Cambridge International AS & A Level

* 5 9 9 5 0 4 0 7 4 1 *

PHYSICS 9702/42
Paper 4 A Level Structured Questions May/June 2020

2 hours

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 100.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 20 pages. Blank pages are indicated.

DC (SC/TP) 180506/3
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Data

speed of light in free space c = 3.00 × 108 m s−1

permeability of free space μ0 = 4π × 10−7 H m−1

permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 F m−1

1
( = 8.99 × 109 m F−1)
4πε0
elementary charge e = 1.60 × 10−19 C

the Planck constant h = 6.63 × 10−34 J s

unified atomic mass unit 1 u = 1.66 × 10−27 kg

rest mass of electron me = 9.11 × 10−31 kg

rest mass of proton mp = 1.67 × 10−27 kg

molar gas constant R = 8.31 J K−1 mol−1

the Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1

the Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10−23 J K−1

gravitational constant G = 6.67 × 10−11 N m2 kg−2

acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 m s−2

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Formulae

1
uniformly accelerated motion s = ut + 2 at 2
v 2 = u 2 + 2as

work done on/by a gas W = p ΔV

Gm
gravitational potential φ =−
r

hydrostatic pressure p = ρgh

1 Nm 2
pressure of an ideal gas p = 3 〈c 〉
V
simple harmonic motion a = − ω 2x

velocity of particle in s.h.m. v = v0 cos ωt

v = ± ω (x 02 - x 2)
fsv
Doppler effect fo =
v ± vs

Q
electric potential V =
4πε0r

capacitors in series 1/C = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + . . .

capacitors in parallel C = C1 + C2 + . . .

1
energy of charged capacitor W = 2 QV

electric current I = Anvq

resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + . . .

resistors in parallel 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + . . .

BI
Hall voltage VH =
ntq

alternating current/voltage x = x0 sin ω t

radioactive decay x = x0 exp(−λt)

0.693
decay constant λ =
t 1
2

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Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 (a) Define gravitational potential at a point.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) An isolated solid sphere of radius r may be assumed to have its mass M concentrated at its
centre. The magnitude of the gravitational potential at the surface of the sphere is φ.

On Fig. 1.1, show the variation of the gravitational potential with distance d from the centre of
the sphere for values of d from d = r to d = 4r.

+1.0 φ
gravitational
potential

+0.5 φ

0
0 r 2r 3r 4r
d

–0.5 φ

–1.0 φ

Fig. 1.1
[3]

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(c) The sphere in (b) is a planet with radius r of 6.4 × 106 m and mass M of 6.0 × 1024 kg. The
planet has no atmosphere.

A rock of mass 3.4 × 103 kg moves directly towards the planet. Its distance from the centre of
the planet changes from 4r to 3r.

(i) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy of the rock.

change = ....................................................... J [3]

(ii) Explain whether the rock’s speed increases, decreases or stays the same.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

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2 (a) A square box of volume V contains N molecules of an ideal gas. Each molecule has mass m.

Using the kinetic theory of ideal gases, it can be shown that, if all the molecules are moving
with speed v at right angles to one face of the box, the pressure p exerted on the face of the
box is given by the expression

pV = Nmv 2. (equation 1)

This expression leads to the formula

1
p = ρ 〈c 2〉 (equation 2)
3
for the pressure p of an ideal gas, where ρ is the density of the gas and 〈c 2〉 is the mean‑square
speed of the molecules.

Explain how each of the following terms in equation 2 is derived from equation 1:

ρ : ..............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

1 : ..............................................................................................................................................
3
...................................................................................................................................................

〈c 2〉: ...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]

(b) An ideal gas has volume, pressure and temperature as shown in Fig. 2.1.

volume 6.0 × 10–3 m3

pressure 3.0 × 105 Pa
temperature 17 °C

Fig. 2.1

The mass of the gas is 20.7 g.

Calculate the mass of one molecule of the gas.

mass = ...................................................... g [4]

[Total: 8]
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3 By reference to the first law of thermodynamics, state and explain the change, if any, in the internal
energy of:

(a) a lump of solid lead as it melts at constant temperature

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) some gas in a toy balloon when the balloon bursts and no thermal energy enters or leaves
the gas.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 6]

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4 A dish is made from a section of a hollow glass sphere.

