loam 2.50-15

5 Loamy clay 0.25-5

6 Clay 1.25-10

Infiltration is an indicator of the soil's ability to allow water movement into and through the soil
profile. Soil temporarily stores water, making it available for root uptake, plant growth and
habitat for soil organisms

9
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

Various methodology was used in conducting data collection, data analysis structural section
designing and detailed drawing. Both primary and secondary data will be collected via those
methodologies which will be used in designing. Some of the methodologies that will be used are
site visits, linear and vertical measurement visual observations, direct interrogation, soil
sampling and laboratory soil test, empirical formulae and computer software.

3.1.1 Location of study area

Soko Spring irrigation schemes is located at 101 kilometers away from Arusha town, along
Arusha-Moshi road the climatic condition at Moshi is warm and temperate. In winter, there is
much less rainfall at Soko Spring Irrigation Scheme than in summer. In Soko Spring Scheme, the
average annual temperature is 30 °C | 68.2 °F. Precipitation is about 953 mm | 37.5 inch per year.

3.1.2 Field visits

Field visits to the soko spring Irrigation scheme will be done to observe the existing earth
channel in order to select the best section for headworks construction (siting point).
Measurement using measuring tape across and along the river will be taken to know the exact
reach length and river width.

3.2 Method of measuring/Determining seepage water losses.

The seepage losses can be determined either by direct measurement or by indirect (estimation)
from the relevant hydraulic properties of the soil and the boundary condition, such as depth to
groundwater, canal cross-section and water depth.

3.2.1 Direct measurement method.

10
Direct methods are mainly employed for post construction seepage measurements. The
objectives are;

i .To determine the exact amount of water conveyed in the canal system in order to operate the
system properly.

ii. to determine seepage losses from unlined canals and to locate reaches with excess Seepage as
a basis for lining considerations.

Various methods are used for direct measurement of seepage in canals. These methods are
reviewed below.

3.2.2 Inf1ow-outf1ow method.

It is a very simple method, the inflow-outflow method consists of measuring quantity of water
flowing into and out of a section of canal being tested. The difference gives the amount of water
lost. The method involves measurement of discharge at two point. The initial point is considered
as inflow and other point at a downstream side is outflow.

Qin−Qout
Seepage rate=
L

Where;

L=Length of the canal

Q in= inflow discharge (l/sec)

Q Out=outflow discharge (l/sec)

11
 Figure 3: Parameters for inflow-outflow method

3.2.2.1 Volumetric or volume methods of water measurement.

This method is suitable for measuring small irrigation stream. In this case, water is collected in a
container of known volume and the time taken to fill the container is recorded. The rate of flow
is measured by the formula.

12
3.2.2.2 Area – Velocity Method.

The rate of flow of water passing a point in open channel is determined by multiplying the cross
sectional area of the flow section at right angles to the direction of flow by the average velocity
of water. The cross sectional area is determined by measuring the depths at various locations.
For discharge calculation the entire cross section is divided into several subsections and the
average velocity at each of these sub-sections is determined by current meters or floats. (FAO)

3.2.2.3 Float method.

It is inexpensive and simple method for measuring flow rate through an open channel This
method involve the measuring surface velocity of water with a floating object. Mean velocity is
obtained using a correction factor. The basic idea is to measure the time that it takes for the
object to float a specified distance downstream.
To get an overall channel area measurement, simply measure the width of the channel and then
take 10 or more depth readings across the width. Try to take these depth readings about every 1
foot across (depending on the width and uniformity of the channel).

Travel distance
Velocity=
time

Figure 4; Float method

13
3.2.2.4 Ponding method

This method involves isolation of a section of a canal by means of temporary cross bunds. The
enclosed area is filled with water and the decrease in the volume over a certain period of time is
noted. It may then be used to calculate the rate of loss. Proper allowance is made for rainfall and
evaporation. The canal cannot be used during the period of tests the method involves ponding
water in a canal section to approximate operating depth and then recording or periodically
measuring the drop in the water surface with time. This is the most accurate method, but large
canals must be taken out of operation for 2 weeks to make the measurements (Worstell, 1976).

Figure 5: Ponded water in a canal

The following formula is suggested for computing the rate of seepage (Kraatz, 1977).

14
 W (d 1−d 2)
S=
P

Where;
S=Seepage loss
W= average width of water surface of the ponded reach (m)
D1= depth of water at beginning of measurement (m)
D2=depth of water after 24 hours (m)
P = average wetted perimeter (m).

Trout and Kemper (1980) have recommended that the length of section measured will depend on
the slope of the channel. The variation in the ponded water level from the operational level
should not be more than 2 cm.

3.2.2.5 Seepage Meter method

A seepage meter is a modified version of a constant head permeameter developed for use under
water. Seepage meters are, in principle suitable for measuring local seepage rates in canals or
ponds. Seepage meters should not be used in very gravelly soil due to difficulty of forcing the
bell into the bed of the canal. Sandy soils are unsuitable for seepage meters use since there is
danger of the seepage meter being washed away by the current. In order to determine the seepage
rate it is necessary also to know the hydraulic slope causing flow through the canal bed. It is also
essential to know the effective permeability of the sides of the canal. The depth of water in
permeameter should be approximately equal to the normal depth of water in the canal.

3.3 Indirect method

A quantitative evaluation of the seepage loss in a canal can be obtained by calculation using
various methods. This may be done by empirical, analytical or electrical analogue methods.
These methods are mainly employed in estimation of seepage losses for the economic evaluation
of the benefits of a proposed canal. It is noted that empirical methods give only rough estimates
while analytical methods give reasonably accurate results if they are applied to conditions for
which they are developed (Bouwer 1969), as reported by Kraatz (1977).

15
3.4 Factors influencing seepage water loss
Theoretical, laboratory and fieldwork has confirmed that seepage rates from canal are affected by
the following factors (Abu Gulul, 1975)
i.Permeability of soil.
A soil that has a high porosity and a coarse open texture has a high saturated hydraulic
conductivity value. For two soils of the same total porosity, the soil with the smaller pores has
the lower conductivity because of the resistance to flow in small pores. Thus, the soil
characteristics which affect k are the total porosity, the distribution of pore size, and the
tortuosity (the pore geometry of the soil). The fluid attributes which affect the conductivity are
fluid density and viscosity (Hillel, 1973).

Sr.No Type of lining Permeability K (m/s)

1 Unlined canal 4.50 ×10-05

Table 2: Permeability (K) for different materials.

ii.Depth of water: (Bouwer, 1962) noted that water depth affects seepage not only through its
effects on pressure head, but also through the wetted perimeter.( Bouwer, 1965),demonstrated
that the efficiency of a canal with uniform flow for conveying water increases with increasing
water depth. .( Bouwer, 1965), mentioned that thehydraulic gradients under which prolonged
seepage flow takes place are made up,of pressure (water depth) and elevation differences
between the canal bottom and the groundwater or some other surface of lower potential at a
certain discharge under the canal. When the difference is five times or more the surface width of
the canal, seepage losses reach the upper limit or the infinity condition. Trout and Kemper
(1980) have remarked that if bed and bank soil are fairly homogeneous, the loss rate should
increase as flow depth increases, only because of larger wetted perimeter length and pressure
head (wetted depth).
iii.Wetted perimeter: The cross-section of a channel which carries large flows should be such
that it will give the largest possible hydraulic radius under the natural surface conditions.
Theoretically, the most efficient cross-section for an open channel is a semi-circle, as the wetted