The dish, fixed to a horizontal table, contains a small solid ball of mass 45 g, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

ball surface
mass 45 g of dish
x

Fig. 4.1

The horizontal displacement of the ball from the centre C of the dish is x.

Initially, the ball is held at rest with distance x = 3.0 cm.

The ball is then released. The variation with time t of the horizontal displacement x of the ball from
point C is shown in Fig. 4.2.

3
x / cm
2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
t/s
–1

–2

–3

–4

Fig. 4.2

The motion of the ball in the dish is simple harmonic with its acceleration a given by the expression

a=– (Rg ) x
where g is the acceleration of free fall and R is a constant that depends on the dimensions of the
dish and the ball.

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(a) Use Fig. 4.2 to show that the angular frequency ω of oscillation of the ball in the dish is
2.9 rad s–1.

[1]

(b) Use the information in (a) to:

(i) determine R

R = ..................................................... m [2]

(ii) calculate the speed of the ball as it passes over the centre C of the dish.

speed = ................................................ m s–1 [2]

(c) Some moisture collects on the surface of the dish so that the motion of the ball becomes
lightly damped.

On the axes of Fig. 4.2, draw a line to show the lightly damped motion of the ball for the first
5.0 s after the release of the ball. [3]

[Total: 8]

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5 (a) Explain the principles of the detection of ultrasound waves for medical diagnosis.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(b) By reference to specific acoustic impedance, explain why there is very little transmission of
ultrasound waves from air into skin.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 7]

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7 A metal sphere of radius R is isolated in space.

Point P is a distance x from the centre of the sphere, as illustrated in Fig. 7.1.

R P

Fig. 7.1

The variation with distance x of the electric field strength E due to the charge on the sphere is
shown in Fig. 7.2.

20

15

E / 105 V m–1

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x / cm

Fig. 7.2

(a) State what is meant by electric field strength.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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(b) (i) Use Fig. 7.2 to determine the radius R of the sphere. Explain your working.

R = ................................................... cm [2]

(ii) Use Fig. 7.2 to determine the charge Q on the sphere.

Q = ..................................................... C [3]

(c) An α‑particle is situated a distance 8.0 cm from the centre of the sphere.

Calculate the acceleration of the α‑particle.

acceleration = ................................................ m s–2 [3]

[Total: 10]

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9 (a) An electron is travelling at speed v in a straight line in a vacuum. It enters a uniform magnetic
field of flux density 8.0 × 10–4 T. Initially, the electron is travelling at right angles to the magnetic
field, as illustrated in Fig. 9.1.

region of uniform
magnetic field

path of
electron

Fig. 9.1

The path of the electron in the magnetic field is an arc of a circle of radius 6.4 cm.

(i) State and explain the direction of the magnetic field.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Show that the speed v of the electron is 9.0 × 106 m s–1.

[3]

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(b) A uniform electric field is now applied in the same region as the magnetic field.

The electron passes undeviated through the region of the two fields, as illustrated in Fig. 9.2.

region of
uniform electric
and magnetic fields

path of
electron

Fig. 9.2

(i) On Fig. 9.2, mark with an arrow the direction of the uniform electric field. [1]

(ii) Use data from (a) to calculate the magnitude of the electric field strength.

field strength = ............................................... N C–1 [2]

(c) The electron in (b) is now replaced by an α‑particle travelling at the same speed v along the
same initial path as the electron.

Describe and explain the shape of the path in the region of the magnetic and electric fields.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 10]

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10 (a) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A simple iron‑cored transformer is illustrated in Fig. 10.1.

laminated
soft-iron core

input output

primary coil
secondary coil

Fig. 10.1

(i) State one function of a transformer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) A sinusoidal alternating current in the primary coil gives rise to a varying magnetic flux
linking the secondary coil.

Use Faraday’s law to explain why the output from the transformer is an electromotive
force (e.m.f.) that is alternating.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iii) State why the soft‑iron core of the transformer is laminated.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]

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11 (a) The uppermost energy bands in a solid are known as the valence band (VB), the forbidden
band (FB) and the conduction band (CB).

A copper wire is at room temperature.