16
perimeter would be minimum and its hydraulic radius maximum. However, trapezoidal shape is
much more common for large flows, thus d/b ratio increases hence raising wetted perimeter.
3.5 Consequences of seepage
Seepage losses in irrigation canals way lead to serious economic problems not only due to loss of
water but due to other physical effects. These effects are discussed below.
i. Water losses from seepage on pervious soils can reduce the quantity available for
irrigation to inadequate amounts (Booher, 1974). A review and summary of 765 seepage tests
made in the Western United States showed that an average unit seepage loss rate range from
0.03 - 0.6 m/day (Worstell, 1976) .
ii. Damage to adjacent land: Seepage loss adds to the groundwater leading to a rise in
groundwater table. When the groundwater table reaches the ground surface this leads to
waterlogging of the adjacent areas to the canal rendering them unsuitable for farming. This may
be accompanied bysalinity problem. According to( Kraatz 1977), in one projectn the Western
United States some 8500 ha of cultivated landhad to be abandoned due to waterlogging by
seepage from canals.
iii. Result into crop yields and determination in the general health of the people caused by
malaria and other water borne diseases were attributed to seepage loss induced water logging. In
addition, the effects of water-logging can result in decreased yield.

3.6 Determination of infiltration rate of the canal

The infiltration rate of canal will be determinate by the use of double ring/single ring
inflitrometer after collection of data the graph will be plotted as Discharge Vs Time, such as
I=dq
dt
Where
dq=Discharge of water infiltrated
dT=Time of water infiltrated

17
3.7 Determination of manning roughnes coefficient

Water flow velocity will be determined by water current meter and then after the manning
roughness coefficient will be determined by the use of the following formula

v = 1/n・R^2/3・S^1/2
Where
v: Mean velocity (m/s)
n: Coefficient of roughness
R: Hydraulic mean

3.8 Determination of earth canal intake volume

The intake volume will be measured by the use of V-notch weir and the volume will be recorded
for ten (10) minutes. Meanwhile the intake volume in the earth canal will be computed using the
following formula: -
Q=1.42H5/2

Where; Q is the discharge

H= Head over weir
1.42 and 5/2 are coefficient constant.

Then;
Intake Volume= Q x T
Where T is the time taken to allow water to pass through the canal

3.9 Earth canal seepage loss measurement

The earth canal measurement will be recorded by seven points including peg at the v-notch weir.
Pegs will be separated 15m each and seepage (leakage) will be taken after every 5minutes.

18
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Earth canal measurement

V-NOTCH installation for irrigation water volume measurement.

The weir installed at the Centre of the flow stream and was armored so that scouring does not
occur and the V-notch weir does not move out of the position.

V-NOTCH weir installation at Soko irrigation scheme

TABLE 4 1. EARTH CANAL INTAKE VOLUME RECORDS

IRRIGATION HEAD HEAD FLOW FLOW

TOP TOTAL
DATE TIME OVER OVER DISCHAR DISCHA
WIDTH TIME
NOTCH (H) NOTCH GE (Q RGE
FROM TO (cm) (min)
( cm) (H) ( m) m3/min) (Q L/min)
13/4/2022 12:10 12:11 8 19 1 0.08 0.15 150
13/4/2022 12:11 12:12 15 29 1 0.15 0.74 740
13/4/2022 12:12 12:13 11 23 1 0.11 0.34 340
13/4/2022 12:13 12:14 12 25 1 0.12 0.43 430
13/4/2022 12:14 12:15 12 25 1 0.12 0.43 430
13/4/2022 12:15 12:16 12.5 25 1 0.125 0.47 470
13/4/2022 12:16 12:17 12 25 1 0.12 0.43 430
13/4/2022 12:17 12:18 12 25 1 0.12 0.43 430
13/4/2022 12:18 12:19 12 25 1 0.12 0.43 430
13/4/2022 12:19 12:20 12 25 1 0.12 0.43 430
From the table 1.
The intake volume was recorded for ten minutes as the data indicates the trend of water volume
increased from first minutes to the 10th minutes. Meanwhile the intake volume in the earth canal
was computed using the following formula: -

19
Water Discharge is computed as

Q=1.42H5/2

Where; Q is the discharge

H= Head over weir
1.42 and 5/2 are coefficient constant.
Then;
Intake Volume= Q x T
Where T is the time taken to irrigate.

EATH CANAL INTAKE VOLUME RECORDS GRAPH (Q L/min)

800
700
Flow discharge (Q L/Min)

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Time (Min)

Fig 1. Earth canal measurement

4.2 Earth canal leakage measurement

The earth canal measurement was recorded by seven points including peg at the v-notch weir,
pegs were separated 15m each and seepage(leakage) was taken after every 5minutes as the
picture indicates below.

20
 Table 2. EARTH CANAL LEAKAGE MEASUREMENT RECORDS
DATE STATION REMARK
TIME ST-01 ST-02 ST-03 ST-04 ST-05 ST-06 ST-07

13/04/2022 12:26 0.8 0.3 1.4 1.5 0.2 0 0 Start

13/04/2022 12:31 1.3 2.6 4.5 2.6 0.8 0.6 0 after 5 min
13/04/2022 12:40 3.5 3.5 6.5 3 1.3 1.1 0 after 10 min
13/04/2022 12:55 5.2 4.7 7 2.5 3 1.5 0.3 after 15 min
13/04/2022 13:15 5.6 7.2 8.5 3.4 4 2.3 0.9 after 20 min
13/04/2022 13:45 5.6 7.8 10.6 4.1 4.5 3.6 1.8 after 30 min
13/04/2022 14:45 5.6 7.8 12.8 6 6 4.2 2.7 after 1 hour

The trend of water loss (leakage) from the canal was recorded from the peg number one which is
close to the V-notch weir and other six pegs separated 15metre apart, the water depth decrease
from the mark on the peg as the time progress except at the peg number (ST-04) where there is a
slightly increase in water depth, this is probably caused by seeping of water from neighboring
plot near the earth canal.
This results show that probably the cause of water decrease the soil was not enough to hold water
(low water holing capacity of the soil) for long time

EARTH CANAL LEAKAGE MEASUREMENT RECORDS

14 GRAPHS

12
ST-01
10 ST-02
ST-03
8
ST-04
Stations

ST-05
6
ST-06
4 ST-07

0
0 10 20 Time
30 (minutes)
40 50 60 70

Fig 2. Earth canal leakage measurement

21
4.3. CANAL INFLITRATION
Volume of earth canal infiltration differs much depending on a location and soil type. As the
infiltration volume is large, if water use efficiency improves much by introducing water leakage
measure.

Fig 3. Results of earth canal infiltration test in paddling season

The volume of earth canal Infiltration is 27 mm/h in paddling season (Fig. 3) in Soko Irrigation
Scheme. This value is equivalent to 26.2 mm and 6.5 mm respectively in terms of water
requirement per day at adjacent plot. Large amount of infiltration is not observed, when
infiltration to downward is measured. Most of leakage is assumed to generate from sides of the
canal (Fig.3). An Infiltration measure only applying to side of a canal is technically difficult.
Earth canal Infiltration measures shall be applied in all aspects of a canal for higher effectiveness

22
 REFERENCES

1. Chow, V. T (2002) Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, NY

2. P, Mine (IUCN EARO) M, Angela (PBWO) & Z, Samwel (PAMOJA)(2004) (“Dialogues

Towards Sustainable Water Management) in the Pangani Basin, Tanzania
3. https://www.fao.org/3/r4082e/r4082e06.htm

4. D, Michael D et al . (2005)"Analysis of Double-Ring Infiltration Techniques and

Development of a Simple Automatic Water Delivery System"

5. Duratan, N. (1999). Agriculture extension for women, Available at

http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c02-4/94400046.pdf. Duratan, N.

6. Ferris, S. (2005). Developing market information services in Eastern Africa: the food net
experience, local, national and regional market information services. International
Institute of Tropical (IITA), Ibadan Nigeria. Ferris, S.

23