Use band theory to explain why the resistance of the copper wire increases as its temperature
increases.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [4]

(b) The structure of a copper crystal is to be examined using electron diffraction.

Electrons, having been accelerated from rest through a potential difference V, are incident on
the crystal.

The de Broglie wavelength λ of the electrons is 2.6 × 10–11 m.

Calculate the accelerating potential difference V.

V = ...................................................... V [4]

[Total: 8]

12 (a) State what is meant by the mass defect of a nucleus.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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(b) Some masses are shown in Table 12.1.

Table 12.1

mass / u

proton 11 p 1.007 276

neutron 10 n 1.008 665

helium‑4 (42 He) nucleus 4.001 506

Show that:

(i) the energy equivalence of 1.00 u is 934 MeV

[2]

(ii) the binding energy per nucleon of a helium-4 nucleus is 7.09 MeV.

[2]

(c) Isotopes of hydrogen have binding energies per nucleon of less than 3 MeV.

Suggest why a nucleus of helium‑4 does not spontaneously break down to become nuclei of
hydrogen.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 8]

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer‑related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at [Link] after the live examination series.

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5 Part of an electric circuit is shown in Fig. 5.1.

missing component

VIN C 14 kΩ VOUT

Fig. 5.1

The circuit is used to produce half-wave rectification of an alternating voltage of potential

difference (p.d.) VIN.

The output p.d. across the 14 kΩ resistor is VOUT.

(a) (i) A component is missing from the circuit of Fig. 5.1.

Complete the circuit diagram in Fig. 5.1 by adding the circuit symbol for the missing
component, correctly connected. [1]

(ii) A capacitor C is shown in the circuit of Fig. 5.1.

State the effect on VOUT of including the capacitor in the circuit.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Fig. 5.2 shows the variation with time t of VIN.

7.5
VIN / V
5.0

2.5

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 t / s 0.08
–2.5

–5.0

–7.5

Fig. 5.2
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Fig. 5.3 shows the variation with t of VOUT.

7.5

VOUT / V

5.0

2.5
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
t/s

Fig. 5.3

(i) Determine the frequency of VIN.

frequency = .................................................... Hz [1]

(ii) Show that the time constant τ for the discharge of the capacitor through the resistor is
0.038 s.

[2]

(iii) Calculate the capacitance of C. Give a unit with your answer.

capacitance = .................................. unit ............... [2]

(c) The circuit of Fig. 5.1 is modified so that it produces full-wave rectification of an input voltage.

Suggest, with a reason, how VOUT now varies with time when VIN is as shown in Fig. 5.2.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
m

............................................................................................................................................. [2]
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[Total: 9]
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7 (a) State what is meant by a photon.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) Electromagnetic radiation of a varying frequency f and constant intensity I is used to illuminate
a metal surface. At certain frequencies, electrons are emitted from the surface of the metal.
The variation with f of the maximum kinetic energy EMAX of the emitted electrons is shown in
Fig. 7.1.

4.0

EMAX / 10–19 J

3.0

2.0

1.0

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
f / 1014 Hz

Fig. 7.1

(i) State the name of this phenomenon.

..................................................................................................................................... [1] m
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(ii) Describe three conclusions that can be drawn from the graph in Fig. 7.1. The conclusions
may be qualitative or quantitative.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) The experiment in (b) is repeated twice, each time making one change.

State, with a reason, how the graph obtained would compare with Fig. 7.1 when:

(i) a different metal is used, but keeping the intensity I of the radiation the same

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) the same metal is used, but with electromagnetic radiation of intensity 2I.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

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10 (a) State Hubble’s law. Identify any symbols that you use.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) A star of luminosity 3.8 × 1031 W is a distance of 1.8 × 1024 m from the Earth.

Calculate the radiant flux intensity at the Earth of the radiation emitted by the star.

radiant flux intensity = .............................................. W m–2 [2]

(c) The star in (b) is in a distant galaxy. A spectral line in the light from this galaxy is known to
have a wavelength of 486 nm. This spectral line in the light from the galaxy observed on the
Earth has a wavelength of 492 nm.

(i) Explain why the wavelength observed on the Earth is different from the wavelength that
the galaxy is known to have emitted.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Determine a value for the Hubble constant H0.

H0 = ................................................... s–1 [3]

[Total: 9]
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